Arthrology Def: Science deals with joints Joint = union between 2 or more bones or cartilages by...

Arthrology Arthrology Def Science deals with joints

Joint = union between 2 or more bones or cartilages by uniting medium

Function of joint 1 directed

movement

2 stability between bones

3 bone growthDr Ahmed Saber Vet Anat 1 2008

Classification of jointsClassification of jointsAccording to types of uniting mediumAccording to types of uniting medium

Fibrous joints1 Uniting

medium is fibrous tissue

2 No joint cavity3 are temporary

(ossify with age)

4 No movement

Cartilagenous joints

1 Uniting medium is cartilage

2 are temporary3 No or very limited

movement

synovial joints1 uniting medium

is joint capsule2 Joint cavity

present3 Movable

Dr Ahmed Saber Vet Anat 1 2008

I- Fibrous joints (Synarthrosis)

1-Syndesmosis The uniting medium

is fibrous connective tissue (interosseous ligament)

ex Union of metacarpal bones radius and ulna and tibia and fibula

Types of fibrous joints

Large metacrpal

small metacrpal

syndes

mos

is


2-Gomphosis Implantation of teeth into the

alveoli by periodontal ligament


3-Sutures

fibrous tissues bond the

bones of skull

Based on the edges of

the articulating bones

it may be

sutures


A- Serrated sutures the interlocking borders are saw

like as interfrontal suture

B- Squamous sutures borders are flat and overlapped

as temporal and parietal suture

C- Plane suture the interlocking borders are

smooth as nasal suture

D- Foliate suture the edge of one bone fits into a

fissure in the adjacent bone as zygomatico-maxillary suture

A

B

C

D


II- Cartilaginous joints

(amphiarthrosis)

1 Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage joint)

the uniting medium is hyaline cartilage EX Costochondoral junction and epiphyseal and metaphyseal junction

Types of cartilaginous joints

Ribs

Costochondral junction


2 Symphesis (fibrocartilage joint)

the uniting medium is fibro cartilage as the pelvic symphysis and joint between vertebral bodies

Fibrocartilaginous disc

Vertebrae


III Diarthroidal joint(Synovial movable or true

joint)

Structures of synovial joints

A-constant structures

Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity

B- inconstant (additional features)LigamentsArticular disc ampmenisciMarginal cartilage



A-constant structures ( essential)

I - Articular surfaces It is formed of compact bone It is smooth but sometime interrupted by

synovial fossa Covered by articular cartilage except

synovial fossa

Structures of synovial joints (cont)


II - Articular cartilages It is smooth hyaline cartilage Cover the articular surfaces except

at the synovial fossa Almost one convex and the other is

concave The concave one is thickest at the

periphery and thin at the center and vise versa

Its function ndash increase the curvature of bonesndash facilitate movements and reduce

frictions


III-Joint capsule It is fibroserous tube Originated from the periosteum of bones attached around the articular margins

and surrounds the joint cavity it is consisted of

1048678 Outer fibrous layer (external layer)ndash it may contain ligaments

1048678 Inner synovial layer (internal layer)ndash it is a thin single layer of epitheliumndash line the joint cavity except the articular

cartilagendash it secrete andor absorb synovia


B- Additional features present in some joint

1- ligamentsStrong white fibrous band unite 2 or more

bonesA- internal (Intraarticular) lig placed within the fibrous layer covered with the synovial membrane Ex Cruciate ligamentB- Extrnal (periarticular) lig situated outside the joint capsuleEx Collateral ligaments



2- Articular disc ampmeniscifibrocartilage plate present between the

articular cartilages divide the joint cavity partially (disc) completely

(menisci) into 2 partsEx Disc of tempro-mandibular joint menisci of

stifle jointfunction correct the incongruent surfaces anti concussion amp allow greater movement


3- Marginal cartilage ring of fibrocartilage encircle the rim of

articular cartilageEx acetabulum of hip jointfunction enlarge the joint cavity protect the rim from fractures


Synovia (synovial fluid)Synovia (synovial fluid) Secreted and absorbed by synovial

membrane It present within synovial joint around

some tendons and within bursae chemical composition (mucin salts

albumin fat droplets and cellular debris)

Function1 Lubricate the articular surfaces and tendons2 Nutrition of cartilage3 Remove waste metabolites4 Enable wandering leukocyte to circulate in the joint

cavity


Blood and nerve Blood and nerve supply of synovial jointsupply of synovial joint

Synovial joint receives vessels from surrounding muscles

Sensory nerves terminates in the joint capsule and ligaments

Autonomic innervations terminate in the arteries


Anatomical types of Anatomical types of synovial jointssynovial joints

I- According to the number of articulating bones

Simple joint between two bonesCompound joint between more than two

bonesII- according to fitting of articular surfacesCongruent joint adapted to each otherIn congruent joint are not adapted ex

stifle joint


Types Shape Example 1- Ball and socket

SpheroidalEnartherosis

Ball and other isa cavityBall is the largestThe socket is the largest

Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)

Like door hinge one concave and other is convex

elbow

1

2

1

III-according to the shape of articular surfaces


Types Types Shape Shape Example Example 3- Ellipsoid The convex andThe convex and

concave areconcave are

ellipsoidal ovalellipsoidal oval

AtlantooccipitalAtlantooccipital

radiocarpalradiocarpal

4- gliding (plane) Flat surfacesFlat surfaces

jointjointIntercarpalIntercarpal

skull

Atlas

3


4

Types Shape Example 5- pivot One ring moved

around axis of otheratlanoaxial

6-saddle Concavoconvex as horse saddle

Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6


Types Types Shape Shape Example Example 7- cochlear Cochlea (cavity)

receives ridge of other bone

Tibio-tarsal

8-Bi-condylar Both are convexcondyles

femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle

of femur Lateral condyle of tibia


Physiological types of synovial Physiological types of synovial jointsjointsI-According to the axis of movementuniaxial around one axis

Transverse axis as hing joints (elbow joint)Vertical axis as pivot joints (atlantoaxial)

biaxial arround two axisBiocodylar jointsEllipsoid jointsSaddle joints

multiaxial more than twoball and socket

Movements of synovial joints

A- According to causesActive movements due to muscle contractionPassive movements due to gravity or the

movement of other jointsB- According to the shape of articular

surface1-Gliding one surface glides over anotherEx Intercarpal femoropatellar and the joints

between the articular process of cervical vertebrae


2- angular movementsA- flexion (decrease the joint angle)B- extension (increase the joint angle)C- adduction (towards the median plane)D-abduction (away from the median plane)E- circumduction (combination of ABC and

D)3- rotatory movementRotation of one segment around the

longitudinal axis of other segments atlantoaxial joint


Factor affecting joint Factor affecting joint stabilitystability

11 Shape and size of articulating boneShape and size of articulating bone

22 Arrangements of articulating boneArrangements of articulating bone

33 Tone of surrounding musclesTone of surrounding muscles

44 Strength of the ligamentsStrength of the ligaments

To be continued in applied anatomy


Arthrology

Classification of joints


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II- Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)

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III Diarthroidal joint (Synovial movable or true joint)

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Synovia (synovial fluid)

Blood and nerve supply of synovial joint

Anatomical types of synovial joints

Slide 20

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Physiological types of synovial joints


Slide 26

Factor affecting joint stability

Classification of jointsClassification of jointsAccording to types of uniting mediumAccording to types of uniting medium

Fibrous joints1 Uniting

medium is fibrous tissue

2 No joint cavity3 are temporary

(ossify with age)

4 No movement

Cartilagenous joints

1 Uniting medium is cartilage

2 are temporary3 No or very limited

movement

synovial joints1 uniting medium

is joint capsule2 Joint cavity

present3 Movable







Large metacrpal

small metacrpal

syndes

mos

is





3-Sutures


bones of skull



it may be

sutures










A

B

C

D



(amphiarthrosis)




Ribs






Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Large metacrpal

small metacrpal

syndes

mos

is





3-Sutures


bones of skull



it may be

sutures










A

B

C

D



(amphiarthrosis)




Ribs






Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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3-Sutures


bones of skull



it may be

sutures










A

B

C

D



(amphiarthrosis)




Ribs






Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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A

B

C

D



(amphiarthrosis)




Ribs






Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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(amphiarthrosis)




Ribs






Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Vertebrae



joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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joint)



Articular surface

Articular cartilage

Articular capsule

Joint cavity







synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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synovial fossa








frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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frictions


























cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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cavity











stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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stifle joint





Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Shoulderhip

2-Hinge (ginglymis)


elbow

1

2

1










skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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skull

Atlas

3


4




Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Caffin and pastern

5 Pastern joint

Coffinjoint

6




Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Tibio-tarsal


femorotibial

Tibia

Talus

Tars

al b

on

es

7

Tibia

Femur

8

Lateral condyle
























Arthrology



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Arthrology



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Arthrology Def: Science deals with joints Joint = union between 2 or more bones or cartilages by...

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Transcript of Arthrology Def: Science deals with joints Joint = union between 2 or more bones or cartilages by...