All About cells! -...
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All About cells! Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic 3/27-28 Unicellular/Multicellular 4/4 Autotrophs/Heterotrophs 4/7 Modes of Reproduction 4/8 Plants/Animal cells 4/9
Transcript of All About cells! -...
All About cells!
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic 3/27-28
Unicellular/Multicellular 4/4
Autotrophs/Heterotrophs 4/7
Modes of Reproduction 4/8
Plants/Animal cells 4/9
Here is the note page:
Student Expectations
• The student is expected to understand that all organisms are composed of one or more cells AND recognize that the presence of a nucleus determines whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Key Concepts
• Key Concept 1: The cell is the basic unit of life.
• Key Concept 2: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• Key Concept 3: Eukaryotic cells contain an organelle called a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
• Key Concept 4: The membrane-enclosed nucleus in eukaryotic cells contains DNA, or genetic information, within chromosomes. The DNA of a prokaryotic is not in a nucleus.
• Key Concept 5: Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells and are defined by their shape (rod, spherical, and spiral).
Fundamental Questions 1. What is a cell?
2. All living organisms are composed of how many cells?
3. What cell organelles are in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
4. How is DNA stored within prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
5. What are other similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Fundamental Questions Your notes follow along with these slides. Fill in
where appropriate.
1. What is a cell?
• A cell is the basic unit of life. It is enclosed by a
membrane and contains genetic material.
What is IN a cell?
Cells have parts
These “parts” are called ORGANELLES, or little organs.
Organelles are specialized structures found in a eukaryotic cell. They are surrounded by an outer surface called a membrane.
Membranes are thin flexible sheets of material that can allow some things in and out.
Not all cells have organelles, and different cells have different types of organelles.
All cells do have one thing in common…
All Cells have Genetic Material • Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
DNA.
• In prokaryotic cells DO NOT have a nucleus that houses the DNA.
• Stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid - The nucleic acid that is the genetic material determining the makeup of an organism.
Cell Parts
Cells have many different organelles that perform all sorts of functions.
We are going to focus on a few of them:
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Cell wall
• Cell wall – a rigid layer that surrounds a plant cell.
Cell membrane Cell membrane – the outside boundary of a cell.
Controls what can enter or leave the cell.
Things
can
move
in and
out of
the cell
What is a Nucleus? This is the
Nucleus!
The nucleus
contains genetic
material and it is
responsible for
controlling the
activities of the
cell.
It is found in
eukaryotic cells.
Chloroplast • Chloroplast – a structure in the cell of plants
that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
Chloroplast enlarged:
Fundamental Questions 2. All living organisms are composed of how
many cells?
• All living organism are composed of one or more cells. They are classified as either unicellular or multicellular organisms.
Paramecium dog
Fundamental Questions 3. What cell organelles are in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, eukaryotic cells do.
Fundamental Questions 4. How is DNA stored within prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is in the NUCLEUS!
DNA DNA
Prokaryotic
A small cell lacking a nucleus or any other membrane-enclosed organelle
Eukaryotic
A cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles
Fundamental Questions
5. What are other similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
• no nucleus! • no membrane
enclosed organelles • does have genetic
material (DNA) • Construction of the
cell itself is simpler
• nucleus • Has membrane
enclosed organelles • does have genetic
material (DNA) • A more complex cell
(makes up organisms)
Glue in notes now
Put packet in front of you.
• Now we will put together a booklet that will help you understand the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
• There is a student guide with instructions – these are class copies
All organisms are made of cells that are either prokaryotic
or eukaryotic. Learning about both types, you will create a
booklet that explains their similarities and differences.
Similarities and Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Making Your Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Booklet
• On pages 1-4, cut out pages along the dotted lines
• Glue the back of pages 1 & 2, then pages 3 & 4 together (make sure that pages correspond relative to prokaryotic/eukaryotic and page numbers). Ask if you are unsure.
• Assemble the book using the page numbers in the bottom corners as a guide. Once it’s put together, the Eukaryotic Cell pages should be in order from pages 1 to 4. Flip the booklet over and the Prokaryotic Cell pages should be in order, 1 to 4.
• For page 2 of the booklet, color (using the key) and cut out the cell structures from Student Journal page 5. Glue the correct cell structures onto the cell model.
• For page 3 of the booklet, use pages 2-3 of the Student Guide as a reference.
• For page 4 of the booklet, complete the Venn diagram to illustrate the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Making Your Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Booklet
• Complete page 6 of your packet using the booklet
you just created.
• Turn in page 6 and your booklet when completed
Cells Rap – warm up!
Answer on your warm up page:
1. What is the function of the nucleus?
2. What do chloroplasts do?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic – Day 2
• Cell Membrane Demonstration
• Questions:
1. What stays in the balloon?
2. What can pass through?
3. If I left this balloon for a long time, would it stay the same as it is now?
4. Why or why not?
• Now continue working on the booklet that will help you understand the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
• There is a student guide with instructions – these are class copies
Kingdom Flip book
6.12D Identify the basic characteristics of organisms that classify them into kingdoms
So what are these characteristics?
Instructions:
1. Fill out boxes with information given
2. Cut flip book
3. Glue pieces together and then in journal
6 Kingdoms Flip Notes
Domain __________ Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic—______ a nucleus Unicellular—________ celled Some _______trophic, some _______trophic Reproduce asexually (binary fission)
• Some Live in extreme environments • High salinity • Low oxygen concentrations • High temperatures • High or low pH • Guts of grazing herbivores— • produce methane (think cow farts)
Many live in oceans
Archae
lacks
single auto hetero
Domain ___________ Kingdom Eubacteria
________________—lack a nucleus
____cellular– single celled
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Reproduce ___________ (binary fission)
Used in food production, oil spill cleanup, and sewage
treatment plants
Decomposers—break down dead organisms and parts
Some cause disease—strep throat, food poisoning, etc.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic Uni
asexually
Domain _________ Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotic—_______ a nucleus
Most _________________, some ________________
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Reproduction can be ______________or sexual
Most ______________ of the kingdoms
Some people classify protists as any eukaryote that is
_______ a fungus, plant, or animal
Includes amoeba, paramecium, algae, diatoms, and
many more
Eukarya
have
unicellula
r
multicellular
not
diverse
asexual
Domain _________ Kingdom Fungi
_____________—have a ______________
Some ______________, most _______________
_______________________
Reproduction can be ____________or___________
Digest food ______________their bodies and then
absorb it
Many are ______________
Includes mold, mushrooms, and yeast
Eukarya
Eukaryoti
c
nucleus
unicellular multicellular
Heterotrophi
c asexual sexu
al outside
decomposers
Domain _________ Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryotic—have a nucleus
______________
Almost all are ______________(some are parasitic)
Reproduction can be ___________ or __________
Most need ______________, water, minerals, and gas exchange to survive
Includes trees, grasses, mosses, ferns, cactus, corn, ivy, etc.
Eukarya
Multicellular
autotrophs
asexual sexu
al sunlight
Domain _________ Kingdom Animalia
______________—have a nucleus
______________
______________
Most reproduce sexually but some asexual
Animals include lizards, grasshoppers, spiders, sponge, dogs, humans, worms, clams, fish, etc.
Eukarya
Eukaryotic
Multicellula
r Heterotrophic
Flip Book Instructions • Fold three sheets of paper “hot dog” style and
cut in the middle to make two flaps on each.
• Fold each in half with the flaps on the inside.
• Glue the information box to the top of the flap
• Glue pictures on the bottom portion.
• Add my pictures below:
Labels
Domain Archae
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Anamalia
Unicellular and Multicellular
April 4, 2014
In your journal…
• Title the page “Unicellular and Multicellular”
• You will write the definitions and the examples on the next few slides (the underlined words)
• Start your page like this:
Unicellular and Multicellular
Unicellular:
Examples:
Unicellular • A unicellular organism: is made of only one
cell (single-celled organism).
• Examples:
Euglena Paramecium
Examples of Unicellular Life Unicellular fungi (yeast) Bacteria
Euglena – a unicellular algae ( a protozoa)
Unicellular • How they get energy:
1. Eat other organisms
2. Make their own food using chloroplasts like plants
3. Or eat decomposed organic material.
• Reproduction: asexually through cell division
• Environment they live in: They mainly live in a watery environment so they can move around and survive, but can live in extreme environments
What are extreme environments? 1. Deep sea vents 2. VERY salty water
3. Geysers
Think about the abiotic factors at work in these extreme environments!
Multicellular
• Multicellular: organisms that are made up of more than one cell
• Examples:
Magnolia tree Dolphin Beetle
Multicellular
• These cells are differentiated in order to perform specific functions
• How they get energy: they can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Reproduction: sexual reproduction (2 parents are needed)
• Type of environment they live in: almost everywhere in the world, very few exist in extreme environments.
Examples of Multicellular Life
• Humans, fungi, insects – most of the creatures you already know are multi-cellular!
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
April 7, 201
Autotrophs • Autotrophs are: an organism
that makes it’s own food
• Autotrophs get their energy from inorganic sources
• An example of this would be a plant using sunlight (inorganic source – think abiotic) to go through the process of photosynthesis in order to make food.
Autotrophic Examples
Fern, algae and this daisy are all autotrophs
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
autotrophs
heterotrophs
heterotrophs
heterotrophs
heterotrophs
Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs are: an organism that cannot make
it’s own food.
• Heterotrophs get energy they need by consuming (eating) other organisms
• You may know them as consumers or decomposers
• Let’s look at some examples
Heterotrophic organisms (ones you may know)
Goat, eats grass Lion, eats meat Raccoons
eat plants & animals
Heterotrophic organisms (you may NOT know these)
Protozoa Parasitic Molds
Remember, heterotrophs come in all shapes and
sizes – they are defined by the way they get their
energy, from other organisms!
Energy! • What is energy?
• How do you get your energy?
• Ultimately, the path of energy starts at the sun.
Let’s talk about how organisms get their energy.
Energy Flow in Nature
autotrophs
heterotrophs
What is this?
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Autotrophs are_________________________
_____________________________________
How do they get their energy?
• Autotrophs get their energy ___________
______________________________________
• An example of this would be: __________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Autotrophic Examples:
Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are: ______________________
_____________________________________
How do they get their energy?
• Heterotrophs get energy they need by: _________________________________
____________________________________
• You may know them as:
____________________________________
Examples of heterotrophs:
Modes of Cellular Reproduction
April 8, 2014
Modes of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction (A=No)
• Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only.
What organisms use this method of reproduction?:
1. ALL prokaryotes (Do not have a nucleus) reproduce asexually
2. SOME plants and primitive animals also reproduce asexually
How it happens • In order to grow and develop, more cells need
to be made.
• Step 1: The cell’s nucleus divides (if that cell has a nucleus), the DNA is copied, and then the cell itself divides
• Step 2: Each cell divides in 2, so “daughter” cells are exact copies of one another
Asexual Reproducers
Example: Spider Plant
Asexual Reproducers
Hydra (a tiny animal)
Asexual Reproducers
Bacteria
Sexual Reproduction Process
• Sexual reproduction is the process by which a new organism is made by combining the genetic material of two organisms
• Allows for the most genetic diversity because there are 2 parents (this is a benefit to the species)
How it happens Step 1: Each organism produces sex cells, each with
their own copy of DNA
Step 2: The cells join and fertilization occurs (it becomes a viable offspring) Viable means capable of living.
• The result: The offspring is a mix of it’s parents, getting half of its genes from each parent. It is a totally new genetic organism
Sexual Reproducers This bee gets pollen on
its body. The pollen is the male sex cell and when the bee travels to another flower, the pollen is deposited. This enables the flowering plant to create offspring using the genes from 2 parents.
Sexual Reproducers More complex animals need to find a mate in
order to have offspring that have genetic diversity.
Modes of Reproduction
Asexual
Asexual Reproduction is:
What organisms use this method?
1. All Prokaryotes:
Some plants and primitive animals:
How it happens:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Examples of Asexual Reproducers:
1.
2.
Sexual
Sexual Reproduction is:
Allows for:
How it happens:
Step 1:
Step 2:
The result:
Examples of Sexual Reproducers:
1. 2.
What do sexually reproducing organisms need?
Video
Plant and Animal Cells
Plant and Animal cells
• What’s the difference?
• Different kinds of organisms have different kinds of cells
• The cells are specific to these organisms because they have to serve certain functions (like being able to make food)
Animal cells • Animals are made up of many different types of cells.
The structures we will learn about are found in a typical cell.
• Please note, not all animal cells contain the same structures.
• Important structures:
• Cell membrane – surrounds the cell
• Nucleus – holds the DNA (called the control room of the cell)
• Vacuole – acts as a storage area in the cell (holds waste, enzymes, and water)
Animal Cell
• Draw this cell in your notes
• A simple sketch will do!
• Label the cell membrane, nucleus and vacuole.
Vacuole
Examples of Animals
Of course
these are
but a few
of the
millions of
species
on our
planet!
Plant cells • Plant cells have all of the structures that animal
cells do. (such as the nucleus and the cell membrane)
• But they also have some structures that the animal cell does not.
These are :
• Chloroplasts – absorb light energy to make food
• Cell wall – rigid structure helps to support cell
• Large vacuole – filled with water, these organelles help maintain the plant’s rigidity(make it stand up).
Plant Cell
• Find the cell wall
• Find the large vacuole
• Where are the chloroplasts?
Vacuole
Examples of Whole Plants
Fern, pitcher plant, sea
weed, trees
Comparison: Plant cells Animal cells
Large, central vacuole Chloroplasts Rigid cell wall outside of cell membrane
small vacuole No chloroplasts No rigid cell wall (only a membrane)
Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cells
Animals are made of :
Important Structures:
1. Cell membrane –
2. Nucleus –
3. Vacuole -
Draw an animal cell with the 3 parts listed above:
Examples of Animals:
Plant Cells
Plant cells have:
(such as the nucleus and the cell membrane).
But they also have:
1. Chloroplasts –
2. Cell Wall –
3. LARGE vacuole –
Draw a plant cell with the 3 parts listed above:
Examples of plants:
On the back, draw the plant/animal comparison chart
