AGENDA August 2, 2011 6:00 p.m. - Welcome to … COUNTY UTILITY COMMITTEE POST OFFICE BOX 1529 LAKE...

COLUMBIA COUNTY UTILITY COMMITTEEPOST OFFICE BOX 1529

LAKE CITY, FLORIDA32056-1529

COLUMBIA COUNTY EXTENSION OFFICE164 MARY ETHEL LANE

LAKE CITY, FLORIDA 32025

AGENDA

August 2, 2011

6:00 p.m.

HONORABLE SCARLET P. FRISINA, UTILITY COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON:

Call to OrderAgenda Additions/Deletions

Utility Regulation

Update on Proposed Board ActionsUpdate on Regulatory Activity and Citizen Concerns

Water Treatment Facilities

Chlorine Residual and Secondary Disinfection ByproductsWater Line ExtensionsEmergency Response Plan

Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Improvement to Wastewater Treatment Plant LP6025

Utility Billing

Request for Agricultural Rates

MEMORANDUM

To: Columbia County Utility CommitteeFrom: David Kraus, Senior Staff AssistantDate: July 26, 2011

RE: Agenda Background

Proposed Board Actions

Gator Utility/Espenship Investment Rate Adjustment

At the last meeting, the Committee reviewed two presentations on proposed rates and requested theUtility provide additional information. After Espenship Investments provided additional information,Cheryl King from the Southeast Rural Community Assistance Project began revising the rate study.Recent budget cuts at SRCAP eliminated Ms. King's position before the revised study could becompleted. I will present a revised Operation and Maintenance Ratio analysis of the rates.

- Quail Heights Country Club Rate Adjustment

At the last meeting, this rate adjustment was placed on hold pending investigations into customerconcerns about service quality. The owner has been working on addressing the concerns.

Update on Regulatory Activity and Citizen Concerns

The Committee will receive an update on Consolidated Waterworks, Lance Utilities and CustomerComplaints

Water Treatment Facilities

- Chlorine Residual and Secondary Disinfection Byproducts

Disinfection byproducts naturally occur as a reaction of the chlorine and the organic compoundsfound in raw water. Treatment with free chlorine results in the presence of two compounds:total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). There are several ways to keep thebyproducts to allowable levels. The FRWA is recommending adding ammonia to thedisinfection process to create chloramines.

- Water Line Extensions

The Committee will receive an update on the Commercial Loops. Additionally, we have receivedinquiries into a water extension along October Road using an RBEG grant from USDA and anextension along U5441 North.

- Emergency Response Plan

SRCAP assisted in developing a Emergency Response Plan for the Water Treatment Plant .

Wastewater Treatment Facilities

- Improvements to Wastewater Treatment Plant

Committee will be updated on the status of the improvements at the wastewater treatment plant andthe funding.

Utility Billing

- Request for Agricultural Rates

This is an item for discussion. Staff has received a request for an Agricultural water rate. I haverequested FRWA review if other utility systems have established an agricultural rate.6

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BOARD ofDIRECTORS

MICHAEL MCKINNEYPenyPresident

ROBERT MUNROOrlandoVice President

WILLIAM G. GRUBBSQuincySecretary/Treasurer

PAUL BRA YTONHarbour HeightsNational Director

ED HOBINBrooksville

BRUCE MORRISONDestin

DARRELL POLKBoca Grande

EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

GARY WILLIAMSTallahassee

FLORIDA RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION2970 WELLINGTON CIRCLE TALLAHASSEE, FL 32309-7813

(850) 668-2746

July 6, 2011

Mr. David KrausSenior Staff AssistantColumbia CountyP.O. Box 1529Lake City, FL 32056-1529Phone: (386) 758-1178Email: david_kraus©columbiacountyfla.com

Re: Disinfection By-Products Reduction / Control, Consideration ofAlternative Disinfection Methods, Feasibility, Design & PermittingColumbia County Ellisville WTP, Columbia Co., PWS: 2124413SE Giles Martin Road, Lake City FL 32055

Dear Mr. Kraus:

Thank you for requesting Florida Rural Water Association assistance; we arehere to help you as a free FRWA Membership benefit. We understand that youneed assistance with the Columbia County Ellisville water system DisinfectionBy-Products Reduction / Control, consideration of alternative disinfectionmethods, feasibility, engineering design and permitting. If this projectdescription is inaccurate please let us know by return mail we want to clearlyunderstand your project and expectations. We will also provide arecommendation on switching your chlorine pumps from the current meteringfeed pumps, which are not providing reliability.

The FDEP permitted design capacity for your system is reported at 160,000gpd (or 0.016 MGD). Based on the FDEP database Columbia County EllisvilleVVTP serves a population of 25 with 8 connections. So your average dailydemand flows can be reasonably predicted to fall around 3,000 gpd with themaximum day demand around 6,000 to 8,000 gpd.

Mr. Fred Handy, FRWA Water Circuit Rider, is correct that systems withDisinfection By-Product compliance issues often consider alternativedisinfection methods including chloramines. One of the problems your systemencounters is the high water age and the long times that chlorine has to reactwith the naturally occurring organics in the water.

There are several operational (low or no capital cost) strategies available tomitigate these problems. We will recommend that a proactive program offlushing and chlorine reduction program be started. Theses five (5) steps areoutlined below:

Step 1. Aggressive Cleaning and Unidirectional Flushing Program. It is vital to removeany and all sediment and biological matter from the hydropneumatic tank and watermains. An aggressive cleaning and flushing program begins at the water plant andmoves out to the extremities of the distribution system. Clean, flush, disinfect andinspect all water tanks and treatment facilities to remove biofilm and deposits.

Flush the entire water distribution system using conventional flushing techniques orunidirectional flushing (preferred). Unidirectional flushing is different than conventionalflushing and uses targeted, high-velocity water flow moving from source to hydrant in anoutbound direction to scour the distribution system. It greatly increases theeffectiveness of flushing and can significantly improve water quality in systems wherewater quality problems are caused by the distribution system itself. We have an AVVWADVD that explains the program Fred Handy or I can view it with you.

This involves closing distribution system valves so that water flows in one direction orone segment of pipe at a time, causing the velocity to reach 2 - 6 feet per secondnecessary to scour deposits and debris from the mains. The technique involves asystematic plan; flushing maps; some training, water quality monitoring, and flowcalculations.

Step 2. Install Automatic Flushing Valves. We recommend that you shall install four or fiveAutomatic Flushing Valves as shown on the attached drawings. Water systems maypurchase utility grade devices that are commercially available or construct their ownautomatic flushing valves for under $400, the design is shown \ on the attacheddrawings.

The operational goal is to lower residence age. The valves can be set to run 3 or moretimes a week at night for 15-30 minutes. Although it is not always practical, try to keepwater age to 2 to 3-days in the water system.

Step 3. Minimize Chlorine Contact Time. Take steps at the water treatment plant to reducethe time chlorine spends in contact with the water before it leaves the plant and storagetanks. This can involve moving the chlorination point and decreasing operationalstorage volumes in tanks. We understand that this is difficult if you are trying tomaintain adequate fire protection storage, but do your best.

Step 4. Reduce Total Disinfection Dosage. Reduce Total Disinfection Dosage, but maintainthe minimum free chlorine residual. For systems with large or remote services areas werecommend installation of Sodium Hypochlorite booster systems. This allows reductionof chlorine dosing at the water plant, reduction of the overall system-wide chlorine feedrate, and a resulting reduction of DBPs.

Step 5. Lastly Consider Alternative Disinfection Methods such as Chloramines.Chloramines are used in water systems to quench the effects of free chlorine to makeand form Disinfection By-Products -- ammonia and chlorine compounds are combinedto produce chloramines. Chloramines can reduce DBP formation by 50% to 70% butrequires astute operations to prevent under and overfeeding. It also requires operatorsto be vigilant and be concerned with nitrification. See attached articles and whitepaperson the subject.

FRWA Offer of Engineering Assistance Page 2 Information Required From You

Expected Chlorine Reduction Program Results. Many water systems have had successcomplying and we are actively assisting systems statewide with recommendations, treatmentdesign, and permit applications. Results of an Aggressive Cleaning, Flushing and ChlorineReduction program have demonstrated a minimum of 30% reduction in TTHMs & HAA5s. Wehave seen several systems reduce DBPs by 60%-70%.

Aggressive Cleaning, Flushing and Chlorine Reduction is a mitigation technique to reduce theamount of DBPs formed in the water system. It also manages the remaining DBP formationpotential and total organic carbon (TOC) interaction with chlorine. Florida's warmertemperatures contribute to biofilm regrowth in drinking water distribution systems and waterstorage facilities. Chlorine residuals are kept higher to manage regrowth, but increases DBPformation. Chlorine levels can be kept artificially high for operator convenience and as a resultof limited time spent at water plants.

All four (4) of the first five steps must be completed before results should be expected. Inother words, if you don't (or can't) lower chlorine don't expect results!

One system called to complain about flushing program results. Their TTHMs were at 95 ppbbefore flushing and 145 after! After talking, the whole story became clear. Apparently thesystem would only flush just before taking samples -- really flush -- the whole 24-hours beforesampling. No other changes, no line / tank cleaning, no automatic flushing valves, samechlorine dose, and the chlorination point was not moved. We were able to explain that toomuch of a good thing sometimes has bad results. Flushing only before sampling stirs up thesediment in the tank and lines and only makes water quality worse. "If two aspirins make mefeel better, then how about the whole bottle?" Only part of the message was received andimplemented.

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) has set the following DBPdrinking water standards, see FDEP Rule 62-550.310(3) Table 3 - Stage 1 MaximumContaminant Levels For Disinfection Byproducts.

Table 3 - Stage 1 Maximum Contaminant Levels For Disinfection Byproducts

Abbreviations: MCL = maximum contaminant levelmg/L = milligrams per liter

Consultants often charge anywhere from $25,000 to $40,000 for this type of service, report,and permitting assistance. Their reports / documents are much thicker and fancier in part tojustify the fees, explain the results, and build a case for additional projects, which means moreconsulting fees.


Federal Contaminant 1

ID Number1

Contaminant MCL (mg/L)

2950 I Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) 0.080 mg/L

2456 Haloacetic Acids (Five) (HAA5s) 0.060 mg/L

1011 Bromate 0.010 mg/L

1009 Chlorite 1.0 mg/L

INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM YOU. Before we will begin to work on your project wemust have all of the listed information about your system. If you have any questions pleaseask Fred Handy, your FRWA Water Circuit Rider to review this checklist to see if you haveeverything before sending it.

effeurviebsiteatwmv4Rva,neW Membership dues pay for a portion of FRWAEngineering Assistance, but not all. We would happily accept donations forengineering services proportional to our efforts.

Sanitary Survey Send a copy of your most recent Sanitary Survey (FDEPInspection). Do you have any compliance issues with FDEP now?

If yes, please send copies of recent correspondence with and from FDEP.

Historic Water Demand -- We need to know your water demands / flows for the last 4-years Total Demand, Average Daily Demand, and Maximum Daily Demand, seeattached from. In lieu of completing this form we'll accept copies of your MonthlyOperation Reports.

24+ Photographs Please take photographs inside, outside, and, around the well,tanks, buildings, VVTP property please send 24 or more photographs, on a CD or viae-mail. This doesn't take a lot of time to take these photos. Photos are cheap andeasy to take when compared to travel time and effort to do a site visit. The morephotos we get the better - take pictures of EVERYTHING. We need close-ups of yourwell, tanks, and piping, enough to see what's going on, and we need overall shots(panoramas) to give a sense of what is around on the property. We don't often havetime to visit every site (so we can help more folks) so the photographs represent avisual site tour. If you don't have a digital camera just use a regular film camera, take awhole roll of film, and have a CD made during developing and send us the CD - it costsless than $20. We sometimes get fewer than 24 photos and wonder why.

Water Distribution System Plan Please send a drawing or sketch of your waterdistribution system. This map does not have to be fancy or pretty -- it only needs toshow the location and size of pipes plus valves, fire hydrants, tanks, booster pumpstation, and wells. In the past I've made a copy of street map used highlighters toindicate line size and location. It never looks pretty but it's cheap and works. Forexample we use blue highlighter for water lines 12-inch and 10-inch diameter; greenfor 8-inch; orange for 6-inch; yellow for 4-inch and smaller; and pink for plants andtanks. At a glance one can see the distribution system strengths and weakness tovisualize hydraulics. It usually takes a few hours to do this and it only costs you theprice for the copy, highlighter, and a little effort.

FRWA Offer of Engineering Assistance Page 4 information Required From You

PRIORITIES. We work on projects based on the following priorities: (1) First come, firstserved; (2) Readiness to proceed and completeness of data -- send all items listed above; (3)Need. Systems with regulatory compliance issues have priority. Economically challengedsystems have priority - if you can hire a consulting firm, you are encouraged to do so.Community water systems, schools, churches, daycares, public facilities, etc. have priorityover businesses; (4) Cooperation and appreciation for services; and (5) you must be a FRWAMember.

OPTIONS FOR YOUR PROJECT: As we described, you have several options to obtain therequired Specific Assistance you need for your system:

1. You can always hire a consulting firm to do the work for you!

If you are able to hire a consulting firm we encourage you use them.

2. You can ask FRWA to assist you as a membership benefit:

You must commit to doing most of the footwork yourself

You must be a FRWA Member and commit to long-term membership

We ask that you be patient we have lots of work and few engineers

You agree to hold FRWA harmless for our assistance efforts

Please sign the FRWA Specific Assistance Agreement below and return it to us for our files.Because you have requested FRWA's Specific Assistance you should be willing to enter intothis agreement and acknowledge that FRWA is non-profit membership association and thisservice is a free membership benefit. FRWA is dedicated to assisting water and wastewatersystems provide Floridians with an ample affordable supply of high quality water.

We will make every effort to get to your project as soon as possible. You and your project areimportant. Thanks -- a little effort on your part will save us tons of work. Please feel free tocontact Lauren Walker-Coleman or me if you have any further questions.


Copy: Fred Handy, FRWA Circuit Rider

A-yr Historic Water Demand -- Monthly Operating Reports (MORs)Please provide Total, Average Daily & Maximum Day Demand for each month


1 TotalI Month i Water

I Produced

AverageDaily

Demand

MaximumDay

Demand

Jan-08 1

Feb-1 ;

Mar-08

Apr-08

May-08

Jun-08

Jul-08

Aug-08 I

Sep-08

Oct-08 rNov-';

P -c-08

Jan-09

i Feb-09 i

I

Mar-09 I

Apr-09

May-09

L Jun-09

Jul-09

Aug-09

Sep-09

Oct-09

1 Nov-09

Dec-09

1

' MonthTotal AverageWater Daily

Produced I Demand

MaximumDay

Demand

Jan-10

Feb-10

Mar-10

i Apr-10 4th-dMay-10 lee

`-' Ja.". A/Jun-10 ,fier (Iv- r

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Doc 11

Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection

Mr. David KrausColumbia County Board of Commissioners135 NE Hernando Ave. Ste 203Lake City, FL 32055

Columbia County - Potable WaterSanitary Survey 2010Columbia County - Ellisville WTP // PWS ID: 2124413

Dear Mr. Kraus:

A Sanitary Survey-Clearance Inspection of the above referenced Community watersystem was conducted on September 27, 2010. The following deficiencies must becorrected to bring this system into compliance with Chapter 62 of the FloridaAdministrative Code (F.A.C.):

The hatch on the ground storage tank must be kept locked at all times. A lockmust be placed on the hatch and kept secure, per Rule 62-555.320(5), F.A.C.

The discharge pipe on the ground storage tank did not have a visible protectivescreen. Please provide a screen on this pipe that can be inspected during routinevisits by the Department, per Rule 62-555.350, F.A.C.

A threaded tap was located on the hydropneumatic tank. All treated threadedtaps must be fitted with the proper hose bib vacuum breaker to prevent anypotential cross-connection from occurring, per Rule 62-555.360, F.A.C.

The following plans are required to be submitted to the Department for reviewprior to monitoring events. Example plans or blank plan forms can be found athttp: / / www. dep. state.fl.us / northeast/ water/ potable forms.htm.

Bacteriological Monthly Sampling PlanCross Connection Control PlanStage 1 D/DBPR Monitoring PlanSampling Plan for Lead and Copper Tap Samples and WQPs - 62-555.900(12)

'More Protection, Less Process'http./Ati4w.dep.stateilus/

Charlie CristGovernor

leff KottkampLt. Governor

Mimi A. DrewSecretary

Northeast District7825 Baymeadows Way. Suite B200

Jacksonville, Florida 32256-7590Phone: 904/807-3300 Fax: 904/448-4366

111100161.1.11October 27, 2010

SENT VIA E-MAIL: david [email protected]

Columbia County - Ellisville Water Treatment PlantOctober 27, 2010Page 2 of 2

The following monitoring is required for this system in 2010. Samples must be collectedfrom the point of entry (POE) unless otherwise noted:

Inorganics (including Nitrate and Nitrite)Volatile Organic ContaminantsSynthetic Organic ContaminantsSecondary ContaminantsRadiological ContaminantsBacteriological Contaminants (from each well, in addition to POE)

Final clearance will be determined once all required information is received, includingall information marked "unknown" in this report. The Department will update thedatabase accordingly. Please refer to September 30, 2010 e-mail from Ms. BlancheWaller for details.

Please provide a written response within 15 days of receipt of this letter detailing howall deficiencies will be addressed within the next 30 days. Contact me at (904) 807-3335or [email protected] if you have any questions.

Sincerely,

Jessica LandkrohnEnvironmental Specialist III

BRR:JLL:jl

cc: Mr. Bud Moody, Superintendent of Utilities - TM [email protected]. Doug Sunday, Operator - ddsundaylgyahoo.com

enclosure: system schematic

PWS TYPE & CLASS: Community - (50)

SERVICE AREA CHARACTERISTICSMunicipal (distribution system not vet established)

Food Service: 0 Yes El No El N/A

GENERAL INFORMATIONNumber of Service Connections TBDPopulation Served TBD BasisPlant Design Capacity 160.000 god

Basis Permitted capacityAverage Day (from MORs) N/AMax. Day (from MORs) N/ATotal Storage Capacity 205.000 gallonsComments Monthly Operatina Reports will be reauired

once system becomes active

LOCATIONLatitude 29° 59' 36.41" NorthLongitude 82° 35' 15.14" WestGPS: No Date: N/ADirections Take 1-10 W to 1-75 South. exit onto US 41 STurn left onto Talladaa St. then left onto VVire Road. Plantis at the end of the road on the riaht.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCECertified Operator: 0 Yes El No 0 Not requiredOperator(s) & Certification Class-Number

Mr. Doug SundayInfrastructure Corporation of America

O&M Log: 0Yes ElNo O&M Manual: ElYes EINoOperator Visitation Frequency

Hrs/day: Required ActualHrs/wk: Required 0.3 ActualDays/wk: Required 3 ActualNon-consecutive Days? 0 Yes El No El N/A

MORs submitted regularly? EI Yes 0 No 0 N/AData missing from MORs? O No El Yes 0 N/A

O&M Loa and Manual must remain onsite for reviewdurina inspections

State of FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection

Northeast District

SANITARY SURVEY REPORT

Plant Name Columbia County - Ellisville County Columbia PWS ID # 2124413Plant Location VVire Road. Ellisville. FL PhoneOwner Name Columbia County Board of County Commissioners. AUN: Mr. David KrausOwner Address 135 NE Hernando Ave. Ste 203, Lake City. FL 32055 Phone (386) 755-4100Designated Rep. Mr. Bud Moody Title Supt. of Utilities PhoneFacility Contact Mr. Doug Sunday. ICA Title Operator Phone (386) 623-6407This Survey Date 9/27/2010 Last Survey Date N/A Last C.I. Date N/A

1

RAW WATER SOURCEGROUND; Number of Wells 2SURFACE/UDI; Source

El PURCHASED from PWS ID #Emergency Water SourceEmergency Water Capacity

AUXILIARY POWER SOURCEYes El None o Not Required

Source Cunnins on-site generatorCapacity of Standby (kVV) 240Switchover: 0 Automatic El ManualStandby Plan: 0 Yes 0 NoHrs Operated Under Load 1 hr/wk.VVhat equipment does it operate?

Z Well pumps AllZ High Service Pumps AllZ Treatment Equipment All

Satisfy 1/2 max-day demand? 0Yes ONo OUnkComments System runs weekly tests underload

automatically - OTECC-7589256

TREATMENT PROCESSES IN USEHvpochlorination

VVhat additional treatment is needed?None

For control of what deficiencies?N/A

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMFlow Measuring Device Flow MeterMeter Size & Type (2) US Water - flow throughBackflow Prevention Devices: Z Yes 0 NoCross-connections None seenCross-connection Control Program: 0 Yes 0 NoColiform Sampling Plan: El Yes E NoDisinfection By-Product Plan: 0 Yes Z NoLead & Copper Tap Sampling Plan: El Yes 0 NoComments All plans & CCC program reauired to be

submitted for approval

GROUND WATER SOURCE

COMMENTS

2

Well Number (PWS Identification) One (east) Two (west)

Well Name (System Identification) 1 2

Year Drilled 2008 2008

Depth Drilled Unknown Unknown

Latitude 29° 59' 36.11" N 29° 59' 36.90" N

Longitude 82° 35' 14.91" W 82° 35' 15.48" W

GPS (Y or N) / Date (if applicable) No No

Florida Well ID AAL1989 AAL1990

Static Water Level Unknown Unknown

Actual Yield (if different than rated capacity) Unknown Unknown

Strainer Unknown Unknown

Length (outside casing) Unknown Unknown

Diameter (outside casing) Unknown Unknown

Material (outside casing) Steel Steel

Well Contamination History None None

Is inundation of well possible? Not likely Not likely

6' X 6' X 4" Concrete Pad Good Good

SET

BACKS

Septic Tank N/A N/A

Reuse Water N/A N/A

VVW Plumbing N/A N/A

Other Sanitary Hazard N/A N/A

PUMP

Type Vertical Turbine Vertical Turbine

Manufacturer Name National Pump Co National Pump Co

Model Number N260 8D06 N260 8D06

Rated Capacity (gpm) 400 400

Motor Horsepower 15 15

Well casing 12" above grade? Good Good

Well Casing Sanitary Seal Good Good

Raw Water Sampling Tap Good Good

Above Ground Check Valve Good Good

Fence/Housing Good Good

[Well Vent Protection Good Good

Columbia County - Ellisville PWS ID # 2124413Survey Date 9/27/2010

Columbia County - Ellisville

CHLORINATION (Disinfection)Type: Hypo-ChlorinationMake Prominent Capacity6.3 UhrChlorine Feed Rate 180 Stroke (x2)Avg. Amount of Cl2 gas used N/AChlorine Residuals: Plant 1.18 Remote N/ARemote tap location NoneDPD Test Kit: Z On-site Z VVith operator

1=1None 0 Not Used DailyInjection Points After fire hydrantBooster Pump Info N/AComments See safety below

AEFtATION (Gases, Fe, & Mn Removal)Type N/A CapacityAerator ConditionBloodworm PresenceVisible Algae GrowthProtective Screen ConditionComments

3

PWS ID # 2124413Survey Date 9/27/2010

STOFtAGE FACILITIES(B) Bladder (CVV) Clearwell (C) Contact (E) ElevatedG Ground H H dro neumatic S.C. See Comments

Comments Lock needed for hatch on ground storaaetank: drain Dipina must be screened.

Threaded tap at hvdrotank needs hose bib vacuumbreaker

HIGH SERVICE PUMPS

Comments

Tank Type/Number H G

Capacity (gal) 10,000 200,000

Material Steel Concrete

Gravity Drain Yes Yes

By-pass Piping Yes Yes

Pressure Gauge Yes No

Sight Glass orLevel Indicator S.G. L.I.

Fittings forSight Glass Yes No

Protected Openings Yes Yes

PRV/ARV PRV N/A

On/Off Pressure 68 N/A

Access Padlocked N/A S.C.

Height to Bottom ofElevated Tank N/A N/A

Height to Max.Water Level

N/A N/A

Last InspectionDate (for tanks withaccess manholes)

2010 2010

Chlorine safetyRequirements

YES NO Comments

Dual System @

Alarms:Loss of Cl2capabilityLoss of Cl2 residualLoss of pressure

12@ElEyewash @ElSafety gear El l Gloves/apron

Shower @ElHousing/Protection @

Pump Number 1 2 3

Type Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal

Make Goulds Goulds Goulds

Model QFC839 QFC695 QFC695

Capacity (gpm) 450 1000 1000

Motor HP 30 50 50

Date Installed 2009 2009 2009

Maintenance New New New

Unless otherwise noted, all samples shall be representative of each source after treatment.

SCHEMATIC (not to scale):

See attachement

4

COMPLIANCE MONITORINGCOMMUNITY PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

CONTAMINANT LastSampled

DueDate COMMENTS

Microbiological (Bacteria) xxxxxxxx Monthly TBD distribution samples + 1 from each raw source(distribution number based upon the population served)

Disinfectant Levels mooccxxx MonthlyTBD field readings (i.e. one taken with each microbiologicalsample that is taken from the distribution system). Onlyreport the quarterly averages of the monthly readings.

Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) TBD Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) & Haloacetic Acids (HAA55)taken in accordance with your D/DBPR Monitoring Plan.

Nitrate & Nitrite (as N) 2010 Taken from each Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent)

Inorganic Contaminants 2010 Taken from each Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent)

Volatile Organic Contaminants 2010 Taken from each Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent)

Synthetic Organic Contaminants 2010Taken from lasti Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent).2 quarterly samples required if >3,300 people served.

Radionuclides 2010 Taken from each Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent)

Secondary Standards 2010 Taken from each Point of Entry to the distribution system(i.e. from each plant's effluent)

Lead and Copper TBD Samples taken from pre-approved sample plan sites.

Asbestos TBD Samples taken from distribution. Waiver available if thereis no asbestos pipe in the distribution system.


DEFICIENCIES:

Ground storage tank must have lock on access hatch

Discharge DiDe for ground storage tank must have a screen in place that can be inspected during future

compliance inspections

Any treated threaded ta p must be fitted with a hose bib vacuum breaker.

Inspector Title Environmental Specialist III Date 10/27/2010Jessica Landkrohn

ANA. te-te445,Approved by Title Engineer Specialist IV Date 10/27/2010

Blanca R. Rodriguez

5

MONITORING VIOLATIONS MCL VIOLATIONS


EXISTINGHEAD 15 HPLAT: 29°59.1723'LONG: 82°35.0107'

LIGHTPOLE

ACCESS HATCH

EXISTINGHYDROTANK

tr GATEVAL VE

EXISTINGDIRTROAD

BYPASS/FIRE LINE

CHLORI.4NALYZER

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HIGH SERVIC.EPUMPS W/VALVES(3) 8' WATER

SUPPLY LINEFROM TANK

8' GATEVALVE

8' GATEVALVE

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EXISTING ELECCONTROL BUILDING

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EXISTINGGENERATOR

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12' WATERSUPPLY LINE FIRE HYDRANT

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I2 WATER SUPPL YLINE TO TANK

I2 GATE VALVE

EXISTINGTANK SPILLPAD

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EXISTING WELLHEAD 15 HPLAT: 29°59.1526'LONG: 82°34.9686'

V

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EXISTINGGENERA TOR

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10'

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CHL ORINEANAL YZER

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12" GATEVALVE

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12" WATERSUPPLY LINE

8" GATEVAL VE

12" WATER SUPPL YLINE TO TANK

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2970 Wellington Circle West Tallahassee, FL 32309-6885- Telephone: 850-668-2746 - Fax: 850-893-4581

`%cit+18 FRWA WhitepaperSuccessful Chloramination Systems

Sterling L. Carroll, P.E., FRWA Engineer

What makes for a successful chloramination experience? And why do chloramineswork at one system and not another? We have seen many systems where chloraminationworks and those that fail to meet the disinfection by-product MCLs. There are essentialelements to making chloramination work. Florida Rural Water Association has uncovered thethings that separate the successes from the failures. All of these systems have raw waterthat's difficult to treat and continual disinfection by-product problems. In some cases it isattitude and attention toward chloramination, and in other cases it is willingness to keep tanksand distribution system clean and chlorine feed under control.

One of the recent successes involved a water system in north central Florida with totaltrihalomethanes above 150 ppb and haloacetic acids greater than 120 ppb. Following FRWArecommendations and Circuit Rider assistance they installed the chloramine feed system andsystematically cleaned all sediment and biological matter out of their distribution system andtanks. They installed an automatic flushing program to keep the water fresh. After one falsestart (overfeeding ammonia), which was corrected by readjusting chemical feed pumps - thedisinfection by-product levels dropped like a rock, see Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Successful Control of Disinfection By-Products using Chloramines(plus lower chlorine doses, systemic cleaning, and automatic flushing)

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Florida Rural Water Association Successful Chloramination Systems - FRWA Whitepaper Page 1 of 8

The sure way to make chloramines fail is to adopt the attitude that chloramination is the silverbullet for disinfection by-products and a miracle of 'better treatment through chemistry'. Onecannot install ammonia feed and just walk away. There's more to it. Chloramines are just thefirst step toward controlling disinfection by-products.

When and Where Chloramines Work! We have seen many systems that have madechloramination work (and those that are not successful meeting the disinfection by-productMCLs). Below is a summary of common factors that contribute to make systems compliant.

Avoid long detention times in large storage tanks. Water, unlike wine, does notimprove with age. Systems that are successful have done everything they can to lowerwater age and chlorine dosages in their storage tanks. These systems understand that

large volumes of chlorinated water sitting out in the hot Florida sun for days and days cookslots of unhealthy disinfection by-products. Heat and time are the enemies of good water.

Just last month, one system was encouraged to bypass its oversized tank by the FRWA WaterCircuit Rider and use a secondary bladder tank in the interim. Before the test totaltrihalomethanes were 108 ppb and haloacetic acids were 107 ppb. They fell to 2.0 ppbTTHMs and 6.1 ppb HAA5s after the bypass test.

2 Moving the chlorine point in the water treatment plant to lower contact time.Successful systems have moved the point of chlorination downstream in their water

treatment plants. These systems have found that they have a better chance of meeting theMCLs if fewer disinfection by-products are made in the water treatment plant.

Proven alternative oxidants to chlorine are available for pretreatment of iron, sulfides, andorganic complexes to oxidize unpleasant color, odor, and taste -- all in accordance withpublished Best Management Practices (BMPs) as recommended in guidance documents andwell-known industry practices.' One such guide is the USEPA's Altemative Disinfectants andOxidants Guidance Manual it describes alternative disinfectants and disinfection techniquesthat can be used to comply with the Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR).

,3Tanks Are Frequently Cleaned. The systems that have recently cleaned

(pressure washed) their storage / hydropneumatic tanks and flushed them out to removedebris, scaling, pitting, and biofilm growth produce fewer DBPs. Frequent tank cleaning

decreases the potential of nitrification, biofilm regrowth and degraded water quality. A cleantank reduces chlorine demand.

Tank cleaning is required by FDEP Rule 62-555.350 (2), FAC. "Finished-drinking-waterstorage tanks, including conventional hydropneumatic tanks ... shall be cleaned at least onceevery five years to remove biogrowths, calcium or iron/manganese deposits, and sludge frominside the tanks."

We recommend that systems with poor water quality clean, flush, disinfect and inspect allwater tanks and treatment facilities more often or every year!

1 USEPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. April 1999. USEPA Document No. 815-R-99-014. www.epa.gov/safewater.The manual describes altemative disinfectants and disinfection techniques that can be used to comply with both the stage 1 Disinfectants and DisinfectionByproducts Rule (DBPR) and the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR).

Florida Rural Water Association Successful Chloramination Systems FRWA Whitepaper Page 2 of 8

4 The Distribution System has been Aggressively Cleaned with UnidirectionalFlushing.2 Aggressively cleaning the distribution system contributes to better water

quality and lower chlorine demands. Aggressive cleaning is much different than opening theoccasional fire hydrant in response to a complaint. A unidirectional flushing program begins atthe water source (wells) and systemically moves / cleans out to the extremities. Any otherflushing constitutes removing a minor fraction of the debris and biofilm and stirring up turbidityin the surrounding areas increasing the potential of nitrification, biofilm regrowth and degradedwater quality.

Successful systems understand that random flushing is not effective at cleaning the distributionsystem and producing higher quality water they know that sweeping in the middle of the floordoes not get all the dirt. Unidirectional flushing is better than traditional flushing because ituses targeted, high-velocity water flow moving from source to hydrant in an outbound directionto scour the distribution system.

The American Water Works Association (AVVWA) has prepared an exceptional DVD thatoutlines unidirectional flushing, "Unidirectional Flushing; Enhance Water Quality and ImproveCustomer Relations." Unidirectional flushing uses targeted, high-velocity water flow movingfrom source to hydrant in an outbound direction to scour the distribution system. The DVDexplains concepts and techniques of unidirectional flushing; how to develop a flushing planusing paper maps; how computer aided mapping simplifies the project; benefits versestraditional flushing techniques; and the benefits to consumers and the community.

5Consistent and Regular Flushing Occurs at Distribution System Extremities. Thesuccessful system uses automatic valves to keep the water fresh in all parts of thedistribution system. This is more than paying lip service to flushing we all live busy lives

and tend to forget. Flushing should be consistent and regular and not when we find time,when we remember to, or get around to it.

Successful systems assure that systematic and regular flushing occurs by installing automaticflushing valves on distribution system extremities and/or dead-end lines. Automatic flushingdecreases the potential of nitrification, biofilm regrowth and degraded water quality.

We know that FDEP requires dead-end flushing only quarterly, per Rule 62-555.350 (2), FAC."Dead-end water mains conveying finished drinking water shall be flushed quarterly or inaccordance with a written tlushing program established by the supplier of water; additionally,dead-end or other water mains conveying finished water shall be flushed as necessarywhenever legitimate water quality complaints are received."

FRWA maintains that periodic flushing large volumes of water is not enough to keep the waterfresh and chlorinated at dead-ends and extremities of the distribution system. More frequentflushing is better and uses much less water. The systems with chloramination and poor rawwater quality ought to flush at the extremities and/or dead-end lines weekly or every other dav!

Water systems may purchase utility grade devices that are commercially available for about$2,400 or construct their own automatic flushing valves for under $400. A good FRWA

2Riess, et.al. (2010, March). Unidirectional Flushing; Enhance Water Quality and Improve Customer Relations. Opflow. AVVWA.

Unidirectional Flushing DVD. AVVWA. 2002. Catalog No. 64190.


member shared the automatic flushing valve design shared with us and we are happy to passit along to you. The Build Your Own Automatic Flushing Valve detail is available at nocharge and by request from the FRWA water circuit riders or engineering staff, see Figure 2.

FRWA recommends systems install six or more ofthese devices on distribution extremities and canassist you in selecting appropriate locations forthese units as well as flushing durations. Justsend us a map of your water distribution system,we'll mark it up, and return it to you withrecommended locations.

The operational goal is to lower water age in thedistribution system. The automatic flushers canbe set to run 3 or more times a week at night for15-30 minutes.

6 Chlorine Feed Rates are SubstantiallyReduced. The whole point of feedingchloramines is to control disinfection by-

product production. At the same time chlorineuse needs to be cut while maintaining theminimum combined chlorine residual.3 Reductionof chlorine usage means reduced disinfection by-products!

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Figure 2 - Automatic Flushing Valve DetailChlorine levels are often kept artificially high to avoid bacteriological issues and boil waternotices. Operators have a daily concern about maintaining residuals; on the other handdisinfection by-product levels are only taken once every quarter or year. There is noimmediate feedback when DBPs are created with higher than necessary chlorine levels.

The risk of bacteriological hits from lowered chlorine feed must be balanced against thebusting of disinfection by-product MCLs. System operators and owners / managers mustweigh the immediate and long-term ramifications of chlorine feed rates - this is what EPAmeans when they talk about a simultaneous compliance issue.

Disinfection by-products may have historically been an owner's long-range concern whereasresiduals are more an operator's short-term issue. In successful systems the owner and theoperator both understand the importance of keeping the chlorinator turned down as low aspossible. These successful systems have determined that turning up the chlorinator is notnecessarily a good thing; it may be just for operator convenience. Daily chloramine residualand bacteriological concerns (the total coliform rule) should not cause disinfection by-productscompliance problems (the disinfection by-product rule).

3Chlorine is, by far, the most commonly used disinfectant in the drinking water treatment industry and all water suppliers using chloramines are required

to maintain a minimum combined chlorine residual of 0.6 milligram per liter throughout their drinking water distribution system at all times per FDEP Rule62-555.320(12)(d), FAC.

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7TheAmmonia Feed System is Correctly Operated. Successful systems understand

that chloramine fed systems require operator expertise and understanding of the correctstoichiometry and maintenance of the injector and feed system. They understand that

when the chlorine demand changes in the source water the ammonia feed system feed ratemust be recalculated and readjusted.

FRWA has found with repeated experience that operational problems with chloramine systemsare likely to include any or all of the following problems:

Modifications to the ammonia operational settings or installation that deviate from goodpractice, design, and theory.

Improper chlorine-to-ammonia ratios, stoichiometry, and feed calculations.

Incomplete and/or random distribution system flushing that leads to high water age.

Possible equipment malfunctions, such as chlorine or ammonia metering pumps orcalcification of the ammonia injector. Ammonia injectors must be cleaned morefrequently than chlorine injectors as they quickly foul up with calcium deposits.

Another chloramine success story recently occurred with a system in the Miami/Dade area. Ithad a long history of disinfection by-product exceedances prior to our involvement. During afollow-up site visit it was found by the FRWA Circuit Rider that the chlorine-to-ammonia ratiowas out of balance and the primary cause of the high disinfection by-products.

The circuit rider determined the correct stoichiometry ratio, which required: 1) finding thechlorine residual (not feed rate) and resetting the ammonia to the appropriate dosage; 2)determining the best ratio to produce the very stable monochloramine (NH2CI, see Figure 3)provides the; and 3) adjusting the ammonia pump based on the strength of the ammoniasulfate solution.

Monochloramine is produced when three to five parts of chlorine are feed to one part ofammonia the most optimal range for chlorine-to-ammonia feed is 4.5 Cl2 to 1 NH3-N. It iseasy to overfeed chlorine or ammonia, see the ChloramineBreakpoint Curve in Figure 4 below. When chlorine isoverfed in relation to ammonia (stoichiometric ratios greaterthan 5 Cl2 to 1 NH3-N) dichloramine (NHCl2) andtrichloramine (NCI3) compounds are produced; these do notprovide adequate bacteriological protection, are ineffectiveat disinfection by-product control, and produce undesirabletaste and odor. Although overfeeding chlorine isundesirable, overfeeding ammonia is worse and can greatlycontribute to nitrification (stoichiometric ratios less than 2.5Cl2 to 1 NH3-N).

Figure 3 - Monochloramine, NH2CI

The system was actually feeding about twice therecommended level of chlorine-to-ammonia (about 8 Cl2 to 1 NH3-N). The solution was simple

adjust the metering pumps to feed the correct ratios of chlorine and ammonia. This was


done and the correct settings were recorded for future reference. When the system re-sampled the disinfection by-product levels fell -- total trihalomethanes which ranged 140 - 271ppb fell down to 60 ppb and haloacetic acids went from 110 - 280 ppb down to 32.5 ppb.

(5:1 Cl2 : NH3-NRatio by Weight)

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Free AvailableChlorine Residuals

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Figure 4- Chloramine Breakpoint Curve

This real life experience demonstrates that chlorine and ammonia ratios have a significantimpact on returning the disinfection by-product levels within the MCL. Some "tweaking" of thechemical feed rations will still be necessary, as it is apparent to the circuit rider and operatorthat the levels must be further reduced as the Florida summer sun heats up.

8 Periodic Free Chlorine Burning Reduces Potential Nitrification. Systems successfulin controlling nitrification and keeping chloramine demands down periodically convert tofull strength free chlorine. This is necessary to kill the biofilm and autotrophic nitrifying

bacteria. Often called "burning", the length of time for free chlorination starts at a couple ofdays or longer with the proper notifications to customers and the local FDEP office per Rule62-555.350(10)(c), FAC. Chloramines have a tendency to break down in the distributionsystem given long residence times.

We received a call from a central Florida water system asking for help with numerous odorcomplaints. Customers were calling about hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg odor) coming fromtheir taps and the operator was unable to keep chlorine residuals even though they doubledfeed rates. After quizzing the operator some more we discovered that the system had installedchloramines three months prior and the system had never flushed. It was determined that afull-blown nitrification event was occurring. We recommended that ammonia feed betemporarily discontinued and switch to raised levels of free chlorine for two or three weeks

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along with customer and FDEP notifications. The raised chlorine levels should accompanyaggressive flushing prior to returning to chloramines.

Stepwise Approach for Disinfection By-Product Reduction. Successful ChloramineSystems use a stepwise approach to reduce disinfection by-products - a combination ofmethodologies in addition to chloramines. The objective is to begin with effective / inexpensivemeasures first and work toward more extensive / expensive changes. The hierarchy ofapproach begins with low cost operational changes and moves to new treatment units. Figure5 below outlines the time-tested approach. Each system that has carefully followed theserecommendations has been successful in lowering DBPs1

Initiate Chlorination Changes (move chlorine point)

Clean / Flush Tanks & Distribution System

Install Automatic Flushing Valves

Lower Chlorine Dose and Residual Rates

Consider Altemative Disinfection Options (Chloramination)

Lastly Consider New Treatment Units (GAC, MIEX, RO, etc.)

start Here

" Instituting EPAsDBP ReductionBest ManagementPractices

Figure 5 - Stepwise Approach for DBPs Reduction

One Final Chloramine Success Story. A system called to complain about their flushingprogram results. Disinfection by-products went up instead of down. Total trihalomethaneswere at 95 ppb before flushing and 145 after! As we talked, the whole story became clear.The system only flushed just before taking the quarterly samples and they flushed starting 24-hours before sampling. This was a case of, "If two aspirins make me feel better, then howabout the whole bottle?" Only part of the message was received and implemented.

The system had made no other changes - the tanks were not cleaned, the water system wasstill coated with biofilm and laden with debris as before, chlorine dosage was the same, thechlorination point was not moved, and they had no automatic flushing valves.

We were able to explain that too much of a good thing sometimes produces bad results.Flushing only before sampling stirs up the sediment in the tank and mains, making the watermore turbid, and water quality worse.

The system followed our recommendation and did all that we suggest and disinfection by-products went down, this time to one-third of the previous levels!

To answer the questions:

What makes for a successful chloramination experience? Chloramines are successfulwhen operators and owners realize that chloramination is only the first step in a multi-stepprocess to substantially limit the formation of disinfection by-products in the water treatmentplant and out in the distribution system. The water system from the well to the last customerneeds to be as clean as possible and flushed weekly. Chlorine dosages need to be as low as


possible. The operator and owner must have a firm understanding of the simultaneouscompliance issues and chlorine-ammonia chemistry.

And why do chloramines work at one system and not another? Chloramination by itselfcannot completely control disinfection by-products and lack of proactive operation is a sureway to make it fail.


SIDEBAR 1

FRWA Recommends Against Chloramines as First Choice. When considering alternativesfor disinfection by-product control, we recommend water professionals first seriously focus oncleaning up the water before chlorination and then keeping the distribution system and tanksas clean as possible. Better water treatment means a fresher product delivered to customers.It is counterintuitive to add ammonia (a pollutant) to drinking water and as a result FRWA hasnot been encouraging chloramination, but will help any system that chooses it as long as theyare willing to aggressively clean and flush their system.

So it is VITAL to remove any and all sediment and biological matter from the hydropneumatictank and water mains before installing the ammonia feed system. This is a multi-step process

forget one step and problems are likely to occur and chlorine dosages cannot be loweredadequately to comply with the disinfection by-product rule.

Without a continual and systematic flushing program water out in the distribution system willgrow old, chlorine levels drop, and biofilm bacteria is allowed to multiply out of control. Thischange in water chemistry is the ideal environment for nitrification - nitrosomonas andnitrobacters.

Chloramines produce fewer disinfection by-products and they have not been the subject ofEPA's attention and may be regulated sometime in the future. And as a result reliance onchloramines may be short-lived and closely regulated by EPA as trihalomethanes andhaloacetic acids.

Florida Rural Water Association Successful Chloramination Systems FR1NA Whitepaper Sidebar 1 of 3

SIDEBAR 2

Background Information on Chloramines.4 Chlorine has been safely used for more than100 years for disinfection of drinking water to protect public health from diseases, which arecaused by bacteria, viruses, and other disease causing organisms. Chloramines, themonochloramine form in particular, have also been used as a disinfectant since the 1930's.Chloramines are produced by combining chlorine and ammonia. While obviously toxic at highlevels, neither pose health concerns to humans at the levels used for drinking waterdisinfection.

Chloramines are weaker disinfectants than chlorine, but are more stable, thus extendingdisinfectant benefits throughout a water utility's distribution system. They are not used as theprimary disinfectant for your water. Chloramines are used for maintaining a disinfectantresidual in the distribution system so that disinfected drinking water is kept safe. Chloraminecan also provide the following benefits:

Chloramines are not as reactive as chlorine with organic material they producesubstantially lower concentrations of disinfection byproducts in the distribution system.

Because the chloramine residual is more stable and longer lasting than free chlorine, itprovides better protection against bacterial regrowth in systems with large storage tanksand dead-end water mains.

Chloramine, like chlorine, is effective in controlling biofilm, which is a slime coating inthe pipe caused by bacteria. Controlling biofilms also tends to reduce coliform bacteriaconcentrations and biofilm-induced corrosion of pipes.

Because chloramine does not tend to react with organic compounds, many systems willexperience less incidence of taste and odor complaints when using chloramine

4 USEPA. Background Information on Chloramines. http://www.epa.goviregion9/water/chloramine.html

Florida Rural Water Association Successful Chloramination Systems FRWA Whitepaper Sidebar 2 of 3

SIDEBAR 3

What Factors Increase Disinfection By-Products?

Disinfection by-products are formed when chlorine reacts with organic materials (tannins, etc.).Organic materials are found in the source water and biogrowth / debris in the distributionsystem and storage tanks. The measure of organic materials in water treatment is known asTotal Organic Carbon (TOC). When TOCs are greater than 5 mg/L disinfection by-productformation becomes a concern for systems trying to meet the Disinfection By-Product MCLssystems over 9 mg/L TOC have chronic DBP problems without treatment.

Disinfection by-product creation is accelerated by the following conditions:

High chlorine dosage ratesLong reaction times or high water ageHigh temperaturesHigh organic material content (TOC greater than 5 mg/L)pH more trihalomethanes are created with high pH and more haloacetic acids with lowpH watersIf the system has higher levels of haloacetic acids than trihalomethanes the chlorinedosages have been found to be excessive much more chlorine is being used than isprudent.

FRWA experience with dozens of water systems has shown that excessive chlorine dosagespush the disinfection by-product reaction to the extreme. Trihalomethanes are created andthen destroyed, forming additional haloacetic acids. FRWA has found these conditionsfrequently occur when water system is operated by part-time personnel or contract operators --operators tend to turn the chlorine up to avoid bacteriological issues and raise residuals (short-term operational issues), without concern about exceeding the disinfection by-product MCLs (along-term treatment issue).

Different disinfectants produce different types or amounts of disinfection byproducts.Disinfection byproducts for which regulations have been established have been identified indrinking water, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite.

Florida Rural Water Association Successful Chloramination Systems FRWA Whitepaper Sidebar 3 of 3

Chloramine Production & Monitoringin Florida's Water Supply Systems

Source

waters in many areas of the statecontain elevated levels of total organic car-bon (TOC) which combines with free

chlorine to produce disinfection byproducts(DBPs). These compounds are regulated at 80parts per billion and 60 parts per billion for totaltrihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Meetingthese low regulatory limits can be difficult whenfree chlorine is used as a disinfectant.

With the increase in regulatory attentionsuch as the new Stage 2, Initial DistributionSystem Evaluation, rules that require all pub-lic water supply systems to report elevatedDBP values, and given the problems meetingcurrent rules, many water treatment systemshave elected to switch to chloramines as theirsecondary disinfectant.

Chloramination, or producing chlorineby adding ammonia in the presence of freechlorine, has been used by many water treat-ment systems for a number of years for con-trolling the production of DBPs. The processof forming chloramines is well understoodand consists of adding ammonia in the pres-ence of free chlorine in a ratio of about 3-5milligrams per liter (mg/1) free chlorine to 1mg,/1 of ammonia.

Unfortunately, switching water systemsfrom free chlorine to chloramine creates newand unexpected problems. Attempting to findan explanation for what is occurring is noteasy, and when problems grow worse, the sys-tem operator is left with no other option thanto switch back to free chlorine disinfection andperforming a "burn."

A burn is a process that lasts several

Figure 1

HOCI

Cl-o

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

pH

Robert D. McVay

weeks, during which superchlorinating withfree chlorine is used to destroy problematic or-ganisms and unstable conditions in the watersystem. When this happens, DBPs often exceedregulatory limits, sloughing of pipeline growthand sediments can occur, and customers re-ceive high concentrations of chlorine, often re-sulting in taste and odor complaints.

Fortunately, the use of chloramines and thecontrol of problems in the distribution systemfollow predictable patterns that can be identifiedand corrected before conditions deteriorate to apoint where problems occur. This article exam-ines the concepts in the formation and the use ofchloramines and suggests pre-emptive tech-niques to identify the status of deteriorating con-ditions and implement corrective actions to lceepthe chloramination process under control. Thework supporting these recommendations wasperformed in a Florida Department of Environ-mental Protection-sponsored study for the LakeCity Florida Water System conducted in 2008.

Understanding Chlorine Additionfor Primary Disinfection

DBPs are formed when chlorine, in theform of hypochlorous acid formed in the dis-infection process, is allowed to contact natu-rally occurring organic material. To controlthe production of DBPs effectively, threemethods can be employed:

Remove the organic precursors that are re-active with the chlorine.Decrease the amount of hypochlorous acidavailable for the reaction.Decrease the time of contact between theorganic material and the acid.

Generally, operators will accomplish allthese objectives by moving chlorine dosingpoints to locations that allow some precursorremoval to occur within the plant and thenlower free chlorine concentrations to only thoselevels needed to meet regulatory requirements.

When in-plant strategies are not success-ful, many systems have chosen to reduce theamount of hypochlorous acid available for re-action within the distribution system byswitching to chloramine as a secondary disin-fectant. Free chlorine or other disinfectant isused to provide primary disinfection and meetinitial disinfectant demand, and chloramine isused as the secondary disinfectant, i.e., in the

16 APRIL 2009 FLORIDA WATER RESOURCES JOURNAL

Robert McVay, PE., is the drinking watertrainer for the Florida Rural Water Associa-tion. His duties include assisting watertrecnment systems that experience disinfec-

tion byprodud problems and troubleshoot-ing small- and medium-size watertreatment plants in Florida. This article was

presented as a technical paper at theFSAWWA Fall Conference in November2007

distribution system. The purpose of second-ary disinfection is to provide enough disinfec-tant to prevent bacteriological growth.

It is useful to review the mechanisms ofhow free chlorine and chloramines are madein the disinfection process. When free chlorine(C12) is initially added to water, it goes througha series of chemical actions and eventuallysplits into two components: hypochlorous acid(the active compound that forms the DBPs)and the hypochlorite ion.

Although both hypochlorous acid andthe hypochorite ion provide disinfection, thehypochorous acid that is formed is muchstronger than the ion. The amount ofhypochlorous acid or the hypochlorite ionformed is completely dependent on pH. Theserelationships are shown in Figure 1.

As can be seen from the curve, when thepH of the water is around 7.5, a value near mostFlorida groundwaters, the relative concentra-tions of hypochlorous acid is around 50 per-cent. If pH is lowered, more hypochlorous acidis available and more DBPs form at a faster rate.

Conversely, when pH is increased, theavailable hypochlorous acid is lower and DBPformation will be slower. As the pH ap-proaches 8, the relative portion of thehypochlorous acid is about 20 percent.

Above a pH of 9, most of the chlorine isin the form of the less effective hypochloriteion, and disinfectant ability will be about 1percent of the disinfectant power compared tothe acid form. Raising pH does have a signifi-cant drawback: As the amount of hypochlor-ous acid is reduced, disinfection ability isreduced accordingly.

The practical significance of this fact inContinued on page 18

100908070605040302010

o

8.5

8

P 7 5H

7

6.5

FREE CHLORINE

0.2 0.6 1.0 2 3 5 7 10 PPM

550 600 650 700 750

Continued from page 16water treatment is that free chlorine residualdoes not indicate microbial inactivation un-less pH is acwunted for. This limitation can beavoided when the hypochlorous acid compo-nent is measured directly, which can be ac-complished by the use of an ORP meter.

An ORP meter will provide an estimateof the inactivation power of chlorine at anygiven pH. An ORP value of 650 mV has beenused since mid-1980 for municipal drinkingwater in Europe to maintain high oxidativeconditions in water distribution systems.

Figure 2 illustrates how this value relatesto current Florida Department of Environ-mental Protection residual requirements forfree chlorine in a water distribution system. AtOFtP values between 500 and 600 mV, bacter-ial inactivation will occur but it will requiremuch longer contact time to be effective.

To understand how chlorine forms DBPswith a source water that contains chlorine-de-manding substances, it is necessary to developa breakpoint chlorination curve. An example isillustrated in Figure 3, where the X-axis showsthe amount of free chlorine added continu-ously to a source water sample and the Y-axisshows the total chlorine residual present.

Total chlorine is in a combined form (Yaxis) until all the inorganic and organic demandis satisfied. In other words, until the initial inor-ganic demand has been oxidized, no hypochlor-ous acid is available for organic reactions.

The reactions shown on the breakpointcurve are unique for each water system, but

ORP mV

800 850 900

Figure 2: Breakpoint Chlorination Curve and Chloramine Development

they follow the general pattern illustrated inFigure 3. Note that between the segments la-beled 1 and 2, free chlorine has been added butno chlorine residual of any kind is shown onthe left Y-axis because within this range, thechlorine is reacting with inorganic con-stituents in the water such as iron, manganese,hydrogen sulfide, and any ammonia that may


5:1 \in

4:1

11/4 3:1

be naturally present.This oxidation-reduction reaction will

proceed to completion until all inorganic sub-strate is consumed. Within this range. freechlorine may be added to the water withoutproducing any significant DBPs. This conceptis important because many Florida watersources contain iron, hydrogen sulfide, andbackground ammoniaall inorganic-de-manding substances that can be oxidized withchlorine without producing significant DBPs.

Between segments 2 and 3, there are nolonger any unreacted inorganic compounds inthe water, and oxidation of organic contami-nants that produce DBPs will now occur. Toprevent this undesirable situation, many watertreatment plants with DBP problems haveswitched to the use of chloramines. Chlo-ramine is produced by adding 1 mg/1 ammo-Dia to a ratio of between 3 mg/1 to 5 mg/1measured free chlorine.

Note that when the chlorine to ammoniaratio exceeds about 5 mg/1 chlorine to 1 mg/Iammonia, the_production of other chloramineproducts besides monochloramine occurs si-multaneously with a decrease in the measuredtotal chlorine residual concentration. These re-actions result in additional chlorine demand.Note that when the 5:1 ratio is exceeded,monochloramine (NH2C1) is being convertedinto dichloramine (NHC12), and finally asmore chlorine is added, the dichloramine isconverted to nitrogen trichloride before offgassing as nitrogen.

The most desirable form of chloramine isContinued on page 20

>5.5:1

FREEAVAILABLERESIDUAL

COMBINED RESIDUAL

oOf

>8:1

CHLORINE ADDED

Figure 3: Breakpoint Chlorination Curve Showing affects of Various Chlorine-to-Ammonia Ratios

L

rig NIa IIlk

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Temperature 25linity 100 mg/I500 mg/I 1 1

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Continued from page 18monochloramine (NH2CI) and it will pre-dominate below the 5:1 free-chlorine-to-ammonia ratio. As the amount of free chlorineexceeds the 5:1 ratio, dichloramine is producedand the total chlorine residual will fall off ap-

Figure 4: Production of Various Species ofChloramine by Increasing Chlorine Doses

breakpoint curveIf additional free chlorine is added beyond

point 4 on the curve, then "brealcpoint," or thepoint where free ammonia will be released to theatmosphere, will be reached. The figure showsthat breakpoint chlorination is reached at a ratioof free chlorine to ammonia at a ratio of about10:1, resulting in the formation of nitrogen gas,nitrate, and nitrogen diloride, as well ashypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ion.

Point 4 on the curve represents the pointwhere free chlorine or hypochlorous acid andthe hypochlorite ion can be measured in awater treatment plant or in a water distribu-tion system as free chlorine. When chloramineis used as a secondary disinfectant, hypochlor-ous acid is not present.

It is important that the chlorine be addedprior to the ammonia. Ammonia is a nutrient,and adding it to water prior to the chlorinewill encourage biological growth and bacter-

Tobk 1 : Time to 99 'Percent C,onversionof Chlorine to Monochloromine

pH Time (seconds)

12

42114701

0.06933.2

Chlorine Dose, mg C12/mg NH4-N

ial resistance to the added disinfectants.When ammonia is added to water con-

taining hypochlorous acid, the production ofchloramines occurs instantaneously with therate of reaction controlled by pH. The reactionrates are shown in Table 1. The arrow indicatesthe range of Florida source waters that are typ-ically between a pH of 6.8 and 7.8. In this range,chloramine production is instantaneous.

Determining Chlorine Demandfor Your Water System

It is imperative that water systems iden-tify their chlorine demand so free chlorinedosage can be minimized at the plant andchlorine residuals can be maintained in thedistribution system at the 0.20 mg/1 free chlo-rine or 0.60 mg/I chloramine levels requiredby the state of Florida.

When performing DBP analysis on theirfinished water at the plant, operators at manysystems find that after implementing the con-trols described above, DBPs produced at theplant are at least 25 percent less than thoseproduced in the distribution system. Excessivefree chlorine residuals in the distribution sys-tem increase the reaction rates with organic


material and thus produce more DBPs. Con-versely with chloramine, if significant excessresidual is not maintained, the chloramine willhave a tendency to break down, which can leadto loss of disinfection ability, the formation ofDBPs, slime growth, and nitrification.

The substances that cause disinfectant de-mand are indicative of the source water qual-ity. These are also the compounds thattypically cause water quality customer com-plaints. Most source waters contain a varietyof both inorganic and organic contaminantswhose chlorine demand can be identified witha simple jar test without knowledge of thetypes of concentrations of the contaminants.

A disinfection "jar test" is a simple proce-dure in which a known amcentration of chlo-rine, such as the approximate 5.25 percenthousehold bleach, is used to make a chlorinedosing "standard." To facilitate cakulations, add5 ml of the bleach to 1 liter of de-ionized waterto make an approximate 200-mg/1 standard so-lution. Check the concentration of the standardby adding 5 ml to 1 liter if de-ionized water. Thefree chlorine concentration should register on aDPD meter near 1 mg/1 free chlorine.

Once the standard's concentration is de-termined with the meter, it can then used todose 1-liter source water samples in 2.5-ml, 5-ml, and 10-mg/1 increments. The combinedand free residual dilorine levels are then meas-ured after 15 minutes to develop the classicbreakpoint chlorination curve.

The chlorine demand test will provide theoperator with a good estimate of the chlorine-demanding substances that are available im-mediately and will identify the minimumchlorine dose that can be added to achievebreakpoint. This is important because exces-sive chlorine being added will increase the pro-duction of DBPs within the treatment plant.

Estimating Chlorine DemandUsing Known Contaminant

Concentrations

Chlorine demand also can be estimatedContinued on page 22

Table 2: Determin-ing Chemical De-mand from SourceWater LaboratoryAnalysis

ChemicalConstituent(m0

Col. AMultiplier

Col. BSource WaterConcentration

(mg/1)

Col. A s Col. BChlorineDemand010

Fe 0.64Mn 1.3

H2 S 1

NO2 5

NH3 12

Org-N 1

TOC 0.1

Total

_ .t IS

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Table 3: Oxidative States of CommonOxidants Used in Water Treatment

Continued from page 20by using the laboratory or field sampling kitvalues for eight contarninants that are signifi-cant in demanding chlorine: iron, manganese,hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, organic nitrogen,nitrite, and total organic carbon (TOC). Table2 illustrates how to use these laboratory valuesto determine chlorine demand.

This method provides a quick check onthe chlorine demanding-substances. Note thatthe demand exerted by very small concentra-tions of naturally occurring ammonia is ex-tremely high and will dominate the demandfor free chlorine. It is not uncommon forFlorida source waters to contain some meas-urable ammonia.

Also note that the demand for organicsubstances is typically less than 10 percent ofthe demand total and can be estimated byusing a representative value of 5 mg-C/1 forTOC if unknown. Organic nitrogen can be ig-nored when evaluating groundwater.

Chloramine DisinfectantMechanisms

The ability of chloramine to inactivatepathogens begins to degrade relatively early ina distribution system. This process occurswithin a few days after the monochloramine isapplied and is known as autodegradation.

For each 3 moles of monoc.hloramine de-graded, 1 mole of amrnonia will be released. Thedegradation will continue to occ-ur the longerthe chlorarnines are detained. This is the reasonthat water systems are encouraged to flush.

If organic material is present in the distri-bution system, chloramines will oxidize organiccontaminants in the water, releasing ammonium.Both autodegradation and organic reactionsfavor the start of nitrification because ammoniais released into the distribution system.

Natural Degradationof Monochloramine (NH2CI)

Three degradation equations for mono-chloramine that occur in any water system areshown below. Note that in each case that theend product is either ammonia or the ammo-nium ion that both contribute to nitrification.

Equation #1: Autodecomposition3NH2C1 N2 +NH3 + 3H+

Equation #2: Oxidation of Organic Matter.105H702N + NH2C1 + .9H20.4CO2 + .1HC01- +1.1 NH4- + Cl-

Equation #3: Reduction by NitriteNH2C1 + NO2- +H20 NH3 + NO3- + HC1

All of these forms of degradation ofmonochloramine are exacerbated by long de-tention times such as in dead-end pipes or instorage tanks. Most water system operators donot know the residence times in their distri-bution systems. Studies have found that manyaverage-size water distribution systems haveresidence times that exceed 12 days in someplaces. In some smaller systems, residencetimes as high as 24 days are not uncommon.These residence times are more than adequateto favor monochloramine degradation.

Since the mechanisms of the degradationof chloramine are well known, it is recom-mended that water distribution systems targeta 2.5-mg/1 level in stagnant areas of the distri-bution system to avoid the problems discussed

we. OPP MaeTree swirl Olipples


3

Smolt Lomita%

Figure 5

previously. When 2.5 mg/1 of monochlo-ramine is maintained, it has been found to in-pede nitrification significantly.

Monitoring Chloramine Levelsin Water Distribution System

Monitoring chloramine residuals is es-sential to avoid loss of disinfection. nitrifica-tion. and biofilm growth in the distributionsystem. Direct measurement of free chlorineand total chlorine residual is always the pre-ferred method of determining the concentra-tions and the type of disinfectants present, butit does not necessarily identify a problem con-dition unless other indicators are present.

Conventional methods of identifyingchloramine breakdown and nitrificationepisodes indude noting reduced disinfectionresidual; DO depletion; reduction in pH andalkalinity; the presence of ammonia, nitrate,and nitrite; and the increased growth of het-erotrophic bacteria. Unfortunately, identifica-tion of these constituents are all indicators thata problem is in progress and possibly out ofcontrol, so more predictive methods must beemployed as are discussed in the followingparagraphs.

Maintaining a Highly Oxidative(ORP) Environment

in a Water Distribution System

Nitrification is unlikely at high oxidativestates, since these states tend to inhibit the or-

OPP tolIPar TpsOla IMPloorit

PAW

s OOPo I g IF (We)

Soap% lilrear

Oxidant E° Volts

Hydroxyl Radical 2.85Ozone 2.08Hydrogen Peroxide 1.78Permanganate 1.68Hypochlorous Ion 1.64Hypochlorous Acid 1.48Monochloramine 1.40Dichloramine 1.34Oxygen 1.23

Continued from page 23linity in the water is consumed and the pH willdrop. A drop in pH is thus an indicator thatnitrification is occurring. The conditions fornitrite conversion require a lower oxidationconcentration as shown in the figure above.These bacteria are known as nitrogen oxidiz-ing bacteria (NOB).

Figure 7: Lake City, FloridaChloramination and Nitrification Study, FRWA 2008,Temperature Correlations

1111WOOM

ire

Lowered oxidation conditions in a watersystem also promote the growth of biofilin-active bacteria that include both AOB and NOB.These and other bacteria that proliferate underlowered oxidation conditions further compli-cate the problem in maintaining a chloramineresidual in the water distribution system.

a !oiltataFM op

oNO MILD%WM

+tow MAMG4

Figure 8: Lake City, FloridaChloramination & Nitrification Study, FRWA 2008,Chloramine/Tank Fluctuation Relationships

24 APRIL 2009 FLORIDA WATER RESOLTRCES JOURNAL

Proactive Chloramine Monitoring

Water systems can avoid creating the con-ditions for nitrification by water system mon-itoring and taldng pre-emptive actions such asflushing or increasing chloramine levels to en-sure that adequate oxidative conditions aremaintained to prevent bacterial growth.

In monitoring system parameters withinthe Lake City Water System, temperature was asimple, often-overlooked parameter that pro-vided good chloramine degradation correla-tion. The temperatures taken along the water'sroute from the water treatment plant to a waterstorage tank are shown in Figure 7. It becameclear that water temperature was being affectedby a local water storage tank that was dominat-ing water volume in the inunediate area.

These pipeline temperature readings dearlyindicate correlation with storage tank fluctua-tions. Additional sampling of chlorarnine con-centrations with known tank fluctuationsprovided the results shown in Figure 8.

The chloramine degradation conditionsidentified in Figure 8 were easily corrected byplant management by ensuring better cyclingin water storage tanks during periods of lowpeak demand.

Flushing to IncreaseChloramine Effectiveness

The most common method of maintain-ing chloramine residual within a water systemat remote locations is to ensure adequateturnover of the water. Unfortunately, a flush-ing program for a distribution system can bevery labor intensive. Manufacturers have de-veloped automated flushing valves for thispurpose, as shown in Figure 9.

Flushing can be an effective method formoving fresh chloramine and improving theoxidative state in a water distribution system,

Figure 9: Automatic Flushing ValveCOURTESY KUPFERLE FOUNDRY CO.

111

Table 4: Using Chemical Parameters toDetermine Effectiveness of Chloramines

in a Water Distribution System

Continued from page 25American Water Works Association, 1999Alternative Disinfection Guidance Manual,Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants,USEPA, April 1999Charlotte D. Smith, Monitoring for Nitrifi-cation Prevention and Control, Manual 56,AWWA, 2003Small Water System Operation and Mainte-nance, A Field Study Guide, California StateUniversity, Sacramento, 1999Trevor Suslow, Oxidation Reduction Poten-tial (ORP) for Water Disinfection Monitor-ing, Control and Documentation,University of California, Publication 8149Introduction to ORP as the Standard forPostharvest Water Disinfection Monitoring,UC Davis Vegetable Research CenterTroy Hamberger, Methods of ControllingNitrogen Using ORP, Florida Rural WaterAssociation, White PaperSensorex, Technical Education Series, Whatis ORP?, http://www.sensorex.com, 2007Flushing Programs and Hydrant Mainte-nance, Texas Commission on Environ-mental Quality, 2007

D.L. Harp, Specific and Effective Methodsfor Controlling Chloramination of Waters,Hach Chemical Company, 2007Jacques M. Steinninger, PPM or ORP:Which Should Be Used?, Swimming PoolAge and Spa Merchandiser, Nov. 1985Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification

26 APRIL 2009 FLORIDA WATER RESOURCES JOLTRNAL

in Chloraminated Drinking Water Systems,M56, AWWA, 2006Robert McVay P.E, Chloramination andNirification Study, Lake City Florida, Pres-entation at the 2008 FDEP Drinking WaterAnnual Meeting, Orland, Florida, August2008 0

# Chemical Constituent Change Likely Reason for Drop

1. Decrease in Chloramine Residual orresidual to below 1 mg/1

Age of chloramine likelyexceeds three days andbreakdown is occurring

2. The Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)of the water has changed by more than 25mv to 50 mv. From a previous reading.

Chloramines are degrading

3. Chloramine Residual is low, can not bemaintained and is dropping

Biological growth is occurringand is releasing organic productsthat increase demand

4. Ammonia is Present Chloramine is breaking downand releasing anunonia

5. Nitrites are present Nitrification is occurring6. pH and alkalinity are dropping Nitrification is occurring7. Higher levels of DBPs are occurring in the

Distribution System with no other sourcewater quality changes

Chloramines are brealcing downand organic products are beingproduced

8. Onset of very hot weather with reducedchloramine residuals

High ambient temperatures >90° F heatin. up storage tanks

usDA malt.DeRuraT--,-.Z.

cI es et. fur.. et te

This is a grant only program of Rural Development used to support the devel-

opment of smafi emerging private business enterprises in rural areas.

RURAL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE GRANT (RBEG)

Quid Reference Fact Sheet

Eligibility

These grants can be made to public bodies

and private nonprofit corporations that serve

rural areas. When funds are limited,

applications will be scored and ranked for

funding based on Rural Development

established priorities related to population,

economic conditions, experience,

commitment of business or industry to the

locations, substantial commitment of non-

federal funds to the project, and existence of

certain unusual conditions.

Small and emerging private businesses

would generally be ones that will employ 50

or less new employees and have less than

$1,000,000 in projected gross revenues.

e..Rural areas include all territory of the state

that is not within the outer boundary of any

city having a population of 50,000 or more

and its immediately adjacent urbanized and

urbanizing areas with a population density of

more than one hundred persons per square

mile.

These grant funds may be used to finance

and develop small and emerging private

business enterprises in rural areas including

but not limited to the following:

1. Acquisition and development of land,easements, and rights-of-way.

2. Construction, conversion,enlargement, repairs ormodemization of buildings, plants,machinery, equipment, access streetsand roads, parking areas, Willies,pollution control and abatementfacilities.

3. Loans for start-up operating cost andworking capital.

4. Technical assistance for proposedgrantee projects.

5. Reasonable fees and charges forprofessional services necessary forthe planning and development for theproject including packaging.

Services must be provided by individualslicensed in accordance with appropriatestate accreditation associations.

6. Refinance of debts exclusive ofinterest incurred by or on behalf of anassociation before an application for a

grant when all of the following exist:

The debts were incurred for thefacility or part thereof or service tobe installed or improved with thegrant.

Arrangements cannot be made withthe creditors to extend or modifythe terms of the existing debt.

7. Providing financial assistance to thirdparties through a loan.

RURAL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE GRANT (RBEG) USDA amikEtzt...rpment

Quick Reference Fact Sheettomming tiptoe-1mm at nial carsivalida.

If the grant funds are to be used to providefinancial assistance to third parties eitherthrough revolving loans or lease of facilitiesby grantee; at least 51 percent of theoutstanding interest in the project must havemembership or be owned by those who areeither citizens of the United States or residein the United States after having beenlegally admitted for permanent residence.

Training when necessary, in connectionwith technical assistance.

Production of television programs toprovide information on issues ofimportance to farmers and ruralresidents.

Ineligible PurposeTo produce agriculture products through

growing, cultivation, and harvesting

either directly or through horizontally

integrated livestock operations except

for commercial nurseries, timber

operations, or limited agricultural

production related to technical

assistance projects.

To finance comprehensive type

planning.

This does not preclude the use of grant

funds for planning for a given project.

For loans by grantees when the rates,

term and charges for these loans are

not reasonable or would be for

purposes not eligible as described

above.

For programs operated by cable

television systems.

To fund a part of a project dependent

on other funding unless there is a firm

commitment of the other funding to

ensure completion of the project.

- s s

Interested parties are encouraged to

contact their local Area Office for

guidance prior to the submission of a Pre-

application. The Area Office staff will be

glad to discuss services available through

Rural Development and explain how to

prepare a written application.

CONTACTS

Florida/USVI Area Offices

Crestview ir:82 2,11e

Marianna

Lake City 7

Ocala -

Davenport Sr_,

Royal Palm Beach t-

FloridalUSVI Sub Offices

N Fort Myers

St. Croix USIA :4t) 14-

Florida/USVI State Office

Gainesyill

I - -

@Recycled Paper

David Kraus, Senior Staff AssistantColumbia County Board of County CommissionersP.O. Box 1529Lake City, FL 32056-1529

RE: Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for Ellisville Water Treatment Plant

Dem Mr. Kraus,

Southeast Rural Community Assistance Project, Inc (Southeast RCAP) is a non-profit organizationheadquartered in Roanoke, VA that provides free technical assistance to rural corrununities, ruralcounties, and non-profit water and wastewater utility companies or associations. SoutheastRCAP is located in seven states that include Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Southeast RCAP appreciates the opportunity to assistColumbia County Staff by performing an ERP which provides general guidance for respondingto small and large scale emergencies at the Ellisville Water Treatment Plant.

An emergency may be defmed as any disruptive event that affects the safety or operation ofEllisville's water system. The ERP should be considered a "living document" and should berevised on annual basis at a minimum. Southeast RCAP would like to suggest that ColumbiaCounty staff periodically review the plan and rehearse how staff should handle an emergency.Remember, mistakes made during rehearsals don't cost much, but mistakes made during a",real emergency" could easily cost lives! Reviewing or rehearsing the ERP every 6 monthswill help new personnel become familiar with their role in the emergency plan as well as remindthe experienced personnel of their role and perhaps identify areas of the plan that needimprovement.

If you have any questions regarding the ERP, please contact me at 352-213-3426 or e-mailcking,sercap.org.

Sincerely,

SOUTHEAS COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE PROJECT, INC

SOUTHEAST RURAL COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE PROJECT, INC.

Water Is Life©

M. King, E.I.tate Teclmical Assistance Provider

2135 NW 40th Terrace, Suite A Gainesville, FL 32605-3548(352) 379-9802 FAX (352) 379-8874

Regional Office: (540) 345-1184 FAX: (540) 342-2932

Water is fife

747 "'" 4r--

ct4xto,,A *statist

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Southeast RCAP Page 1 of 25 ERP- Ellisville Water Plant


Section 1Communication Charts, continued

Southeast Rural

Community Assistance

Project, Inc

Water Is Life.


We recommend that you establish

Emergency Notificationa relationship with these

Listagencies before you need them!

Organization or Department Name & Position Telephone Cell Phone e-mail

DEP NE District Office-Kenton Brown

Emergency Response904-8073246 N/A Kenton.brownOdep.state.fi.us

DEP NE District Office-Blanca Rodriguez

Drinking Water Compliance904-807-3300

Ext 3303N/A [email protected]

Columbia County Emergency Shayne Morgan or Dutya : Officer

386-758-1125 N/AShavne moraan@columbiacount

vfla.com

Columbia County Manager Dale Williams 386-758-1005 N/ADale williamsecolumbiacountvfla

.COM

Hazmat Team / HotlineDavid Boozer

(Division Chief/Fire Marshall)386-758-9111 or 386-

754-7071N/A

david boozerAcolumbiacountytla.COM

. a a

Duty Officer (800)424-8802 (800)424-8802 N/A

a- - . -N/A N/A N/A N/A

Neighboring Water System(not connected)- David Clanton 386-752-2031 N/A clantondOldia.comCity of Lake City

Neighboring Water System 386-497-2321 (cfty Hall)

(not connected)- Ed Hudson Or N/A N/ATown of Fort White 3864973345 (PW Dept)

Southeast Rural CommunityAssistance

Cheryl King (352) 379-9802 (352) 213-3426 ckincasercap.ora

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLYSoutheast Rural

Ccanmunity Assistance

Project, Inc

Section 1Water Is Life.

ivklgeo, Communication Charts, continuedktektpr.3-tAkr;

1 - Ellisville -Columbia County does not provide water service to any priority customers except those listed.

I- i11 4 414

- :.Dale Williams. . - - . 386-758-1005

Columbia Coun Man erL- 1- Advance messages and information from Florida DEP and Clay County Health Department are located in

Appendixes A through E.

N/A

Service / Repair NotificationsOrganization Or

Name & Position Telephone Cell PhoneDepartment

emafl

Duty officerOutageFlorida Power & Light or

Company Duty officer-otherproblems

800-468-8243 or800-375-2434

N/A N/A

Flowers Chemical LabWater Test Lab

Duty Officer 850-973-6878 N/A N/A

BellSouthTelecommunications, Duty Officer 866-620-6900 N/A N/A

Inc d/b/a AT&T

Pump Supplier Russell N/A 386-937-9247 N/A

Safe Dig / One CallDuty Officer or

Utility locate request800-432-4770 or

811N/A [email protected]

Rental Equip N/A N/A N/A N/A

Davis Supply, Inc (DSI)Chemicals Duty Officer 727-849-5947 N/A N/A

(Chlorine Supplier)

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Bulk I bottled WaterN/ASu. lier N/A N/A N/A

ID

- - . . .1 - -

111 I N/A1 N/A N/A N/A

N/A1 N/A N/A N/A

" 11,01 N/Ai N/A N/A N/A

I N/A1 N/A N/A N/A

Charlie Johnson 386-466-6122 I 386-466-6122 I c.a.iohnson@att netI , I


Treatment Facilities

Store e Facilities


Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- Treatment &Storage Facilities

Southeast Rural

Ccmununity AssistanceProject, Inc

afalWater Is Life.

Southeast RCAP Page 7 of 25 ERP- Elllsville Water Plant

Description &

Condition

Not sure if there is a chlorination system at each well due b3 the water plant not having anyconnections.&Treatment facilities are in excellent operating condition (Newly constructed plant)

Vulnerability &The chlorination systems have stand-by generators. Make sure generators and transfer switchesare tested every month for a minimum of 30-minutes for proper operation during an emergency.

Securityimprovements

&The treatinent plant has security fencing and lighting. Due to the isolation of the water plant, it isprone to vandalism. The treatment plant is located in undeveloped areas where entry can be gainedby climbing the fence.&There is fencing; however there does not appear to be any signage to protect againstunauthorized entry (i.e., Warning! Tampering with this Facility is a Federal Offense; Notice - PublicDrinking Water Supply Facility - No Trespassing; etc).&The padlocks are tamper-proof (Padlock constructed to resist efforts aimed at unauthorizedopening of the padlock). Entry can be gained by cutting chain with the padlocks with bolt cutters.

Columbia County is in the process of coordinating with local law enforcement for increasedpatrols around the water facility.

Description &

Condition&Storage facilities are fenced&Storage facilities are in excellent operating condition (Newly water distribution system)

Vulnerability &Vandals could access storage hatches

SecurityImprovements

&The storage facilities have security fencing and lighting. Due to the isolation of the water plant, it isprone to vandalism. The treatment plant is located in undeveloped areas where entry can be gainedby climbing the fence.&There is fencing; however there does not appear to be any signage to protect againstunauthorized entry (i.e., Warning! Tampering with this Facility is a Federal Offense; Notice - PublicDrinking Water Supply Facility - No Trespassing; etc).&The padlocks are tamper-proof (Padlock constructed to resist efforts aimed at unauthorizedopening of the padlock). Entry can be gained by cutting chain with the padlocks with bolt cutters.

Columbia County is in the process of coordinating with local law enforcement for increasedpatrols around the storage facilities.

Distribution S stem


Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- DistributionSystem

Soudieast Rural

C.orrununity Assistance

Project, Inc.

angWater Is Lire.

Southeast RCAP Page 8 of 25 ERP- EllisvIlle Water Plant

System maps & computers are located in the water system's main office (Columbia County PVV)Description & Distribution System is in excellent operating condition (Newly water distribution system)Condition Ellisville-Columbia County does not have an active Valve & Fire Hydrant Exercise and Flushing

Program

VulnerabilityThe water system is most vulnerable to cross connection contamination from c,ontractors,residents and commercial customersThe distribution system can be vulnerable to bio-terrorist attack and vandalism

Security Educate water customers to recognize unusual activates near hydrants or valves and call 9-1-1Improvements f or Columbia County PW.


Section 3

Vulnerability Assessment- Vandalism or

Sabotage Response Procedures

Southeast Rural

Conuatunity Assistance

Proled. Inc.

nagWater Is Life.

A. Vandalism or Sabotage Response Procedures1. Columbia County water department staff first aware of incident:

Contacts David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or authorized representativeMr. Kraus or authorized representative calls 9-1-1 and/or Columbia County Sheriff Department

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or authorized representative determines severity ofincident and calls:

a) State Warning Point

3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative, determines need to contact others:Columbia County Emergency Management DepartmentColumbia County Health Departrnent-Environmental HealthDepartment of Environmental Protection, NE District OfficeColumbia County ManagerColumbia County Board of County Commissioners

4. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or authorized representative and Columbia County waterstaff assesses damage and directs repairs as needed:

Isolate components (i.e., water lines, wells)Minimize damage

C) Repair facilities

5. Upon completion of repairs, David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody or contract operator andColumbia County water staff retums system to normal:

Reports findings to:Columbia County Emergency Management Department! - Shayne MorganColumbia County Health Department-Environmental Health Sally FordDepartment of Environmental Protection, NE District OfficeColumbia County ManagerColumbia County Board of County CommissionersUpdates Emergency Response Plan with changes (if any)



Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- DroughtResponse Procedures

Southeast RuralConununity Assistance

Project, Inc

Water Is Life.

B. Drought Response ProceduresDavid Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative shall coordinate with Suwannee RiverWater Management District regarding drought conditions.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County Board of CountyCommissioners to implement additional water use restrictions, if necessary.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County staff to activateCustomer Notification Plan.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County Board of CountyCommissioners will determine if there is not a need for additional water restrictions.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative coordinates with Columbia County staffregarding retuming the water system to normal by activating the Customer Notification Plan.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative updates the Emergency Response Planwith changes (if any).

Attach a copy of drought response plans (if applicable).

Southeast RCAP Page 10 of 25 ERP- ElWyllie Water Plant

C. Hurricane Pre aredness and Res onse Procedures


Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- HurricanePreparedness & Response Procedures

Southeast RuralConununity Assistance

Project Inc.

ElalWater Is Life.

1. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative coordinates withColumbia County Emergency ManagementDepartment.

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager), BudMoody or authorized representative coordinateswith Columbia County water staff regardingoperation of auxiliary and standby equipment.

3. David Kraus (Water System Manager), BudPre-Hurricane

Moody, or authorized representative and(48 to 36 hours prior to arrival)

Columbia County water staff orders/ensuresavailable fuel and treatment chemicals toprovide for a fourteen (14) day period.

4. David Kraus (Water System Manager), BudMoody, or authorized representative andColumbia County water staff checks andreplenishes inventory of spare parts, supplies,rain suits, flashlights, batteries, potable radios,hard hats, rubber boats, gloves, etc

1. Columbia County Emergency ManagementDepartment declares Emergency.

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative issues workassignments and reporting protocol.

3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative coordinates with

Hurricane WatchColumbia County water staff on securing their

(36 to 24 hours prior to arrival)personal property and arrange for safety offamily members.

4. Columbia County water staff top-off fuel invehicles, stand-by and portable equipment

5. If applicable, David Kraus (Water SystemManager) or authorized representative stops allconstruction in utility service area and advisescontractors to secure their equipment.

Southeast RCAP Page 11 of 25 ERP. Ellisville Water Plant



Hurricane Preparedness and Response Procedures, continued

Southeast RuralCommunity Assistance

Project, Inc

Water Is Life.

Hurricane Warning(24 hours o less priorr to arrival)

1. Columbia County water staff report to duty atdesignated location with protective gear, workclothing, and personal gear for a four (4) dayperiod.

2. Columbia County water staff fills all waterstorage facilities to capacity.

3. Columbia County water staff load bucks withsupplies and equipment.

4. Columbia County staff follow evacuationprotocol (directed by Emergency Management)

a. Disconnect electrical power supply totreatment plant(s) and wells

b. Store vehicles and equipment indesignated area

c. Enact system shutdovm and evacuateto location as directed by IncidentCommander

Recovery Procedures

Initiate upon receiving "ALL CLEAR" from IncidentCommander1. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud

Moody, contract operator, or authorizedrepresentative coordinates with ColumbiaCounty water staff to survey damage to theEllisville water system.

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative to coordinate withColumbia County Emergency ManagementDepartrnent regarding activating the CustomerNotification Plan (if necessary).

3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative notffies FL DEP ofany limitations in ability to supply potable water.

4. David Kraus (Water System Manager), BudMoody, contract operator, or authorizedrepresentative to coordinate with ColumbiaCounty water staff regarding status of repairsand gathering of water samples

5. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative keeps detailedrecords of labor, material, rental and repaircosts for FEMA reimbursement.

6. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative obtains approval fromFL DEP to return to normal operation (ifnecessary).




Hurricane Preparedness and Response Procedures, continued

Southeast RCAP Page 13 of 25 ERP- ElSaville Water Plant

Southeast Rural

Corrununity AssistanceProject, Inc.lei

Water Is Life.

Columbia County water staff retums the watersystem to normal operation.David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative activates CustomerRe-notification Plan (if necessary)

Recovery Procedures, continued 9. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative reports water systeminformation as needed.

10. David Kraus (Water System Manager) orauthorized representative updates ERP asneeded.


Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- Structure FireResponse Procedures-Well/Pump House& Storage Facility


Project, Inc

Water Is Life.

D. Structure Fire Response ProceduresWell/Pump Houses & Storage Facilities1. Fire is discovered at either the well/pump houses & storage facilities:

Calls 9-1-1 to notify Columbia County Sheriff Department and Ellisville Fire Department Station #45.Calls David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or contact operator.

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff determines theseverity of incident and calls:

State Warning PointColumbia County ManagerColumbia County Board of County Commissioners

3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative determines need to contact:Columbia County Emergency Management DepartmentColumbia County Health Department-Environmental HealthDepartment of Environmental Protection, NE District Office

4. Columbia County staff helps support the Ellisville Fire Department and other emergency staff (if needed).5. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, contact operator, or authorized representative and Columbia

County water staff assesses damage when fire is extinguished.6. Columbia County water staff repairs facilities as needed.7. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff report water

system status as required8. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative updates the Emergency Plan with changes (if any).



Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- FloodPreparedness & Response Procedures-Well/Pump House


Project, Inc

Water 1.9 Life.

E. Flood Preparedness & Response Procedures Well/Pump HousesDavid Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or contract operator informed of flood conditions at well.David Kraus (Water System Manager), contract operator, and Columbia County water staff to operate water systemwithout well for duration of the flood event.Once flood waters have receded, David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, contract operator, and ColumbiaCounty water staff assesses flood damage.Columbia County water staff repairs facilities as needed.Columbia County water staff or contract operator to pump well(s) until it is clear, and then takes samples for quality andbacteriological analysis.Staff repeats step 5 until the well(s) meets water quality standards.David Kraus (Water System Manager), contract operator, and Columbia County water staff to retum well to normalservice protocol.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff reports watersystem status, as required.David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative updates the Emergency Plan with changes (if any).



veritoi Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- Forest or BrushFire Response Procedures - Well/PumpHouse & Storage Facility

F. Forest or Brush Fire Response Procedures Well/Pump Houses & Storage Facilities1. Fire is discovered at either the weWpump houses & storage facilities:

Calls 9-1-1 to notify Columbia County Sheriff Department and Ellisville Fire Department Station #45.Calls David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, or contract operator.

2. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff determines theseverity of incident and calls:


3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative determines need to contact:Columbia County Emergency Management DepartmentColumbia County Health Department-Environmental HealthDepartment of Environmental Protection, NE District Office

4. Columbia County staff helps support the Ellisville Fire Department and other emergency staff (if needed).5. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, contract operator, and Columbia County water staff assesses

damage when fire is extinguished.6. Columbia County water staff repairs facilities as needed.7. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff report water


Southeast RCAP Page 16 of 25 ERP- EthylIle Water Plant


Project, Inc.

Water Is Life.


Section 3Vulnerability Assessment- HazardousMaterial Release Response Procedures- Well/Pump House


Project, Inc.

Water Is Life.

G. Hazardous Material Release Response Procedures Well/Pump Houses1. Columbia County water staff discovering chlorine leak/release orders evacuation of well/pump house(s).2. Columbia County water staff calls 9-1-1 to notify Columbia County Sheriff Department and David Kraus (Water System

Manager) or authorized representative.3. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative calls:


4. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or Bud Moody ensures that staff is safe and aware of the situation.5. Fire Department with a Hazardous Materials Team (HAZMAT) determines severity of the leak and the need to contact

others:Columbia County Emergency Management DepartmentColumbia County Health Department-Environmental HealthDepartment of Environmental Protection, NE District OfficeOthers as needed

6. Hazmat establishes "hot zone" perimeter and ensures that all unprotected people are kept outside of the "hot zone".7. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative (Water System Manager) ensures that any injured

staff member(s) is receiving proper care.8. Columbia County water staff helps support FDHMT and other emergency staff (if needed).9. Hazmat locates source of Chlorine leak and stops it.10. Hazmat measures Chbrine concentrations until all areas are safe for unprotected people.11. Hazmat informs all parties of safe conditions.12. David Kraus (Water System Manager), Bud Moody, contract operator, and Columbia County water staff assesses

damage.13. Columbia County water staff repairs facilities as needed.14. David Kraus (Water System Manager) or authorized representative and Columbia County water staff report water




Appendix BPrecautionary Boil Water Notice

All precautionary boil water notices shall be issued and delivered to the general public in a manner consistent with thepublic notffication requirements contained in Chapter 62-560.410(1) (a) 1, Florida Administrative Code (FAC), telephoned,or hand-delivered to all affected residences and businesses as soon as possible, but in no case later than 24 hours afterthe water system leams of the violation, exceedance, situation or failure.

(DATE)

PRECAUTIONARY BOIL WATER NOTICE

TO: RESIDENTS OF (NAME COMMUNITY) LIVING IN THE AREA BOUNDED BY (FILL IN-- STREET, AVENUE,CANAL OR OTHER DESCRIPTIVE BOUNDARY)

(FILL IN--BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EVENT SUCH AS: BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OBTAINEDFROM YOUR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM HAVE SHOWN POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION OF THE WATER, OR AWATER MAIN BREAK HAS OCCURRED AT , ORA LOSS OF WATER PRESSURE HAS BEENEXPERIENCED DUE TO

THEREFORE, AS A PRECAUTION, WE ADVISE THAT ALL WATER USED FOR DRINKING, COOKING, MAKING ICE,BRUSHING TEETH, OR WASHING DISHES BE BOILED. A ROLLING BOIL OF ONE MINUTE IS SUFFICIENT. AS ANALTERNATIVE BOTTLED WATER MAY BE USED.

( WHERE THERE IS A LOSS OF POWER, DRINKING WATER UTILITIES SHOULD INCLUDE LANGUAGE OUTLINEDIN PARAGRAPH IV D. OF THESE GUIDELINES DESCRIBING THE CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER.)

THIS 'PRECAUTIONARY BOIL WATER NOTICE' WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL THE PROBLEM HAS BEENCORRECTED AND A BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY SHOWS THAT THE WATER IS SAFE TO DRINK.

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS YOU MAY CONTACT (NAME OF PERSON. AGENCY) AT (PHONE NUMBER).

SIGNATURE )

(NAME. TITLE AND AGENCY OFOFFICIAL ISSUING THE NOTICE)

Southeast RCAP Page 21 of 25 ERP-Saville Water Plant


Project, Inc

INNWater Is Life.

Rescission of the Precautionary Boil Water Nofice (PBWN) can be rescinded when satisfactory bacteriological samples areobtained and DEP & Clay County Health Department have been notified.The authority issuing (Columbia County) the PBWN will be responsible for its rescission.

(DATE)

RESCISSION OF PRECAUTIONARY BOIL WATER NOTICE

TO: RESIDENTS OF (NAME COMMUNITY) LIVING IN THE AREA BOUNDED BY (FILL 1N--STREET, AVENUE,CANAL OR OTHER DESCRIPTIVE BOUNDARY)


Appendix CRescission of Precautionary Boil Water Notice

THE (DATE) "PRECAUTIONARY BOIL WATER NOTICE" IS HEREBY RESCINDED FOLLOWING THE (FILL 1N--ACTIONTAKEN TO CORRECT THE PROBLEM) AND THE SATISFACTORY COMPLETION OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL

SURVEY SHOWING THAT THE WATER IS SAFE TO DRINK.

IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CALL (NAME. AGENCY) AT (PHONE NUMBER).

SIGNATURE(NAME, TITLE AND AGENCY OFOFFICIAL RESCINDING THE NOTICE)


Southeast Rural

Community Assistance

Project, Inc.

MalWater Is Life.


s.....Lal Appendix D..-4 What to do during a Precautionary Boil Water Notice

Boil water notices are issued when wells have been flooded; lose electricity and pressure, or a water lines break. Itsimportant to know what to do when a boil water notice has been issued so you don/ consume potentially contaminatedwater. If a boil-water notice has been issued, use bottled water for drinking. If bottled water is not available, you can disinfectyour water using these methods.

Disinfecting WaterThe preferred method of treatment is boiling. Boiling water kills harmful bacteria and parasites (freezing will not disinfectwater). Bring water to a full rolling boil for at least 1 minute before using it for drinking, washing, cooking, etc.For areas without power add 8 drops, about 1/8 teaspoon (this would form a puddle about the size of a dime), of plainunscented household beach per gallon of water and then let it stand for 30 minutes. If the water is cloudy after 30minutes, repeat the procedure.

Washing Dishes & ClothesYou can wash dishes during a boil-water notice if you rinse hand-washed dishes for a minute in a bleach solution (1tablespoon bleach per gallon of water). Allow dishes to completely air dry. Most household dishwashers do not reachthe proper temperature to sanitize dishes.It is safe to wash clothes in tap water.

Bathing & ShavingThe water may be used for showering, baths, shaving and washing, so long as care is taken not to swallow or allow water ineyes or nose or mouth. Children and disabled individuals should have their bath supervised to ensure water is not ingested.The time spent battling should be minimized. Though the risk of illness is minimal, individuals who have recent surgicalwounds, are immune suppressed, or have a chronic illness may want to consider using bottled or boiled water for cleansinguntil the advisory is lifted.

Washing Fruits & Vegetables and Making IceFruits and vegetables should be washed with boiled (then cooled water) or bottled water or water sanitized with 8 drops(about 1/8 teaspoon) of unscented household bleach per gallon of water.Ice should be made with boiled water, bottled water or sanitized water.

Consuming Potentially Contaminated WaterEven if someone has consumed potentially contaminated water from either a public water system or a private well beforethey were aware of the boil water advisory, the likelihood of becoming ill is low. Anyone experiencing symptoms such asdiarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, with or without fever, should seek medical attention.

Infectious Organisms Present in Contaminated WaterDisease transmission from contaminated water occurs principally by ingesting water. The major organisms of concem are

protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and bacteria, such as Shigella, E. coli and viruses. These organismsprimarily affect the gastrointestinal system, causing diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting with or without fever.Most of these illnesses are not usually serious or life threatening except in the elderly, the very young or those who areimmune compromised.



Project, Inc

Water Is Life.

AGENDA August 2, 2011 6:00 p.m. - Welcome to … COUNTY UTILITY COMMITTEE POST OFFICE BOX 1529 LAKE...

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Transcript of AGENDA August 2, 2011 6:00 p.m. - Welcome to … COUNTY UTILITY COMMITTEE POST OFFICE BOX 1529 LAKE...