SUMMER ASSIGNMENTCh. 34 & 35

SUMMER ASSIGNMENTCh. 34 & 35

AP BIOLOGYShipley

AP BIOLOGYShipley

CH. 34THE BIOSPHERE:

AN INTRODUCTION TO EARTH’S DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS

CH. 34THE BIOSPHERE:

AN INTRODUCTION TO EARTH’S DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS

Population- an interbreeding group of individuals belonging to the same species and living in a particular geographic area

Community- all the organisms in a particular area

Ecosystem- all the life-forms in a certain area and all the non-living factors

Abiotic- non-living factors in an ecosystem

Biotic- organisms in an ecosystem

Population- an interbreeding group of individuals belonging to the same species and living in a particular geographic area

Community- all the organisms in a particular area

Ecosystem- all the life-forms in a certain area and all the non-living factors

Abiotic- non-living factors in an ecosystem

Biotic- organisms in an ecosystem

Biosphere- the global ecosystem, all the planet’s ecosystems combined The biosphere is self-contained or closed,

except that its photosynthesizers derive energy from the sun, and loss heat to space

Habitat- environmental areas in which organisms live

Biome- a terrestrial ecosystem, largely determined by climates, classifieds by predominant vegetation, and characterized by organisms adapters to the particular environments.

Biosphere- the global ecosystem, all the planet’s ecosystems combined The biosphere is self-contained or closed,

except that its photosynthesizers derive energy from the sun, and loss heat to space

Habitat- environmental areas in which organisms live

Biome- a terrestrial ecosystem, largely determined by climates, classifieds by predominant vegetation, and characterized by organisms adapters to the particular environments.

Physical and chemical factors that influence life in

the biosphere:

Physical and chemical factors that influence life in

the biosphere:

Solar energy- powers nearly all surface terrestrial and shallow-water ecosystems

Water- essential to all life Temperature- effects metabolism Wind- physically effects ecosystems

and increases organism’s water loss by evaporation

Solar energy- powers nearly all surface terrestrial and shallow-water ecosystems

Water- essential to all life Temperature- effects metabolism Wind- physically effects ecosystems

and increases organism’s water loss by evaporation

Earth’s global climate patterns are largely determined by the input of

solar energy and the planet’s movement in space.

Earth’s global climate patterns are largely determined by the input of

solar energy and the planet’s movement in space. The seasons of the year result from the

permanent tilt of earth on its axis as it orbits the sun.

Tropics- latitudes between 23.5° north and south, experience the greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation

Doldrums- an area of calm or very light winds

High temperatures throughout the year and ample rainfall largely explain why rain forests are concentrated near the equator.

The seasons of the year result from the permanent tilt of earth on its axis as it orbits the sun.

Tropics- latitudes between 23.5° north and south, experience the greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation

Doldrums- an area of calm or very light winds

High temperatures throughout the year and ample rainfall largely explain why rain forests are concentrated near the equator.

Temperate zones-have seasonal variations in climate and more moderate temperatures

Ocean currents- created by a combination of the prevailing winds the planet’s rotation, unequal heating of surface waters, and the locations and shapes of the continents

Temperate zones-have seasonal variations in climate and more moderate temperatures

Ocean currents- created by a combination of the prevailing winds the planet’s rotation, unequal heating of surface waters, and the locations and shapes of the continents

OceansOceans

Life began in the oceans and lived for 3 billion years before live moved onto land.

Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface. Estuary- an area where a freshwater stream

or river merges with the ocean, it is one of the most productive type of biome

Wetland- between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one

Life began in the oceans and lived for 3 billion years before live moved onto land.

Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface. Estuary- an area where a freshwater stream

or river merges with the ocean, it is one of the most productive type of biome

Wetland- between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one

Intertidal zone- where water meets land, biologically most productive zone

Pelagic zone- open ocean Phytoplankton- algae and photosynthetic

bacteria that drift in aquatic environments Zooplankton- animals (usually microscopic

or very small) that drift in aquatic environments. They eat phytoplankton and are then consumed by larger animals.

Benthic zone- sea floor Coral reefs- built by generations of coral

animals, support a huge diversity of animals

Intertidal zone- where water meets land, biologically most productive zone

Pelagic zone- open ocean Phytoplankton- algae and photosynthetic

bacteria that drift in aquatic environments Zooplankton- animals (usually microscopic

or very small) that drift in aquatic environments. They eat phytoplankton and are then consumed by larger animals.

Benthic zone- sea floor Coral reefs- built by generations of coral

animals, support a huge diversity of animals

Freshwater biomesFreshwater biomes Light significantly impacts fresh

water bodies (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands), there is a distinct photic (lighted) zone and an aphotic zone.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients that limit phytoplankton growth.

Light significantly impacts fresh water bodies (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands), there is a distinct photic (lighted) zone and an aphotic zone.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients that limit phytoplankton growth.

Terrestrial biomesTerrestrial biomes Tropical forests- near equator,

temperature is warm with long days (11-12 hrs.) year-round, the most complex and diverse biome, poor soil

Savanna- dominated by grasses and scattered trees, large herbivores (antelope, giraffe)

Desert- driest biome, low rainfall Chaparral- dense, spiny shrubs, climate

results from cool ocean currents, mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

Temperate grasslands- mostly treeless, regions of cold winter temperatures, most productive farmland

Tropical forests- near equator, temperature is warm with long days (11-12 hrs.) year-round, the most complex and diverse biome, poor soil

Savanna- dominated by grasses and scattered trees, large herbivores (antelope, giraffe)

Desert- driest biome, low rainfall Chaparral- dense, spiny shrubs, climate

results from cool ocean currents, mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

Temperate grasslands- mostly treeless, regions of cold winter temperatures, most productive farmland

Temperate deciduous forests- sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees, eastern U.S. (where we live)

Taiga- coniferous forests (cone-bearing evergreens), largest terrestrial biome, long, cold winters, short, wet summers

Tundra- northernmost limits of plant growth, characterized by permafrost- continuously frozen subsoil (Alaska, Siberia)

Temperate deciduous forests- sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees, eastern U.S. (where we live)

Taiga- coniferous forests (cone-bearing evergreens), largest terrestrial biome, long, cold winters, short, wet summers

Tundra- northernmost limits of plant growth, characterized by permafrost- continuously frozen subsoil (Alaska, Siberia)

CH. 35POPULATIONDYNAMICS

CH. 35POPULATIONDYNAMICS

Population density- the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume, gives an idealized picture of the unregulated growth of a population

Exponential Growth Model- the rate of expansion of a population under ideal conditions G = rN

G = growth rate of populationN = population size (# of individuals) r = intrinsic rate of increase, an organism’s

maximum capacity to reproduce

Population density- the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume, gives an idealized picture of the unregulated growth of a population

Exponential Growth Model- the rate of expansion of a population under ideal conditions G = rN

G = growth rate of populationN = population size (# of individuals) r = intrinsic rate of increase, an organism’s

maximum capacity to reproduce

Population-limiting factors- environmental factors that restrict population growth

Logistic growth model- idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors G = rN (K-N) K

(K-N) = the overall effect of population-limiting factors K

K = Carrying capacity- the maximum population size that an environment can support

This model predicts that a population’s growth rate will be small when the population size is either small or large, and highest when the population is at an intermediate level relative to the carrying capacity.

Population-limiting factors- environmental factors that restrict population growth

Logistic growth model- idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors G = rN (K-N) K

(K-N) = the overall effect of population-limiting factors K

K = Carrying capacity- the maximum population size that an environment can support

This model predicts that a population’s growth rate will be small when the population size is either small or large, and highest when the population is at an intermediate level relative to the carrying capacity.

Factors that limit population size

Factors that limit population size Density-dependent rates- decreasing

birth rates and increasing death rates (with an increase in population size)

Competition for limited resources Availability of space Health and survival of organisms Predation Climate and weather Environmental factors (fire, floods, storms,

habitat disruption by humans)

Density-dependent rates- decreasing birth rates and increasing death rates (with an increase in population size)

Competition for limited resources Availability of space Health and survival of organisms Predation Climate and weather Environmental factors (fire, floods, storms,

habitat disruption by humans)

Boom-and-bust cycles- regular fluctuation in density (insects, birds, mammals)

Survivorship curves- plot the proportion of individuals alive at each age Type I curve- produce few offspring, but give

them good care, increasing survival to maturity (humans and large mammals)

Type II curve- intermediate, mortality constant over life span (invertebrates and rodents)

Type III curve- high death rates for young, low death rates for individuals who survive, produce very large numbers of offspring, but provide little or no care (insects, shellfish)

Boom-and-bust cycles- regular fluctuation in density (insects, birds, mammals)

Survivorship curves- plot the proportion of individuals alive at each age Type I curve- produce few offspring, but give

them good care, increasing survival to maturity (humans and large mammals)

Type II curve- intermediate, mortality constant over life span (invertebrates and rodents)

Type III curve- high death rates for young, low death rates for individuals who survive, produce very large numbers of offspring, but provide little or no care (insects, shellfish)

Life historiesLife histories Life history- the series of events from birth through reproduction to death r-selection- selection for traits that

maximize reproductive success in and uncrowded, unpredictable environment Individuals mature early and produce large

numbers of offspring (insects, weeds) k-selection- larger-bodied, longer-lived

speciesPopulations that live at densities close to

their carrying capacity (K)Produce few, well-cared for offspring (large

terrestrial vertebrates

Life history- the series of events from birth through reproduction to death r-selection- selection for traits that

maximize reproductive success in and uncrowded, unpredictable environment Individuals mature early and produce large

numbers of offspring (insects, weeds) k-selection- larger-bodied, longer-lived

speciesPopulations that live at densities close to

their carrying capacity (K)Produce few, well-cared for offspring (large

terrestrial vertebrates

ZPG = zero population growth- when birth rates equal death rates

Two ways to reach ZPG:1. High birth rates - high death rates2. Low birth rates - low death rates

Demographic transition- the movement from #1 to #2 (seen in human population of developed countries)

ZPG = zero population growth- when birth rates equal death rates

Two ways to reach ZPG:1. High birth rates - high death rates2. Low birth rates - low death rates

Demographic transition- the movement from #1 to #2 (seen in human population of developed countries)

Renewable resource management- harvesting crops without damaging the resource

Maximum sustained yield- harvesting at a level that produces a consistent yield without forcing a population into decline

Renewable resource management- harvesting crops without damaging the resource

Maximum sustained yield- harvesting at a level that produces a consistent yield without forcing a population into decline

THE ENDTHE END

STUDY YOUR NOTES LOOK OVER CH. 34 & 35 STUDY A LOT TEST WILL BE 35 MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS IN AP EXAM FORMAT GOOD LUCK!

STUDY YOUR NOTES LOOK OVER CH. 34 & 35 STUDY A LOT TEST WILL BE 35 MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS IN AP EXAM FORMAT GOOD LUCK!