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in order to develop engineeringdesign requirements !oebuck et

al. "#$%&. Anthropometry is closelyrelated to biomechanics becauseoccupational biomechanicsprovides the criteria for theapplication

of anthropometric data to theproblems of workplace design'heasant "#(#&.Anthropometry can be divided intotwo types) physical anthropometry,

which deals with basicdimensions of the human body instanding and sitting positions see,e.g., *ables " and +&, andfunctional anthropometry, which is

task oriented. oth physical andfunctional anthropometry can be

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considered in either a static ordynamic sense. -tatic analysis

implies that only the body segmentlengths in /ed position will beconsidered in workplace design.0ynamic analysis requires thatacceptability of design be

evaluated with respect to the needto move the body from one positiontoanother, as well as the reach andclearance considerations.

An e/ample of the importantdynamic data for workplace designis range of joint mobility *able1& which corresponds to posturesillustrated in 2igure ". 3ery useful

anthropometric data, both staticand dynamic, are provided by the4umanscale 4enry 0reyfuss

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Associates "#("&. 5henanthropometric

requirements for the workplace arenot met, biomechanical stresses,which may manifestthemselves in postural discomfort,low back pain, and overe/ertion

injury, are likely to occur 6rieveand 'heasant "#(+&. 7nadequateanthropometric design can lead tomachine safety hazards, loss of motion economy, and poor

visibility. 7n other words, theconsequences of anthropometricmists mayof be a biomechanical andperceptual nature, directly

impacting worker safety, health,and plantproductivity.

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2.1. Description of Human Bo!Position

 *he anatomical body positiondepicts a person standing upright,with feet together, arms by thesides,and with palms forward. As a

reference posture, this position issymmetrical with respect to so8calledmid-sagittal plane. All planesparallel to it are also called sagittal.

 *he vertical plane perpendicularto the sagittal is called the coronalplane. *he horizontal ortransverse& plane is perpendicularto

both the sagittal and coronalplanes. 0enition of planes ofreference are especially importantwhen

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the body is in other than theanatomical position.

According to 6rieve and 'heasant"#(+&, terms of relative bodyposition can be dened asfollows. *he medial and lateralpositions refer to nearer to or

farther from the mid8sagittal plane. *he superior or inferior positionsrefer to nearer to or further fromthe top of the body. *he anterior ventral& and posterior dorsal&

positions refer to in front of orbehind another structure. *hesupercialand deep positions refer to nearerto and farther from the body

surface, respectively. 9earer toor farther from the trunk positionsare called proximal and distal.

 *erms of body movements are

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dened in *able :.2.2. T"e #tatistica$ Description

of Ant"ropometric Data *he concept of normal distributioncan used to describe random errorsin the measurement of physicalphenomena 'heasant "#(#&. 7f the

variable is normally distributed, thepopulation may be completelydescribed in terms of its mean  x &and its standard deviation s&, andspecic percentile  Xp& values

can be calculated, where) Xp  x sz , where z the standard normaldeviate& is a factor for thepercentile concerned. 3alues of zfor some commonly used

percentiles  Xp& are given in *able%.

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2igure + depicts data from4umanscale calculated for diroemer "#(#&.