All living things are made up of cells!...

All living things are made up of cells!

Cells

Prokaryotic

Bacteria Archaea

Eukaryotic

Animal Plant Protist Fungi

All cells are made up of structures & organelles.

Structures provide support to the cell & its organelles

Organelles each have a specific “function” (job) within the cell EX: the function

of the nucleus is to control all cell activities

ALL CELLS HAVE THESE 5 THINGS: Cytoplasm Genetic Material

(DNA) Cell/Plasma

Membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Simple Small Have:

Capsule Cell Wall Genetic Material in a

Nucleoid 5 things in all cells Structure for movement

(pili, cilia, or flagella)

Large Complex 4 different types Have:

Cell wall (Plants) 5 things in all cells Organelles Genetic material in a

real nucleus Structure for movement

(cilia or flagella)

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Review ?s: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Which type of cell is simple and small? Which type of cell has organelles? Which type of cell has a true nucleus that

stores genetic information? Which type of cell has a nucleoid (scattered

DNA)? Which type of cell is protected by a capsule in

addition to a cell wall & cell membrane? Which type of cell does not have organelles? What are the 5 things in ALL CELLS???

All living things are made up of cells!

Cells

Prokaryotic

Bacteria Archaea

Eukaryotic

Animal Plant Protist Fungi

Eukaryotic Cells are large & complex.

Square 5 things in all cells Structure for

movement Same organelles as

an animal cell PLUS… Chloroplast Cell Wall Large Vacuole

Round 5 things in all cells Structure for

movement Same organelles as a

plant cell except… NO CELL WALL

ONLY have a cell/plasma membrane

NO CHLOROPLAST Small vacuoles

PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

Review Questions: Animal vs. Plant Which type of eukaryotic cell only has a

cell membrane? Which type of eukaryotic cell has a large,

centrally located vacuole? Which type of eukaryotic cell is round? Which type of eukaryotic cell uses a

chloroplast for photosynthesis? Which type of eukaryotic cell is square?

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Things in the cell that do work – they each are VITAL to the cell because they have a specific function!

Cell Structures & Organelles

Structures Around the Cell

Capsule Prokaryotic cells Extra layer of protection outside of the cell wall &

cell membrane Cell Wall

Protective, outer layer surrounding cells. Only in PLANT & PROKARYOTIC cells.

Cell Membrane In ALL CELLS Made up of a phospholipid bilayer (REMEMBER: lipids

make up membranes!) Selectively permeable --- lets things in & out!

A Closer Look @ the Cell/Plasma Membrane

Lines ALL cells Made up of a

phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic (water

fearing) tail Hydrohphilic (water loving)

head Most of the cell

membrane is hydrophobic Selectively Permeable

= ONLY lets things in that it NEEDS!!!

The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

Hydrophilic Head

Hydrophobi

c Tail

Most of the Cell Membrane is HYDROPHOBIC

3 Ways that Cells Move!

1. Cilia• Most common • Tiny hair-like structures surrounding the cell

2. Flagella• Tail on the cell• Shown in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic

cells

3. Pseudopodia• LEAST COMMON• Cytoplasm extends out of the cell, sticks to

surface, & pulls cell forward

Cell Organelles perform specific functions!

Controls ALL cell activities

Brain of the cell Located in the

center of eukaryotic cells NOTE: prokaryotic

cells DO NOT have a nucleus

Center of the nucleus

Important in protein synthesis (creation of proteins)

Nucleus Nucleolus


The “trash can” of the cell

Throughout the cytoplasm

Larger than ribosomes

Remove waste & dying organelles

Protein factories of the cell

RNA Studded on

Rough E.R. Throughout the

cytoplasm

Lysosome Ribosome


After the Rough E.R. (which is next to the nucleus)

Lipid synthesis Steroid storage

Closer to the nucleus Ribosomes studded

all over it Vital in protein

synthesis… sends proteins to the Golgi Apparatus, which then go through the membrane to leave the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


Organize, package, & distribute molecules to the rest of the cell

Like a post office

Protective gel that surrounds the entire cell

Supports the organelles

Ribosomes live in this

Golgi Apparatus (Body) Cytoplasm


ONLY in plant cells

Home of Photosynthesis

Chlorphyll (green pigment)

Food & water storage in the cell

PLANTS: Large & centrally located

ANIMALS: Small & all throughout the cytoplasm

Chloroplast Vacuole


Power house of the cell

Converts glucose into chemical energy (ATP) through cellular respiration

Network of filaments all over the cell that provide structure

Like the bones in a human body

Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Cell Organelle Flash Cards!

Make flashcards for the following organelles using your notes!

Remember put the name of the organelle/structure on 1 side & the definition/description on the other

Make a flashcard for the following: Nucleus Cell membrane Cell wall Capsule Cytoplasm Nucleolus Lysosome Smooth E.R. Rough E.R. Golgi Apparatus Ribosome Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Movement (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia) Cytoskeleton

REMEMBER: the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, that has a hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head.

Hydrophobic = Water-fearing Hydrophilic = Water-loving

The majority of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, so hydrophobic molecules will pass through more easily.

EX: a lipid molecule will pass more easily than an H2O molecule

Molecules move in/out cells through the Cell/Plasma Membrane

Cellular Transport through the Cell Membrane can happen in a couple ways…

Cellular Transpor

t

Passive

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated

DiffusionOsmosis

Active

Active Transpor

t

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Passive Cellular Transport

1. Simple Diffusion Movement from high concentration to low concentration Easiest form of transport – hydrophobic molecules use

this!!!

2. Facilitated Diffusion Movement from high concentration to low concentration

through a protein channel Hydrophilic molecules use this form of transport –

protein channels are special passage ways that let them in

3. Osmosis: Movement of water through a membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Passive Transport Examples

Active Cellular Transport

1. Active Transport Moves against the concentration gradient by going from

low concentration to high concentration Requires ATP (ATP: stands for adenosine triphosphate

energy bearing molecule found in all living cells.) to do this!

2. Endocytosis The process that allows macromolecules to enter the cell

(bulk transport) Requires ATP (energy)

3. Exocytosis The process that allow macromolecules to leave the cell

(bulk transport) Requires ATP (energy)

So what’s the difference? ENERGY

Passive Transport Active Transport

Osmosis

Solutions are a mixture of a solvent & solute Solute = solid item in a solution (EX: salt) Solvent = liquid solute is dissolved in (EX:

water) Solution EX: salt water

The movement of water in the direction of the greater amount of solute concentration EX: if a cell was in a cup full of salt water, the

water in the cell will move out of the cell to the solution, making the cell shrivel

Type of passive cellular transport BUT ONLY INVOLVES WATER!

Cells NEED molecules in order to stay alive & healthy (EX: cells need oxygen)

Cells sometimes have too much of a molecule & will burst if they don’t get rid of it

If the cell & the outside environment are in equilibrium, cellular transport will not happen

Why does cellular transport happen?

There are major chemical processes that happen in the cell that allow cells & organisms to function. (1) Photosynthesis (2) Cellular Respiration

Chemical Reactions in the Cell

How do organisms get energy? EATING & DRINKING! In the food web of life there are

producers & consumers Plants = Producers

Producers use photosynthesis to make their own food!

Animals, humans, etc = Consumers Consumers eat producers or eat other

consumers who eat producers…so consumers need photosynthesis to happen!

Photosynthesis

Reactants (inputs) = Air (CO2), H2O, Light Energy

Products (outputs) = Carbohydrate (Glucose) & Oxygen (O2)

Chloroplasts, location of photosynthesis, in plant cells absorb energy from the sunlight

Purpose: convert solar energy into sugar (energy)

Photosynthesis (continued…)

Cellular Respiration allows consumers to use the energy from Photosynthesis!

Reactants (inputs) = Glucose & Oxygen

Products (outputs) = H2O, CO2, ATP (energy)

Purpose = convert glucose produced from Photosynthesis into energy that our cells can use (ATP)

Takes place in the mitochondria

Cellular Respiration (continued…)

All living things are made up of cells!...

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