Name AP Biology

Summer Assignment - Basic Biology Review

***Instructions: Print out and complete all questions in the following document. All answers must be hand written. You

may use your textbook to assist you in completing this task.

Basic Biochemistry

1. What is an enzyme?

2. What group of biomolecules are enzymes in?

3. What is the job of an enzyme?

4. List 2 ways to increase enzyme’s function.

5. What are two things that can cause enzymes to denature?

6. An acid is a substance with a pH of , a base is a substance with a pH of , and a neutral

solution has a pH of .

7. On example of an acid is , a base is , and a neutral solution is

.

8. Draw a water molecule. Label its atoms and their associated charges.

9. List and explain four properties that make water unique and vital to life.

a.

b.

c.

d.

10. Explain two ways in which water helps to maintain homeostasis in an organism’s body.

a.

b.

11. Fill in the chart:

Biomolecule Building Blocks Type(s) and function(s) within the cell

Carbohydrate (Do not write anything in this box – you will cover the types/functions of carbohydrates below)

A) Monosaccharide

B) Disaccharide

C) Polysaccharide

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Cells and Cell Chemistry

1. Complete the following:

Organelle/Cell Structure Function Where found (plant, animal, fungi, and/or prokaryote)

Cell (plasma) membrane

Ribosome

Vacuole

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Centriole

Cytoskeleton

2. Why is the cell membrane called “selectively permeable”?

3. Discuss the conditions needed to cause water to diffuse into a cell. (Draw a diagram as well).

4. Discuss the conditions necessary to cause water to diffuse out of a cell. (Draw a diagram as well).

5. Describe what would happen to a red blood cell in each of the following situations:

a. It is placed in a solution with an extremely high concentration of salt.

b. It is placed in distilled water.

6. Name two body systems that help organisms to remove excess water. Explain how these systems work to

remove water.

7. How is osmosis related to homeostasis.

8. Osmosis is the movement of from concentration to

concentration.

9. Diffusion is the movement of from concentration to

concentration.

10. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will because

.

11. Active transport uses , passive transport uses no , and facilitated

diffusion is a form of transport.

12. Fill in the blanks with the following terms: pseudopodia, flagella, skeletal, ciliate, movement

The movement of some animals is dependent upon the relationship between its muscular and its

system. The muscles are required to pull the bones in order for movement to occur. Protozoa

are classified according to their method of locomotion, or . One type of movement is

through the twirling or lashing of the , which are long, whip-like structures on the surface of

the cell. Another type of movement is amoeboid, which is a creeping caused by . The

third type of movement is , which is the synchronized beating of short hair-like

projections.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. Write the photosynthesis equation below:

2. Write the cellular respiration equation below:

3. What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

4. What organelle carries out cellular respiration?

5. Fill in the chart below:

Type of Respiration Conditions in which it occurs How much energy does it produce?

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

6. Carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis is placed in the atmosphere by . The process

that produces carbon dioxide in cells is called .

7. The carbon dioxide is used by . They take CO2 + water in the presences of chlorophyll

and sunlight and produce + in their (organelle).

This process is called .

Cell Division and Genetics

1. The DNA must replicate before mitosis in order to

.

2. The cell will complete mitosis when making cells.

3. The cell will complete meiosis when making cells.

4. List four differences between mitosis and meiosis:

a.

b.

c.

d.

5. Summarize how sexual reproduction, which includes meiosis and fertilization, affects the genetic variation

within an offspring.

6. Mitosis phases – fill in the chart

Phase What happens in the phase

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

7. What are the three components of a nucleotide?

8. Draw a picture of the structure of DNA that (at least) includes the terms: base, 1 sugar, phosphate, nucleotide,

and helix.

9. Describe gel electrophoresis using the following terms: electrophoresis, agarose gel, DNA bands, banding

pattern, lane, DNA fragment, common ancestry, relatedness.

10. What do the bands in the gel pattern represent? What causes some bands to move further than others?

11. RNA/DNA comparison. Fill in the chart

Characteristic DNA RNA

Sugar present

Number of strands

Location(s) it can be found

Function(s)

12. Mutations and crossovers create different genes and gene sequences. Explain how mutations are an important

and normal part of sexual reproduction.

13. Protein Synthesis Definitions

Word Definition/Picture

Codon

Nucleotide

Replication

Anticodon

Clone

mRNA

tRNA

14. What happens during transcription?

15. What happens during translation?

16. What is a chain of amino acids called?

17. Genetics Definitions

Word Definition

Allele

Autosome

Dominant

Gene

Genotype

Heterozygous

Homozygous

Phenotype

Recessive

Sex-chromosome

**Complete the following punnett squares. Give the genotype(s) and phenotype(s) of each.

18. Monohybrid: cross a heterozygous right handed person with a left handed person. Right is dominant over left.

19. Sex-linked: cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a hemophiliac male.

20. Answer the following questions.

In Pisum sativum, a pea plant, the allele for purple flower (P) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (p). A

cross between two purple-flowered plants produced the data shown below.

Results for Pea Plant Cross

Flower color Number of Plants

Purple 103

White 35

Draw a Punnett Square that shows the cross between the two purple-flowered parent plants described above.

When writing the allele pairings, underline all lowercase letters (p).

Fill in the genotypes of all the offspring on the Punnett Square.

Make a key to indicate which genotype produces which flower color.

Give the ratio of flower colors that can be expected from the cross.

Explain how the data in the table and the Punnett square helped you determine the ratio.

21. A genetics study was conducted that crossed two red-flowered plants. The next generation was a mixture of red-

flowered and white-flowered offspring. Which of these represents those of the parent generation? Explain your

answer.

A) rr and rr

B) Rr and Rr

C) RR and rr

D) RR and RR

Classification and Evolution

1. Fill in the blanks using the words provided. Adaptations, diversity, prokaryotes, anatomical similarities,

eukaryotes

In a classification system, organisms may be grouped according to likenesses of their body parts, or

. They may also be classified according to the type of cells they have. For example, some cells do

not have a true nucleus and are called ; some cells are and

have a nucleus. Classifying organisms shows that there are a wide variety of living things, that there is much

among organisms. Organisms exhibit a wide variety of traits. Many of these traits are

, which enable the organisms to survive in their surroundings.

2. List the 8 levels of organization in the system of classification starting with domain. (Hint: domain kingdom…)

3. Complete the table below:

Characteristic Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Has a nucleus? (Y or N)

Has a cell wall? (Y or N)

Uses cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (Y or N – specify)

Autotroph or heterotroph?

Multicellular or unicellular?

An example would be…

4. Explain how natural selection occurs. (Hint: Use “VIST”)

V = Variation

I = Inheritance

S = Speciation

T = Time

5. Does biological evolution occur in individuals or in a population? Explain your answer.

Ecology

1. What is the ultimate source of energy for life?

2. What common characteristics do all producers have?

3. What common characteristics do all consumers have?

4. Predict which organism type would have the most biomass in an ecosystem: carnivore, herbivore, producer, by

drawing a food pyramid. Explain your diagram.

5. In general, how do humans affect biodiversity? (Do we have a negative or positive impact? Explain)

6. How does the lack of biodiversity affect an ecosystem: (Hint: Think about food chains and food webs….)

7. Factors affecting living organisms

Factor Abiotic or Biotic How it affects living things

Space

Soil

Water

Light

Temperature

Food

8. Relationships

Relationship +/-/0 2 Examples

Parasitism

Mutualism

Predation

Commensalism

Competition

9. Succession

Key Term Definition What happens

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Pioneer stage

Climax community

10. Draw a food web including the following organisms: shark, phytoplankton, bacteria, killer whale, medium sized

fish

11. Fill in the blanks with the following terms: habitats, pH, toxins, oxygen, pollution, urbanization

Cells exist within a narrow range of conditions. Some conditions that affect cells are the , or

acidity, or the environment, and the amount of water and , or air, available. Changes in

environment will affect the cell and may cause death to the cell or organism. Some events that affect the cell

and organism are the release of poisons, called ; (contamination

of the environment); destruction of areas where organisms live, called ; and

, the change of areas of land into cities.

Body Systems

1. Fill out the following chart:

System Functions How do the functions help maintain homeostasis?

Circulatory

Nervous system

Digestive

Excretory

Skeletal

Muscular

Endocrine

Respiratory

Integumentary

Lymphatic

Reproductive

Data Analysis

Exercise 1: Given the following information complete the Data Table. Then interpret the data and answer the five

questions that follow.

The following hair colors were found among three classes of students:

Class 1: Brown – 20 Class 2: Brown – 18 Class 3: Brown – 15 Black – 1 Black – 0 Black – 4 Blond – 4 Blond – 6 Blond – 15

Data Table

Hair Color Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 TOTAL

Brown

Black

Blond

1. What type of information is being gathered?

2. Which hair color occurs most often?

3. From the information in Data Table, can you give the number of boys with black hair?

4. What information can you give about the number of students with black hair?

5. Which class has the most blond students?

6. How many students made up the entire student population?

Exercise 2: Given the following information, organize the data into a table. Use the blank area provided in Figure 1 to

draw in the necessary columns and rows. Then interpret the data and answer the questions that follow.

On an expedition around the world, several scientists collected the venom of various snakes. One of the tests that the

scientists conducted determined the toxicity of the venom of each snake. Other data obtained by the scientists included

the mortality percentage, or relative death rate, from the bites of various snakes.

The snakes observed were the (1) southern United States copperhead, (2) western diamondback rattlesnake, (3) eastern

coral snake, (4) king cobra, (5) Indian krait, (6) European viper, (7) bushmaster, (8) fer-de-lance, (9) black-necked cobra,

and (10) puff adder.

The mortality percentage of people bitten by snakes varied from 100% to less than 1%. The scientists noted the mortality

percentage for each of the snakes was (1) less than 1 %, (2) 5-15 %, (3) 5-20 %, (4) greater than 40 %, (5) 77 %, (6) 1-5 %,

(7) usually 100 %, (8) 10-20 %, (9) 11-40 %,and (10) 11-40 %.

Figure 1

1. Which snake’s venom has the highest mortality rate?

2. Which snake’s venom has the lowest mortality rate?

3. From the information recorded, can you determine the snake whose venom works most rapidly? The least

rapidly?

4. Which two snakes’ venom have the same mortality rate?

5. How many types of snakes were observed?

Graphing Skills Graphing is an important procedure used by scientist to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. There are three main types of graphs: Pie/circle graphs: Used to show parts of a whole. Bar graphs: Used to compare amounts. Line graphs: Use to show the change of one piece of information as it relates to another change. Both bar and line graphs have an “X” axis (horizontal) and a “Y” axis (vertical). Parts of a Graph: Title: Summarizes information being represented in ANY graph. Independent Variable: The variable that is controlled by the experimenter, such as, time, dates,

depth, and temperature. This is placed on the X axis.

Dependent Variable: The variable that is directly affected by the I.V. It is the result of what happens as time, dates, depth and temperature are changed. This is placed on the Y axis. Scales for each Variable: In constructing a graph, one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb in intervals such as, multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, etc…the scale of numbers will be determined by your data values. Legend: A short descriptive narrative concerning the graph’s data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph.

For any set of data, you will need to determine the following: Mean: This is determined by adding all the numbers in a set of data and then dividing by the

number of values. Median*: This is the middle number in a set of data. If the there is an even set of numbers in the

data, then take the average of the two middle numbers. Ex: 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 median = 8 Ex: 3, 5, 8, 11, 17, 19, 27, 30 median is 11 + 17 = 28/2 = 14 Mode*: This is the number that occurs most often in a set of data.

Ex: 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 9,9,9, 12, 12, 15 mode = 9 * To determine median and mode, the numbers in the set of data must be put in numerical order.

Extrapolate: extending the graph, along the same slope, above or below measured data. Interpolate: predicting data between two measured points on the graph

A. Graph the following information in a BAR graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately.

Month # of deer

Sept 38

Oct 32

Nov 26

Dec 20

Jan 15

Feb 12

1. What is the independent variable?

2. What is the dependent variable?

3. What is an appropriate title?

4. What is the average number of deer per month?

B. Graph the following information in a LINE graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately.

# of Days # of Bacteria

1 4

2 16

3 40

4 80

5 100

6 200

1. What is the independent variable?

2. What is the dependent variable?

3. What is an appropriate title?

C. Graph the following information in a BAR graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately.

# of Hours of Study

Grade

0 20

2 60

4 70

6 80

8 90

10 100

1. What is the independent variable?

2. What is the dependent variable?

3. What is an appropriate title?

4. What was the average grade earned?

D. Graph the following information in a LINE graph. Label and number the x and y-axis appropriately.

Temperature Enzyme

Activity

0 0

20 10

30 15

40 20

50 8

60 5

70 0

1. What is the independent variable?

2. What is the dependent variable?

3. What is an appropriate title?