animal tissues

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Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Chapter 32

Transcript of animal tissues

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Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Chapter 32

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Impacts, IssuesOpen or Close the Stem Cell Factories?

Only embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any specialized cell in the body; engineered stem cells are not yet safe for humans

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Homeostasis in Animals

Body parts must interact to perform many tasks• Coordinate and control individual parts• Acquire and distribute raw materials to cells and

dispose of wastes• Protect tissues against injury or attack• Reproduce, nourish and protect offspring through

early growth and development• Maintain the internal environment (homeostasis)

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32.1 Organization of Animal Bodies

Tissue• Interacting cells and extracellular substances that

carry out one or more specialized tasks

Organ• Structural unit of two or more tissues organized in

a specific way to carry out specific tasks

Organ systems• Two or more organs and other components

interacting in a common task

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Animal Cells are United by Cell Junctions

Tight junctions• Prevent fluid from seeping between epithelial

cells; fluid must pass through cells

Adhering junctions• Hold cells together at distinct spots

Gap junctions• Permit ions and small molecules to pass from

cytoplasm of one cell to another

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32.1 Key Concepts Animal Organization

All animals are multicelled, with cells joined by cell junctions

Typically, cells are organized in four tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Organs, which consist of a combination of tissues, interact in organ systems

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32.2 Epithelial Tissue

Epithelium (epithelial tissue)• A sheet of cells that covers the body’s outer

surface and lines its internal ducts and cavities

Basement membrane• A secreted extracellular matrix that attaches the

epithelium to the underlying tissue

Microvilli• Fingerlike projections of absorptive epithelia

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General Structure of Simple Epithelium

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Fig. 32-3, p. 541

free surface of a simple epithelium

basement membrane (material secreted by epithelial cells)

underlying connective tissue

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Describing Epithelial Tissues

Thickness• Simple epithelium: One cell thick• Stratified epithelium: More than one cell thick

Cell shape• Squamous: Flattened• Cuboidal: Cube-shaped• Columnar: Tall

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Types of Epithelial Tissues

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Fig. 32-4a, p. 541

Simple squamous epithelium

• Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs

• Allows substances to cross by diffusion

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Fig. 32-4b, p. 541

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Fig. 32-4b, p. 541

Simple cuboidal epithelium

• Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, oviducts

• Functions in absorption an secretion, movement of materials

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Fig. 32-4c, p. 541

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Fig. 32-4c, p. 541

Simple columnar epithelium mucus-secreting gland cell

• Lines some airways, parts of the gut

• Functions in absorption and secretion, protection

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Glandular Epithelium

Glands• Organs that release substances onto the skin, or

into a body cavity or interstitial fluid

Exocrine glands (glands with ducts)• Deliver secretions to an external or internal

surface (saliva, milk, earwax, digestive enzymes)

Endocrine glands (no ducts)• Secrete hormones which are carried in blood

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32.3 Connective Tissues

Connective tissues consist of cells and the extracellular matrix they secrete

Connective tissues connect body parts and provide structural and functional support to other body tissues

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Soft Connective Tissues

Loose connective tissue• Fibroblasts secrete a matrix of complex

carbohydrates with fibers dispersed widely through the matrix

Dense connective tissue (dense collagen fibers)• Dense irregular: Supports skin, internal organs• Dense regular: Ligaments and tendons

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Specialized Connective Tissues

Cartilage: Rubbery extracellular matrix, supports and cushions bones

Adipose tissue: Fat filled cells, stores energy, cushions and protect organs

Bone: Rigid support, muscle attachment, protection, mineral storage, blood production

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Connective Tissues

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Connective Tissues

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Fig. 32-5a, p. 542

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Fig. 32-5b, p. 542

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Fig. 32-5c, p. 542

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Fig. 32-5d, p. 542

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Fig. 32-5e, p. 543

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Fig. 32-5f, p. 543

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Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Fig. 32-6, p. 543

cartilage at the end of long bone

compact bone tissue

spongy bone tissue

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A Fluid Connective Tissue

Blood: Plasma, blood cells and platelets

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Fig. 32-7, p. 543

white blood cell

red blood cell

platelet

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32.4 Muscle Tissues

Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract when stimulated, requires ATP energy

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Three Types of Muscle Tissues

Skeletal muscle tissue• Moves the skeleton (voluntary)• Long, striated cells with many nuclei

Cardiac muscle tissue• Heart muscle (involuntary)• Striated cells with single nuclei

Smooth muscle tissue• In walls of hollow organs (involuntary)• No striations, single nuclei

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32.5 Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue• Consists of specialized signaling cells (neurons)

and cells that support them (neuroglial cells)

Nervous tissue detects internal and external stimuli, and coordinates responses to stimuli

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Neurons

Neurons• Excitable cells with long cytoplasmic extensions• Send and receive electrochemical signals

Three types of neurons• Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli• Interneurons integrate sensory information• Motor neurons relay commands from brain and

spinal cord to muscles and glands

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A Motor Neuron

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Coordination of Nervous Tissue and Skeletal Muscle

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32.2-32.5 Key Concepts Types of Animal Tissues

Epithelial tissue covers the body’s surface and lines its internal tubes

Connective tissue provides support and connects body parts

Muscle tissue moves the body and its parts

Nervous tissue detects internal and external stimuli and coordinates responses

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32.6 Overview of Major Organ Systems

In vertebrates, organs arise from three embryonic germ layers• Ectoderm (outermost layer) forms nervous tissue

and epithelium of skin• Mesoderm (middle layer) forms muscle,

connective tissue, and lining of body cavities• Endoderm (innermost layer) forms epithelium of

gut and lungs

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Body Cavities and Directional Terms

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Body Cavities and Directional Terms

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Body Cavities and Directional Terms

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Fig. 32-11a, p. 546

cranial cavity

spinal cavity

thoracic cavity

diaphragm

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

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Fig. 32-11b, p. 546

Dorsal Surface

transverse

midsagittal

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

frontal

Ventral Surface

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Fig. 32-11c, p. 546

SUPERIOR (of two body parts,

the one closer to head)distal (farthest from trunk or from origin of a body part)

frontal plane (aqua)

midsagittal plane (green)

proximal (closest to trunk or to point of origin of a body part)

ANTERIOR (at or near front of body) POSTERIOR

(at or near back of body)

transverse plane (yellow)INFERIOR

(of two body parts, the one farthest from head)

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Animation: Human body cavities

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Animation: Directional terms and planes of symmetry

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Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems

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Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems

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Fig. 32-12a, p. 547

Integumentary System

Nervous System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Circulatory System

Endocrine System

Protects body from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens; controls its temperature; excretes certain wastes; receives some external stimuli.

Detects external and internal stimuli; controls and coordinates responses to stimuli; integrates all organ system activities.

Moves body and its internal parts; maintains posture; generates heat by increases in metabolic activity.

Supports and protects body parts; provides muscle attachment sites; produces red blood cells; stores calcium, phosphorus.

Rapidly transports many materials to and from interstitial fluid and cells; helps stabilize internal pH and temperature.

Hormonally controls body functioning; with nervous system integrates short- and long-term activities. (Male testes added.)

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Fig. 32-12b, p. 547

Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream; defends the body against infection and tissue damage.

Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells; removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells; helps regulate pH.

Ingests food and water; mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment; eliminates food residues.

Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment; excretes excess fluid and bloodborne wastes.

Female: Produces eggs; after fertilization, affords a protected, nutritive environment for the development of new individuals. Male: Produces and transfers sperm to the female. Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems.

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Animation: Human organ systems

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32.6 Key Concepts Organ Systems

Vertebrate organ systems compartmentalize the tasks of survival and reproduction for the body as a whole

Different systems arise from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, the primary tissue layers that form in the early embryo

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32.7 Vertebrate Skin—Example of an Organ System

Skin is the body’s interface with the environment• Sensory receptors, barrier against pathogens,

internal temperature control, water conservation

Vertebrate skin is made up of all four tissue types arranged in two layers: • Outer epidermis contain keratinocytes• Deeper dermis contains nerves, blood and lymph

vessels, hair follicles and glands

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Skin Structure

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Skin Structure

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Skin Structure

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Fig. 32-13a, p. 548

hair

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

sensory neuronoil gland

hair follicle sweat gland

blood vessels smooth muscle

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Fig. 32-13b, p. 548

outer flattened epidermal cells

cells being flattened

dividing cells

dermis

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Fig. 32-13c, p. 548

hair’s cuticle

one hair cell

keratin macrofibril

keratin polypeptide chain

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Animation: Structure of human skin

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Animation: Hair fine structure

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Frog Skin

Amphibians may have glands that secrete mucus, distasteful chemicals, or poisons• Pigmented cells in dermis warn predators

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Fig. 32-14b, p. 549

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Fig. 32-14b, p. 549

mucous gland poison gland pigmented cell

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Sunlight and Human Skin

Melanocytes in skin make a brown pigment (melanin) which affects skin color and tanning

Melanin protects against UV radiation• A little UV promotes vitamin D production• A lot of UV damages DNA and promotes cancer

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32.8 Farming Skin

Commercially grown skin substitutes are already in use for treatment of chronic wounds

Skin may be a source of stem cells that could be used to grow other organs

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32.7-32.8 Key Concepts A Closer Look at Skin

Skin is an example of an organ system

It includes epithelial layers, connective tissue, adipose tissue, glands, blood vessels, and sensory receptors

It helps protect the body, conserve water, control temperature, excrete wastes, and detect external stimuli

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Animation: Altering hair structure

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Animation: Cell junctions

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Animation: Functional zones of a motor neuron

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Animation: Muscle tissues

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Animation: Organization of animal cells

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Animation: Soft connective tissues

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Animation: Specialized connective tissues

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Animation: Structure of an epithelium

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Animation: Types of simple epithelium

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ABC video: A Saving Graft

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ABC video: New Hands

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Video: Stem Cells