ANEMIA

DEFINITION:

It is a decrease in number of 

red blood cells (RBCs) or it is reduced

concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

Anemia leads to hypoxia (lack of

oxygen) in organs.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL BLOOD AND ANEMIC BLOOD

NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS

Newborns: 17 to 22 gm/dLChildren: 11 to 13 gm/dLAdult males : 14 to 18 gm/dLAdult women : 12 to 16 gm/dLMen after middle age: 12.4 to 14.9 gm/dLWomen after middle age: 11.7 to 13.8 gm/dL

CAUSES

Active bleedingHeavy menstrual periods, wounds or bleeding in the digestive or urinary tract can cause blood loss.

Iron deficiency anemiaIf iron intake is limited or inadequate

due to poor dietary intake,anemia may occur as a result.

Megaloblastic AnemiaIt is characterized by enlarged and oval shaped red blood cells caused by vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate deficiency.

Anemia of chronic diseaseCertain chronic diseases such as cancer and kidney disease can interfere with the production of red blood cells, resulting in chronic anemia

Related to pregnancyDuring the first 6 months of pregnancy ,Water weight gain dilutes the blood,

which may be reflected as anemia

Aplastic anemia.Caused by a decrease in the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells

Pernicious anemiaIt is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because of deficiency of vitamin B12.

Hemolytic anemiawhen red blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them.

Sickle cell anemiaCaused by a defective form of hemoglobin

that forces red blood cells to assume an abnormal crescent (sickle) shape Which die prematurely

CLASSIFICATION

This classification produces the following categories of anemia:

Normocytic-normochromic a- Aplastic anemia

b- Blood loss anemia c- Hemolytic anemia

Microcytic-hypochromic: a- Iron deficiency anemia

b- Thalassemia

c- Anemia of chronic disease

Macrocytic hyperchromic: a- Megaloblastic Anemia

b- Liver Disease

c- Alcoholism

MANIFESTATION

General Symptoms Of AnemiaWeakness and fatigue are the most common symptoms of anemia.

Shortness of breath on exertion

Rapid heartbeat.Dizziness

Headache

SYMPTOMS OF SPECIFIC FORMS OF ANEMIA

Aplastic Anemia Skin rashe

Prolonged bleeding from cuts

Frequent or infections that can be severe.Nosebleeds and bleeding gums

ThalassemiaFacial bone deformities .

Yellow skin (jaundice).Dark urine.Stillbirth (death of the unborn baby during

birth or the late stages of pregnancy)in severe alpha thalassemia.

SYMPTOMS OF SPECIFIC FORMS OF ANEMIA

COMPLICATIONS

General Complications Of Anemia1-Heart problems : lead to Heart attack & heart failure.

2 -Angina : Type of chest pain that can occur when the heart muscle is not receiving sufficient blood flow and oxygen .

3- Hypertension : elevated blood pressure in the arteries

4 -Flow murmur

5 -Menorrhagia : Excessive menstrual bleeding

6- Copper levels raised (serum or plasma).7 -Hypopigmentation : Lack of eye pigmentation,

hair pigmentation and skin pigmentation

8 -Roth spots.

Complications in Pregnant WomenPregnant women with significant anemia may have an increased risk for poor pregnancy outcomes ,

particularly if they are anemic in the first trimester

Complications in The Elderly decreased strength and increased risk for falls

 cognitive impairment or worsen existing dementia

Complications in childrenIn children, severe anemia can impair growth and motor and mental development .Children may exhibit a shortened attention span and decreased alertness .Children with severe iron-deficiency anemia may also have an increased risk for stroke.

Anemia in Patients with CancerIn people with many common cancers,

the presence of anemia is associated with a shorter survival time.

Anemia in Patients with Heart FailureThe combination of anemia and heart failure can increase the risk of death by 30 - 60% .

Anemia in Patients with Kidney DiseaseAnemia is associated with higher mortality rates and possibly heart disease in patients with kidney disease

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