Apuntes de GE -Proemio
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
1/27
8
Asvhdoa P% Wkfdkemhee
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjhwww%gkamktrhksturfjh%ks%td
Ea pukoks jhm`fhr dh Jrkhjfe$ pkra hd jhm`fhr tu vfsfepukoks a`tkekr ueh pkrspkjtfvh jarrkjth ok kddh(
Zrf Zhtyh Zhf @h`h
^rakmfa
MMff kkeejjuukkeettrraa jjaaee ddhhGGKK
Jhoh vkz quk prksketa kstk tkmh ke jaeckrkejfhs p`dfjhs a kejbhrdhs fecarmhdks ketrk hmfgas$ bhy ue phr ok prkgueths rkjurrketks h dhsquk mk qufkra hokdhethr ke rkspaeokr< 8& ok oeok dh shqu$ y 0& phrh qusfrvk%%% ^ar kdda jamkezhmas kstas prfmkras Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh
jae ue `rkvk rksumke ok bfstarfh pkrsaehd rkdhjfaehoa hd rkspkjta%
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
2/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
0
8- Jma dh kejaetr
Xufkeks hmhe dh sfm`adaghy dk bhe okofjhoa su vfoh h kddh sh`kejue hjujfhetk pukok ddkghr h skr dh ekjksfoho ok kejaetrhr ksk pueta ok vfsthtathdfzhoar "badstfja&$ quk eas pkrmfth ketkeokr y vkr h das okspkrofghoas
Zfgeas y Zm`adas ok dh _rhofjfe Bumheh jama hdga [eefmk9 ks okjfr$ eajama sf sk trhthrh ok kdh`arhjfaeks hfsdhohs y bkjbhs hd hzhr$ sfea thd jama dhms etfmh fetufjfe ok fevkstfghoar sk kmpkjfeh ke vkrdas< jama phrtksargefjhs ok ue jarpus pkohggfja ok kevkrghourh mhyar% Ks dh ekjksfohovfthd ok jaethr jae ksh jdhvk quk eas das h`rk h taoas parquk jfkrrh$ h su vkz$ke ueh tkarh "a vfsfe& uefcfjhoh9 dh juhd$ sfkmprk sukdk okjfrsk$ ks dh grheokuoh pkeofketk quk das bumheas tkekmas ke ksth mhtkrfh% Huequk$ ke baearh dh vkroho$ jrka quk da efja pkeofketk h ksths hdturhs ok eukstrh jfvfdfzhjfeks rksjhthrdh ok oaeok dh oklhmas hrrum`hoh a ok oaeok cuk guhrohoh$ pardhs rhzaeks quk cukrk$ k fejarparhrdh atrh vkz h eukstrhs vfohs jama
hetfguhmketk%Zf da jaesfokrhmas ke su mhtkrfhdfoho$ dh cfgurh okd Zfgea y kd
Zm`adaksueh carmh9 ks okjfr$ hdga okdfmfthoa$ ke kd ksphjfa y kd tfkmpa$quk cuejfaehdmketk fetkrhjth jae dhs okms carmhs%
Hbarh `fke$ hd Grhe Hrtk ok ohr carmh$ hd Grhe Hrtk ok feofvfouhdfzhrjashs paefeoadks dmftks y u`fjeoadhs$ h jaetfeuhjfe$ ksphjfhd ycuejfaehdmketk$ phrh quk pukohe fetkrhjtuhr jama ue taoa `kdda y arokehoa$ks h da quk ddhmhmas Jrkhjfe% V kd ^rajksa Jrkhjfaehd tfkek ueh grheprkmfsh `sfjh< ks Gkamktrh% ^ar da theta$ juhdqufkr Zfgea a Zm`ada qukprktkeoh skr jaesfokrhoa vdfoa$ frrkvajh`dkmketk bh ok skr arta-gkamtrfja
parthoar ok ueh jhdfoho y juhdfoho gkamtrfjh kstrfjth% Ok atra maoaeuejh kejaetrhrhmas dhs phuths sucfjfketks y ekjkshrfhs phrh femfsjufreaske kd grhe Dfdhb kd LukgaOfvfea$ phrh rk-keshm`dhr dhs okspkrofghohspfkzhs ok kskpuzdk sfm`dfjahd quk ddhmhmas Sfoh%
Ksth ks dh jhush par dh quk taoas das sfm`adagfsths sfkmprk hjh`hmasjafejfofkeoa ke ue prkofjhmketa jame< dh Gkamktrh Zhgrhoh "GZ& a$ daquk ks da mfsma$dh Gkamktrh ok dh Jrkhjfe%
Gkamktrh Ksturfjh "GK& ks kd eam`rk quk dk pusk ketrk 0>>? y 0>>;$juheoa tam jaejfkejfh ok quk dh `hsk gkamtrfjh sa`rk dh juhd mk jkrrh`hgrhe phrtk okd jfrjufta ok `squkoh "dh jdhvk&$ ea krh dh mfsmh GkamktrhZhgrhoh trhofjfaehd "par ddhmhrdh ok hdgueh mhekrh&$ h dh quk jama grhep`dfja paokmas tkekr hjjksa h trhvs ok df`ras a jursas kspkjfhdks9 sfea qukksth`h hetk ueh vkrsfe ok gkamktrh prfmftfvh muy kspkjcfjh y `hsthetkhetkrfar$ par jfkrta$ h dh quk$ pastkrfarmketk$ sfstkmhtfz y sfetktfz Kujdfoks%
Dh GK ehjk sa`rk kd pdhetka ok ue hejkstra jame h taohs dhs jfkejfhsbumhehs< kd Jhdkeohrfa< kd prfmkr festrumketa quk das bumheas utfdfzhmasmktofjhmketk phrh bhjkr a`skrvhjfaeks hstraemfjhs%%% Jama yh da bkhokdhethoa ke das ksjrftas hetkrfarks$ kd Jhdkeohrfa arfgfehd rksudt okd sfmpdkbkjba ok `hlhr kd mavfmfketa okd ^hork Jfkda y pdhsmhrda sa`rk dhMhork _fkrrh$ sa`rk dh - !G-Mtkr!$ jama htfehrhe h okjfr das
hetfguas bkdkeas% Jae kd jarrkr ok das sfgdas$ kd okshrradda$ dh kspkjfcfjhjfe ydh sacfstfjhjfe hdjhezhoh par hqukddh gkamktrh prfmftfvh$ sk pdhsm ke
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
3/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
:
ofstfeths vkrsfaeks pastkrfarks "hdguehs muy eukvhs&$ qukoheoa kd rksh`fa okhqukddh dklheh vfsfe y vkrsfe arfgfehd ks`azhoh ke da quk$ maokrehmketk$jaeajkmas jama Gkamktrh Zhgrhoh% Huequk$ bay par bay$ dh GZ hpkehsphsh ok skr ue jhtdaga ok das mklarks rksudthoas ok taohs dhs vkrsfaekshetkrfarks$ jae kdEmkra urka " !pbf! dh ehturhd praparjfe 8$382& h
dh jh`kzh9 parquk ke vkroho ks ue traeja ok sh`fourh cfrmkmketk pdhethoa kedh dgfjh$ s$ pkra okshrrhfghoa ok su prapfh bfstarfh Say h ksta oJ%&% @juda Hdch%
Cfehdmketk$ dh fmhgfekrh Jrfstfheh thm`fe festhdhrh atras jaeashbarh jdsfjas$ gkekrhoas sa`rk dh mfsmh mhtrfz gkamtrfjh ok dashetkrfarks% ^ar klkmpda> y kd 8%:>> oJ$ hprax% _eghsk ke juketh quk J% Jade rkjf`f ke Jhdhtrhvh "ueh ok dhs
dtfmhs kejamfkeohs tkmpdhrfhs ke Ksphh&$ dh jhrtagrhch ekjkshrfh phrh vkefr h Hmrfjh% Ok kstk maoa
sk hjdhrh parqu puoa vfhlhr maethoa sa`rk dh jarrfketk mhrfeh quk da trhk$ y rkgrkshr dukga sa`rk dh quk
vh bhjfh Kuraph% Zfe advfohr$ par supuksta$ dh ehoh jhsuhd jruz phtralhsa`rk dhs `dhequsfmhsvkdhs ok
dhs jhrh`kdhs ^fkesa quk hdgufke kspkrh`h$ skrfhmketk$ quk ksk sfm`adfsma taohvh cukrh rkjaeajf`dkpar hqu$ okspus ok jhsf 0 sfgdas ok huskejfh(%%%
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
10/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
8>
Ofsja ok `raejk% Arfgfehd< Judturh ok dh Hguhoh%"EAH9 okd 3>> hd 8>>> o%J%&%
Vh krh ue theta rhra$ phrh ueh mkethdfoho `hlhoh ok das `hrjas "jamadh mh&$ kejaetrhr dh jruz pracushmketk of`ulhoh ke jhjbhrras$ ke pfjtagrhchs$ke pktragdfcas$ ke tkxtfdks$ ktj%$ phrh vkefr h kejaetrhrdh$ hokms$ jama uemkgh-gkagdfca sa`rk kd dhga _kxjaja "hjtuhd jfuoho ok Mxfja&$ oeoadkcarmh mheodfjh h dh prfmftfvh jfuoho quk das mkxfjhs hjkrthrae cueohr keKd dughr ok dhs pkejhs ok eaphd"_keajbtftde&%
^kra kd hsam`ra our paja9 sda bhsth kd oh ke quk supk quk dh msgrheok ok taohs dhs jrujks bhsth hbarh jaeajfohs y bkjbhs par kd bam`rkkrh ue mkgh-gkagdfca fejhfja% Jae ue `rhza jhrofehd eartk-sur ue thetajurvhoa$ pkra pradflhmketk mhrjhoa mkofhetk ue he -jhmfea- kmpkorhoa$ksth jruz ddkg h tkekr ms ok ;%>>> im "s$ jfeja mfd ifdmktras& ok dhrga%
Ms dh jruz ks$ thm`fe$ kd rkmhtk okd prfmkr hdkchtakd hdch`kta okdckefjfa hrjhfja% Hs jama dh h !hdkc! ueh kstfdfzhohy vadtkhoh jh`kzh oktara< $ ks dh prfmkrh dktrh y kd sfgea eumkrhd8$ dh t !thw! dhmhrjh askhd ke carmh ok jruz ks dh dtfmh$ dh 00 y kdeumkrhd?>> "H dh rkdhjfeofrkjth quk kxfstk ketrk das vajh`das thu y thurus dh vkrkmas ms hokdhetk&%
Dukga ketkeokrh quk ke grhe phrtk okd Hsfh jketrhd$ das eam`rks okmujbhs grheoks ehjfaeks rkmfthe hd bkjba ok bh`kr sfoa ksthurhohs$arfgfehdmketk$ `hla dh carmh ok ueh grhe jruz jsmfjh$ fguhd quk kd fmpkrfaokd Fejh% ^ar kdda jaeskrvhrae ke sus eam`rks kd sucfla -sthe< ^hifste$Hcghefste$ [z`kqufste$ Ihzhlfste$ Ifrgufzfste$ _urimkefste$_hyfqufste$ Ok bkjba$ taoa ksthoa maokrea "feg% sthtk&$ okrfvh ok uesthtus "88& cueohjfaehd jae carmh ok jruzs-thu Da juhd ks ueh praykjjfeok dhs carmhs juhorhohs ok sus jhpfthdks$ dh ur`s quhorhth -dh jfuoho jaepdheth juhorhoh- "jama kd jhsa ok dh Pamh quk cueo Pmuda&$ y dhs pdhzhsksphadhs quk sa`rkvfvke ke mujbas ok eukstras puk`das y jfuohoks keDhtfeahmrfjh$ parquk sae ueh jaeskjukejfh gkamtrfjh ofrkjth ok dh jruzksturfjh cueohjfaehd$ skge vkrkmas ms hokdhetk%
Ketaejks$ hd tkekr ke jdhra quk bh`h ueh rkdhjfe a`vfh y ofrkjth ketrkkd Jhdkeohrfa y dh Jruz$ y quk kd ofrkjjfaehmfketa ok dh mhyarh ok dhsjaestrujjfaeks fmparthetks "ok juhdqufkr judturh mkofhehmketkokshrraddhoh&$ ksth`h dklas ok skr ofjthoa par kd hzhr$ jamkej h bhjkr mfsprapfhs a`skrvhjfaeks hstraemfjhs$ hd maoa hetfgua% Mkofhetk kd keshyaok prajkofmfketas skejfddas$ `usqu kdh`arhr Jhdkeohrfas sa`rk dh tfkrrh
8> - Ddhmhoas< Jbfejbhy-suyu$ hd eartk9 Xaddh-suyu$ hd sur9 Hetf-suyu$ hd arfketk$ y Xaetf-suyu$ hd
akstk%
88 - Okd dhte sthtus$ -h$ -um< 8& p%p% ok das vkr`as sfsta y sta9 0& -us< pasturh$ pasfjfe$ hjtftuo9
sftuhjfe9 kd maoa ok9-% "Skr`a sfsta$ stftf "stktf&$ sthtum< ksth`dkjkr$ paekr$ hpasthr$ jadajhr ke su
sftfa$ krfgfr$ cflhr$ oktkrmfehr$ jaesadfohr$ "sftus< puksta jadajhoa$ sftuhoa9 pasfjfe$ sftuhjfe$%%%&9 y vkr`asta$ stktf$ sttum< ksthr ok pf$ ksthr febfksta$ dkvhethrsk$ ksthr femvfd$-&%
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
12/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
80
jae das mkofas ms ruofmkethrfas pasf`dks "jama barqukths ok phda kbfdasok ch`rfjhjfe jhskrh$ par klkmpda&$ phrh htfehrdk h dh jamprkesfe ok sucuejfaehmfketa%
Dh fmhgfekrh jdsfjh quk mukstrh k hjjfe h das cueohoarks ok dhsprfmkrhs jfuohoks kurapkhs ke ksth phrtk okd jaetfeketk hmkrfjhea$ mk ofa
hdguehs phuths h tkekr ke juketh
Da prfmkra h bhjkr ks u`fjhr kd pueta jketrhd$ phrh da juhdhetfguhmketk utfdfzh`he ueh vhrh$ `juda a `hste ddhmhoa rh`oas ke grfkga ythweh ke qufjbuh$ "y ea dh ksphoh$ jama bfjfkrae Jh`rkrh$ Ghrhy y das atras&%Dukga$ ke kskpueta jketrhdkdkgfoa$ sf ehturhdmketk ea sk bhddh`h pdhethoa ue
grhe r`ad$ ketaejks sk pdheth`h ue sthurs$ uepastk apfdhstrh$ quk ke grhephrtk ok Hmrfjh sk okeamfeh`h tue -bkjba ok pfkorh- "ketrk das mhyhs&$ tuef-pastk a pfdhstrh- "ke qufjbuh& y tul a tuj "ke kd hjtuhd _ujume&$ ketrk atras%Kd tkrjkr phsa jaesfsth ke trhzhr kdprfmkrjrjuda hdrkokoar ok kstk tue "daquk ke qufjbuh sk okeamfeh tumhy -kdraoka$ dh vukdth ke rkoaeoa$ a tumhef -jkrjhr-&$ phrh dukga$ ^rajkofmfketa Ksturfja mkofhetk$ ddkghr hd trhzhoa dhjruz ofrkjjfaehoh "E!Z9 K!A& sa`rk kd sukda$ jruzeoask sus `rhzas "kd jhroa ykd okjumheus& ke kd prkjfsa dughr okd febfksta tue a tum%
Gdfca Mhyh< !tue! -pfkorh-%
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
13/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
8:
YBhy hdga quk ok`k skr hjdhrhoa< Ksth maohdfoho ok cueohjfe$ quktaohvh ksth`h vfgketk ke dh mkethdfoho okd h`arfgke hmkrfjhea okd sfgda RSF$krh dh quk kddas$ das h`argkeks$ kspkrh`he vkr jama hjtftuo ehturhdpar phrtkok das ofasks `hlhoas ok das `hrjas% Dh okstrujjfe sfstkmtfjh quk das
ehturhdks bfjfkrae ok dhs prfmkrhs cueohjfaeks kurapkhs ke ksths tfkrrhs$a`kokjf hd juhdqufkrjasfsma okspdkghoa sa`rk dh Mhork _fkrrh par phrtk okdas rkjfe ddkghoas% Ke hokdhetk$ y qufzs festrufoas par hdge crhfdk kruofta"mfdhgrashmketk ksjhphoa ok dh Fequfsfjfe(&$ das jaequfsthoarks apthraepar keshyhr ueh puksth ke ksjkeh$ jama dhs quk jaeajkmas par ofvkrshspfeturhs$ phrh jaevkejkr h das dughrkas$ prksketks par mfdks($ quk dasofasks rkjfe ddkghoas ssh`hecueohr kmpdhzhmfketas bh`fth`dks sfgufkeoadhs ofrkjtfvhs okd Jfkda%%% H phrtfr ok hdd$ y ke jaeofjfaeks padtfjhs earmhdks$euejh ms hrrhshrae ueh pa`dhjfe jaestrufoh par jadaeas]%
Dukga ok hdge tfkmpa ok ghrh`htkhr sa`rk kd sukda trhtheoa ok
kejaetrhr ue ^rajkofmfketa jaeoujketk bhjfh hdge tfpa ok Jhdkeohrfakdkmkethd y tfd$ jamkej h eathr quk$ jae tathd kspaethekfoho$ h mkofoh kequk kd ^rajkofmfketa Gkamtrfjahvhezh`h surghecfgurhs quk mastrh`he uejurfasa phrkjfoa gkamtrfja jae mujbas Zfgeas y Zm`adas jdsfjas okrkjaeajfosfmhs judturhs ofckrketks%%% Ksk cuk kd prfmkr grhe ddhmhoa okhtkejfe phrh tkekr ke juketh das pasf`dkshdjhejks kxtrh-jhdkeorfjas ok kstktfpa ok gkamktrhcueohjfaehd Bhsth kd oh ke quk sk mk ajurrf jamphrhrdh pdheth okd^hrtkee "ok Htkehs& jae ue maokda okKsqukmh Jhdkeorfjaskejfdda jae kd quk prhjtfjh`h par ketaejks y quk$ skge jaelkturh`h$ ok`htrhthrsk ok uea ok das prajkofmfketas ms dgfjas y hokjuhoas phrh jaeskgufr
kd rksudthoa `usjhoa% V ketaejks sujkof%%%
Dh pdheth okd ^hrtkee "rkdhjfe 6
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
14/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
8?
Dh prkjfsfe mhtkmtfjh ok hqukddh jafejfokejfh mk hsam`r$ parsupuksta$ he juheoa krh jhsf dgfja kspkrhr quk kxfstfkrh% ^kra kd hsam`ramhyar sk prksket ueas pajas ohs okspus juheoa$ trhs vhrfas fetketas okrkkdh`arhr kd Ksqukmh Jhdkeorfja sfgufkeoa hbarh dhs dekhs okd carmhta^hrtkeafja$ dhs taohvh paqusfmhs dekhs ok ketaejks cukrae sucfjfketks phrh
rkpraoujfr ueh cfgurh `hsthetk jaeajfoh ke kd hetfgua Kgfpta< Heu`fs$ kdjbhjhd%%%
Ksth prfmkrh fmhgke$ tasjh y `uroh sf dh jamphrhmas jae dhsfmgkeks quk paokmas rkpraoujfr bay oksok ue Ksqukmh Ksturfja
Hvhezhoa "KKH&$ hphrkjk ok rkpketk y jama surgfoh ok dh ehoh$okleoamk h`sarta par vhrfas ohs$ sfe paokr shjhrdk das alas ok kejfmh(%%%
Dh sarprksh jaesfsth ke quk sk trhth`h ok ueh fmhgke jampdklh$ ea yh
ok Zfgeas a Zm`adas ok 0$ : a ? trhzas sfmpdks y gkamtrfjhmketk `fkejae`fehoas% ^ar da theta$ sf bh`h hphrkjfoa ueh fmhgke "y jaevkeghmas qukea krh ok dh mklar jhdfoho ke juheta h dh prkjfsfe ok das trhzas8:&$ phrh shdfrok dh jaeofjfe ok mkrh jafejfokejfh a jhsuhdfoho y phshr h skr dhprfmkrh$ ok`h bh`kr ms(%%% Jama par klkmpda> hJ%$ hprax%& Ks hs ok sfmpdk
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
20/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
0>
da ksturfja jae sadujfaeks prajkoketks ok phrhofgmhs ofckrketks% ^kra ksbhsth bay quk ea puok kejaetrhr ueh sadh judturh fmparthetk quk bfjfkrh uejhmfea ofckrketk% ^arquk sfgdas$ bh`feoadh advfohoa ke sukskejfh$ bhe rkjfjdhoa$ ea a`sthetk$rksh`fas hetfguas ok GK ke su hrquftkjturhy atras hspkjtas9 yh skh parquk hdgueh vkz dh bhe tkefoa jama `hsk judturhd$ a`fke par kd jaethjta jae judturhs vkjfehs quk s dh prhjtfjh`he% Ok kstk maoaddkghrae h h`ueohr dhs japfhs hd kstfda eavhta$ y thd ks kd jhsa ok dh mhyarh okdhs judturhs bumhehs ok das dtfmas sfgdas%
Hbarh$ hd hedfsfs ok dhs jhushs y das hdjhejks ok dh pracueoh rkdhjfesfekrgtfjh87GkamktrhKsturfjh Jfvfdfzhjfe Bumheh$ par kd mamketask das ok`a% ^hrh ddkghr h dh jamprkesfe ok ksth sfekrgfh ks mkekstkr ksthrprkphrhoas ke kd sh`kr vkr hspkjtas cuejfaehdks kspkjfhdks "yh quk ks uehrkhdfoho ok hmpdfa kspkjtra ofmkesfaehd&$ y pkrsaehdmketk ea kstay dfsta efjhphjfthoa phrh kdda% ^kra das fevfta h fetkethrda$ kstay skgura quk mujbas okustkoks s da kste% Hokdhetk(
Jama pukoke vkr$ ea sk trhth ok ueh thrkh rkhdfzhoh sa`rk ueh efjh
jfvfdfzhjfe$ ef sa`rk ue sada pkraoa ok tfkmpa$ ef dfmfthoa h ue sadajaetfeketk% V thd jama sukdk okjfrsk< ^hrh qufke tfkek ue mhrtfdda$ juhdqufkrpra`dkmh ks ue jdhva%%% Ke hdge mamketa okd prajksa fevkstfghtfva "qukpar jfkrta euejh tuva h kstk rksudthoa jama bfptksfs prkvfh(&$ jh ke dh jukethokd daja mhrtfdda "a Mtaoa& quk ksth`h utfdfzheoa> ! 8%0>> hJ%&$
y su rkpraoujjfe sa`rk dh pdheth okd _kmpda%
^hrh jaejdufr jae ksth phrtk$ tkeghe ke juketh quk hd prksketkGkamktrh Ksturfjh ea ks ue tkmh jkrrhoa ef mujba mkeas% Hetks `fke ksueprajksa ok fevkstfghjfeh`saduthmketkh`fkrta y kstay jaevkejfoa quk davh h skr par dhrga tfkmpa taohvh% Huequk hdguehs jaejdusfaeks yh skhea`vfhs y crhejhmketk frrkvkrsf`dks%
0- ^hrh qu sfrvk
^krsaehdmketk ea paorh fmhgfehrmk ke qu a phrh qu pukok skrdkstfd dh GK h jhoh uea ok ustkoks$ parquk sus apjfaeks sae mdtfpdks9 pkra sfmk prkguethrhe juhd ks mf pkrspkjtfvh pkrsaehd hjkrjh ok kddh$ puks dks ofrhquk ks jama ksthr hetk kdGrhe Hrje ok das rkjukroas ok eukstrh fechejfhjama bumhefoho% Ks the tfd a fetfd jama ksa% ^ar da quk$ ms hdd okquk kvketuhdmketk puofkrh skrvfreas jama mkofa phrh kxpdfjhr$ jae jfkrthvkrasfmfdftuo$ kd jma y kd parqu bfjfmas hdguehs ok dhs jashs quk bfjfmasjama bumhefoho judturhdmketk bh`dheoa$ h phrtfr okd mamketa ke qukeas okofjhmas h bhjkr hdga ms quk sda sa`rkvfvfr jama kspkjfk$ ksfmparthetk ketkeokr quk eas kejaetrhmas hetk eukstrh ms vfklh eaorfzh im0&$ ks `fkevfsf`dk oksok mujbh hdturh% Hd hmpdfhr dh fmhgke uea pukok vkr quk sk trhthok das rkstas ok ueh pkrckjth ur`s quhorhth$ ok dh quk sda sk jaeskrvhevfsf`dks phrtks ok das dhoas eartk ykstk% Hjkrjheoa ms dh fmhgke vkre qukjaetfkek mujbas kmpdhzhmfketas jfrjudhrks y ok atrhs carmhs$ y ok
ofckrketks thmhas$ quk vhe oksok uehs pajhs okjkehs ok mktras bhsth ms okue ifdmktra ok ofmktra% H prfmkrh vfsth$ y sf ea cukrh par da oksphthrrhoaok sus bkjburhs$ bu`fkrh ofjba quk paorh trhthrsk ok festhdhjfaeks sfmfdhrks hdas bkegks ekadtfjas ok Fegdhtkrrh$ par klkmpda$ yh quk hdguehs ok suspraparjfaeks y ofspasfjfaeks sae pkrckjthmketk jamphtf`dks jae ksk tfpa okjaestrujjfaeks%
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Ok juhdqufkr mhekrh$ phske y vkhe$ ks ueh hutetfjh A`rh ok Hrtk9 sdakvfoketk bhsth hbarh quk paokmas hprkjfhrdh oksok kd ksphjfa% ^krsaehdmketk$y par juheta oksjaeajh su kxfstkejfh$ mk rksudt skr ueh kearmk y hgrhoh`dksarprksh% Za`rk taoa hd jaecfrmhr dhs praparjfaeks y dhs ofspasfjfaeks ok dasofckrketks kdkmketas(%%% Jrka quk$ ok taoas maoas y skh da quk cukrk$ sk trhthok ueh ok dhs mhyarks a`rhs bumhehs ok juhdqufkr tfkmpa$ theta ke thmha
jama ke pkrckjjfe gkamtrfjh%
^hrh qufkeks ea tfkeke fokh ok da quk ks ue bkegk$ hqu vhe dhsfmgkeks okd ms chmasa ok kddas< Ztaek-bkegk kd bkegk ok pfkorh$u`fjhoa ke kd suoakstk ok Fegdhtkrrh%
Pkjaestrujjfe ok Ztaekbkegk%Pkdkvhmfketa ok pdheth arfgfehd "fzq%&$ y dh vkrsfe ksturfjh "okr%&%
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8/2/2019 Apuntes de GE -Proemio
26/27
Hpuetks ok Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ^rakmfa
03
Jaejduykeoa
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^ar atra dhoa$ thmpaja prktkeohe kejaetrhr ke mf bfstarfhd ue grhejurrjudum hjhomfja parquk ea da tkega% Ea say hjhomfja$ y ksh ks dhrhze par dh juhd kstk tkmh dks ddkgh par cukrh ok ksk m`fta%Feokpkeofketkmketk ok taoa ksta$ sda dks pfoa quk vkhe$ kstuofke$ mfohe ysapkske dh tkmtfjh ksturfjh par s mfsmh y ea par su prajkokejfh% Ok
dtfmh$ sf dks ks fmparthetk fr ms hdd ok ksa$ puks vhedh jama kd rksudthoaok dh thrkh ok qufke$ par prapfh fequfktuo pkrsaehd y par rhzaeks quk eavfkeke hd jhsa$ fefjf ueh dhrgh `squkoh quk da ddkv h kejaetrhrsk jaegrheoks mhrhvfddhs$ ok dhs quk Gkamktrh Ksturfjh ks hpkehs kd `ate okmukstrh%
^foa ofsjudphs sf kd dkeguhlk utfdfzhoa ea ks da sucfjfketkmketk jdhraphrh mujbas ok ustkoks "ksjrf`a ke hrgketfea `sfja(&% Ke rkhdfoho mk cukfmpasf`dk okjfofr h qu crhelh kspkjcfjh ok dkjtarks ofrfgfrmk$ parquk kdtkmh ks ueh kearmk cuketk h`fkrth h taoas$ y jhoh qufke sk ddkvh ok kddh dhjhetfoho quk dk qukph h su jethra%%% Hs quk dh apjfe cfehd cuk sfmpdk