Animal TissuesAnimal Tissues

Animal TissuesAnimal Tissues

Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues Connective TissuesConnective Tissues Muscular TissuesMuscular Tissues Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Vascular TissuesVascular Tissues Supporting TissuesSupporting Tissues

Epithelial TissuesEpithelial TissuesI.I. SIMPLE EPITHELIASIMPLE EPITHELIAA. Simple Squamous EpitheliumA. Simple Squamous Epithelium

1. Bowman’s capsule

2. Glomerulus

3. Nucleus of a simple squamous epithelial cell

4. Tubule (duct) composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

KIDNEY

(parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule)

Description: Friction-reducing slick, single Description: Friction-reducing slick, single layer of flattened cells.layer of flattened cells.

Common Locations: Lining of the blood Common Locations: Lining of the blood and lymph vessels, heart; air and lymph vessels, heart; air sacs of lungs; peritoneumsacs of lungs; peritoneum

Function: Diffusion; filtration; secretion of Function: Diffusion; filtration; secretion of lubricants lubricants

B. Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumB. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Outer "wall" composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

2. Kidney tubules composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

3. Nucleus of a simple cuboidal epithelial cell

KIDNEY

(kidney tubule)

Description: single layer of squarish cells.Description: single layer of squarish cells.

Common Locations: ducts, secretory part Common Locations: ducts, secretory part of small glands; retina; kidney of small glands; retina; kidney tubules; ovaries, testes, tubules; ovaries, testes, bronchiolesbronchioles

Function: secretion, absorptionFunction: secretion, absorption

C. Simple Columnar EpitheliumC. Simple Columnar Epithelium

Stomach(mucous lining)

1. Simple columnar epithelium

Description: single layer of tall cells; free Description: single layer of tall cells; free surface have many cilia, mucus-surface have many cilia, mucus-secreting glandular cells, secreting glandular cells, microvillimicrovilli

Common Locations: glands, ducts; gut; Common Locations: glands, ducts; gut; parts of uterus’ small bronchiparts of uterus’ small bronchi

Function: secretion; absorption; ciliated Function: secretion; absorption; ciliated types move substancestypes move substances

1. Simple columnar epithelium

2. Villi

3. Goblet cells

Small Intestine

D. Simple Columnar Ciliated EpitheliumD. Simple Columnar Ciliated Epithelium

1

Oviduct

1. Nucleus of a simple columnar cell

II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIAII. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA

Stratified epithelial tissues are named by the shape of Stratified epithelial tissues are named by the shape of their outer most cell layers (i.e. squamous, their outer most cell layers (i.e. squamous, cuboidal or columnar). cuboidal or columnar).

In stratified squamous epithelium, the outer most layer In stratified squamous epithelium, the outer most layer is comprised of scale like or flattened cells that is comprised of scale like or flattened cells that serve to protect the underlying tissues in areas serve to protect the underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.  subject to abrasion. 

Although the surface cells are squamous, note that the Although the surface cells are squamous, note that the deeper or basal layers are composed of cuboidal deeper or basal layers are composed of cuboidal and columnar cells.  These basal layers are and columnar cells.  These basal layers are mitotically active and produce the cells of the more mitotically active and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.superficial layers.

A.A. Stratified Squamous EpitheliumStratified Squamous Epithelium

SKIN (epidermis)

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Squamous cell

4. Cuboidal to columnar cells

34

B. Stratified Columnar EpitheliumB. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

1

1. Columnar epithelial cells

PENIS

(corpus spongiosum-penile urethra)

Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Proper

Loose (Areolar) Connective TissueLoose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue

a. Dense Irregulara. Dense Irregular

b. Dense Regularb. Dense Regular

1. Loose (Areolar) Connective 1. Loose (Areolar) Connective TissueTissue

1. Nucleus of a fibroblast 2. Collagen fiber 3. Elastic fiber

Description: fibers, fibroblasts, other cells Description: fibers, fibroblasts, other cells loosely arranged in extensive loosely arranged in extensive ground substanceground substance

Common Locations: beneath skin and most Common Locations: beneath skin and most epitheliaepithelia

Function: elasticity, diffusionFunction: elasticity, diffusion

2.A Dense Irregular Connective Tissue2.A Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

SKIN

(dermis)

Description: collagen fibers, fibroblasts Description: collagen fibers, fibroblasts occupy most of the ground occupy most of the ground substancesubstance

Common Locations: in skin and in capsules Common Locations: in skin and in capsules around some organsaround some organs

Function: structural supportFunction: structural support

2.B Dense Regular Connective 2.B Dense Regular Connective TissueTissue

1. Nuclei of fibroblasts

2. Collagen fibers

TENDON

Description: collagen fibers bundled in Description: collagen fibers bundled in parallel, long rows of parallel, long rows of

fibroblasts, fibroblasts, little ground little ground substancesubstance

Common Locations: tendons, ligamentsCommon Locations: tendons, ligaments

Function: strength, elasticityFunction: strength, elasticity

3. Adipose Tissue3. Adipose Tissue

1. Cell membrane

2. Cell nucleus

3. Fat vacuole

SKIN

(hypodermis)

Description: large, tightly packed fat cells Description: large, tightly packed fat cells occupying most of the ground occupying most of the ground substancesubstance

Common Locations: under the skin, around Common Locations: under the skin, around the heart and kidneysthe heart and kidneys

Function: energy storage, insulation, Function: energy storage, insulation, paddingpadding

Supporting TissuesSupporting Tissues

CartilageCartilage

a. Hyalinea. Hyaline

b. Elasticb. Elastic

c. Fibrocartilagec. Fibrocartilage

BoneBone

Type: CartilageType: Cartilage

Description: chondrocytes inside pliable, Description: chondrocytes inside pliable, solid ground substancesolid ground substance

Common Locations: nose, ends of long Common Locations: nose, ends of long bones, airways, skeleton of bones, airways, skeleton of cartilaginous fish, vertebrate cartilaginous fish, vertebrate embryoembryo

Function: support, flexion, low-friction Function: support, flexion, low-friction surface for joint movements.surface for joint movements.

1A. Hyaline Cartilage1A. Hyaline Cartilage

1. Cartilage matrix

2. Chondrocyte in lacuna

3. Perichondrium

4. Adipose (Fat) cells

TRACHEA

1B. Elastic Cartilage1B. Elastic Cartilage

EPIGLOTTIS

EXTERNAL EAR

1C. Fibrocartilage1C. Fibrocartilage

Type: Bone tissueType: Bone tissue

Description: collagen fibers, osteocytes Description: collagen fibers, osteocytes occupying, extensive calcium-occupying, extensive calcium-hardened ground substancehardened ground substance

Common Locations: bones of all vertebrate Common Locations: bones of all vertebrate skeletonsskeletons

Function: movement, support, protectionFunction: movement, support, protection

2. Compact (dense) bone2. Compact (dense) bone

1. Lacuna

2. Haversian canal

3. Lamellae

Dense (compact) bone: Dense (compact) bone: Haversian Canal System (osteon)Haversian Canal System (osteon)

1. Canaliculi

2. Haversian canal

3. Lacuna

Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue

Skeletal or Striated Voluntary MuscleSkeletal or Striated Voluntary Muscle Cardiac or Striated Involuntary MuscleCardiac or Striated Involuntary Muscle Smooth or Visceral Non-striated MuscleSmooth or Visceral Non-striated Muscle

1. Skeletal Muscle1. Skeletal Muscle

Description: bundles of cylindrical, long, Description: bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells; many striated contractile cells; many mitochondria; often reflex-mitochondria; often reflex-activated but can be activated but can be

consciously consciously controlledcontrolled

Common Locations: partner of skeletal Common Locations: partner of skeletal bones, against which it exerts bones, against which it exerts great forcegreat force

Function: locomotion, posture; head, limb Function: locomotion, posture; head, limb movementsmovements

2. Cardiac Muscle2. Cardiac Muscle

1.1. Cardiac Muscle Cell Cardiac Muscle Cell 2.2. Nuclei Nuclei 3.3. Intercalated Discs Intercalated Discs

Description: unevenly striated, fused-Description: unevenly striated, fused-together cylindrical cells that together cylindrical cells that contract as a unit owing to contract as a unit owing to signals at gap junctions between signals at gap junctions between themthem

Common Locations: heart wallCommon Locations: heart wall

Function: pump blood forcefully through Function: pump blood forcefully through circulatory systemcirculatory system

3. Smooth Muscle3. Smooth Muscle

Description: contractile cells tapered at Description: contractile cells tapered at both ends; not striated both ends; not striated

Common Locations: walls of arteries, Common Locations: walls of arteries, sphincters, stomach, sphincters, stomach,

intestines, intestines, urinary bladder, urinary bladder, many other soft many other soft internal organsinternal organs

Function: controlled constriction; motility Function: controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow(as in gut); arterial blood flow

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

1. Nerve Cell or Neuron1. Nerve Cell or Neuron

2. Nerve (cross section)2. Nerve (cross section)This slide shows a single nerve composed of two bundles of nerve fibers called fascicles.  Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue called the perineurium.  A much thicker, tough fibrous sheath, the epineurium, encloses the entire nerve. 

1. Epineurium

2. Perineurium

3. Fascicles

Nerve (close-up view)Nerve (close-up view)

1. Endoneurium

2. Perineurium

3. Axon

4. Schwann cell nucleus

5. Epineurium

3. Axon (nerve fiber)3. Axon (nerve fiber)

1. Myelin sheath

2. Neurilemma

3. Node of Ranvier

4. Schwann cell

5. Axon

Vascular TissuesVascular Tissues

Vascular or Circulating Vascular or Circulating TissuesTissues

BLOOD and LYMPHBLOOD and LYMPHFunctions Functions 1. to distribute oxygen, nutritive 1. to distribute oxygen, nutritive

substances, and hormones to all parts of substances, and hormones to all parts of the bodythe body

2. to remove waste substances and toxins2. to remove waste substances and toxins consist of plasma (fluid intercellular consist of plasma (fluid intercellular

substance or matrix); cells or corpuscles substance or matrix); cells or corpuscles (red and white)(red and white)

ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

flat and appear as flat and appear as biconcave discsbiconcave discs

lack nucleus in adult lack nucleus in adult specimensspecimens

are carriers of are carriers of oxygen and carbon oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blooddioxide in the blood

LEUCOCYTES (WBC)LEUCOCYTES (WBC)

lack color in the freshlack color in the fresh true cells with true nucleitrue cells with true nuclei 2 groups:2 groups:

1.1. non-granular leucocytes or non-granular leucocytes or agranulocytes = lack cytoplasmic agranulocytes = lack cytoplasmic granulesgranules

2.2. granular leucocytes or granulocytes granular leucocytes or granulocytes = with cytoplasmic granules= with cytoplasmic granules

AGRANULOCYTESAGRANULOCYTES1.1. LYMPHOCYTESLYMPHOCYTES spherical cells; either similar in size or spherical cells; either similar in size or

slightly larger than erythrocytesslightly larger than erythrocytes large nucleus (w/c stains deep blue) is large nucleus (w/c stains deep blue) is

surrounded by a very scanty cytoplasmsurrounded by a very scanty cytoplasm are carriers of antibodies; play an are carriers of antibodies; play an

important role in the mechanism of important role in the mechanism of immunityimmunity

comprise 20-25% of leucocytescomprise 20-25% of leucocytes

LymphocyteLymphocyte

2. 2. MONOCYTESMONOCYTES much bigger than lymphocytesmuch bigger than lymphocytes nucleus is indented, kidney-nucleus is indented, kidney-

shaped or horseshoe-shapedshaped or horseshoe-shaped cytoplasm is more abundant than cytoplasm is more abundant than

that of lymphocytesthat of lymphocytes ingest bacteria and debris ingest bacteria and debris

particlesparticles comprise 3-8% of the leucocytescomprise 3-8% of the leucocytes

MonocyteMonocyte

GRANULOCYTESGRANULOCYTES based on morphology and stainability of based on morphology and stainability of

cytoplasmic granules, these are cytoplasmic granules, these are classified into:classified into:

1.1. Acidophils or eosinophilsAcidophils or eosinophils

2.2. BasophilsBasophils

3.3. Heterophils or neutrophilsHeterophils or neutrophils

Acidophils or eosinophilsAcidophils or eosinophils spherical in shapespherical in shape cytoplasmic granules stain bright red with cytoplasmic granules stain bright red with

acid dyesacid dyes nucleus usually has two oval lobes nucleus usually has two oval lobes

connected by a thin chromatin threadconnected by a thin chromatin thread are not phagocytic but are associated are not phagocytic but are associated

with certain parasitic and allergic with certain parasitic and allergic diseases; has detoxifying role (remove diseases; has detoxifying role (remove and absorb histamine)and absorb histamine)

Comprise 2-4% of leucocytesComprise 2-4% of leucocytes

EosinophilEosinophil

BASOPHILSBASOPHILS

difficult to find in human blood because difficult to find in human blood because they comprise only 0.5 – 1% of they comprise only 0.5 – 1% of leucocytesleucocytes

believed to be mast cells transported by believed to be mast cells transported by the blood to other parts of the body which the blood to other parts of the body which elaborate or secrete histamine and elaborate or secrete histamine and heparinheparin

BasophilBasophil

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

spherical cells with cytoplasm not strongly spherical cells with cytoplasm not strongly acidic or basic in its reactionacidic or basic in its reaction

with fine cytoplasmic granules that stain light with fine cytoplasmic granules that stain light pink or pale lavenderpink or pale lavender

nucleus is elongated, bent or twisted body nucleus is elongated, bent or twisted body consisting of 3-5 rounded or angular lobes consisting of 3-5 rounded or angular lobes connected by thin fine chromatin threadsconnected by thin fine chromatin threads

are phagocytic (kill and digest bacteria)are phagocytic (kill and digest bacteria) comprise 60-75% of leucocytescomprise 60-75% of leucocytes

NeutrophilNeutrophil

ReferencesReferences

General Zoology Laboratory Manual, Biology Dept., General Zoology Laboratory Manual, Biology Dept., Univ. of San CarlosUniv. of San Carlos

A/P Lab: A website for Human Anatomy and A/P Lab: A website for Human Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APlab/Index.htm Bell, Allen. 1999. Anatomy 503 – Human Histology Bell, Allen. 1999. Anatomy 503 – Human Histology http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab2.htm Ross, M., Romwell, L., and Kaye, G. 1995. Histology: A Ross, M., Romwell, L., and Kaye, G. 1995. Histology: A

Text and Atlas. Williams and Wilkins, USA.Text and Atlas. Williams and Wilkins, USA.

zoesanchez/zool1L/2008zoesanchez/zool1L/2008