AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment · AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment Due Wednesday...

AP Biology 2018-2019 Summer Assignment

Due Wednesday 9/5/2018

Text Book Reading

Ch.13 The Molecular Basis of Life pgs. 245-267

Ch.15 Section 4 Regulation of Gene Expression pgs. 307-309

Active Reading Guides

Complete the attached Active Reading Guides for the above sections.

Note: All work is to be hand written. No Exceptions.

Directions: For Each Chapter: Read each chapter and study the vocabulary as you move through the chapter. At this level of Biology a strong command of the vocabulary is essential. This means that not only should you be able to define a term but you should understand that term in relation to the concept that is supports.

Have a Great Summer! We are looking forward to a great year together.

Mrs. O’Rourke and Mrs. Trozzo

[email protected]

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Campbell Biology in Focus (1st Edition) – www.mrcroft.com Adapted from Campbell Biology (9th Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

Name: ________________________________________________ AP Biology Mr. Croft

Chapter 13 Active Reading Guide The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Section 1 1. What are the two chemical components of chromosomes? 2. Why did researchers originally think that protein was the genetic material? 3. Distinguish between the virulent and nonvirulent strains of Streptococcus

pneumoniae studied by Frederick Griffith. 4. What was the purpose of Griffith’s studies? 5. Summarize the experiment in which Griffith became aware that hereditary

information could be transmitted between two organisms in an unusual manner. 6. Define transformation. 7. What did Oswald Avery determine to be the transforming factor? ______________

Explain his experimental approach.

cqlanus

Highlight


2

8. Sketch a T2 bacteriophage and label its head, tail sheath, tail fiber, and DNA. 9. How does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell? Look ahead to Chapter 17,

Figure 17.4, to explain this. 10. How did Hershey and Chase “label” viral DNA and viral protein so that they could be

distinguished? Explain why they chose each radioactive tag in light of the chemical composition of DNA and protein.

11. Describe the means by which Hershey and Chase established that only the DNA of

a phage enters an E. coli cell. What conclusions did these scientists draw based on these observations?

12. What are Chargaff’s rules? How did he arrive at them? 13. List the three components of a nucleotide. 14. Who are the two men who built the first molecular model of DNA and shared the

1962 Nobel Prize for discovery of its structure?


3

15. What was the role of Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the double helix? 16. Distinguish between the structure of pyrimidines and purines. Explain why adenine

bonds only to thymine. 17. How did Watson and Crick’s model explain the basis for Chargaff’s rules? 18. Given that the DNA of a certain fly species consists of 27.3% adenine and 22.5%

guanine, use Chargaff’s rules to deduce the percentages of thymine and cytosine. 19. Name the five nitrogenous bases, and put a checkmark in the correct column for

each base. Also indicate if the base is found in DNA, RNA, or both.

Nitrogenous Base Purine Pyrimidine DNA, RNA, or Both

20. What DNA base is complementary to adenine? _________________________

What DNA base is complementary to guanine? _________________________


4

21. Describe the structure of DNA relative to each of the following: a. distance across molecule ___________ b. distance between nucleotides ___________ c. distance between turns ___________ d. components of the backbone ___________ e. components of the “rungs” ___________

22. Explain what is meant by 5' and 3' ends of the nucleotide. 23. What do we mean when we say the two strands of DNA are antiparallel? Section 2 24. What is the semiconservative model of replication? 25. Who performed the experiments that elucidated the correct mechanism of DNA

replication? 26. How did Meselson and Stahl create “heavy” DNA for their experiments? 27. Use Figure 13.11 to explain how Meselson and Stahl confirmed the

semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication. 28. Define the origins of replication.


5

29. Distinguish between the leading and the lagging strands during DNA replication. 30. What is the direction of synthesis of the new strand? ________________________ 31. What are Okazaki fragments? How are they welded together? 32. Which enzyme does each of the following?

a. untwists and separates strands ______________________________________ b. holds DNA strands apart ___________________________________________ c. synthesizes RNA primer ___________________________________________ d. adds DNA nucleotides to new strands _________________________________ e. relieves strain caused by unwinding __________________________________ f. joins DNA fragments together _______________________________________ g. removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA ___________________________

33. Make a detailed list of the steps that occur in the synthesis of a new strand. 34. What is a thymine dimer? How might it occur? How is it repaired?


6

35. Make a sketch of a chromosome and label the telomeres. 36. Explain telomere erosion and the role of telomerase. 37. Why are cancer cells immortal even though most body cells have a limited life

span? 38. Explain the roles of each of the following enzymes in DNA proofreading and repair.

a. DNA polymerase _________________________________________________ b. Nuclease _______________________________________________________ c. Ligase _________________________________________________________ d. Repair enzymes __________________________________________________

Section 3 39. On the following diagram, identify the following: 30-nm fiber, metaphase

chromosome, double helix, histone proteins, nucleosomes, protein scaffold, and looped domains (300-nm fiber).

40. Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin.


1

Name: ________________________________________________ AP Biology Mr. Croft

Chapters 13.4 & 15.4 Active Reading Guide Biotechnology

The AP Biology exam has reached into this chapter for essay questions on a regular basis over the past 15 years. Student responses show that biotechnology is a difficult topic. This chapter requires a strong conceptual understanding of the technological processes and the underlying biology that guides the procedure. With a little careful work, this chapter will give you insights into the incredible advancements already made and a basis for understanding the new marvels yet to be discovered in biotechnology. 1. It is important to understand the meaning of the three terms in bold to start this

chapter. recombinant DNA:

biotechnology:

genetic engineering: 2. Plasmids are important in biotechnology. Give a full and complete definition of

plasmid. 3. The production of multiple copies of a single gene is called ___________________. 4. Using Figure 13.22 in your text, explain the four steps in this preview of gene

cloning. 1) 2) 3) 4)

cqlanus

Highlight


2

5. Read the description of restriction enzymes in your text carefully. Then draw and explain each step of Figure 13.23.

6. What is a cloning vector? Why are bacterial plasmids widely used as cloning

vectors? 7. Study the following figure for an example of a gene cloning experiment. Explain the

following key points. a. What is the source of

the gene of interest? b. Explain why the plasmid

is engineered with ampR and lacZ.


3

c. Why are both the gene of interest and the plasmid cut with the same restriction enzyme?

d. What is the role of DNA ligase in this process?

e. After transformation has occurred, why are some colonies blue?

f. Why are some colonies white? Why is this important? 8. Once the hummingbird DNA is cloned, we have the problem of finding the piece of

DNA that holds our gene of interest. Explain how nucleic acid hybridization will accomplish this task.

9. Getting a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in bacterial host cells can be difficult.

What are two problems with bacterial gene expression systems, and how is each solved? 1) 2)

10. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a Nobel Prize–winning idea that is used by

scientists to amplify DNA, particularly when the quantity of DNA is very small or contaminated. Explain the three initial steps that occur in cycle 1 of PCR. 1) 2) 3)


4

11. How many molecules will be produced by four PCR cycles? 12. _________________________ is a technique used to separate nucleic acids or

proteins that differ in size or electrical charge. 13. Why is the DNA sample to be separated by gel electrophoresis always loaded at the

cathode or negative end of the power source? 14. Explain why shorter DNA molecules travel farther down the gel than larger

molecules. 15. A patient who is a carrier for sickle-cell anemia would have a gel electrophoresis

pattern showing four bands. The carrier is heterozygous and therefore has both alleles. The normal allele will produce three fragments. The abnormal allele will produce two fragments. Explain why the gel shows a four-band pattern.

16. How is RT-PCR used? 17. What are DNA microarray assays? 18. Why are the four nucleotides in DNA each labeled with a different color of

fluorescent tag?


5

19. Explain the four steps of DNA microarray assays. 1) 2) 3) 4) 20. Explain how microarrays are used in understanding patterns of gene expression in

normal and cancerous tissue.

AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment · AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment Due Wednesday...

Documents

Transcript of AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment · AP Biology 2018 -2019 Summer Assignment Due Wednesday...