thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ dk vorkj&bfrgkl

laor~ 1472 esa xqtjkr ds nkark jkT; vEckiqj esa Jh chdkth Mkch ¼jktiwr½ jgrs Fks A chdkth Mkch tksxek;k ds ije HkDr Fks A chdkth Mkch ds fookg ds 10&12 o"kZ chrus ij Hkh lUrku lq[k dh izkfIr ugha gqbZ Fkh A vr% fu%larku gksus ds dkj.k os vR;Ur nq%[kh Fks A mudh HkfDr ls izlUu gksdj tksxek;k us mudks LoIu esa n’kZu fn;s vkSj dgk chdk rqEgkjh HkfDr iw.kZ gS ojnku ekax A chdkth us larku izkfIr dk ojnku ekaxk]bl ij tksxek;k us izlUu gksdj vk’khokZn fn;k fd eS rqEgkjs ;gkWa vorkj ysdj rqEgkjk ,oa tulk/kkj.k dk nq%[k nwj d#axh A fodze laor~ 1472 Hkknzin 'kqDy f}rh; okj 'kfuokj dh 'kqHk izkr%osyk esa ,d uotkr dU;k chdkth Mkch dks egdrs gjs&Hkjs m|ku esa feyh A ftldk fnO; rst vuqie Fkk A chdkth ,oa mudh iRuh izlUu gq, ,oa vius vki dks HkkX;’kkyh le>us yxs fd ekWa ds dgs vuqlkj ojnku@opu fl) gqvk A chdkth dks fo’okl gks x;k fd ekWa txnEck dU;k #i esa muds ?kj i/kkjh ¼vorkj fy;k½ gS A ifr&iRuh nksuksa gh dU;k dk ikyu&iks"k.k djus yxs A [kq’kh& [kq’kh fnu chrus yxs A ,d fnu tks’khth dks ukedj.k djus ds fy, cqyk;k x;k A tks’khth us dq.Myh cukbZ rks vk’p;Zpfdr jg x;s A mUgksus dgk ^^;g dU;k lk{kkr~ ekWa txnEck dk #i gS rFkk cM+s gh I;kj ls dU;k dk uke^^thth**j[kk A

vius firk dh HkkWaafr thth dh Hkh bZ’oj HkfDr esa xgjh vkLFkk Fkh A thth ckY;dky ls gh iz[kj cqf) ,oa #i yko.; esa vf}rh; Fkha A og fuR; vius firk ds lkFk vEck efUnj esa n’kZu gsrq tkrh Fkhaa A mudh /keZ esa

cM+h #ph Fkh A thth esa vlhe cqf)cy o rst Fkk A og viuh mez ds cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrh vkSj izR;sd dk nq%[k nnZ lqudj lkaRouk nsrh Fkha A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrk th½ ds ckY;dky ds peRdkj

cpiu esa gh thth us vius peRdkfjd o nsoh Lo#i dks izdV djuk vkjEHk dj fn;k Fkk A ,d le; dh ckr gS vEckiqj ds f’ko eafnj esa f’kojkf= ioZ euk;k tk jgk Fkk A ,sls esa f’ko eafnj ds ikl gh ,d Hk;adj ukx fn[kkbZ fn;k A ftlls yksxksa esa HkxnM+ ep xbZ A lkai ds Hk; ls yksx fpYykus yxs ^Hkkxks&Hkkxks* dkyk ukx vk;k lkjs yksxksa dkas bl rjg Hk;Hkhr gksdj Hkkxrs ns[kdj thth us dgk Bgjks A ukx rks nsork rqY; gS A ;fn bUgsa NsM+k ugha tk;s rks ;g fdlh dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrs gSa A vki lc Hk; dks NksM+dj eu esa /kS;Z vkSj lkgl

dks /kkj.k djks A fQj thth us gkFk tksM+dj ukx nsork ls fourh dh&gS ukx nsork vki vius ;Fkk LFkku ij i/kkjdj yksxksa ds eu esa lek, gq, Hk; dks nwj djks A ;gh vkils esjh izkFkZuk gS A thth dh ok.kh esa fnO; feBkl]tknqbZ 'kfDr o J)k Fkh A thth dh fourh lqudj ukx nsork vius ;Fkk LFkku dh vksj ykSVrs gq, ,dne vn`’; gks x, A lHkh yksx thth ds /kS;Z]lkgl vkSj peRdkj dh eqDr daB ls iz’kalk djus yxs vkSj thth ds ikl tkdj ueu djds peRdkj dh ppkZ djrs gq, vius&vius ?kjksa dks ykSV x, A

^thth* ds fur u;s peRdkj yksxksa ds eu esa ;g fo’okl iSnk djus yxk fd ;g ckfydk dksbZ lk/kkj.k ckfydk u gksdj ekWa nqxkZ dk gh lk{kkr~ vorkj gS A L=h iq#"k ^thth* dks J)k iwoZd ueu djus yxs A

o"kkZ _rq dk ekSle Fkk A vpkud vEckiqj esa [kcj QSyh fd ,d cSy vkis ls ckgj gksdj ikxy dh HkkWafr Hkkxk nkSM+k vk jgk gS rFkk yksxksa dh tku ysus ij mrk# gS A og ikxy cuk]yksxksa ij >iV jgk Fkk A vEckiqj esa Hk; dk okrkoj.k Nk x;k A Hk;Hkhr yksxksa us vius ?kjksa ds njokts cUn dj fn;s ,sls foifŸk ds le; esa thth dSls pqi jg ldrh Fkh \ yksxksa ds yk[k euk djus ij Hkh cSy dks dkcw djus ds fy, fuMj gksdj mlds ikl xbZ A thth dh fnO; n`f"V dk rst ,oa gkFkksa esa ,slk peRdkj Fkk]fd cSy dks Nwrs gh og 'kkUr gks x;k vkSj flj >qdkdj vius jkLrs ij py iM+k A mifLFkr tu leqnk; thth dh okg&okg djus yxs thth rks isze]Lusg]n;k vkSj lUrks"k dh izfrewfrZ Fkh A bl dkj.k dzwj o fgald tho Hkh muds o’k esa Fks A ckY;dky esa thth ds ,sls peRdkj ns[kdj yksx mUgsa ueu djus yxs rFkk muds peRdkjksa dh ckrsa

loZ= QSyus yxh A thth us vkthou czãp;Z jgus dk n`< ladYi fd;k Fkk A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrk th½ dk ckn’kkg dks peRdkj

thth ds vf}rh; #i ,oa yko.; dh ppkZ ekaMw ¼ekaMy½ ds ckn’kkg egewn f[kyth ds dkuksa rd igqWaph thth dh iz’kalk lqudj eu gh eu mlus ^thth* ls fookg djus dk fu’p; fd;k A mlus vius duhtks dks thth dks ns[kus ds fy, Hkstk duhtks us vkdj thth ds #i vkSj yko.; dh ckn’kkg ds le{k Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz’kalk dh ftlls ckn’kkg ^thth* dks ikus ds fy;s vkSj T;knk vkrqj ,oa cSpsu gks x;k A

ckn’kkg us 'kh?kz chdkth Mkch dks ekaMw cqyok;k vkSj cksys ^^chdk eq>s rsjh thth ilan gS]eSa mlls C;kg djuk pkgrk gWaw A** chdkth eu gh eu dzks/k ls yky gks x,]ij etcwj Fks A mUgksus ckn’kkg ls dgk&exj ^^thth** us rks vkthou czãp;Z jgus dk n`< ladYi ys j[kk gS]og vkids lkFk 'kknh dSls djsxh A rc ckn’kkg us xjt dj chdkth ls dgk chdk rqe viuh vkSdkr Hkwy jgs gks]rqEgsa ekywe ugh ge ekaMw ds ckn’kkg gSa]irk gS rqEgsa] rqEgkjs bUdkj dk eryc rqEgkjs ifjokj dk loZuk’k A ckn’kkg dh /kedh Hkjs 'kCn lqudj chdkth Mj ds ekjs Fkj&Fkj dkWaius yxs A ykpkj gksdj chdkth us ckn’kkg ls dgk ,d ckj eq>s thth dks iwNus dk volj nks]ckn esa vki pkgsa tSlk djuk A

eqj>k;s psgjs]fpUrk esa Mwcs]Mxexkrs dne ,oa vkaWlw Hkjh vkWa[kksa dks tc chdkth dh iRuh us ns[kk]rks os Hkh xgjh fpUrk esa Mwc xbZa A lkgl dj ifr ls iwNk] ifrnso ! vki ij ,slh dkSu lh foifŸk vk iM+h gS]ftlds dkj.k vkidh ;g gkyr gks x;h gS A rc chdkth us dgk&ekaMw ds ckn’kkg us thth ls fookg dk izLrko Hkstk gS A eSa /keZ dh j{kk ds [kkfrj vkf[kjh ne rd yMaWwxk A Hkys gh ekrk&firk yk[k fNik;sa]ijUrq txnEck Lo#i thth dks orZeku rks D;k Hkwr&Hkfo"; ,oa gksuh&vugksuh lc dk irk Fkk A fQj Hkh vutku cudj ekrk ,oa firk ls mudh fpUrk dk dj.k iwNk&rc chdkth us ckn’kkg dk izLrko dg lquk;k A

rqjUr thth cksyh&blesa fpUrk dh D;k ckr gS firkth \ eSa rks blh fnu ds bUrtkj esa Fkh]vki rqjUr ckn’kkg dks fookg dh rS;kfj;kWa djus dk lUns’k fHktokb;s] ijUrq esjh 'krZ crk nsuk fd ^fookg fgUnw jhfr&fjokt ls gh gksxk vkSj oL= vkHkw"k.k 'kkgh gje ls u fHktok,a A

ckn’kkg us thth dk 'krZ lfgr izLrko lquk rks Qwyk u lek;k A og

tksj&’kksj ls fookg dh rS;kfj;kWa djus yxk A chdkth us thth ls fookg dh rS;kfj;ksa ds ckjs esa iwNk thth us dgk]firkth ! vki fpUrk u djsa]esjs fy, ,dkUr txg ij ek= ,d

dqfV;k cuk nsa A ckn esa lkjh O;oLFkk ekWa txnEck vius vki dj nsaxh A thth Hkh cM+s mRlkg ls ckn’kkg dh ckjkr dk bUrtkj djus yxh]D;ksafd thth us vorkj gh blh fnu ds fy, fy;k Fkk]rkfd ckn’kkg ds c<rs gq, vR;kpkj ,oa vU;k; ls fgUnw iztk dks eqDr djk lds A ekaMw dk ckn’kkg nwYgk cu]gkFkh ij cSBdj vius lkjs yko&y’dj ds lkFk]’kkgh BkB&ckB ls ckjkr ysdj vEckiqj vk igqWapk A thth us ckjkr ds Bgjus dh mŸke O;oLFkk dh A mlus viuh dqfV;k esa ls gh lksus o pkUnh ds Fkky esa O;atu Hkstdj ckjkr esa vk;s gtkjksa yksxksa dks [kkuk f[kyk;k A ckn’kkg bl peRdkj ls vk’p;Zpfdr gks x;k A

ckn’kkg us lPpkbZ tkuus ds fy;s Qdhj dk os’k /kkj.k dj dqfV;k ds ikl igqWapk vkSj f[kM+dh ls >kadus yxk A txnEck Lo#i ^thth* us Qdhj ds os’k esa ckn’kkg dks igpku fy;k A thth us viuk izp.M Lo#i izdV fd;k vkSj ckn’kkg dks vius f=’kwy ls uhps fxjk;k A Hk;Hkhr ckn’kkg ^thth* ds iSjksa esa fxjdj vius izk.kksa dh Hkh[k ekWaxus yxk A ekWa txnEck eq>s ekQ djks vkSj fxM+fxM+kus yxk A rc thth us dgk&cksy vR;kpkjh ! D;k eq>ls 'kknh djsxkk \ nhu nqf[k;ksa ij vR;kpkj djsxk \ ewfrZ;kWa rksM+sxk ,oa efUnj fxjok;sxk \ fgUnqvksa ls tft;k dj ysxk \ ckn’kkg us Hkfo"; esa ,slk u djus dh dle [kk;h ,oa opu fn;k A bl rjg thth us ckn’kkg dk eku&enZu dj fgUnw iztk dks mlds vR;kpkjksa ls eqDr djk;k A

dqN le; xqtjkr esa fuokl djus ds ckn thth us vius firk ls vkKk ys esokM+ dh vksj izLFkku fd;k A og vius lkFk dqN /kkfeZd xzUFk ,oa lkfgR; dks ,d uUnh ij ykn dj esokM+ ds xkWao&xkWao esa vius ln~fopkjksa dk

izpkj djrh jgh A vius ;ksx lk/kuk ls o`)k dk #i /kkj.k fd;k A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ ds ukjykbZ esa peRdkj

6 ekg rd esokM+ esa Hkze.k ds ckn ekWa thth us xksMokM+ {ks= esa

izos’k fd;k izkphu rhFkZ LFkku ukjykbZ esa ^ekWa thth* us loZ izFke tXxk ifjgkj ds ogkWa vkdj jkf= foJke fd;k A thth us viuk uUnh bZ’oj HkDr tXxk ifjgkj ds ?kj ij ,d [kwaVs ls cka/kdj Lo;a tSdys’oj egknso efUnj ds n’kZukFkZ igkM+h dh pksVh ij x;h A thth tSls gh pksVh ij igWaqph]rc iqtkjh us efUnj ds njokts cUn dj fn;s Fks rc thth us iqtkjh ls vkxzg fd;k fd eSa o`)k gWaw A ckj&ckj igkM+h ij p< ugha ldrh A eS f’ko ds n’kZu djus vk;h gWaw A vr% rqe iqu% efUnj ds }kj [kksy nks]eq>s n’kZu djus nks A iqtkjh us dM+drs gq, dgk ^vc efUnj ds iV cUn gks x, gSa]vkt n’kZu ugha gks ldrs A n’kZu djus gSa rks dy vk tkuk A thth us cgqr le>k;k]ysfdu iqtkjh ugha ekuk A rc thth us vius fpfV;s ¼fpeVk½ ls efUnj ds iV dks Nqvk A Nwrs gh efUnj ds

iV vius vki [kqy x;s A iqtkjh ;g peRdkj ns[kdj HkkSapDdk jg x;k A tSls gh thth us nwljh rjQ viuk fpfV;k ?kqek;k]oSls gh igkM+h ds chp esa ,d xqQk izdV gks x;h]xqQk izdV gksrs gh nsoh ds peRdkj ls ,d f’kyk v/kj gh jg xbZ A

tSsdys’oj igkM+ ij fLFkr blh xqQk esa ekWaa thth us riL;k dh ,oa v[k.M T;ksr dh LFkkiuk dh]tks vkt rd ekStwn gS A tgkWa vkt Hkh dslj izdV gksrk gS A ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd vkt Hkh bl xqQk ds vkl&ikl nsoh dk flag utj vkrk gS A ftls dqN yksxksa us viuh vkWaa[kksa ls ns[kk gS A vkt Hkh vkbZ iaFk ds Mksjk cU/k yksx fookg ds volj ij ekSj ca/k tkr nsrs gSa A gj ekl dh pkWanuh cht dks ;gkWa HkDr eUur p<kus vkrs gSa A bl ikou LFky ij izfro"kZ Hkknzin cht dks fo’kky esyk yxrk gS A Jh vkbZekrk ds bl eafnj ds fy, lhjoh lekt ,oa lHkh /keksZa ds yksxksa esa vVwV J)k ,oa vkLFkk fnuksa fnu c< jgh gS A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ }kjk LFkkfir [kwafV;k nso

Jh vkbZ ekrk tSdys’oj ioZr ij egknsoth ds n’kZu dj iqu% tXxkth ifjgkj ds ;gkWa ykSVdj vkbZ rc mUgsa ^vkbZ iaFk* ds ckjs esa /kekaZins’k fn;k A tXxk ifjgkj ds ?kj ij ekWa us viuk uUnh ftl [kwaVs ls cka/kk Fkk og Hkh lk/kkj.k [kwaVk u jg dj peRdkjh [kwaVk gks x;k A 'krkfCn;ka chr tkus ds i'pkr~ tXxkth ifjgkj dk ifjokj dkQh cM+k gks x;k]rks ifjokj okyksa us bl ?kj dk caVokjk djus dk r; fd;k A ml le; edku ds chp fLFkr [kwaVs dks O;FkZ le>dj fudkyus dk fu’p; fd;k vkSj ml LFkku dks [kksnuk 'kq# fd;k A vkbZ ekrk ds peRdkj Lo#i ;g [kwaVk ftruk xgjk [kksnk x;k mruk [kwaVk c<rk x;k A ogkWa ij ikuh fudyus yxk A [kwaVs dks gVkus dh lHkh dksf’k’ksas O;FkZ xbZ vkSj [kwaVs dks vkap rd ugha vkbZ A tXxk ifjgkj ds ifjokj okys Mj ds ekjs rkykc ij fLFkr lqa/kk ekrkth ds eafnj ds Hkksikth fd’kuflag th jktiwr ds ikl igqaps fcuk iwtk&/kwi ds gh nsoh dk rst gqvk vkSj Hkksikth us dgk fd rqEgkjs ;gkWa tks [kwaVk gS]og ,slk oSlk [kwaVk ugha gS cfYd vkbZekrkth ds }kjk LFkkfir fd;k gqvk gS A bl [kwaVs dks fudkyus dh dksf’k’k Hkh er djuk vksj ml LFkku ij vkbZ ekrkth dk LFkku LFkkfir dj iwtk vpZuk djks]ml le; ifjgkj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa us feydj [kwafV;k vkbZ ekrkth efUnj dk fuekZ.k djokdj izk.k izfr"Bk djokbZ A ;gkWa ij vkt Hkh v[k.M T;ksr izTTofyr gS vkSj vkt Hkh ^[kwafV;k ckck* ds uke ls izfl) gS A

ekWa thth us dqN eghus ukjykbZ esa jgdj vius mins’kksa ls vkl ikl ds yksxksa dks ykHkkfUor fd;k A yksx muds mins’kksa ls izHkkfor gksdj muds MksjkcU/k vuq;k;h cus vkSj vkbZ iaFk ls tqM+rs x, A

thth ¼Jh vkbZ ekrkth½ ds Mk;yk.kk esa peRdkj

tsB vk"kk< dk eghuk Fkk lw;Z dh rst xehZ 'kjhj dks >qylk jgh Fkh A ,sls esa ekWaa thth ukjykbZ ls Hk;adj xehZ esa vius uUnh dks lkFk ysdj vkbZ iaFk ds izpkj ds fy, xkWao&xkWao mins’k nsrh ?kwe jgh Fkha A ekWa thth ?kwerh&?kwerh xkWo Mk;ykuk vk igqWaph A Hk;adj xehZ ,oa I;kl yxus ds dkj.k ekWa thth Fkd xbZ Fkh A og [ksrksa esa gy pyk jgs fdlkuksa ds ikl igqWaph rc ogkWa vkSj vkl&ikl ds [ksrksa esa gy pyk jgs fdlku ekWa thth ds ikl ,d= gks x;s vkSj mudh dq’ky{kse iwNh A [ksrksa ds vkl&ikl dksbZ o`{k ugha

Fkk A fdlkuksa us cM+ dh ydM+h ds cus gq, vius gyksa dks bdV~Bk dj ekW thth ds foJke ds fy;s Nk;k dh A ekWa thth us fdlkuksa ls dgk&eq>s ,oa uUnh dks cM+h I;kl yxh gS A fdlku cksys ekrkth vkids ihus ds fy, rks gekjs ikl ty gS]ijUrq uUnh dks ikuh fiykus cgqr nwj ys tkuk iM+sxk A D;kasfd ;gkWa vkl&ikl ds rkykc esa ikuh ugha gS A

thth us gaWalrs gq, dgk&;gkWa ikuh dh dksbZ deh ugha gS A vki yksx >waB D;ksa cksy jgs gSa \ fdlkuksa us gkFk tksM+dj dgk]ekrkth ge lp dg jgs gSa A ;gkWa ikuh dh cM+h Hkkjh deh gS A vkl&ikl ds dqvksa ,oa rkykc esa ikuh lw[k x;k gS A ge cMs+ nq%[kh gSa A thth us dgk uUnh dks lkFk ys tkdj ns[kks eq>s rks rqEgkjs rkykc esa [kwc ikuh fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS A fdlkuksa dks ekWa thth ds 'kCnksa ij fo’okl ugha gqvk ysfdu uUnh dks lkFk ysdj ikuh fiykus x;s rks ns[kk fd rkykc ikuh ls yckyc Hkjk gqvk Fkk A os [kq’kh ls >we mBs]os nkSM+dj ekWa thth ds pj.kksa esa iz.kke djus yxs A thth ds peRdkjksa ds ckjs esa igys ls ppkZ lqu j[kh Fkh]ijUrq Mk;yk.kk esa thth ds peRdkj dh ckr taxy esa vkx dh HkkWafr 'kh?kz gh lkjs xkWao esa QSy xbZ A yksx ekWa thth ds n’kZu djus ds fy, [ksr esa vkus yxs A fdlkuksa us ekWa thth dks xkWao esa pyus dh izkFkZuk dh A thth us dgk eSa ;gha ij jkf= foJke d#Waxh A rqe yksx vius ?kj tkvks A nsj jk=h rd thth ds mins’k lqudj lHkh yksx vius&vius ?kj ykSV x, A izkr% tYnh gh L=h&iq#"k ,oa ckyd ekWa thth ds n’kZukFkZ meM+ iMs+]rks mUgksaus tks peRdkj ns[kk rks ns[krs gh vkWa[ksa [kqyh dh [kqyh jg xbZ A ftl LFkku ij fdlku yksxksa us vius gy [kM+s dj thth ds foJke ds fy;s Nk;k dh Fkh ml LFkku ij ,d cM+k Nk;knkj

cM+ dk o`{k [kM+k Fkk A ml cM+ ds o`{k ij jksfg.k dk Hkh NksVk lk isM+ [kM+k Fkk A lHkh ds eLrd J)k iwoZd ekWa thth ds pj.kksa esa >qd x,

Mk;yk.kk esa vkt Hkh lnkj.k csjk ij cM+ dk o`{k [kM+k gS A ;gkWa ij ekWa thth }kjk LFkkfir v[k.M T;ksr vkt Hkh tyrh gS A ekWa thth us ;gkWa dbZ fnuksa rd foJke fd;k ,oa ;gkWa ds yksxksa dks vius mins’kksa ls ykHkkfUor dj viuk vuq;k;h cuk;k A ;gkWa izfro"kZ tsB eghus esa HkO; esyk yxrk gS A

thth ¼Jh vkbZ ekrkth½ ds HkSalk.kk esa peRdkj

Jh thth ekrk us Mk;yk.kk esa dkQh fnu jgdj viuh ;k=k iqu% izkjEHk dh A rc os ?kwerh&?kwerh HkSlk.kk xzke tk igqWaph A vius uUnh ds lkFk rkykc ds ikl ls xqtj jgh Fkh A rc lkeus ls dqN Xokys viuh HkSlksa dks ysdj vk jgs Fks rks vkil esa dgus yxs ns[kks ! lkeus ,d o`)k dSlk Lokax cuk dj vk jgh gS A os fpYykdj cksys ,s Mksdjh ! tjk nwj jguk dgha gekjs tkuojksa dks HkM+dk;sxh A ekWa thth us le>k;k]rqe vius tkuojksa dks ysdj pys tkvks os ugha HkM+dsaxs A fQj Hkh Xokys thth dks Hkyk&cqjk dgus yxs A os Xokys cM+s gh vfHkekuh]funZ;h Fks A yksxksa dh [kM+h Qlyksa esa vius tkuoj pjkuk mudh fnup;kZ Fkh A vkl ikl ds xkWaoksa ds fdlku muds vkrad ls nq%[kh Fks A thth dk vorkj rks nhu nqf[k;ksa dh lgk;rk djus ,oa vR;kpkjh]vU;k;h ,oa ?kef.M;ksa dk fouk’k djus ds fy, gh

gqvk Fkk A ekWa thth us Xokyksa dks Jki fn;k&^^tkvks rqEgkjh HkSlsa iRFkj dh cu tk;saxh A**

bruk dg dj thth vkxs py iM+ha A tc Xokyksa us rkykc ij tkdj ns[kk rks mudh HkSlsa iRFkj dh gks x;h Fkha A rc mUgsa fpUrk gqbZ A muesa ls ,d Xokyk cksyk geus O;FkZ gh ml o`)k dks NsM+k ,oa lrk;k Fkk A gesa ml o`)k ls ekQh ekaxuh pkfg, A gks ldrk gS]og gesa {ek dj nsa A ugha rks gekjk loZuk’k gks tk;sxk A Xokys ekWa thth ds in fpUgksa dks ns[krs gq, muds ihNs Hkkxs A os tkdj ekWa thth ds pj.kksa esa fxjdj fxM+fxM+kus yxs&ekWa thth gesa ekQ dj nks A ge ikih gSa]nks"kh gSa A ekWa ge cckZn gks tk;saxs A ;s gekjh vkthfodk dk ,d ek= lgkjk gS A gekjs cky&cPps Hkw[ks ej tk;saxs A n;k djks ekWa A ekWa thth us mUgsa le>k;k&dHkh ?ke.M er djks A dHkh Hkh vcyk]o`)k vkSj tkuojksa dks er lrkvks A [ksrksa esa [kM+h Qlyksa dks dHkh uqdlku er igqWapkvks A Xokyksa us ekWa thth ds lkeus iz.k fy;k ,oa opu fn;k fd Hkfo"; esa ,slk ugha djsaxsa A

fQj thth us mUgas viuk vuq;k;h cuk;k A ekWa thth ds peRdkjksa ls iRFkj cuh gqbZ HkSlksa ds fu’kku vkt Hkh xkWao HkSlk.kk ds rkykc ij ekStwn gSa A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ dk jktk jk;ey dks peRdkj

esokM+ jkT; ij ,d ckj foifŸk ds ckny eaMjk;s A jk.kk dqEHkk ds ckn mlds mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks ysdj >xM+k 'kq# gks x;k A jktk jk;ey Hkh viuh xn~nh NksM+dj lkstr {ks= esa nj&nj HkVd jgs Fks A ekWa thth ds peRdkjksa dh ppkZ pkjksa fn’kkvksa esa QSyh gqbZ Fkh A jktk jk;ey us Hkh ekW thth ds peRdkjksa ds ckjs esa lquk Fkk A mudh Hkh bPNk gqbZ fd ekWa thth ds n’kZu djus ds fy, tkÅWa A ekWa thth tgkWa ij HkDrksa dks mins’k nsrh Fkha ogkWa jk;eyth ekWa thth dk vk’khokZn ysus i/kkjs A tSls gh jk;eyth ekWa thth ds pj.kksa esa >qds vkSj iz.kke fd;k rc ekWa thth us dgk&iq= rqEgkjk Hkyk gks vkSj jktxÌh ikvks rFkk tu lk/kkj.k dk Hkyk djks A ekWa thth dk vk’khokZn lqudj jk;ey th vk’p;Z esa iM+ x;s A

mUgksus dgk&ekWa esjk rks jkT; gh Nhu fy;k x;k gS]yksx esjs [kwu ds I;kls gSa A eSa 'kj.kkxr dh HkkWafr nj&nj HkVd jgk gWwa A dSls jktxÌh feysxh \ /kS;Z /kkj.k djks]fo’okl djks lc Bhd gksxk A rqe ;gkWa ls esokM+ pys tkvks A ,d ekg ckn esokM+ jkT; ds lkear vius vki vkdj vkidks ys tk;asxs vkSj esokM+ jkT; ds flagklu ij cSBk;saxs A

jk;ey us ekWa dks iz.kke dj dgk vki ds opu QyhHkwr gq, rks eS vkidk HkDr cuk jgawxk rFkk vkids mins’kksa dk lnSo ikyu d#axk A jk;eyth esokM+ izLFkku dj x, A os esokM+ esa jgus yxs A Bhd ,d ekg ckn esokM+ ds lkear i/kkjs vkSj jk;eyth ls cksys vki 'kh?kz esokM+ i/kkj dj jktxÌh laHkkys A jk;eyth us esokM+ vkdj iqu% jkT; dh ckxMksj vius gkFkksa esa laHkkyh A os 'kh?kz ekWa thth ds ikl

igqWaps vkSj muds pj.kksa esa 'kh’k uok;k A ekWa thth vkidk ;g lsod vkidh lsok esa gkftj gS A gqDe djsa]vkidh vkKk dk ikyu d#axk A

jk;eyth dks ekWa thth us vius ikl cSBk;k vkSj vius eq[k ls mins’k nsrs gq, dgk&fuHkZ; gksdj vkuUniwoZd jkt djks A xjhcksa]vlgk;ksa]vcykvksa ,oa nhu nq%f[k;ksa dh lsok djks A fdlkuksa dh enn djks >waB dHkh er cksyks A ekrk firk dh lsok djks A ;gh esjh lsok gS A

jktk us ekWa thth ds ln~opuksa dks /;kuiwoZd lquk ,oa mudks vius thou esa viukus dk opu fn;k A mUgksus thth ls dgk vkidh d`ik ls eq>s iqu% esokM+ dk jkt flagklu feyk vki esjs jkT; esa ls 10 xkWao HksaV Lo#i Lohdkj djsa rFkk esokM+ i/kkjdj fojktsa rkfd eS vkidh lsok dj ldwWa A ekW thth us esokM+ tkus dk vkxzg vLohdkj dj fn;k A jk;eyth ekWa thth dks dqN u dqN HksaV lPps eu ls nsuk pkg jgs Fks A esokM+ jkT; dh lhek esa Mk;yk.kk xzke tgkWa ij ekWa thth us cM+ izdV dj v[k.M T;ksr dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh A blh efUnj dh ns[k Hkky ,oa v[k.M T;ksr dh vk; gsrq 500 ch?kk tehu ekWa thth dks HksaV Lo#i nh rFkk jk;eyth us opu fn;k fd esjs oa’kt tks Hkh jktxn~nh ij fojkteku gksaxs A oks Hkh Jh vkbZekrk dks 50 ch?kk tehu HksaV djsaxs A bl izdkj ekWa thth us jk;eyth dks ijpk nsdj vius vkbZ iaFk dk HkDr cuk;k A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ dk ^^thth&iky** dk peRdkj

ekWa thth us lHkh txg viuk fnO; peRdkj nsrs gq, fcyksth lhjoh ¼fcykokl½ dks eqag ekaxk ojnku nsdj vkxs Hkze.k djrh gqbZ irkfy;kokl vkbZ A tgkWa ij lhjoh tkfr ds yksx cM+h la[;k esa jgrs Fks A irkfy;kokl ds vkl

ikl NksVh eksVh igkfM+;ka ds lkFk ckyw tehu gksus ds dkj.k o"kkZ ds ikuh ds lkFk feV~Vh cg tkus ls Hkwfe iFkjhyh vkSj catj lh gks xbZ Fkh A fdlku vius [ksrksa ds pkjksa rjQ esM+ cukrs Fks ysfdu o"kkZ ls mudk iz;kl iy Hkj esa gh csdkj gks tkrk Fkk A tc ekWa thth ;gkWa vkbZ rc fdlkuksa us [kwc vknj lRdkj fd;k A ekWa thth us fdlkuksa dk vuqjks/k Lohdkj djrs gq, jkf= foJke fd;k A fdlkuksa us viuk nq%[k ekWa thth dks lquk;k A ekWa thth us mudh ckr lqudj fdlkuksa dks /kS;Z fnyk;k A nUrdFkk ds vuqlkj ekWa thth mcM+ [kkcM+ jkLrs ls vius uUnh ds lkFk vkbZ rks mudh ekstM+h esa jsr vk xbZ Fkh A ,d fdlku HkDr us ekstM+h esa Hkjh gqbZ jsr dks >kM+k rks lqcg ogkWa ij yEch lh iky cu xbZ A vpkud cuh iky ns[kdj fdlku [kq’kh ls ukp mBs A ekWa thth ds vk’khokZn ls ;gkWa ikuh dh dksbZ leL;k ugha jgh A thth&iky ds vo’ks"k vkt Hkh fo|eku gS A ekWa thth ds bl fnO; peRdkj dks vkt Hkh yksx J)k ls ueu djrs gSa A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ dk csjk cM+k vjV ij fdlkuksa dks peRdkj

fcykM+k ls yxHkx ,d fdyksehVj nwj if’pe fn’kk esa nhoku jksfgrnklth ds tksM+ tkus okys lM+d ekxZ ij csjk cM+k vjV fLFkr gS A csjk cM+k vjV ds fdlkuksa us ekrkth ls fuosnu fd;k fd ekW thth vkidh vkKk gks rks ge bl ckj csjk cM+k vjV ij Tokj cksuk pkgrs gSa A fdlkuksa dk fouez fuosnu lqudj ekW thth us gf"kZr eu ls dgk&^fdlku HkkbZ;ksa* [ksrksa esa cht cksus dh 'kqHk csyk vk"kk< lqnh cht 'kfuokj dks izkr% dky gS A vr% vki lc vius&vius gy o cSyksa dks ysdj csjk cM+k vjV ij vk tkuk vkSj 100 ch?kk tehu dh ,d ckj tqrkbZ djds Tokj cksuk A leLr cSyksa ds fy;s pkjk]fdlku HkkbZ;ksa ds fy;s Hkj isV Hkkstu ,oa vPNs cht dh O;oLFkk eSa Lo;a d#axh A ekrkth ds vkns’kkuqlkj fdlku vius&vius gy o cSyksa lfgr vk"kk< lqnh cht 'kfuokj dks izkr% dky csjk cM+k vjV ij igqWap dj ekW thth ds vkns’kkuqlkj 100 ch?kk tehu ij gy pykdj vPNh tqrkbZ dh A

fdlkuksa us ekWa thth dks ,d fNcksfy;k esa lkaxjh dk lkx o jksfV;kWa]eqV~Bh Hkj Tokj vkSj ,d pkjs dk iqyk ysdj vkrs gq, ns[kk dqN fdlkuksa us ekW thth dk etkd cukuk 'kq# fd;k rks dqN vpfEHkr gq, A ekWa thth us dgk vki lc viuh viuh >ksyh;kWa ysdj esjs ikl vkvks vkSj Tokj dk cht ys yks A izR;sd fdlku >ksfy;kWa ysdj vk;s vkSj ekWa thth

us ,d ,d dj lcdh >ksfy;ksa esa eqV~Bh Hkj Tokj Mkyh]ijUrq ekrkth ds >ksys esa eqV~Bh Tokj de ugha gqbZ A 100 ch?kk [skr esa cht cksus ij Hkh izR;sd fdlku ds >ksys esa ,d eqV~Bh Tokj T;ksa dh R;ksa jgh A rc pfdr fdlku ,d lkFk cksys t; vEcseS;k]yhyk Fkkjh vijEikj gS A ekWa thth us dgk vius >ksys dh ,d eqV~Bh Tokj dks vki lc vius ?kjksa ds /kku ds dksBkj esa Mky nsuk]lcds ?kjksa esa /kku ds Hk.Mkj Hkjs jgsaxsa vkSj dHkh Hkh /kku dh deh ugha gksxh A

fQj cSyksa dks pkjk f[kykus dh ckr vkbZ rks ekrkth us leLr cSyksa ds fy, ,d ,d iqyk ?kkl ¼pkjk½ nsuk 'kq# fd;k ysfdu ekrkth ds ikl dk ,d iqyk ?kkl ¼pkjk½ fQj Hkh cp x;k A cSyksa us HkjisV pkjk [kk;k fQj Hkh ,d iqyk ?kkl ;wWa dk ;wWa cp x;k A ;g peRdkj ns[kdj fdlku nkarksa rys viuh vaxqyh nckus yxs A

csjk cM+k vjV ij fLFkr uhe ds isM+ dh Nk;k esa 'kkUr eqnzk esa fojkteku ekWa thth us fdlkuksa ls dgk&vc vki leLr yksx esjs ikl vkdj cSBks vkSj vkjke ls Hkkstu dj yks A ysfdu fdlkuksa dks 'kadk gqbZ ,d fNcksfy;k Hkj jksfV;ksa ls gekjh Hkw[k dSls feVsxh \ fQj leLr fdlku cSBdj Hkkstu djus yxs A fdlkuksa us vkjke ls Hkj isV Hkkstu fd;k]ijUrq fNcksfy;s esa jksfV;kWa o lCth ftruh Fkh mruh gh jgh A fdlkuksa us ekWa thth dk ;g fnO; peRdkj ns[kk rks nkarksa rys vaxqfy;kWa nckus yxs A

ekWa thth }kjk csjk cM+k vjV ij fn;s x;s fnO; peRdkj dh ppkZ vkt Hkh yksxksa ds tqcku ij gS A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ HkSy dk bfrgkl

fodze laor~ 1521 Hkknoh cht 'kfuokj dks ekWa thth vius uUnh ¼cSy½ ds lax o`) #i esa fcykM+k i/kkjha A fcykM+k vkus ij gh ekWa thth dk uke vkbZekrkth iM+k A fcykM+k esa ekrkth tk.kksth jkBkSM+ xokM+h esa i/kkjh A tk.kksth dh lsok Hkko ls izlUu gksdj ekrk us muds [kks, iq= ek/ko dks feyk;k A tk.kksth dh e`R;q ds ckn ek/koth fnu jkr ekrkth dh lsok djrs vkSj xkWao&xkWao ?kwedj vkbZ iaFk dk izpkj djrs A tkfr&ikfr dk Hksn Hkko fd, fcuk mUgsa ekrkth dk mins’k nsrs vkSj mUgsa Mksjk cU/k cukdj ^vkbZ&iaFk* esa nhf{kr djrs A

,d ckj ek/koth us ekrkth ls vtZ dh ekWa vki esjs lkFk ?kwe&?kwedj vkbZ iaFk dk izpkj djsa A yksxksa esa vkids izfr vikj J)k gS A vkbZ ekrkth us dgk&ek/koth o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k eq>s pyus fQjus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS A esjh Hkh bPNk gS fd xkWao&xkWao ?kwedj yksxksa dk d"V nwj d#Wa A rqe ,d dke djks esjs fy;s cSyxkM+huqek ,d jFk cuokvks A eSa mlesa cSBdj rqEgkjs lkFk xkWao&xkWao vkbZ iaFk dk izpkj d#axh A rc ek/koth us vkbZekrkth dh vkKk ls cSyxkM+huqek jFk cuok;k A fQj vkbZekrk Lo;a fcjkteku gksdj xkWao&xkWao ?kwedj vkbZ iaFk dk izpkj djus yxh ftls ek/koth Lo;a gkadrs Fks A ;gh cSyxkM+huqek jFk dks vkbZekrkth dh HkSy dgrs gSa A

fcykM+k esa ekrkth ds vUrZ/;ku gksus ds ckn vc vkbZ ekrk dh HkSy ¼jFk½ esa Jh vkbZ ekrkth dh rLohj]vkRe n’kZu gsrq niZ.k]v[k.M T;ksr vkSj ekrkth ds Le`fr fpUg j[ks gq, gSa A ;gh HkSy o"kZ Hkj ?kwe ?kwedj vkbZ iaFk dk izpkj djrh gS ,oa tks yksx fut efUnj esa vkdj vkbZekrkth ds n’kZu ugha dj ikrs os yksx blh

HkSy ds n’kZu dj ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa A pkj cM+h cht]pS= lqnh cht]oS’kk[k lqnh cht]Hknok lqnh cht ,oa ek?k lqnh cht dks ;g /keZ jFk ¼HkSy½ tgkWa dgha Hkh gks fcykM+k vk tkrh gS A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ dk vUrZ/;ku gksuk

ekWa vkbZth us nhu nq%f[k;ksa ds nq%[k nnZ nwj djus ds fy, vorkj fy;k Fkk A ;g dk;Z yxHkx iw.kZ gks pqdk Fkk rks ekrkth us vUrZ/;ku gksus dk eu cuk fy;k A vius J)kyqvksa]HkDrksa vkSj lk/kq&larksa dks fodze laor~ 1561 ps= lqnh cht 'kfuokj dks vUrZ/;ku gksus dh ckr dgh A vkf[kj og fnu vk x;k tc vius gtkjksa HkDrksa dks viuk vfUre mins’k lqukdj dgk fd eSa vUrZ/;ku gksus tk jgh gWaw A vki 7 fnu rd dksVM+h ds fdaokM+ er [kksyuk A rc mifLFkr J)kyq HkDrksa vkSj lk/kq larksa us ekrkth ls izkFkZuk dh fd ekrkth vkids n’kZu ds fcuk rks ge vkSj gekjs cPps vUu ty rd xzg.k ugha djrs gSa A vr% 7 fnu rd ge vkSj gekjs cPps vkids fcuk vUu ty ds dSls jgsaxs \ rc

ekrkth us dgk vki yksx nhoku xks;Unnkl th dks gh esjk #i le>uk A buds n’kZu dks esjs n’kZu rqY; le>uk A izkr%dky d.kkewaB ¼eqV~Bh Hkj vUu½ p<kuk ftls esjh iwtk le>uk A jksVh cukrs le; igyh jksVh dks esjh xknh ds vkxs izlkn Lo#i p<kuk A ,slk djus ls vkids lkjs euksjFk iw.kZ gksaxs A nwljksa ds cgdkos esa er vkuk A tks esjh csy cka/ks j[ksxk A esjs crk, vkbZ iaFk ds X;kjg fu;eksa dk ikyu djsxk vkSj esjk /;ku djus okys dks dHkh Hkh dksbZ foifŸk ughaa vk;sxh A eSa gj iy]gj {k.k mlds lkFk jgawxh A

bl izdkj viuh ckr dgdj vkbZekrkth us vius lky ds fdaokM+ cUn dj fn;s A ;s ve`rok.kh Jh vkbZekrk ds vfUre mins’k gh ugha vfirq ekWa txnEck ds opu fl) Fks A ftldk ikyu djus ij gj izdkj dh foifŸk ls cpk tk ldrk gS A

lHkh HkDrx.k lky ds ckgj Jh vkbZekrk dh HkfDr Hkkouk esa yhu Fks A lHkh dks lkr fnuksa dk bartkj Fkk A os ekWa vkbZth ds fo;ksx ls ije nq%[kh Fks A yksx vkil esa rjg rjg dh ckrsa djus yxs A os ckj ckj xks;Unnklth ls lky ds fdaokM+ [kksyus dk vkxzg dj jgs Fks A pkj fnu chrus ds ckn vkf[kj ikWapos fnu yksxksa dk /kS;Z VwV x;k A ekWa vkbZekrk ds opuksa dh ijokg fd;s cxSj xks;Unnklth ij fdaokM+ [kksyus ds fy, ncko Mkyuk 'kq# fd;k A xks;Unnklth us le>k;k ekWa vkbZekrk us 7 fnu rd fdaokM+ ugha [kksyus dk vkns’k fn;k gS vkSj lkr fnu ckn eS blh xknh ij vkidks feyWawxh dgk gS blfy, fdaokM+ [kksy nsaxs rks vkidks iNrkos ds vykok dqN Hkh gkFk ugha yxsxk blfy, ;g mfpr ugha gS A vkf[kj yksxksa us mudh ckr u ekurs gq, ikWapos fnu gh dksVM+h ds fdaokM+ [kksy fn, A

tSls gh lky ds }kj [kksys yksxksa us ,d izTTofyr T;ksr dks vkdk’k dh vksj tkrs gq, ns[kk A xknh ij vkbZekrk dk Hkxok pksyk]ekstM+h]xzUFk]ikWap ukfj;y o ekyk gh feyh A Jh vkbZekrk vUrZ/;ku gks xbZ Fkha A ;g ns[kdj yksxks dks Hkkjh nq%[k gqvk A xks;Unnklth us lcdks le>k;k gksuh dks dkSu Vky ldrk gS \ vc iNrkus ls D;k gksxk \

vkius vkbZekrk dk dguk u ekudj ikWaposa fnu gh dksVM+h dk njoktk [kqyok fn;k A vc vki yksx jksus ,oa iNrkus dh ctk; lPps eu ls Jh vkbZekrk ds crk, fu;eksa dk Lej.k dj lnSo ikyu djks A oks lnSo gekjs lkFk jgsaxh A

csy D;k gS \

dkad.k dkpks lwr jks]rkj X;kjg rke AxkaB bZX;kjg Qkcrk]ckaf/kts ekWa vkbZ uke AA

gkFk the.kks iq#"k js]L=h xys vuwi Ansoh vorkj ukS]vr fgr fpr pwi AA

Mksjks vkbZ ekrk jks]lkpks ckWa/ks tks; Aeu pkgk dkjt ljs]fo?u u O;kis dks; AA

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ csy ds X;kjg fu;e

csy vkbZ jh ckaW/kks HkkbZ]use /keZ lc ikyks HkkbZ A ijFke >wB rtks lq[k ikbZ]nwtks rks en ekal NqM+kbZ A

rhtks C;kt ij /ku u ysoks]pkSFks tqvk dHkh ugha [ksyks Aiape ekrk&firk jh lsok]NBs vH;kxr gks nsok A

lkr xq# dh vkKk ikyks]vkBksa ij&fgr ekxZ pkyks Auo ij ukjh ekrk tk.kks]nl dU;k dks /kje ij.kkvks A

LokFkZ dkt u vdje djuk]xkWaB bX;kjg lRekjx pyuk AgkFk iq#"k vkSj xys yqxkbZ]ckaW/kks csy dgks t; vkbZ A

t; vkbZ Jh vEcs ekbZ]nso nuqt lc rsjks ;’k xkbZ A csy vkbZ jh ckaW/kks HkkbZ]use /kje lc ikyks HkkbZ A

thth ¼Jh vkbZekrkth½ }kjk crk, x, fu;e ,oa mins’k

Jh vkbZ ekrkth us dgk&tks bu fu;eksa dk ikyu djsxk]oks esjk vuU; HkDr gksxk vkSj eSa lnSo mlds lkFk jgawxh A

01-fdlh Hkh /keZ dh fuUnk er djuk A02-pksjh tkjh tho fgalk er djuk A03-nwljh vkRek dks d"V er igqWapkuk A04-'kjkc]ekWal]vQhe vkfn ls lnk nwj jguk A05-leiZ.k o ,dfu"B Hkko ls ekrk&firk dh lsok djuk A

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