All speech production happens in the mouth or throat –throat: larynx most vowel sounds produced by...
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Transcript of All speech production happens in the mouth or throat –throat: larynx most vowel sounds produced by...
• all speech production happens in the mouth or throat– throat: larynx
• most vowel sounds• produced by the continuous flow of
air over the pharynx, in combination with certain configuration in the mouth
• back to front: i/e/a/o/u• very variable over time and across
regions
– nose: middle ground between vowels and consonants
• nasals = semivowels
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• all speech production happens in the mouth or throat– mouth: palate/teeth/lips
• most consonants• by stopping and then releasing
the flow of air• or narrowing the air stream:
fricatives (f/v/z/sh/th)– spirant (/s/): air through
teeth• or forcing it through the nose
– nasals– liquids– continuants
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
PHONEMES
VOICED: B D GUNVOICED: P T C
FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH
NASALS: M NLIQUIDS: L R CONTINUANTS: W Y
LABIOVELARS: Gw Kw
ASPIRATES: BH DH GH GwH
LARYNGEALS: ?
• voiced vs. unvoiced consonants– based on the use of the
vocal chords (or not)• voiced: b/d/g/m/z• unvoiced: p/t/c/n/sh
– classes of consonants• based on where the sound is
formed in the mouth• labial (lips): b/p• dental (teeth and tongue): d/t• palatal (hard palate): g/c
– or velar (velum, “soft palate”)• labiovelar (lips/palate): gw/kw(=qu)
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
PHONEMES
VOICED: B D GUNVOICED: P T C
FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH
NASALS: M NLIQUIDS: L R CONTINUANTS: W Y
LABIOVELARS: Gw Kw
ASPIRATES: BH DH GH GwH
LARYNGEALS: ?
• Indo-European had most of these consonants– 18 total– but it was missing: b, z, sh– and it had a full set of aspirates:
bh/dh/gh/gwh– and a mysterious set of
consonants called “laryngeals”
• these are the consonants that all IE daughter languages inherit
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
PHONEMES
VOICED: B D GUNVOICED: P T C
FRICATIVES: F V Z SH TH
NASALS: M NLIQUIDS: L R CONTINUANTS: W Y
LABIOVELARS: Gw Kw
ASPIRATES: BH DH GH GwH
LARYNGEALS: ?
• the Germanic branch of Indo-European– i.e. the way the IE language evolved as IE
speakers moved into northern Europe• West Germanic: German, English, Dutch• East Germanic: now extinct• North Germanic (Scandinavian): Swedish, Danish,
Norwegian
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• West Germanic– developed among Germanic speakers who
lived between the Elbe and Oder Rivers
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
ElbeRiver
OderRiver
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
WEST GERMANS
• West Germanic– developed among Germanic speakers who
lived between the Elbe and Oder Rivers– this is the mother tongue of modern German– also English, after the Angles and Saxons
invade and settle England
• East Germanic– developed among German speakers who lived
east of the Oder River
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
ElbeRiver
OderRiver
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
EAST GERMANS
• West Germanic– developed among Germanic speakers who lived
between the Elbe and Oder Rivers– this is the mother tongue of modern German– also English, after the Angles and Saxons invade and
settle England
• East Germanic– developed among German speakers who lived east of
the Oder River– this branch of Germanic is now extinct
• Northern Germanic– developed in Denmark, Norway, Sweden; later Iceland
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• THE GREAT CONSONANT SHIFT– around 1000-500 BCE, there occurred a significant shift
in consonants that affected all Germanic languages• before Common Germanic had begun to break up
– the change affected only consonants• primarily voiced, unvoiced, and aspirate consonants (some
labiovelars)• NOT vowels or semi-vowels (i.e. nasals, liquids, continuants)
– it is unclear why this change happened• “languages drift”
“It is often assumed that the change was due to contact with a non-Germanic population. The contact could have resulted from the migration of the Germainc tribes or from the penetration of a foreign population into Germanic territory.”
A.C. Baugh, A History of the English Language
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• the change began when unvoiced consonants (p/t/k) changed into aspirate consonants (ph/th/ch)– for some reason, our Germanic ancestors decided
to start speaking breathily all the time• but then it was hard to tell what words meant, so the
original aspirate consonants became voiced consonants
• then the voiced consonants became unvoiced consonants, bringing all these consonants full circle
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED
UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
• that this had happened was first discovered by Jacob Grimm (1785-1863)– linguist, philologist and folklorist
• as a student, he went about the German countryside, gathering evidence from locals of archaic words
• language in the country often retains archaic constructions lost in the city
– 1822: Grimm published evidence of the Great Consonant Shift
• henceforth, “Grimm’s Law”
– but to convince suspicious country folk to speak with him, he had to tell them he was collecting stories
• when, in fact, he was really listening for odd/archaic words• in the end, he had a fascinating body of traditional narrative which
he published with his brother Wilhelm as “Grimm’s Fairy Tales”
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• later, Jacob became interested in folklore in general– especially German mythology
• he also oversaw the creation of a German dictionary and grammar
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
• now let’s look at Grimm’s Law:– by examining words that at first don’t look like
cognates but, when you understand Grimm’s Law, you can see they are!
• we’ll do this by looking at Latin/Greek words which haven’t undergone the Great Consonant Shift and comparing them to their English cognates
– remember that vowels (and semi-vowels) are unstable and very likely to change — focus only on the consonants
– e.g. Latin pater = English _________?• Latin p = English f• Latin t = English th
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
father
GEN(US)“race, family”
genus, genesis, genetic
K_N
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_____________
KIN
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
GEL(I)D(US)“frozen”
gelid, congeal, Jell-O
C _ LD
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_____________
COLD
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
CHOL(OS)“bile”
cholera, melancholy
G _ L(L)
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
___________________
GALL
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > K_H/CH (H) > G > K/C
HOST(IS)“stranger”
host, hostile, hostel/hotel
G __ ST
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
____________________
GUEST
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
DA(CTYLOS)“digit, finger, extremity”
dactylic, pterodactyl
T__
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_____________
TOE
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
D(UO)“pair, both”
duo, dual, duplicate
T __
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_____________
TWO
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
TH(EMA)“act, accomplish”
theme, synthesis, antithesis
D_
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
____________________
DO
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
POL(Y)“many, much”
polygon, polygamy
F_LL
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
________________
FULLFILL
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
FER(O)“carry”
fertile, transfer, refer
B__R
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
___________________
BEAR
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
FRAG(ILIS)“crush, destroy”
fragile, fragment, fracture
BR__K
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
__________________
____________
BREAK
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
PISC(ES)“sea creature”Pisces, piscary
F_SH
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
FISH
_________________
____________________
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
DOM(US)“house”
domestic, domicile, dome
T_ME
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
TAME
_____________
T_M TIM(BER)(BER)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
FER(VO)“become hot”
fervid, effervescent
B_R(N)
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_________________
BUR(N)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
GRAN(US)“grain”
granary, granola
C_R(N)
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
____________
COR(N)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
CORN(U)“antler”
unicorn, cornet
H_R(N)
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
__________________
HOR(N)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
DENT(ES)“molar, incisor”
dentist, dentition, indent
T__TH
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
______________
TEETH
__________________
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
AG(E)R“field”
agriculture, agronomy
_CR_
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_____________
ACR(E)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
TON(ITUS)“loud noise”
intone, astonish,detonate
TH_N
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
THUN(DER)
__________________
(DER)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
FLO(RA)“flower”
florid, florist,flourescent
BL__
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
BLOOM
___________________
(M)
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
AP(O)-“away from”
apostate, apostrophe, apostle
_F
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
_______________
OFOFF
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C
PR(O)-“in place of, in behalf of”progress, proceed, pro
F_R
Latin and Greek Elements in English
Grimm’s Law
________________
FOR
UNVOICED ASPIRATE VOICED UNVOICED LABIALS: P > PH (F) > B > P DENTALS: T > TH (F) >
D > T GUTTURALS: K/C > KH/CH (H) > G > K/C