(a1) Animal Tissues

7/21/2019 (a1) Animal Tissues

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By Prof.Dr. Syafruddin Ilyas, M.Biomed

Biology Department of Faculty of Mathematics

and Natural Sciences, Univ. of North Sumatra

Introduction of The Lecture


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Main Topics1. Animal Tissue

2. Integument System

3. Sirculation System

4. Digestive System

5. Respiration System6. Endocrine System

iology Department of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

University of North Sumatra Medan INDONESI


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Lecture Materials

Power Point for Main Lectures Lecture Note

Video

Animation Movie




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Evaluation

10% = Quiz 15% = homework

25% = Mid Term examination

50% = Final Term examination (EM)

iology Departmentof Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,



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By ; Prof.Dr. Syafruddin Ilyas, M.Biomed.(1) Animal Tissues




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Animal Tissues The development of a fertilized egg into a newborn

child requires an average of 41 rounds of mitosis

(241 = 2.2 x 1012).

During this period, the cells produced by mitosisenter different pathways of differentiation; some

becoming

blood cells,

some muscle cells, and so on.


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ANIMAL TISSUES

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ges/A/AnimalTissues.html



Drawings1. Epithelial

2. Muscle

3. Connective

Supporting connective

tissue Dense connective tissue

Loose connective tissue

Adipose tissue4. Nerve

Neurons

Glia5. Blood
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AnimalTissue

1.Epithelial

2. Muscle

3.Connective

4. Nerve

5. Blood


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There are more than 100 visibly-distinguishablekinds of differentiated cells in the vertebrate

animal.

These are organized into tissues; the tissues

into organs.

Groups of organs make up the various systems

digestive,

excretory, etc. - of the body.




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The actual number of differentiated cell types

is surely much larger than 100.

All lymphocytes, for example, look alike but

actually represent a variety of different

functional types, e.g., B cells, T cells ofvarious subsets.

The neurons of the central nervous system

must exist in a thousand or more differentfunctional types, each representing the result

of a particular pathway of differentiation.


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1. Epithelial Epithelial tissue is made of closely-packed cells arranged in flat

sheets. Epithelia form the surface of the skin, line the various cavities

and tubes of the body, and cover the internal organs.

Subsets of Epithelia

Epithelia that form the interface between the internal and

external environments.

Skin as well as the lining of the mouth and nasal cavity.

These are derived from ectoderm. Inner lining of the GI tract, lungs, urinary bladder, exocrine

glands, vagina and more. These are derived from

endoderm.


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Each of these will have special roles to play in building thecomplete animal.

Some are listed in the table.

Germ-layer origin of various body tissues

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

skin notochordinner lining of gut, liver,

pancreas

brain muscles inner lining of lungs

spinal cord blood inner lining of bladderall other

neuronsbone

thyroid and parathyroid

glands

sensereceptors

sex organs thymus


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The apical surface of these epithelial cells isexposed to the "external environment", the

lumen of the organ or the air. [View example]

Mesothelia. These are derived from mesoderm. pleura the outer covering of the lungs and

the inner lining of the thoracic (chest) cavity.

peritoneum the outer covering of all theabdominal organs and the inner lining of the

abdominal cavity.

pericardium the outer lining of the heart.


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Endothelia. The inner lining of the heart, all

blood and lymphatic vessels derived from

mesoderm.

The basolateral surface of all epithelia is

exposed to the internal environment (ECF).

The entire sheet of epithelial cells is attached

to a layer of extracellular matrix that is called

the basement membrane or, better (because itis not a membrane in the biological sense),

the basal lamina. [View example]


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View showing relationship between the apical

and basolateral surfaces of epithelial cells and

how they maintain their distinction. The

function of epithelia always reflects the fact

that they are boundaries between masses of

cells and a cavity or space. Some examples:


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The epithelium of the skin protects the

underlying tissues from

mechanical damage

ultraviolet light

dehydration

invasion by bacteria




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The columnar epithelium of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes into the

intestine; absorbs the products of digestion from it.

An epithelium also lines our air passages and

the alveoli of the lungs. It secretes mucuswhich keeps it from drying out and trapsinhaled dust particles. Most of its cells have

cilia on their apical surface that propel themucus with its load of foreign matter back upto the throat.


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2 Muscle

Three kinds of muscle are found in

vertebrates: Skeletal muscle is made of long

fibers whose contraction provides the force of

locomotion and other voluntary body

movements.

Smooth muscle lines the walls of the hollow

structures of the body, such as the intestine,

urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Itscontraction, which is involuntary, reduces the

size of these hollow organs.




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The heart is made of cardiac muscle.

Link to page devoted to the structure and

properties of the three kinds of muscles.


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3 Connective

The cells of connective tissue are embedded in a great amount

of extracellular material.

This matrix is secreted by the cells.

It consists of protein fibers embedded in an amorphous mixture

of protein-polysaccharide ("proteoglycan") molecules.

Supporting connective tissue

Gives strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of thebody.

Cartilage.

Example: the outer ear Bone.

The matrix of bone contains collagen fibers and mineral

deposits. The most abundant mineral is calcium phosphate,

although magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride ions are also

present. [More on bone]


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Dense connective tissue

Often called fibrous connective tissue. Tendons connect

muscle to bone. [View] The matrix is principally Type I

collagen, and the fibers are all oriented parallel to each other.

Tendons are strong but not elastic.

Ligaments attach one bone to another. They contain both

collagen and also the protein elastin. Elastin permits ligaments

to be stretched.

Loose connective tissue

It is distributed throughout the body. It serves as a packing and

binding material for most of our organs. Collagen, elastin, andother proteins are found in the matrix.

Both dense and loose connective tissue is derived from cells

called fibroblasts [View], which secrete the extracellularmatrix.


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Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is "fat". There are two kinds

found in mammals: white adipose tissue

(WAT) in which the cells, called adipocytes,

have become almost filled with oil.

The oil is confined within a single membrane-bound droplet.

Virtually all of the "fat" in adult humans is

white adipose tissue.




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brown adipose tissue (BAT) in which the adipocytes

contain many small droplets of oil as well as many

mitochondria. White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue differ

in function as well as cellular structure.

These differences are described on a separate page.

Link to it

New adipocytes in white fat are formed throughout lifefrom a pool of precursor cells. These are needed to

replace those that die (after a life span of about 100

days).




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Whether the total numberof these adipocytes

increases in humans becoming fatter as

adults is still uncertain.

If not, why do so many of us get fatter as we

age? Because of the increased size ofindividual adipocytes as they become filled

with oil.

The adipocytes of white fat secrete severalhormones, including leptin and adiponectin.


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4 Nerve

Nerve tissue is composed of nerve cells called

neurons and

glial cells.

Neurons

Neurons are specialized for the conduction of nerveimpulses. A typical neuron consists of a cell body

which contains the nucleus;

a number of short fibers dendrites extending

from the cell body

a single long fiber, the axon. The nerve impulse is conducted along the axon.




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Glia

Glial cells surround

neurons.

Once thought to be

simply support forneurons (glia =

glue), they turn out

to serve severalimportant functions.




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5 Blood

The bone marrow is the source of all the cells of

the blood. These include: red blood cells (RBCs orerythrocytes)

five kinds ofwhite blood cells

(WBCs or

leukocytes)

platelets (or thrombocytes)

Link here to a page describing the blood cells indetail. Welcome&Next Search


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http://estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html#Table%20of%20Contents


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