Appendicular Report

7/27/2019 Appendicular Report

1/61

SKELETAL SYSTEM:APPENDICULAR

SKELETONDiarina Jane B. Cariaso

III-A BSBT


2/61

OBJECTIVES

a. Appendicular system

Pectoral girdle

Upper limbs Pelvic girdle

Lower limbs

b. Joints

Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints


3/61

Ap-pendo means tohang something on.

Consists of the bones ofthe:

upper limbs lower limbs

girdles (pectoraland pelvic)

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM


4/61

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM


5/61

PECTORAL GIRDLE

Consists of four boneswhich attach theupper limb to thebody:

2 scapulae

2 clavicles

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM


6/61

PECTORAL GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:

Scapula or Shoulder Blade

-- a flat, triangular bone with threefossae, where the muscles extending

to the arm are attached.

Glenoid activitySpine

Acromion processes


7/61



8/61


Clavicle

-- articulates with the scapula at theacromion process

First to begin ossification, but the last tocomplete the process.

Coracoid Processprovides

attachment for arm and chest muscles.


9/61



10/61

Bet you dont know thisThe clavicle may be fractured in the

newborn during delivery.


11/61


12/61


13/61

UPPER LIMBConsists of thebones of:

arm(brachium) forearm(antebrachium)

wrist (carpal) hand(metacarpal)

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM


14/61

UPPER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:

Arm (Brachium)

-- region between the shoulder and elbowand contains the humerus

Humerus

o Heado Anatomical neck

o Surgical necko Greater and lesser tubercleo Deltoid tuberosityo Epicondyles (epiupon; kondylosknuckles)


15/61

Humerus


16/61

Bet you dont know thisDeltoid tuberosity can increase in size as a

result of frequent and powerful pulls from thedeltoid muscle.


17/61


Forearm (Antebrachium)-- has two bones:

Ulna found on the medial side of the

forearm (little finger)

o Semilunar notch (Trochlear)oOlecranon process

o Corocoid

o Styloid process

Radius has a head by which the radius

articulates with both the humerus and ulna

o Radial tuberosity

o Distal end

o

Radial and ulnar styloid process


18/61

Radius and Ulna


19/61


Wrist (Carpal)

-- short region between forearm and hand with

8 carpal bones:

Scaphoid

boat-like Lunate moon

Triquetrium three-cornered

Pisiform pea-shaped

Trapeziumtable

Trapezoidresembling a tableCapitateheadHamatehook


20/61

Right wrist

and hand


21/61


22/61

Right wrist

and hand


23/61

PELVIC GIRDLE

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM

Place where thelower limbs attach to

the body.

Right and left coxaejoin each other

anteriorly and thesacrum posteriorly toform a ring of bone.


24/61

PELVIC GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:

Pelvis (pelvic girdle and coccyx)

Ilium (groin)most superioro Iliac crest

o Anterior superior iliac spine

Ischium (hip)inferior and posterior

o Acetabulum

o Obturator forameno Pelvic inlet

o Pelvic outlet

Pubis (genital hair)inferior and anterior

Coxa (hip)


25/61

Anterior view of Pelvis


26/61

Lateral and Medial View of Left Coxa


27/61

COMPARISONOFMALEANDFEMALEPELVIS

Area Description of DifferenceGeneral Female pelvis somewhat lighter in weight and wider laterally,

but shorter superiorly and less funnel-shaped; less obvious

muscle attachment points in female than in male.Sacrum Broader in female, with the inferior portion directed more

posteriorly; sacral promontory projects less anteriorly in female.Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped in male; oval in femalePelvic outlet Broader and more shallow in femaleSubpubic angle Less than 90 degrees in male and 90 degrees or more in femaleIlium More shallow and flared laterally in femaleIschial spines Farther apart in femaleIschial tuberosities Turned laterally in female and medially in male


28/61

COMPARISONOFMALEANDFEMALEPELVIS


29/61

LOWER LIMB

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM

Consists of bones of

the: thigh leg ankle

foot

A S


30/61

LOWER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:

Thigh

-- region between hip and knee.

FemuroHeadoCondyles

oEpicondylesoTrochanters (runners)

oPatella (kneecap)

R F


31/61

RIGHT FEMUR


32/61

RIGHT

FEMUR

A S


33/61


Leg

-- region between knee and ankle.

Tibia (shin bone)major weight-bearingbone of leg Fibula (clas0 or buckle)smaller of thetwo

o Malleolus (hammer or mallet)


34/61

RIGHT TIBIAAND FIBULA, ANTERIOR

A C S S


35/61


Ankle

-- consists of 7 tarsal (sole of the foot)bones:

Talus (ankle) Calcaneus (heel) Cuboid (cube-shaped)

Navicular (boat-shaped) Medial, Intermediate and Lateralcuneiforms (wedge-shaped)


36/61

SUPERIORVIEWOFRIGHTFOOT

SHOWINGTHEANKLEBONES

APPENDICULAR SYSTEM:


37/61


Foot

-- consists of metatarsals and phalanges

Arranged in numbers. Metatarsals are longer than themetacarpals but phalanges of the foot areshorter than those of the hands.

Three Arches:o Longitudinal archeso Transverse arch


38/61

SUPERIORVIEWOFRIGHTFOOT


39/61

MEDIALVIEWOF LEFTFOOTANDANKLE


40/61

SO, HOWMANYBONES

ARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?


41/61

SO, HOWMANYBONESARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?

The AppendicularSkeleton has a total

of 126 bones.


42/61

SO, HOWMANYBONESARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?

(4) Pectoral Girdle:2 Scapula2 Clavicle

(60) Upperlimbs:2 Humerus2 Radius

2 Ulna16 Carpals10 Metacarpals28 Phalanges

(2) Pelvic Girdle2 Os Coxal

(60) Lowerlimbs:2 Femur

2 Tibia2 Fibula

2 Patella14 Tarsals10 Matatarsals28 Phalanges


43/61

SKELETAL SYSTEM:

ARTICULATIONSORJOINTS


44/61


45/61

Three functional classifications ofjoints:

Synarthrosis (nonmovable)Amphiarthrosis (slightlymovable)Diarthrosis (freely movable)

ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS


46/61

SYNARTHROSISAND AMPHIARTHROSIS


47/61

Three structural classificationsof joints:

Fibrous jointsunited by fibrous

tissue Cartilaginous jointsunited bycartilage Synovial jointsfreely movable that

contains synovial fluid

ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS

ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:


48/61

FIBROUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:

Consists of two bones united by fibroustissues that exhibit little or no movement.

1) SUTURES

joints between bones of the skull. fontanels (soft spots in newborn)


49/61

LATERAL VIEWOFTHE SKULL

SHOWING SUTURES


50/61

ENLARGED PORTIONOF SKULL:

SUTURE


51/61

NORMAL SKULLOF A NEWBORN



52/61


2) SYNDESMOSES joints in which the bones are

separated by some distance and

are held together by ligaments.

Example:o Fibrous membrane connecting

most of the distal parts of radius

and ulna, and tibia and fibula.


53/61

SYNDESMOSESIN

RADIUS & ULNAAND

TIBIA & FIBULA



54/61


2) GOMPHOSES consist of pegs fitted into socket

and held in place by ligaments.

Example:

o Joint between a tooth and itssocket.

GOMPHOSIS IN TOOTH


55/61

GOMPHOSISIN TOOTH

ANDITS SOCKET



56/61

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:

Unite two bones by means of cartilageand only slight movement can occur atthese joints.

Example:oCartilage in the epiphysal platesgrowing long bones

oCartilages between the ribs and the

sternum


57/61

CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS


58/61

JOINTS



59/61

SYNOVIAL JOINTSCU O S/ JO S:

Freely-movable joints that contain synovialfluid in a cavity surrounding the ends ofarticulating bones.

Articular CartilageJoint Cavity Joint Capsule Synovial Memebrane Synovial Fluid

Bursa pocket or saco Bursitis

Tendon Sheath

STRUCTURE


60/61

STRUCTURE

OF SYNOVIAL

JOINT


61/61

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

Appendicular Report

Documents

Transcript of Appendicular Report