Aa r x e i o n i - აჭარის ავტონომიური...

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aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTvelo Sub‐department of Ajara Autonomous Republic Government‐ Archives Administration ISSN 2233‐3541 a r x e i o n i ARCHEION V Tbilisi 2013 Tbilisi

Transcript of Aa r x e i o n i - აჭარის ავტონომიური...

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aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTvelo

Sub‐department of Ajara Autonomous Republic Government‐ 

Archives Administration 

 

ISSN 2233‐3541 

 

Aa r x e i o n i

A R C H E I O N 

 

V 

 

 

 

 

 

Tbilisi 2013  Tbilisi 

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saredaqcio sabWo:

guram salaZe - saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare, Tamaz

futkaraZe – redaqtori, Teona iaSvili, elguja Caganava, maia

rurua, fridon qardava, merab kezevaZe, mariana piskova, nurie

muratova.

Editorial Board

Guram Saladze - chairman of editorial board, Tamaz Putkaradze - editor ,Teona Iashvili, Elguja Chaganava, Maia Rurua, Fridon Kardava, Merab Kezevadze, Mariana Piskova, Nurie Muratova.

saredaqcio sabWo SesaZloa yovelTvis ar iziarebdes avtorTa

mosazrebebs.

avtorebis stili daculia

Editorial board may not always agree with authors opinions.

Authors style is retained.

 

 

© aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTvelo, 2013

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

 

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Tamaz futkaraZe zaza burkaZe nino gogitiZe

saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesi wminda eqvTime RvTiskaci

1863 w. 5 ianvars, ozurgeTSi, sofel lixaurSi, aznaur si-

mon TayaiSvilisa da gituli nakaSiZis ojaxSi daibada biWuna, romelsac istoriis fortunebidan ukvdaveba elodeboda. Zeo-ba fexbednieri gamodga qarTuli mecnierebsaTvis. daibada ga-moCenili mecnieri, sazogado moRvawe, qarTuli ganZis erTgu-li daraji, romelic eklesiam ormagi epiTetiT Seamko da uwo-da wm. eqvTime RvTiskaci, xolo iuneskom 2013 weli eqvTime Ta-yaiSvilis wlad gamoacxada.

eqvTime TayaiSvils ar Wirdeba imisi axsna, Tu vin იყო igi da ras warmoadgens misi Semoqmedeba. am kategoriis adamianebi maradiulad rCebian eris kulturul mexsierebaSi. imdeni rom imogzauro, eZebo, daicva Zeglebi, sigel-gujrebi, ganZeuloba, unda uzomod giyvardes Seni xalxi, Seni qveyana. swored siyva-ruli iyo misi gamorCeuli Tviseba. AeqvTime RvTiskacs saqar-Tvelosa da misi istoriis ganyenebuli cneba ki ara, realurad uyvarda samSoblo Tavisi fesvebiTa da momavliT. igi iyo Seu-darebeli Wirisufali, svegamwarebuli qveynis WeSmariti meWur-WleTuxucesi – ver Tu ar mousvleli Wirisuflis gareSe rom mibarda mSobliur miwas. sityvis kaci iyo didi eqvTime da arc arasdros gaumrudebia danapirebi. igi WirisufaliviT dabrun-da saqarTveloSi Rrmad moxucebuli – uSiSroebis samsaxure-bis mZlavrobis, ganukiTxaobis, mudmivi zewolis pirobebSic ki akeTebda qarTul saqmes, seniT daavadebuli aqeT amxnevebda damwuxrebul qveyanas. Tavis droze rezo TabukaSvilma brZana saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesze – ubadlo mxedariao wage-bul omSi, Torem mogebul omSi rom mxedroba did siZneles ar warmoadgens, es yvelam kargad icis.

mkvircxl da daudegar eqvTimes sami wlis asakSi fexi mo-utexia. ,,bavSvobaSi celqi vyofilvar, igonebs eqvTime. sami wlisa xeze gavsulvar, gadmovardnilvar da marjvena fexi mo-mitexiao”. roca bavSvebs gavajavrebdi, ,,koWlabuxas meZaxdne-no”. misive mousvenrobisa da uxeiro mkurnalobis gamo eqvTime mTeli cxovrebis manZilze xeljoxiT dadioda, Tumca mainc Cqari siaruli uyvarda.

eqvTimes deda male gardaecvala. xuTiode wlis asakSi ki sruliad daoblda. misi aRzrda bebiam, daqvrivebulma mamidam

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da dam ikisres. Ddaoblebuli bavSvi gaWirvebaSi izrdeboda. ozurgeTis saswavlebelSi igi niko marTan erTad swavlobda. isini mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uaxloes megobrebad darCnen. axalgazrdebi patriotulad iyvnen ganwyobilni da fics deb-dnen, rom daeuflebodnen im specialobas, romelic maT samSob-los esaWiroeboda. eqvTimem swavla ganagrZo quTaisis gimna-ziaSi. gaWirvebuls zamTris paltoc ki ar hqonia. Aamitomac iyo, rom mowafeTa momzadeba daiwyo. 1883 w. eqvTimem daamTavra gimnazia vercxlis medalze da swavla peterburgis universi-tetSi gaagrZela berZnul-laTinur enaTa ganxriT, qarTvel-mcodneobaSic ,,gatexa ena” da kandidatis xarisxiT dabrunda TbilisSi.

             eqvTimes megobarma n. marma erTi wliT gvian daamTavra peter-burgis universiteti da samSoblo-Si dabrunebas apirebda, magram eq-vTimem gadaafiqrebina: fexi ar moi-calo, Seni adgili peterburgSia. Aaq me damipires gafuWeba da Sen sificxes ufro ar aitanebeno.

eqvTimem miznad daisaxa axalgazrdebis aRzrda, mSobliuri istoriis kvleva da istoriuli dokumentebis da Zeglebis gadarCe-na, magram Surma da mtrobam aqac iCina Tavi. ,,jer muSaoba arc ki da-mewyo, ukve waxdena momindomeso” –

wers eqvTime. moSurnem eqvTimes plagiatoba daswama. eqvTimem samediatoro sasamarTloSi gaiwvia da rom ar gahyva, dueli SesTavaza. cilismwamebelma duelsac aarida Tavi. ilias Care-viT da samediatoro sasamarTlos ganCinebiT konfliqti daiZ-lia. rom ara ilias Careva, SesaZloa saqme cudad dasrulebu-liyo. Aamitomac erTxans gadauwyvetia samecniero saqmianobi-saTvis Tavis danebeba, Tumca Semdeg gadaufiqrebia da gaugrZe-lebia mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba.

cnobilia, rom aseT winaaRmdegobas waawyda iakob goge-baSvilic, romelic TviTmkvlelobas megobarma aacdina, eqvTi-mem ki TviTon sZlia cdunebas.

niWierma axalgazrdam, samecniero saqmis didma organiza-torma imTaviTve miipyro gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da daimsa-xura ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiisa da arqeologiuri sazo-gadoebis ori oqros medali (1907 da 1910 ww.),

1895 w. eqvTimem colad SeirTo Tbiliseli iuristis ivane poltarackis asuli nino ilias CareviT. Nninoze Tvali luar-

eqvTime TayaiSvili

axalgazrdobaSi 

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sab andronikaSvilsac eWira, romelic megobrobda eqvTimesTan da xSirad Seaxsenebda: b-no eqvTime, TavSive majobeo. imxanad eqvTime iakob gogebaSvilTan cxovrobda. erTxel ilias iakobi-saTvis dauvalebia – eqvTime momiyvaneo. sufras ilia Tamadob-da da eqvTimes sadRegrZelos warmoTqmisas uTqvams: sanamde unda iyos eqvTime gogebaSvilis binaze. igi SeirTavs nino pol-tarackaias da ojaxs Seqmniso, magram poltarackaiebma SemouT-vales: ar gabedo Torem meore fexsac mogtexTo. iliasTan mi-sul eqvTimes SeuCivlia: ase da ase SemomiTvales. ratom gama-baxeT, es didebuli qali koWlabuxas rogor moisurvebdao. iliam uTxra: jer miTxari, gabaxeba ra aris da koWlabuxas ma-gier koWlamuxas // muxliT koWls xom ar ityviano. eqvTimem auxsna: gabaxeba guriaSi saxelis gatexvas niSnavs, koWlabuxa ki me rom var, koWli imas niSnavso. ilias uTqvams: dRes ori sityva gavige, egec saqmeao da xuTSabaTisaTvis daubarebia sa-dilze, sadac kvlav gaumeorebia: eqvTime SeirTavs ninos, jvars ki Cemi meuRle dawerso. Ggigla yifSiZes usayvedurebia ilia-saTvis: aseTi lamazi qali koWls rogor SerTeo. ilias uT-qvams: sxva erovnebis kacs rom SeerTo, miwis didi nakveTi gve-kargebodao. ilia cdilobda, rom qarTvelis miwebi isev qar-Tvelebis xelSi moxvedriliyo.

N

nino kargad flobda franguls da metad ganaTlebuli qa-

li iyo. MmaSinac ki, roca ojaxSi lukma puris fuli ar hqon-daT, ninos erTxelac ar dauwuwunia da sicocxlis bolomde uerTgula qarTuli kulturis did moamages. sxvaTa Soris, pirveli werili miwera Tavad ninom, romelSic gamoxata simpa-Tiebi eqvTimesadmi. levilSi maT gaaSenes mSvenieri baR-venaxi.

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mwvanilis sayidlad bazarSi ar da-diodnen, gaiCines mewveli Txac.

Nninos mama ivane poltaracki polo-neli iyo, dekabristul moZraobaSi monawileobisaTvis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli. igi daqorwinda ga-baSvilis qalze da mziTvad didi mi-webi ergo. ilia megobrobda ivane poltarackisTan. Ppoema ,,aCrdilic” mas miuZRvna. Tavad ivanem rusul ena-ze Targmna ilias ,,glaxis naambobi”, ,,kacia adamiani?!”. poltarackis dak-rZalvaze ilias ,,cremlebi kurcxal-kurcxal Camosdiodao”. eqvTime colis SerTvis Semdegac muSa-obda skolaSi, amave dros umklavdeboda kavkasiis samoswavlo olqis antiqarTul gamoxdomebs. eqvTime aqtiur sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweoda. 1905 w. revoluciis dReebSi voroncov daSkovma guriaSi gaagzavna damsjeli razmi alixanov avarskis meTaurobiT. qarTvelma moRvaweebma ilias meTaurobiT mTavrobas mimarTes da gurias aaciles aoxreba, magram erTi Tvis Semdeg guruli revolucio-nerebi Tavs daesxnen damsjel aseuls. Mmefisnacvalma kvlav gaagzavna guriaSi damsjeli razmi, romelsac natanebidan ozurgeTamde da ozurgeTis zemoTac SerCeviT ojaxebi unda moespo, saxlebi gadaebuga. qarTul deputacias axla ilia ve-Rar gayveboda. Ee. TayaiSvilma gabeda da mefisnacvals nebar-Tvis gareSe mimarTa: brZeni mmarTvelis movaleobaa, rom yvela problema moagvaros mSvidobiani meTodebiT da ar mimarTos Za-ladobasa da represiebs, roca es SesaZlebeliao. voroncovma ukan daixia. samwuxarod es damsaxureba 1980 w. qarTul presaSi sxvas miewera, rac 1981 w. telexedvamac eqvTimem Tavidanve gansazRvra Tavisi saqmianobis sfero –

Seekriba masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTviს, gadaerCina qar-Tuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, werilobiTi dokumente-bi. ,,saqarTvelo daviare da davinaxe – wers eqvTime, ra uzarma-zari masalaa ganwiruli daviwyebisa da xSirad daRupvisaTvi-

sac ki. Pპirdapir amitana fanatikurma miswrafebam, rom rac Se-iZleba meti momeswro, miT umetes, rom Cem TanamedroveTagan ma-incdamainc aRaravin misdevda am saqmeso”. eqvTime SeniSnavs: ,,sul vSiSobdi, es ar daikargos, is ar waxdes meTqi. vcdilob-di yvelaferi amewera, gadmomeRo, Camexata, SemeZina, Semomewir-

vebina da sabolood muzeumi Semeqmnao”. Nნaxavda igi eqsponats, patrons Txovda – gamatane, Seviswavli da dagibrunebo. Mმeore

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dRes ki gazeTSi qveyndeboda informacia: aman da aman didsu-lovnad Semoswira esa da es dokumenti Tu eqsponati erovnul saqmeso. swored amitom uTqvams eqvTimes: me rom xeibari ar vyofiliyavi yaCaRi viqnebodio. eqvTimes dawyevlili hyavda yve-la qarTveli, vinc erovnul saganZurs, dokuments, nivTs saqar-Tvelos daukargavda. Tavad eqvTimesac ukvirda, rogor SeZlo amdeni. ,,meZebariviT mainc da mainc me unda wavwydomodi erTi-meoreze saintereso xelnawers, nivTsa Tu sxva Zegls”-o, ambob-da eqvTime da wyinda, rom zogierTebi almacerad uyurebdnen ,,amisTvis daamTavra umaRlesi, sxva saqme ver gamonaxao”. pir-velwyaroTa mopovebiT, dedanTa da misi Targmanebis publika-ciiT m. brosesa da n. maris gamoklebiT aravis gaukeTebia imde-ni, ramdenic SeZlo qarTuli ganZis didma Wirisufalma.      1888 wels, igi wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi gamgeobis wevrad Seiyvanes. paralelurad aqveynebda Zvel xelnawerTa aRwerilobebs gazeT iveriaSi. eqvTime TayaiSvilis pirvel samecniero nabijebs mtkice niadagi moumzada istorikosma dimitri baqraZem, romelsac eqvTime Sexvda gimnaziaSi maswavleblobis dawyebidan erT weliwadSi. isini xSirad erTad mogzaurobdnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, erTad eZebdnen, krebdnen Zvel qarTul xelnawerebs, swavlobdnen da abinavebdnen muzeumSi. 1888 wels eqvTimem Seiswavla da gamoikvlia „parxlis saxareba“. amas mohyva Satberduli „moqcevai qarTlisais“ axleburi wakiTxva da daTariReba. 1891 wels eqvTime TayaiSvilma gamosca „axali varianti wm. ninos cxovrebisa anu meore nawili qarTlis moqcevisa“. saqarTvelos adreuli isto-riisTvis umniSvnelvanesi iyo mis mier aRmoCenili „xelmwifis karis garigebis“ xelnaweri. es xelnaweri eqvTimem qarTlSi mogzaurobis dros gapartaxebul saxlSi, na¬gav¬Si ipova. 1920 wlis maisSi Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlobam „xelmwi-fis karis garigeba“ misi gamokvleviT da winasityvaobiT gamos-ca. aseve gamokvleuli aqvs „abdulmesianis“, „Tamarianis“, „vis-ramianis“, „amirandarejanianis“, „rostomianis“, „qilila da da-manas“, „rusudanianis“, „omanianis“, Teimuraz I TxzulebaTa, Te-imuraz batoniSvilis rusTvelologiuri SeniSvnebisa da sxva-Ta mravalTa xelnawerebi.

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier aR-moCenil „vefxistyaosnis“ Zvel xelnawerebs. man Tavi mouyara 17 xelnawers, romelTa Soris zogi metad sayuradRebo iyo, rogorc variantebiT, ise mxatvrobiT; saerTod ki 24 xelnawe-ris Sesaxeb mokriba cnobebi. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier Tavmoy-ril „vefxistyaosnis“ xelnawerTa Soris uZvelesi iyo 1646 wlis, romelic vinme korinTelisagan SeiZina, aseve mefe gior-

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gi XI-isaTvis 1680 wels misi mdivnis mier gadawerili „vefxis-tyaosani“. es xelnaweri gamoirCeva Tavisi moxatulobiT. eqvTi-me TayaiSvilis didi damsaxurebaa gadarCena pelagia wereTli-seuli „vefxistyaosnisa“, romelic siuJeturi miniaturebiT iyo dasuraTebuli.

1892 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili ilia WavWavaZes ganjidan TbilisSi nikoloz baraTaSvilis neSTis gadmosvenebaSi exma-reboda. male eqvTimes redaqtorobiT „wera-kiTxvis gamavrcele-belma sazogadoebam“ gamosca nikoloz baraTaSvilis Txzule-baTa pirveli sruli krebuli.

eqvTime gimnaziaSi laTinuris garda ukve istoriasa da ge-ografiasac aswavlida. direqtoris adgili gaTavisuflda da eqvTimes gimnaziis xelmZRaneloba SesTavazes. 1894-1904 wlebSi swored is ganagebda Tbilisis qarTul saTavadaznauro gimna-zias, yoveli sazafxulo ardadegebis dros ki awarmoebda ar-qeologiur gamokvlevebs.

samxreT nawilSi (TurqeTis saqarTvelo). pirveli eqspedi-cia moewyo 1902 wels. eqspediciaSi eqvTime TayaiSvilTan er-Tad monawileobdnen arqiteqtori simon kldiaSvili da fo-tografi aleqsandre mamuCaiSvili. axalcixisa da axalqalaqis zog ZeglTan erTad maSin maT gamoikvlies artaanis olqis Zeg-lebi da olTisis olqis nawili. meore eqspedicia 1907 wels moewyo. am mogzaurobis dros eqvTime TayaiSvilma inaxula da aRwera TorTumis xeobis zemo welSi mdebare eqeqis taZari, am taZris samxreTiT mdebare sofel soxroTis taZari, oTxTa ek-lesia, parxali da sxva mniSvnelovani Zeglebi. am arqeologiu-ri eqspediciebis Sedegebis mniSvnelovani nawili gamoica pa-rizSi, 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi.mecnierulis garda di-di erovnuli da politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda eqvTimes eq-

eqvTime TayaiSvilis

Zegli TbilisSi

eqvTime TayaiSvilis

Zegli quTaisSi

eqvTime TayaiSvilis

biusti zugdidSi

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spediciebs TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. Mmecnieri Tanamemamuleebs uRviZebda petriotul grZnobebs, romlebic fics debdnen, rom ,,ar daviviwyebT mamapaur wes-Cveulebebso”. 

saqarTvelos samecniero-kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvne-lovani wvlili Seitana 1907 wels eqvTime TayaiSvilis Taosno-biT daarsebulma saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sa-zogadoebam, romlis mizani saqarTvelos istoriis, misi xal-xis yofa-cxovrebis, xelovnebis Zeglebis Seswavla iyo. sazo-gadoebis Tavmjdomare Tavad eqvTime TayaiSvili iyo 1921 wlam-de. saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebam farTo da nayo-fieri muSaoba gaSala. mravalmxrivma samecniero saqmianobam didi popularoba moutana sazogadoebas. eqvTime TayaiSvilma daafuZna ori samecniero seria „Zveli saqarTvelo“ da „saqar-Tvelos siZveleni“. igi Tavad iyo am seriebis tomebis Semdge-neli.

„saqarTvelo daviare da davinaxe, Tu ra uzarmazari ma-salaa ganwiruli daviwyebisa da xSirad daRupvisTvisac, pirdapir amitana fanatikurma miswrafebam, rac SeiZleba meti momeswro, miT umetes, rom Cem TanamedroveTagan aRaravin misdevda am saqmes . . . ramdens vcdilobdi, ras ar vkidebdi xels, magram ramdeni ram mainc ver movaswa-ri . . . . ar iyo xalxi, TiToorola kacis meti ar ekare-boda aseT saqmes; ar esmodaT amis mniSvneloba da gemo! . . rusTvelis gamzirze sernobasa da popularuli statia-wignebis kiTxvas an literaturul kamaTs iqiT aRar mi-dioda maTi mondomeba . . . TiTqos gvyavda inteligencia, magram namdvilad da Rrmad veravin xvdeboda kulturu-li memkvidreobis movla-patronobisa da adgilobriv Seswavlis aucileblobas! - wer¬da eqvTime TayaiSvili.

eqvTime TayaiSvili iyo saqarTvelos erovnul-demokrati-uli partiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. 1919-1921 wlebSi igi gax-ldaT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile.

didia eqvTime TayaiSvilis Rvawli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebaSi. igi ivane javaxiSvilTan erTad imTa-viTve iyo arCeuli „qarTuli universitetis sazogadoebis“ ko-misiaSi. universiteti 1918 wlis 26 ianvars gaixsna. eqvTime Ta-yaiSvili universitetis erT-erTi pirveli profesori iyo. 1918 wlis 21 maiss Tbilisis universitetis sabWom eqvTime TayaiS-vils mianiWa doqtoris samecniero xarisxi. igi sam saleqcio kurss uZRveboda. erTi pirvelkurselTaTvis iyo da moicavda saqarTvelos siZveleTmcodneobis Sesavals. amasTan erTad mec-nieri kiTxulobda epigrafikas da saqarTvelos saeklesio is-

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torias. universitetis daarsebis Semdeg man gimnaziaSi maswav-lebloba miatova.

bolSevikuri ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 11 marts, eqvTime TayaiSvilma saqar-Tvelos pirveli respublikis xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgen-lebTan erTad saqarTvelo datova. is dasaxlda Tavdapirve-lad parizSi, 1922 wlidan levilSi da drogamoSvebiT swav-lobda oqsfordSi.

safrangeTSi igi TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis manZilze cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. igi ganagrZobda nayofier samecnie-ro-kvleviT moRvaweobas. misi aRiarebis dasturi iyo is, rom igi jer parizis numizmatTa sazogadoebis (1922 wlis 4 Teber-vali), xolo Semdeg safrangeTis saazio sazogadoebis (1925) namdvil wevrad airCies. 1937-1939 wlebSi TayaiSvili iyo mis mi-erve daarsebuli „qarTuli kulturuli da saarqeologio ma-salebis gamocemis fondis“ Tavmjdomare. amasTan, igi gaxldaT samecniero perioduli gamocemis “Georgica” (londoni) sare-daqcio sabWos wevri. parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi eqvTimem miagno araerT qarTul xelnawers da gaSifra igi. mogvianebiT gamoaqveyna ,,parizis nacionaluri biblioTekis qarTuli xel-nawerebi da oci qarTuli saidumlo damwerlobis niSani“, ,,qarTuli siZveleni evropul antikvarebTan“ da a. S.

gaxiznulma mTavrobam Tan waiRo saqarTvelos ganZis is-toriulad gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli nawili. masSi Sedioda Tbilisis muzeumebis Zvirfaseuloba: oqro-vercxlis xatebi da Tval-margalitiT mooWvili sxva saganZuri, Zvirfasi xelnawe-rebi, zugdidis dadianiseuli sasaxlis ganZeuloba, gelaTisa da martvilis samonastro qoneba, Tbilisis sasaxlis ganZeu-loba, borjomis sasaxlis qoneba da sxva mravali. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganZis mesakuTred, oficialurad, saqarTvelos mTav-roba iTvleboda, faqtobrivad, ganZs TayaiSvili meurveobda. ganZi, sul 39 yuTi, eqvTimes marselis bankSi hqonda Senaxuli.

misi Rirebuleba imJamindeli kursiT Seadgenda 10 471 770 oqros maneTs. 1921 -1924 ww. sagangebo komisiis mier miCneuli ,,sabanko vercxleuloba” (zodebi) gadaudniaT da gauyidiaT 1 200 000 maneTad. Tanxis nawiliT 1922 w. SeuZeniaT parizidan 26 km-Si sof. levilSi ekliani mavTuliT SemoRobili mamuli – 30 ha-mde saxnav-saTesiT da Sato – saxli, romlis meore sar-Tulze ori oTaxi miuCeniaT eqvTimesa da misi meuRlisaTvis. Ees adgili adre parizis aristokratiis sanadiro adgili yo-fila, Sato saxli ki monadireTa TavSesafari. erT dros am saxlis pirvel sarTuls sajinibodac iyenebdnen.

erovnul saunjes araerTxel daemuqra gayidva–gasxvisebis safrTxe. ganZis calkeuli eqsponatebis yidva surdaT evropis

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(in¬gli¬sis, ame¬ri¬kis) sxvadasxva muzeumebs, magram TayaiSvi-li amaze ar Tanxmdeboda. man sasamarTloSi moigo saqme graf aleqsandre obolenskis qvrivis, samegrelos ukanaskneli mTav-ris nikoloz dadianis asulis, salome obolenskaias winaaR-mdeg. am ukanasknels pretenzia hqonda zugdidis muzeumidan ga-tanil ganZeulobaze. dava 7 wels gastana. eqvTimem waradgina 1920 w. 21 dekembris Ddekreti dadianis qonebis gasaxelmwifoeb-riobis Sesaxeb. Ddadianis asulma waago sasamarTlo, magram mosamarTlem gamoitana gadawyvetileba – menSevikuri mTavroba aRar arsebobs, ganZi upatronoa da saunje gadaeces p. doJons, romelsac abaria mefis ruseTis qoneba safrangeTSio. ganZi luvrs unda gadascemoda. eqvTimem saswrafod miwera werili sabWoTa mTavrobas, ramac ramdenadme Seaferxa es sakiTxi. gan-Zi gadaitanes parizSi da daawyes bankis mTavar SenobaSi.. er-Ta ligis mier 1933 wels sabWoTa kavSiris cnobam metad uaryo-fiTi gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis mdgomareobaze: mis nacvlad Seiqmna „qarTuli ofisi“. ramdena-dac ganZis oficialur mesakuTred manamde saqarTvelos emig-rirebuli mTavroba iTvleboda, amieridan ganZi safrangeTma daisakuTra, miT umetes, rom ganZis Senaxvis safasuri mxolod erTi wlisa iyo gadaxdili. eqvTimem daiwyo mtkiceba – ganZi ekuT¬vnis qarTvel ers, muzeumebs da ara menSevikur mTavroba-so. aqedan moyolebuli TayaiSvili safrangeTis mTavrobisgan iTxovda, rom ganZi saqarTvelos ssr-sTvis gadaecaT. 1938 wels safrangeTma daabruna xelnawerebi. sabolood ki es meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.

eqvTime emigraciaSi uaRresad gaWirvebulad cxovrobda. ,,mexaTreba Sewuxeba, mimarTavs eqvTime mezobels. iqneb damdoT pativi da mcire sakvebi gviboZoT Tqveni ulufidano“. nino paltarackaias dRiurebSi naTlad Cans, Tu ra mZime mdgomareo-baSi iyo Cavardnili maTi ojaxi. ,,diliT 50 gr. puri, erTi Wi-qa yava. sadili - erTi kvercxi, erTi Wiqa rZe, 50 gr. puri. vax-Sami ar gvqonda“ wers nino. am gaWirvebis miuxedavad nino bo-lomde erTgul drajad edga eqvTimesTan erTad qarTul ganZs da musikis gakveTilebSi aRebuli fuliT faqtiurad mSieri ojaxis diasaxlisi unikalur qarTul nivTebs iZenda. eqvTimes zogjer parizSi Casvlis saSualebac ki ar hqonda. xSirad usa-

dilodac rCeboda. Mმag. 1934 wlis TebervalSi 6 dRe ar usadi-

lia, martSi ki 13. Mმxolod naxevari litri rZiT ikvebeboda. ცnobilia, rom maT hyavdaT erTi marCenali Txa, romelsac Sem-

TxveviT wauqcevia eqvTime da meore fexic moutexia. Nნino ki am dros cocxali aRar iyo. igi 1931 w. gardaicvala.

martod darCenil eqvTimes erT kvira dRes parizidan mis ojaxTan daaxloebuli qarTveli emigranti elene feraZe ewvia.

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mas erTi ucnobi qaliSvili axlda. igi iyo sagarejoeli manana mWedliSvili, romelic moxalised wasula frontze. novorosi-iskSi igi tyved Cavardnila, CaugdiaT sakoncentracio banakSi, Semdeg CauyvaniaT berlinSi da rogorc samxedro tyve samuSa-od gaumwesebiaT hunekes klinikaSi. iq mananas gaucnia axalgaz-rda qarTveli tyve aleqsandre morCilaZe. Semodgomis erT dRes gamocxadda sahaero gangaSi. avadmyofebi CauyvaniaT sar-dafSi. mananas gaxsenebia, rom ordinaturaSi darCa tansacmeli da mouwadinebia misi qveviT Catana. asula ordinaturaSi da Suqi CaurTavs, rac germanelebs miuCneviaT mowinaaRmdegisaT-vis micemul signalad. manana ucemiaT da sardafSi CaugdiaT, mogvianebiT ki gadausaxlebiaT safrangeTSi. cxadia, igi da-Sorda aleqsandre morCilaZesac. manana mdivnad daudga eqvTi-mes, daexmara arqivis mowesrigebaSi, paralelurad asrulebda partizanul davalebebsac. erTxel eqvTimesTan movidnen parti-zanebi da usazRvro iyo mananas gaoceba, roca partizanebs So-ris aRmoCnda aleqsandre morCilaZe. igi tyveTa banakidan gamo-usyidia parizSi mcxovreb emigrant qals nametia berZeniSvils. male manana da aleqsandre daqorwindnen da eqvTimes WerqveS mravalJamieri daagugunes. omis Semdeg isini dabrundnen saqar-TveloSi. manana 1980–ian wlebamde cocxali iyo, aleqsandre ki 1985 wlisaTvis guriis sofel akeTSi muSaobda agronomad.

1940 w. 22 ivniss safrangeTis xelisuflebam bedis dacin-viT xeli moawera kapitulaciis aqts swored im salon-vagonSi, sadac 1918 w. 11 noembers marSalma foSem kaizeris germaniis ka-pitulaciis aqti miiRo. ganZs safrTxe germanelebisaganac dae-muqra, magram eqvTimes energiulobam, p. doJonis Tanadgomam Se-

saZlebeli gaxada ganZis gadarCena. Gგermanelebs eqvTimes binac ki gauCxrekiaT da ukiTxavT – sadaa oqroo. eqvTimes eSmakurad ukiTxavs – romeli oqro, amerikelebma rom waiReso?  

meore msoflio omSi hitleruli germania damarcxda da SesaZlebeli gaxda ganZis samSobloSi dabruneba. omis damTav-rebamde, 1944 wlis noemberSi eqvTime TayaiSvili Sexvda ssrk-s elCs safrangeTSi bogomolovs, romelsac gaacno ganZTan da-kavSirebuli viTareba da Semweoba sTxova, Tanac gadasca vrce-li moxseneba general de golis saxelze. de golma gankargu-leba gasca saqarTvelos saunjis dabrunebis Taobaze, rac 1945 wels ganxorcielda kidec. sakiTxi sabolood gadawyda stali-nisa da de golis Sexvedris Semdeg. msoflio problememebiT datvirTulma rogor moicaleT aseTi patara saqmisaTviso, ukiTxavs de gols. degoli wers: stalinma TiTqos sadRegrZe-lo Tqva, magram leqcia wamikiTxa saqarTvelos istoriazeo.

noe Jordaniam eqvTimes Txova ganZTan erTad samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. eqvTimem upasuxa: ,,saqme gagiTavebiaT da axla

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meubnebiT. moxucebul kacs rogor mwiravT... bolSevikebis ndo-ba gana SeiZleba?... ara, ra qviana, me iq ar waval. Cemi adgili aqaa, levilis sasaflaoze, Cems ninosTano“. magram roca ga-daWriT auwyes, rom es aucilebeli iyo, eqvTimes ukiTxavs: ,, ba-tono prezidento, es Txovnaa Tu brZaneba?“. brZanebao. eqvTime fexze wamomdgara da Tvalcremlians uTqvams: ,,ar viziareb Tqvens azrs, magram brZanebas vemorCilebio“ da uTxovia, rom misi ganawamebi meuRle - nino gadmoesvenebinaT saqarTveloSi. eqvTimem piroba miiRo, rom misi Txovna Sesruldeboda.

saqarTveloSi gmomgzavrebis win, 1945 w. aprilSi gamosaT-xovar saRamoze eqvTimes uTqvams: me vici, rom didi pativiT mi-miReben, magram isic vici, rom me maT mudmiv ,,damaSni arestSi“ veyolebi. msxverplad vewirebi Cems Tavze aRebul movaleobaso. Semdeg ki Tvalcremliani sasaflaoze gavida meuRlesTan ga-mosamSvidobeblad. gamosamSvidobebel sufraze eqvTimes noes Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: „ noe, me iq Seni brZanebiT mivdivar. icode, bevr rameebs momaweren Sen da erovnuli mTavrobis wi-naaRmdeg TiTqos Cem Tqmuls. icode, ar daijero. amis niSnebs ukve vxedav aqve. me viyavi da vrCebi saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobis niadagze.... me maT mier SeTxzuli sicruis gasafantad vtoveb anderZis saxiT yovelive axsna-ganmartebas da Cems Sexe-dulebas Cveni qveynis dampyroblebis Sesaxeb, romelic SegiZ-liaT gaxsnaT da gamoaqveynoT Cemi gardacvalebis Semdego“. samwuxarod, jej-jerobiT ver inaxa es misi saintereso da mravlismTqmeli anderZi.

saqarTvelodan safrangeTSi sagangebo misiiT miavlines S. amiranaSvili da p. Saria. aRiwera ganZeuloba da aRmoCnda, rom ara Tu erTi nivTic ar daklebia, piriqiT, gaumdidrebia erov-nuli saganZuri. ganZi CaitvirTa TviTmfrinavSi, magram eqvTime Wirveulobda. 82 wlis moxucs jer TviTmfrinaviT ar emgzavra, amave dros xeiriani Casacmelic (sacvalic ki ar hqonia) ar hqonda. gzad eqvTimes Seukeres Sarval-kostumi. omis gamo Se-movliTi gziT ifrines (romi, bizerta, qairo, Teirani, Tbili-si) da meSvide dRes, 1945 w. 11 aprils TviTmfrinavi daeSva Tbi-lisis aeroportSi. eqvTimem jer cas Sexeda, mere daiRuna, ai-Ro miwa, eambora da warmoTqva akakis leqsi: ,,ca-firuz, xmeleT - zurmuxto, Cemo samSoblo mxareo, sneuli davbrunebulvar, mkurnalad Semeyareo“. eqvTimes xom mudam Tavisi mSvenieri qve-yana enatreboda. mogvianebiT erT-erTi saubris dros saubari Camovardnila stalinze, romelic wyaltuboSi isvenebda, iqe-dan ki eqim yifSiZes borjomSi Camouyvania. stalins uTqvams: rad mxarSavdiT wyaltuboSi, borjomSi ver CamomiyvaneTo? ga-uxsenebiaT, rom stalinma iq dargo kaklis xe. Semdeg gorSi SeuTavazebiaT mis saxlSi Sesvla, magram mas uTqvams: araa au-

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cilebelio. eqvTimes komentari gaukeTebia: sxvagan qris misi goneba. me ki lixauri mesizmrebao.

nayofieri gamodga samSobloSi dabrunebis rva weli. am periodSi gamoqveynda statia ,,TurqeTis mier mitacebul Cvens miwebze“ (gaz. ,,komunisti“, 1946 w. N 104, 105), qarTul da rusul enebze daibeWda naSromi samxreT saqarTvelos Zeglebis Sesa-xeb, gamodioda sajaro leqciebiT da a. S. marTalia igi pati-viT miiRes, dainiSnes Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sa-qarTvelos istoriis kaTedris profesorad (1945 wlis 15 ap-ril), mianiWes damsaxurebuli profesoris wodeba (1945 wlis 10 maisi), airCies saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademi-kosad (1946 wlis 28 dekemberi), magram samwuxarod, sabWoTa xe-lisufleba mainc eWviT uyurebda eqvTimes. mogvianebiT igi mox-smes profesorobidan, dauniSnes pensia, romelic ar miuRia, da-upatimres qaliSvili, bolos ki TviTonac daibares uSiSroe-bis samsaxurSi. Rrmad moxucebuls saxlSi miakiTxa uSiSroe-bis TanamSromelma da moxuci, romelic fexiT Zlivs dadioda, waiyvanes dakiTxvaze. ck-is mdivnis a. mgelaZisadmi gagzavnil werilSi (1952 w. 12 seqtemberi) eqvTime aRniSnavs, rom bolSe-vikuri mTavrobisagan pativcemuli iyo uSiSroebis samsxuris xelmZRvanelad ruxaZis daniSvnamde, romelmac igi ubralo em-grantad CaTvala da ganizraxa misi mospoba. lidas dapatimre-bac eqvTimes winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nabiji iyo. masTan misvli-sa yvelas eSinoda. momvleli qali lia dolaberiZec ruxaZis moTxovniT gaecala moxucs. faqtobrivad igi SinapatimrobaSi imyofeboda. sasowarkveTili moxuci, romelsac siaruli Zali-an uWirda, erT dRes estumra nato vaCnaZes da gaafrTxila im saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas eloda. Turme dakiTxvis dros 90 wlis moxucs ekiTxebodnen imasac, Tu ris Sesaxeb sa-ubrobda safrangeTSi Casuli nato vaCnaZe emigrant qarTveleb-Tan Sexvedris dros. es marTlac iyo zneobrivi magaliTi. kacs, romelic Tavad iyo Sinapatimrobasa da umZimes mdgomare-obaSi, sxvis bedze swuxda da afrTxilebda mosalodneli saf-rTxis Sesaxeb. sxvaTa Soris, moxucs xelisuflebam dauniSna e. w. momvleli qali, romelic uSiSroebis oficeri iyo. qarTvel-ma mecnierma ioseb megraliZem, romelic sicocxlis bolomde eqvTimes emsaxureboda da piradi arqivis mowesrigebaSi exmare-boda, is qalbatoni ,,Seaba“.

ninos da eqvTimes sakuTari Svili ar hyavdaT. amitom pan-sionidan ukve mozrdili gogona lida gamouyvaniaT da aRuz-rdiaT. wlebis Semdeg lida aleqsandre paltarackaias (ninos Zma) meuRle gaxda. sazogadoebisaTvis naklebadaa cnobili, rom swored lidas damsaxurebiT eqvTimes xelnawerebis didi nawili dRemde SemorCa qarTvel xalxs. lida ficxi qali yo-

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fila, antisabWourad ganwyobili da da xmamaRla, mgznebare temperamentiT, lazaTianad SeukurTxebda xolme socializmis ,,wiTel naSierT“. amitomac iyo, rom sicocxlis didi nawili avlabris cixeSi gaatara. arc lidas da aleqsandres darCaT memkvidre. mZime cxovrebam lidasac daasva daRi. bolos mexsie-reba dauqveiTda da svavebiviT daitaces paltarackebis ojaxSi arsebuli antikvaruli nivTebi.

1948 w. ianvarSi a. SaniZes, g. wereTels, v. donduas, i. meg-reliZes gadauwyvetiaT eqvTimes 85 wlis iubilis aRniSvna. eq-vTime sastiki winaaRmdegi wavida - samagiso araferi gamikeTe-biao. iubiles gadaxdas emigraciis drosac upirebdnen, magram iqac win aRudga am gadawyvetilebas - vis gaugonia iubile emigraciaSio.

1953. w. 21 Tebervals eqvTime TayaiSvili gardaicvala. erT-erTi saubris dros eqvTimes gamouxatavs didubeSi iakob gogebaSvilis gverdiT dasaflavebis survili. iakobi mTawmin-daze gadavasveneTo, uTqvamT misTvis. mTawmindaze me iliasTan ra Rirsi var, Cems aSenebul universitetis ezoSi rom dammar-xavdnen - vanos maxloblad ki visurvebdio. micvalebuli ga-moasvenes 16 saaTsa da 15 wuTze. kubo akaki SaniZes, al. barami-Zes, vaxtang beriZes da ioseb megreliZes miqondaT. maT enac-vlebodnen al. janeliZe, k. kekeliZe da s. yauxCiSvili. cxe-dars sul 48 kaci miacilebda. sxvebma ver gabedes eqvTimesTan gamoTxoveba. nabrZanebi iyo procesia ar SeeCerebinaT univer-sitetTan, magram mZRoli moisyides, gadauxades sami Tumani. universitetTan TiTqos manqana ,,gafuWda“ da 6 wuTiT SeCer-dnen. vakis sasaflaoze sityvebi al. baramiZem da qr. SaraSiZem warmoTqves.

1963 w. 10 Tebervals eqvTime TayaiSvilis neSTi didubis panTeonSi gadaasvenes. yvelaferi SenarCunebuli daxvdaT. ku-boc ki ar aRmoCnda gamosacvleli. kuboSi Caixeda a. SaniZem. tansacmeli da fexsacmelic ki daculi iyo. 1987 w. 22 Teber-vals levilidan TbilisSi Camoasvenes da meuRlis gverdiT dakrZales nino poltorackaia-TayaiSvilis neSti. 2000 w. eqvTi-me TayaiSvilis neSti mTawmindis miwas miabares.

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2002 wlis 17 oqtombers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma samo-ciqulo eklesiam is wmindanad Seracxa da wminda eqvTime RvTiskaci uwoda. eqvTime TayaiSvilis muzeumia ganTavsebuli mis ukanasknel sacxovrebel adgilas, TbilisSi, vaSlovanis quCis 7 nomerSi. misi muzeumia aSenebuli TayaiSvilis mSobli-ur sofelSi, lixaurSi, sadac yoveli wlis 16 ianvars „eqvTi-meobas“ aRniSnaven. eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxels atarebs gurian-Ta-vaSnaris muzeum-nakrZali guriaSi. 2013 weli iuneskos egi-diT eqvTime TayaiSvilis saiubileo wlad gamocxadda.

eqvTime RvTiskacis xati eqvTime RvTiskacis

saxelobis eklesia

eqvTime TayaiSvilis Sesaxeb saubari gvinda davasruloT rezo TabukaSvilis sityvebiT (mcireodeni perifraziT): mogvi-teve saqarTvelos dido Wirisufalo, rom ver giWirisufla Senma saTayvanebelma samSoblom, rom ar mieca saSualeba Sens sayvarel xalxs madloba eTqva TqvenTvis. politikuri intri-gebisa Tu koniuqturuli mosazrebebis gamo bevrma axlobel-mac ki migiviwyaT, bevrma gatkinaT guli, magram yvela, isini, vinc Tqven guli gatkinaT, Tavad daisaja RmerTisa da mar-Tlmsajulebis mier. aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa: usamarTlobis Camdeni adre Tu gvian Tavad gaxdeba usamarTlobis msxverpli.

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. giorgi lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime Ta-yaiSvili, Tb. 1990

2. roin metreveli, S. badriZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb. 1962 3. ioseb megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb. 1989 4. gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba“, 1990 w. 31 maisi 5. gaz, ,,aWara“, 2003 w. 18 marti 6. rezo TabukaSvili, dokumenturi filmi ,,saqarTvelos meWur-

WleTuxucesi“  

 Tamaz Putkaradze Zaza burkadze Nino gogitidze

Ekvtime Takaishvili

Summary

150 years have passed since the birth of the great Georgian scientist, public man and the guardian of the Georgian national treasury. ENESCO announced 2013 to be the year of Ekvtime Takaishvili. The presented article deals with the issues related to the life and activities carried by him.

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fridon qardava

1924 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi britanul wyaroebSi

(saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi dokumentebis mixedviT)

bevri dawerila da Tqmula saqarTveloSi 1924 wlis ajan-

yebis Sesaxeb, mraval Sefasebas Tu mosazrebas dauvanebia Cvens istoriografiaSi, zogjer urTierTsapirispiroc, magram amje-rad ara qarTul, aramed ucxour, britanul mzeras da infor-macias SemogTavazebT 1924 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebiT, Se-asaZloa CvenTvis miuRebeli da cotaTi gulsatkenic ki iyos, magram mainc saarqivo dokumentia da vinZlo istoriis ukeT Seswavlisas ufro dagvexmaros.

britaneli diplomati batoni r.m. hodgsoni moaxsenebs remsi makdonalds, britaneTis premier ministrs 1924 wlis 22 seqtembers:

wiTelarmielebi, romlebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen xevsure-Tis 1922 wlis amboxebis da 1924 wlis erovnuli ajanyebis Cax-SobaSi ”ajanyeba mzaddeboda karga xnis win, da ar warmoadgenda sai-dumlos sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis, romelmac aRiara rom, saxelmwifo politikis departamentma ori TviT adre ico-da mosalodneli ajanyebis Sesaxeb. me miTxres da - da es Cans mTlianad sarwmunoa - rom agent-provokatorebi dakavSirebulni iyvnen liderebTan. ase rom ajanyeba dawyebisTanave damarcxebisTvis iyo ganwiruli. sinamdvileSi is Savi zRvis sanapiros mcire areals moicavda, soxumidan baTumamde, WiaTurasa da Tbiliss. ajanyebulebi geg-mavdnen erTdroulad aeRoT Tbilisi, baTumi da sxva adgilebi, magram araferi gamouvidaT, mTeli ajanyeba iseve cudad orga-

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nizebuli, iseve uazro da uimedo iyo rogorc ruseTSi dawye-buli sxva aTobiT ajanyeba revoluciidan moyolebuli. is organizebuli iyo menSevikuri partiis wevrebisa da Zveli miwaTmflobelebis mier. ajanyebaSi monawileobdnen axalwveulebi, umuSevrebi, yofili TeTgvardielebi da mTie-lebi. fragmentul brZolebs adgili hqonda sami Tu oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, ajanyebulebma Tavi Seafares mTebs sadac maTi devna SeuZlebeli iyo. etyoba sabWoTa presa marTals wers, roca ambobs, rom ajanye-bulebTan brZolebSi ar monawileobda regularuli armia da is muSebma da glexebma CaaxSves.” sainteresoa rom am britanul ganwyobas exmianeba mixeil mWedliSvilis mosazreba 1924 wlis saxalxo ajanyebasTan da-kavSirebiT: ”vidre ajanyebis detalebze visaubrebdeT, minda davsva kiTxva, romelic aucileblad aReZvreba mkiTxvels: ruseTis federaci-aSi Semavali respublikebs Soris, an Tundac amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris, ratom mxolod saqarTveloSi moxda ru-seTis saokupacio xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba da sxva-gan arsad?! me piradad, im azrisa var, rom igi winaswar, Segne-bulad Seamzades stalinma da orjonikiZem im muqaris gansa-xorcieleblad, romlis Sesaxebac Riad ganacxada stalinma TbilisSi marcxiani vizitis Semdeg – „saqarTvelo waRma-ukuR-ma unda gadaixnaso“. Tumca aseTi eWvebi mxolod akninebs am ajanyebis mniSvne-lobas, miTumetes rom arc britanuli dokumenti da arc mWed-liSvilis memuarebi amis damadasturebel rame wonian faqts ver gvawvdis. albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom gansakuTrebiT gulsatkeni bri-tanelis moxsenebaSi bolo abzacia, sadac is sabWoTa presis azrs eTanxmeba: istoriam Tu ara Cven xom viciT, rom ajanye-bas qarTveli glexebi da muSebi ver daamarcxebdnen, Tundac im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom ajanyeba ki iyo cudad organize-buli, magram is namdvilad gamoxatavda qarTveli eris sur-vils da nebas da imitomac, rom mas qarTveli eris gmiri, qa-quca ColoyaSvili meTaurobda. Tumca britanul wyaroSi moy-vanil mosazrebas raRac doneze aqvs gamarTleba. ajanyebis Caq-robaSi ra Tqma unda qarTvel partiulTa, bolSevikTa da wi-TelarmielTa wvlili Zalian didi iyo (samxreT-dasavleT sa-qarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 201: 171) ajanyeba damarcxda. inglisuri wayaroebis monaceme-biT sikvdiliT daisaja samasidan aTas kacamde. ajanyebis or-ganizatorebs araviTari Sedegi ar miuRiaT imdroindel po-

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litikaSi, magram bunebrivia rom saqarTvelos prezidenti dev-nilobaSi, noe Jordania, ubralod ar Seegueboda marcxs, ama-od xom ar unda Caevlo sabWoeTTan aseT Tavganwirul Setake-bas?! esec ar iyos adamianTa bedic awuxebda da afrina weri-li inglisis leiboristebTan, premierTan, gazeTebTan da moiT-xova Jenevis konferencias ganexila saqarTvelos sakiTxi. mag-ram manamde sakuTari diplomati atyobinebda Tavis premiermi-nistrs remsi makdonalds:

`Jeneva. sastumro 1924 wlis 18seqtemberi Beau Rivage Zvirfaso premier ministro, am diliT mewvia batoni Cxenkeli, safran-geTSi myofi qarTveli ministri, da me-vedra gTxovoT Tqven, raTa misceT gan-karguleba Cvens warmomadgenels moskov-Si, ganucxados mkacri protesti sabWo-Ta xelisuflebas saqarTvelos winaaR-mdeg misi jarebis barbarosuli qmedebe-bis gamo. baton Cxenkels gulwrfelad sjera, rom Tqven ase moiqceodiT da me davpirdi rom gadmogcemdiT mis Txovnas. man me Camabara werili romel-

sac aqve gigzavniT” . magram daRonebul pasuxs ubrunebs remsi diplomats:

”vidre Tqvens 18 seqtembris gzavnils miviRebdi, momivida batoni Jordanias werili, romelic mogviwodebs CaverioT sa-qarTvelos saqmeSi. ganvixileT Zalian frTxilad, SegveZlo Tu ara rame gagvekeTebina, raTa gamogvesworebina situacia sabWo-Ta mTavrobisadmi araoficialuri protestiT. me rame imedi mqondes, rom mas eqneba rame Sedegi, an rom, vidre ajanyeba Caq-reba, is raimeTi Seamsubuqebs sabWoTa mTavrobis sisastikes, Cavereodi, magram samwuxarod im daskvnamde mivedi rom erTade-ri Sedegi rac amas mohyveba iqneba moskovis ganrisxeba yo-vegvari sargebelis gareSe...” mainc ras werda aseTs Jordania, saqarTvelos svedavsili ”xelmwife”, imdroindeli msoflios politikur xelmwifeT? ”moskovis xelisuflebam sabolood Camoixsna niRabi; mTeli civilizebuli samyaros Tvalwin daiwyo damoukideblobisavis mebrZoli saqarTvelos okupacia. bolSevikuri armia gadmosxda baTumSi da Cadis saSinelebebs, mosaxleobis represiebs, xo-cavs moxucebs, bavSvebsa da qalebs; gadamwvaria saxlebi, gaCa-nagebulia mTeli soflebi. bolSevikebis barbarosoba, mosko-vis sibnele, didad gascda saqarTvelos Suasaukuneebis dam-pyrobTa velurobas. me gTxovT xma aRimaRloT moskovel dam-pyrobTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTveli xalxis dasacavad da

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gaxdeT Suamavalni konfliqtis mogvarebaSi. noe Jordania 1924 wlis 13 sqtemberi”

qveynis saTaveSi yofnisas saqarTvelos prezidentma roca saqarTvelos darCeuli generlebi da Tavdadebuli iunkrebi hyavda da gvardia da armia imediT Sehyurebda, maSin vera daak-lo misive kolegebis mier marTul sabWoTa imperias da Jenevis konferenciisadmi mimarTviTa da protestebiT, an imperiasTan ras gaxdeboda, an Cvens bedkrul qveyanas ras uSvelida?!

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi: 1 . aWaris saarqivo sammarTvelo; fondi i- 83 t IV; saqme 725, 734, 735, 737 2. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara, t. IV.baTumi, 2012 3.  http://networkedblogs.com/eFjXd Fridon Khardava

Materials Related to the Rebel of 1924 in British Sources

Summary

Archival supplies keep the British collections of the most important issues related to the history of Georgia. The article discusses the archival documents related to the rebel of 1924 and presents the justified conclusions.

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ciuri qaTamaZe

jvaris mama - markoz aWareli

ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriis, samSoblosTan misi kulturuli kontaqtebis Sesaswavlad garkveuli mniSvne-loba aqvs ,,jvaris mamaTa“ (ase iwodeboda ierusalimis jvris monastris winamZRvari) vinaobisa da moRvaweobis qronologiis dadgenas.

qarTul istoriografiaSi jvaris mamaTa qronologia jvris monastris aRapebis, sinas monastris sulTa matianis, qarTul xelnawerTa anderZ–minawerebis, saistorio sabuTebis safuZvelze Seiswavla akademikosma elene metrevelma. mis mier Sedgenili sia iwyeba XI saukuniT (proxore SavSeli) da mTav-rdeba XVIII s.–is 30–iani wlebiT (metreveli, 1962:30-40). el. met-reveli iqve miuTiTebs, rom ,,es sia...ar SeiZleba iyos zus-ti...axali wyaroebis mopovebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba... (misi) TandaTan Sevseba, dazusteba da wyaroebiT gamdidreba“ (metre-veli, 1962:41)

am mimarTulebiT qarTveli mkvlevarebi agrZeleben muSao-bas da marTlac araerTi ucnobi jvaris mamis gamovlena gaxda SesaZlebeli ( miqaZe, 1971:236-241; sulaZe, wiwuaSvili, 1991:16; tu-RuSi, 1998:32-36; xuciSvili, 1998: qaTamaZe, 2000:99-103). jvaris ma-maTa zemoxsenebul siaSi me 17 s.–is Sua wlebidan moRvawe wi-namZRvrebis vinaobisa da qronologiis gansazRvra mwiri cno-bebis gamo sakmaodaa garTulebuli, magram mainc SesaZlebelia zogierTi sakiTxis ufro naTlad warmoCena.

me–17 s.–is 30-40-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mi-eqca ,,wmida miwis“, ,,wmida qalaqis“ qarTuli eklesia–monastre-bis da, gansakuTrebiT, jvris monastris aRdgenas, ganaxlebasa da moxatvas; qarTuli xelnawerebis gadawerasa da ,,axlad Se-kazmvas“. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba gaaqtiurda cnobili sasu-liero moRvawisa da diplomatis nikoloz ColoyaSvilis (ni-kifore irbaxi) jvaris mamobis wlebSi (1643-1649 ww.), romelsac Semokrebili hyavda saeklesio pirTa, mweralTa da gadamwerTa mTeli dasi. im periodis ierusalimuri xelnawerebi, jvris monastris saaRape wigni Tu epigrafikuli warwerebi nikoloz ColoyaSvilis gverdiT ixsenieben qarTuli sakrebulos wev-rebs: Teodore manglels, grigol diakons, mRvdel–monazon markozsa da sxvebs. jvaris mama nikolozis aqtiuri TanamoRva-we Cans grigol diakoni, romelsac winamZRvris brZanebiT ,,ax-lad Seukazmavs“ me–11 s.–is ,,Tveni“ (H–2339. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 1949:233-234). am xelnaweris anderZ–minawerebSi da-culi cnobebi sayuradRebo masalas gvawvdis jvris monastris

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mdgomareobis, misi ganaxlebis, jvaris mamaTa qronologiisa da iq moRvawe qarTveli mwignobrebis samuSao pirobebis Sesaxeb.

grigol diakoni axsenebs SavSeTidan mosul simon mRvdels, romelsac xelnaweris ,,Sesamosad “ gauRia Sewiru-loba. amave xelnaweris minaweridan vecnobiT samxreT saqar-Tvelos mkvidrs markoz samcxels. ,,...mas Jamsa odes warvida meufe Cemi ...jvaris mamai nikifore ierusalimiT saqarTvelo-Si...(1649 w.)...mis wil warmogzavna winamZRvrad mRvdel–monazoni markozi, swavluli da wmida, Rirsi yovlisa pativisa. ukeTu ikiTxoT naTesaobiT, iyo queyniT samcxiT aw viT meca...“ irkve-va, rom nikifores (nikoloz ColoyaSvili) saqarTveloSi dab-runebis Semdeg jvris monastris winamZRvrad gaugzavnia ,,swav-luli da yovlad Rirseuli“ mRvdel–monazoni markoz samcxe-li. mas kargad icnobs da afasebs jvaris mama nikifore , ami-tom gzavnis ,, Tavis wil“ ierusalimSi. am cnobis safuZvelze el. metreveli jvaris mamaTa siaSi markozs nikifores (1643-1649 ww.) Semdeg aTavsebs (metreveli, 1962:40). sxva mxriv, markoz sam-cxelis pirovneba da moRvaweoba specialurad aravis ukvlevia.

mRvdel–monazoni markozi ixsenieba nikifores jvaris ma-mobis dros gaCenil aRapebSic (metreveli, 1962:71,83,87,88). SeiZ-leba markozi 1649 wlamdec iyo ierusalimSi, anda gamoricxu-li ar aris es aRapebi (zogierTi mainc) dawerili iyos nikifo-res saxeliT misi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg. msgavsi faqti rom SeiZleba momxdariyo, amas adasturebs Teodore man-glel–reviSvilis mier 1653 wels nikifores saxeliT Sedgeni-li anderZi (S-1676. metreveli, 1962:66), romelSic sxvebTan er-Tad ixsenieba ,,mRvdel–monazoni markoz“. rogorc qarTul is-toriografiaSia garkveuli, es anderZi Sedgenilia winaswari ganzraxviT, raTa monastris momxatvelTa Soris dasaxelebuli yofiliyvnen Teodore da krebulis kidev ramdenime wevri (maT Soris mRvdel–monazoni markozi). udaoa, rom Teodores ander-ZSi (1653 w.) moxseniebuli mRvdel–monazoni markozi da nikifo-res mier 1649 wels saqarTvelodan wargzavnili markoz samcxe-li erTi da igive pirovnebaa. xolo Teodores mier Tavis an-derZSi markozis jvris winamZRvrad mouxsenebloba, bunebrivia, radgan anderZi jvaris mama nikifores saxeliT iwereboda. Tu davuSvebT, rom jvris monastris aRapebSi moxseniebuli ,,mRvdel–monazoni markozi“, ,,kir–markozi“ igive markoz sam-cxelia, maSin is nikifores jvaris mamobis (1643-1649) wlebSic unda yofiliyo ierusalimSi.

CvenTvis saintereso periodis wyaroebi saqarTveloSi moR-vaweTa Soris ar asaxelebs markoz samcxels, magram me–17 s.–is 30–ian wlebSi cnobilia mRvdel–monazoni ,,kaci Rirsi“ mar-koz aWareli (muzeumis xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 1951:340). biog-

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rafiuli cnobebi mis Sesaxeb Zalian mwiria. markozis mier ga-dawerili vrceli agiografiul–apokrifuli krebulis (H–972) minaweridan vgebulobT, rom ,,davwere wmida ese da suliTa ganmanaTlebeli wigni me, friad codvilman, saxiTa oden mRvdel–monazonman, saqmiTa yovlisa keTilisagan ucxoman, aWa-relman markoz. aRvwere ara TavxedobiT, arca mwerloba vico-di, arc sxva wigni damewera...aramed romlisa SemZlebel viyav, morCileba aRvasrule meufisa da uflisa Cvenisa tfileli mTavarepiskopozisa elisesi“. am wyaros Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqves r. surmaniZem (surmaniZe, 1967, 1978:173-185) da i. sixaruliZem (sixaruliZe, 1977:4).

xelnaweris minaweriT irkveva, rom markoz aWareli sakma-od Tavmdabali qarTveli mwignobaria, romelsac elise Tbile-lis ((saginaSvili)–1628-1659 ww.)) (jandieri, 1971:337) davalebiT 1639 wels (,,daiwera ese wigni...qoronikonsa tkz“) gadauweria vrceli krebuli. masSi Sesulia: ioane RvTismetyvelis; wmida dedaTa: Teodoras, mariam egviptelis, tasias, efrosines, ekate-rines cxovrebani. markoz aWareli daaxloebuli Cans qarTlis dedofal mariamTan, romlis ,,SewevniTa da meoxebiT“ damzadda zemoaRniSnuli krebuli. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom markoz aWareli imave 1639 wels axlad aRdgenili garejis monastris winamZRvrad daudgeniaT (surmaniZe, 1978:173-185).

saistorio wyaroebis CvenebaTa safuZvelze, markoz aWare-lis Sesaxeb biografiuli cnobebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad war-movadginoT: markoz aWareli, rom samxreT saqarTvelodan–aWa-ridan, osmalTa moZalebas gahqcevia, es eWvs ar iwvevs. ,,is ga-remoeba, rom markozi ase xazgasmiT aRniSnavs Tavis sadauro-bas, mSobliuri kuTxidan mis ltolvilebas gvavaraudebinebs (sixaruliZe, 1977:4). marTlac, mematianis cnobiT, ,,samcxidan romelTa ara inebes mahmadianoba ivltodian qarTls, imereTs, odiSs, gurias...waraqundaT xatni, jvarni da wmidaTa nawilni“ (batoniSvili vaxuSti. 1973:728). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mar-koz aWarelma gurielTa kars Seafara Tavi, aqedan ki mariam dadians gaayoles odiSSi 1625 wels, an 1633 wels, roca mariami qarTlis dedofali gaxda, mis mravalricxovan amalaSi

(Горгиджанидзе, 1990:89-90) sxva sasuliero pirebTan erTad Sedio-da markoz aWareli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom nikoloz Colo-yaSvili da elise Tbileli, romlebic Suamavlobdnen levan dadiansa da rostom mefes Soris (milaneli, 1964:4), am dros ga-icnobdnen markozsac.

me–17 s.–is 30-iani wlebis meore naxevridan markoz aWare-li moRvaweobs qarTlis samefo karze, sadac qarTuli kultu-ris saganZuris gadarCenis mizniT mariam dedofali Tavis gar-Semo ikrebda sazogadoebis Rirseul da ganaTlebul nawils.

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mas am erovnul saqmeSi gverdiT edga elise Tbileli, romlis daaxloebul sasuliero pirTa Sorisaa markoz aWarelic. sa-varaudoa, rom mas zemoxsenebuli krebulis garda gadaewera sxva nusxebic (surmaniZe, 1991:4), magram am mimarTulebiT kvle-va–Ziebaa saWiro.

markoz aWarelis biografiisa da moRvaweobis Semdgomi etapis gasarkvevad ukve mniSvnelovania ierusalimis jvris mo-nastris werilobiTi Tu epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic, vfiqrobT, adastureben markoz aWarelisa da markoz samcxelis igiveobas. nikoloz ColoyaSvili saqarTveloSive icnobda mar-kozs, , romelmac saxeli gaiTqva Tavisi siwmidiT, sasuliero da SesaZloa organizatoruli moRvaweobiTac da, roca niko-lozi samSobloSi brundeba ,,Tavis wil“ ierusalimSi gzavnis markoz aWarels, albaT, mariam dedoflisa da elise Tbile-lis rekomendaciiTac. ierusalimSi ,,jvaris mamad“ dawinaure-buli markoz aWareli iwodeba–samcxelad. es bunebrivicaa, aWa-ra saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi samxreT saqarTvelos–samcxis or-ganuli nawili iyo.

ierusalimSi markoz aWarelis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb cnobe-bi Zalian mwiria (maTze zemoT visaubreT markoz samcxelTan dakavSirebiT). unda vifiqroT, rom is Cveuli gulmodginebiT gaagrZelebda saqmianobas, Tumca amis saSualeba maincadamainc aRar eqneboda, radgan nikifores jvaridan wamosvlis Semdeg qarTuli sakrebulo kidev ufro knindeba, xolo mis wevrebs moRvaweoba uxdebaT autaneli ekonomikuri siduxWiris, osmalo moxeleTa TviTnebobisa da mevaleTa Semotevis pirobebSi.

samecniero literaturaSi garkveuli ar aris markoz aWa-relis Semdgomi bedi. Tumca metad sayuradRebo cnobas gvaw-vdis ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeos II (1669-1707 ww.), rome-lic saqarTveloSic iyo namyofi, icnobda nikoloz ColoyaS-vils da qarTvelTa saqmianobas ierusalimSi kuTvnili ekle-sia–monastrebis SesanarCuneblad. dosiTeosis cnobiT: ,,gabri-elma, romelic nikolozma datova jvris monastris mmarTve-lad bevri vali daado monasters, romlis dasafarad niko-lozma vinme markusis xeliT mas fuli gaugzavna...(1658 wels)..gabrieli am fulis misaRebad wavida iafaSi, magram vi-Rac nestorianelma markusi moRalaturad Caagdo zRvaSi da

fuli miiTvisa“ (Селезнев, 1847:31,39). xom ar aris nikolozis gag-zavnili markusi igive markoz aWareli? Tu asea, maSin me–17 s.–is Sua xanebSi markozi brundeba saqarTveloSi, oriode wlis Semdeg ki nikoloz ColoyaSvilis (nikifores) mier Segrovili saxsrebiT (Sardeni, 1975:199,384) ierusalims miemgzavreba, mag-ram bedma umuxTla da misi sicocxlec tragikulad dasrulda

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palestinis qarTvelTa am udidesi siwmidis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi.

amrigad, saistorio wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze SeiZ-leba davaskvnaT, rom me–17 s.–is 40–iani wlebis miwuruls (1649 w.) nikoloz ColoyaSvilis rekomendaciiT saqarTveloSi Tavi-si saqmianobiT cnobili da ,,yoveli pativis Rirsi“ mRvdel–mo-nazoni markoz aWareli samoRvaweod gadadis ierusalimis qar-Tuli koloniis centrSi–jvris monasterSi, sadac is winam-ZRvrad–jvaris mamad–dawinaurda. ierusalimSi markoz aWareli cnobilia markoz samcxelis saxeliT. misi winamZRvroba SeiZ-leba ganisazRvros 1649-1653/54 wlebiT. xolo Tu gaviziarebT mosazrebas markoz–markusis igiveobis Sesaxeb, maSin markoz aWareli 1658 wlisaTvis kidev Cans ierusalimisaken mimavali. am mimarTulebiT Semdgomi kvleva–Zieba axali StrixebiT gaamdid-rebs qarTuli kulturis, erovnuli saqmis Rirseuli moamagis – markoz aWarelis sazogadoebisaTvis arcTu sakmaod cno-bil saxels.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, q. cx. t. IV. Tb., 1973

2. Горгиджанидзе П., История Грузии , Тб., 1990 3. metreveli el., masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis

istoriisaTvis Tb., 1962 4. milaneli j., werilebi saqarTveloze, Tb., 1964 5. miqaZe., ierusalimis ucnobi qarTuli samSeneblo warwera,

qarTuli wyroTmcodneoba, t. III. Tb., 1971 6. H–972, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa aRwe-

riloba, t.II. Tb.,1951

7. Селезнев М, Руководство к познанию Кавказа, СПб, 1847 8. sixaruliZe i., XVII s.–is gamoCenili qarTveli mwignobari,

,,sabWoTa aWara“,№3, 1977 9. sulaZe o., wiwuaSvili., qarTvelebi ierusalimSi XVI s. sa-

mi arabuli dokumentis mixedviT, Tb., 1991 10. surmaniZe r., vin iyo markoz aWareli? ,,koleqtiuri Sro-

ma“, baTumi, 1967; aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis Sromebi, t. IX. baTumi, 1978 gazeTi ,,sabWoTa aWara“ 06.02. 1991

11. tuRuSi ab., gabriel gegenava–ucnobi jvaris mama, ,,saqar-

Tvelo“№4. Tb.,1998

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12 .qaTamaZe c., jvaris mamaTa qronologia XVII-XIX ss.–Si,

,,literaturuli aWara“ №6, baTumi, 2000 13. H–2339, qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, t. V. Tb., 1949 14. Sardeni J., mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva

qveynebSi, Tb., 1975 15. xuciSvili n., jvaris mamebis rigi, ,,literatura da xe-

lovneba“, №4.Tb.,1998 16. jandieri g., XVII s. saqarTvelos istoriuli qronologiis

sakiTxisaTvis, mravalTavi, I. Tb., 1971

Tsiuri Khatamadze

Markoz Ajareli

Summary Based on the analysis of the historical sources in Ashromy it can be

concluded that Markoz Ajarali “The farther of Jvari Monastery”, promoted on the position of the prior in Jvari Monastery in the centre of the Georgian colony of Jerusalem in the mid of the 17th century, and Markoz Ajarali, the important figure at the Kingdom of Kartli in 30-40-s of the 17th century, were one and the same person. The monk Markoz Ajareli was promoted on the position of the prior of Jvari Monastery based on the recommendation of Nikoloz Cholokashvili and 1649-1653/54 can be considered to be the period of his being “‘The Father of Jvari”.

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oTar gogoliSvili

saxalxo milicia aWaraSi XIX s-is dasasrulsa da XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi

bolo wlebamde saqarTveloSi (ssrk-Sic) policias mili-

cia (laT. mxedroba) ewodeboda. savaraudoa. am mniSvnelobis gamo qarTul saxalxo laSqars ,,milicia uwodes”.

milicia - germanuladac da berZnuladac niSnavs saxel-mwifo marTvas, administracias. policia iyo ori saxis: poli-tikuri policia anu saidumlo policia - Jandarmeria da po-licia, romelic ebrZvis sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulobebs.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi iTvleboda, rom saxalxo policiis Seqmnis idea TiTqos pirvelebma k. marqsma da f. en-gelsma 1868 wels wamoayenes, xolo es idea cxovrebaSi praqti-kulad ganaxorcieles parizis komunarebma 1871 wlis gazaf-xulze, romlebsac gauuqmebia regularuli armia, policia da SeuqmniaT sayovelTao saxalxo milicia (qse, t. VI, 1983:698)

qarTuli policia, es iyo Zveli feodaluri laSqari. qar-Tuli milicia pirvelad 1803 wels Seukrebia general cicia-novs (ciciSvils), romelsac aqtiuri monawileoba miuRia War - belaqanze laSqrobaSi, Semdeg ruseT - iranis 1804 – 1813 wels, ruseT - TurqeTis 1806 – 1812 da 1828 -1829 wlebis brZolebSi.

qarTuli miliciis formirebaSi oficialuri pirebi ar monawileobdnen. mTavroba romelime adgilobriv pirs daava-lebda miliciis Sekrebas da isic miTiTebis Tanaxmad moqmedeb-da. cnobilia, rom pirveli qarTuli miliciis legionis meTau-rad iase andronikaSvili dainiSna.es legioni Semdeg gaxda sa-xelovan qarTvel samxedro moRvaweTa samWedlod. pirveli sab-rZolo naTloba legionma War - belaqanSi miiRo. igi Rirseu-lad icavda am mxares miliciis am legionma ase iarseba 1849 wlamde. Semdeg igi druJinad gadaakeTes SemuSavda axali debu-leba romlis Tanaxmad legioni TiTqmis regularul nawilebs uTanabrdeboda da miliciaSi samsaxuri mosaxleobis yvela fe-nas evaleboda [qse, t. VIII, 1984:143].

maRali wodebis pirebi calke SenaerTebs qmnida, xSirad isini dabal fenebTanac erTiandebodnen.mTavroba ar ereoda gawvevisa da nawilebis organizaciis sakiTxebSi.

qarTveli feodalebi hqmnidnen adgilobrivi miliciis razmebs, romelTac TavianTi xarjiT aRWuravdnen.

milicias hqonda teritoriuli SeiaraRebuli Zalis xasia-Ti. yalibdeboda aseulebi, razmebi da razmeulebi, qveiTi, cxe-nosani, mudmivi da droebiTi razmebi. miliciis aseTma razmebma TandaTanobiT miiRo mudmivi xasiaTi erT - erTi aseTi razmi

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gaxda qarTuli polkis nawili, romelmac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo ruseT - TurqeTis 1877 – 1878 wleebis omSi.

guriis miliciis laSqarSi qarTveli mahmadianebis Caric-xvas ewinaaRmdegeboda da sastikad sjida adgilobrivi - osma-leTis xelisufleba. awiokebdnen ojaxebs, uwvavdnen saxl - kars da sxva. aseTi bedi xvda wilad axmed imnaiSvils. igi ci-xisZirTan ibrZoda guriis miliciis nawilebSi. axmed imnaiS-vils brZolis velidan daWrili generali gamouyvania da jil-dod jvari daumsaxurebia.

1829 wels guriis mosaxleobiagan 1 300 kaciani miliciis razmi Sekriba da guriis sazRvarTan gamagrda. milicielTa razmi general ieses 2 500 kacian jarTan erTad ibrZoda osma-lebis winaaRmdeg. amave wris 5 milicioneri SeumCnevlad Sevi-da mtris zurgSi, moulodnelad cecxli gaxsna da ruseTis armiasTan erTad ieriSi miitana osmalTa banakze. brZola os-malTa gandgurebiT damTavrda.

am brZolaSi Tavi isaxela guriis miliciam ,,gurulebis mier am saqmeSi gamoCenili mamacoba da guladoba gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas imsaxurebso,” - werda ruseTis sardloba. am brZolebisaTvis ruseTis mTavrobam guriis policiis razms droSa uboZa, romelic daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifi raz-mebSi (qse, t. VI, 1983:698)

1853 wlis 7 noembers osmalebis 3 aTasiani kacisgan Semdga-ri razmi Tavs daesxa Coloqis saguSagos da lixauris mimarTu-lebiT guriaSi SeWra moindoma. adgilobrivma miliciam ukuagdo osmalebi sazRvridan 6 kilometrs iqeT gandevna.

aWarasa da gurias Soris urTierToba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom miuxedavad osmalTa xangrZlivi, sastiki saqmianobisa, igi ar wydeboda. dimitri baqraZis cnobebis Tanaxmad, aWareli ,,ad-vilad mogaswavlis Tavis gvareulobas, imereTSi an guriaSi mxo-lod sarwmunoeba asxvavebs Curuqsuelebs Cveni qarTvelebisagan”.

yirimis omis dros (1853 wlis 14 ivlisi) pirveli cecxli kavkasiaSi gaixsna.16 noembers, RamiT 5 000-iani desanti gadmosxes sofel SekveTilTan alibeg TavdgiriZis meTaurobiT. aq ruseTis armiis mxolod 2 aseuli da guriis miliciis 345 kaciani nawili idga. romelTac TavianT gankargulebaSi hqondaT mxolod ori qvemexi.ruseTis armiis nawilebs kapitani Serbakovi meTaurobda, xolo guriis milicias grigol gurieli. sikvdilis win guriel-ma ganacxada: ,,nu fiqrobT Cemze, Cemi sikvdili erTi kacis sik-vdilia. gaamarTleT ndoba, daamtkiceT, rom Tqven is gurulebi xarT, romelTa miwac yovelTvis osmalebis samare iyo” (megreli-Ze S., 1963:127).

1854 wlis ivnisSi brZolebi moxda mdinare ColoqTan, am brZolebSi Tavi isaxeles aseulis meTaurma n. WavWavaZem, misma

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TanaSemwem mixeil erisTavma, polkovnikma mixeil jandierma, ime-reTis miliciis aseulis ufrosma m. ciciSvilma, moxucma qaixos-ro miqelaZem, cxenosani miliciis ufrosma kapitanma wulukiZem, guriis cxenosani miliciis meTaurma TavdgiriZem, maWavarianma.

1855 wels guriis milicia dasavleT saqarTvelos icavda aWaris mxridan. qarTuli milicia aqtiurad Caeba omSi. maTi SiSiT osmalebi iZulebuli gaxdnen qobuleTis dasacavad gaemag-rebinaT leRva- oCxamuris saguSagoebi. osmalebma TiTo saguSa-goze 2 000 kaci daayenes.1855 wlis 19 ianvars qarTuli milicia Tavs daesxa leRvas da banaki gaanadgura.

axlovdeboda ruseT - TurqeTis 1877 – 1878 wlebis omi. 1876 wlis noemberSi kavkasiis armiis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis mobilizacia da miliciis razmebis Camoya-libeba, romelic omis bolomde grZeldeboda (megreliZe S., 1963:127).

qarTvelebisagan Camoyalibda 37 sabrZolo erTeuli, romel-Sic Sedioda 102 aseuli, 18 395 kacisgan Semdgari, aqedan 15 cxe-nosani aseuli iyo. am omSi qarTveli xalxi monawileobas Rebu-lobda miliciis jaris saxiT. es iyo metwilad arsebuli sa-xalxo laSqris Taviseburi saxe. carizmi did mniSvnelobas ani-Webda adgilobrivi miliciis gamoyenebas iranisa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omebSi (megreliZe S., 1963:61).

qarTveli milicielebi kargad icnobdnen sabrZolo adgi-lebs, adgilobriv mosaxleobas da amitom wina xazze ibrZodnen. regularuli jaris nawilebTan SedarebiT milicielTa laSqris organizaciis Taviseburebam xeli ar SeuSala maT mniSvnelovani roli eTamaSaT saerTo mterTan brZolaSi (megreliZe S., 1963:91).

qarTvel milicielTa gmirobaze dawvrilebiT cnobebs iZle-va i. makaevi (mayaSvili), romelic ruseT - TurqeTis 1877 – 1878 wleebis omis dros guriis laSqris meoTxe aseulis ufrosi iyo. misi xelmZRvanelobiT qarTvel milicielebs bevrjer usaxelebi-aT Tavi bZolebSi. bevri maTgani brZolebSi gamoCenili gmirobi-sa da mamacobisaTvis dajildoebuli iyvnen medlebiT da ordene-biT. mag. k. SaraSiZe cixisZirTan brZolebis dros gamoCenili gmirobisaTvis dajildovda wminda giorgis ordeniT. sikvdilis win man Svils uTxra: Svilebo, icxovreT da gaixareT didxans Cems mier gaTavisuflebul baTumSi) (gaz. ,,iveria”, 1877 w, 14 ivli-si).

14 aprils qobuleTis miliciis razmi TurqeTis Zlier Sete-vaSi moxvda sof. xucubnis misadgomebTan. razmma ver SeZlo win wasuliyo, maSin general - leintenantma oklobJiom gamoiZaxa gu-riis miliciis druJinis meoTxe aseuli poruCik i. makaevis meTau-robiT, ubrZana daekavebinaT sofeli da aRemarTaT droSa. sofe-li male daikaves milicielebma da madloba daimsaxures.

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muxaistates dakavebis Semdeg qobuleTeli aRa Wyonia Tavis TanamzraxvelebTan erTad gamoacxadda druJinis meTaur guriel-Tan da ganucxada mas, rom gadmodian maT mxareze TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mis magaliTs male 150 qobuleTelma mi-baZa.

1878 wlis gazafxulidan gaxSirda SeiaraRebuli banditebis Tavxeduri moqmedeba. isini gamoCndnen baTumis axlo midamoebSi, Caqvsa da cixisZirSi, sadac klavdnen adgilobriv milicielebs.

baTumis olqSi wesrigis dacvis mizniT Seiqmna adgilobrivi milicia. miliciis mier Seqmnili aseulebi emsaxurebodnen Ziri-Tadad ruseTis imperiis zraxvebs (baqraZe d., 1983: 29).

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis gamarjvebisTanave likvi-direbul iqna mefis xelisufleba, policia da Jandarmeria. droebiTma mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba e. w. ,,saxalxo mili-ciis” Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1917 wlis TebervalSi moskovSi Seiqmna qarTuli miliciis razmebi. Tebervlis revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg qarTveli studentebi Seikribnen kremlSi, maT Seityves Savrazmelebis ganzraxva iaraRis sawyobis xelSi Cagdebis Sesa-

xeb. qarTvelma studntebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies maT (БАТУМИ и его окресности, 1906:134)

moskovis qarTuli miliciis razmebi m. JRentis, m. CxeiZis, a. kandelakis, m. CergoSvilis, k. gobejiSvilis, v. faniaSvilis da sxvaTa meTaurobiT pirvelad asrulebdnen sabWoebis gadawyveti-lebebs. droebiTma mTavrobam igi daSala.

faqtiurad saxalxo milicias yofili Jandarmeriis da po-liciis moxeleebi ganagebdnen. amave dros bolSevikebi ruseTis mSromeli masisgan hqmnida Tavis muSur - glexur policias, ro-melsac sabWoebi xelmRvanelobdnen.

ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg (1917 w) saqarTvelos bolSevikebma mtkiced gadawyvites SeeqmnaT prole-taruli milicia. 1917 wlis 10 marts Tbilisis proletariatma ganaiaraRa qalaqis policia, daikava yvela saboqaulo da Seqmna Tbilisis wiTeli revoluciuri milicia. miuxedavad amisa mTli-anad iqna SenarCunebuli policia, mas mxolod saxeli Seecvala (burWulaZe e., 1906 :135).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis period-Si saqarTvelos parlamentisa da mTavrobis mier 1919 wlis 28 ianvars gamocemuli iqna saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni ,,admi-nistraciisa da miliciis adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTa xelSi gadacemis” Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvra qarTuli mi-liciis struqtura, movaleoba da uflebebi.

1918 wlis 2 agvistos kanonis mixedviT Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis S/s saministro, romelsac daeqvemde-bara arsebuli saxalxo miliciis aseulebi. xolo 1919 wlis 30

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ianvris kanonis mixedviT S/s saministros daeqvemdebara agreTve Tbilisis da quTaisis sagubernio mfrinavi razmebi; daarsda S/s saministrosTan administraciuli inspeqtoris Tanamdeboba (bur-WulaZe e., 1906 :135).

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aneqsia moaxdina - damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba. xelisuflebis sxva organoebis formirebasTan erTad iqmneboda saqarTvelos muSur - glexuri milicia. 1921 wlis 26 Tebervals Seiqmna kontrrevoluciasTan mebrZoli sagangebo komisia.

saqarTvfelos muSur - glexur milicias ar hqonda muSao-bis gamocdileba, ar arsebobda sakanonmdeblo aqti, amitom saWi-ro gaxda ruseTis sabWoTa miliciis mier ukve miRebuli gamoc-dilebis gacnoba da gaziareba.

1921 wlis 20 aprils revkomma miiRo dekreti ,,muSaTa da glexTa miliciis Sesaxeb”.

am dekretiT muSaTa da glexTa miliciis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida: a) qalaqisa da mazris milicia; b) rkinigzis milicia; g) wylis milicia; d) sisxlis samarTlis maZiebeli milicia (ax-vlediani x., 1978:144).

dekretma miliciaSi danerga wiTel armiaSi moqmedi wesebi. samxedro disciplina da samxedro gawvrTnilobis SemoReba. Se-moRebuli iqna specialuri formebi da gansxvavebuli niSnebi, romelTa tareba savaldebulo iyo samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros. S/s saxalxo komisariatTan Camoyalibda mili-ciis mTavari sammarTvelo, romlis ufrosi iTvleboda S/s sa-xalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevrad.

1921 wlis 5 maiss saqarTvelos ssr S/s saxalxo komosariat-ma daamtkica instruqcia ,, saqarTvelos ssr - Si mTavari mazris, qalaqisa da raionis muSaTa da glexTa miliciis mmarTvelobis mowyobis Sesaxeb”.

instruqcia 35 muxlisgan Sedgeboda, romelic avalebda mi-liciis muSakebs mieRoT qmediTi zomebi ajanyebis mRelvarebis, danaSulobaTa da wesrigis darRvevaTa asacileblad. profilaq-tikur - gamafrTxilebel RonisZiebaTa gasatareblad.

1921 wlis 5 aprils baTumis revkomis marTvelobam gamouSva brZaneba ,,baTumis olqis muSaTa da glexTa miliciis sammarTve-los mowyobis Sesaxeb”. damtkicda miliciis sammarTelosa da ra-ionebis miliciaTa saStato erTeulebi. baTumis olqis miliciis piradi Semadgenloba ganisazRvra 312 kaciT da miliciis marqafi 112 kacis SemadgenlobiT. ( axvlediani x., 1978:146).

amave dros baTumis olqis S/s mmarTvelobam miiRo gadawyve-tileba aWaraSi miliciis raionuli organoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. Seiqmna: kintriSis raionuli milicia (centri qobuleTSi) ; ba-Tumis raionuli milicia (centri gorodokSi); gonios milicia

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(centri maradidSi); zeda aWaris milicia (centri xuloSi); qve-da aWaris milicia (centri qedaSi).

baTumis olqis axalSeqmnil milicias metad rTul pirobeb-Si uxdeboda muSaoba miuxedavad imisa, rom aWaraSi 1921 wlis 18 marts sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda, Turqi okupantebi yovel-nairad ibrZodnen TavianTi qveynis SesanarCuneblad. qemalistebma aWara TavianT teritoriad gamoacxades (megreliZe S., 1958: 51).

qemalistebma daiwyes xalxis mosyidva, romelsac jamagiris saxiT an erTdrouli daxmarebis saxiT iZleodnen. isini ZiriTa-dad xoja - molebis saSualebiT moqmedebdnen.

xojebi, qemalistebi da sxva panTurqistebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis. mag. qedaSi faqtiurad moqmedebda ori milicia - erTi qemalistu-ri, meore e.w menSevikuri 1921 wlis 19-21 seqtembers qedaSi moewyo ajanyeba. 21 seqtembers ajanyeba likvidirebul iqna. misi organi-zatorebi, aqtiuri monawileebi da qedis raimiliciis ufrosi Tavisi 30 milicieliT TurqeTSi gaiqcnen. qemalistebma ver SeZ-les mosaxleobis mosyidva (megreliZe S., 1963:56).

1921 wlis 25 noembers saqarTvelos revkomma gaiTvaliswina ra saqarTvelos Savi zRvispira qalaqebSi - baTumSi, foTsa da soxumSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi miliciis muSaobis specifiuroba, miiRo dadgenileba sanavsadguro milici-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

muSur - glexuri miliciis rigebis Sevseba, rogorc sruli-ad saqarTveloSi, aseve aWaraSic moxaliseTa sawyisebze mimdina-reobda. maTi samsaxuri erTi wliT ganisazRvreboda. maTi materi-aluri mdgomareoba autaneli iyo (megreliZe S., 1963:52-54).

1922 wlis 20 ianvars miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos revkomis dekreti ,,respublikis muSaTa da glexTa miliciis debulebis samoqmedod SemoRebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac gansazRvra milici-is muSakTa ufleba movaleobani, piradi Semadgenlobis Sevsebis, Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis, gadayvanis da gadayenebis wesi.

miRebuli iqna muSur - glexuri miliciis fici.: ,,me Svili mSromelTa xalxisa, vdgebi ra nebayoflobiT muSaTa da glex-Ta miliciis rigebSi, vsdeb am xelwerils, masSi rom miliciis samsaxurSi yofnis dros me movale var: 1) vidge sadarajoze revolucionuri weswyobilebisa da kano-

nierebisa. 2) davicva muSaTa da glexTa xelisuflebis interesebi. 3) Seubraleblad movspo yvela gamosvlebi muSaTa da glexTa

mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. 4) miveSvelo, Tu saWiro iqna, wiTel laSqarsa da meTaurT.

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5) dauRalavad Tvalyuri vadevno moqalaqeTa mier muSaTa da glexTa xelisuflebis kanonebis, dadgenilebebisa da gan-kargulebebis Sesrulebas.

6) davicva moqalaqeTa kanonieri uflebani. 7) Sevasrulo yvela samsaxuriT gamowveuli brZanebebi da gan-

kargulebani Cemi ufrosebisa, garda danaSaulebrivi qmedo-bis xasiaTisa da saidumlod Sevinaxo yvela brZaneba da gankarguleba.

8) davicva disciplina da wesebis Tanaxmad muSaTa da glexTa miliciis samsaxuris Sesaxeb debulebisa da miliciaSi moq-med wesdebebisa.

9) viyo patiosani, fxizeli da yvelasTan zrdilobiani. 10) TviT Sevikavo Tavi da Sevakavo amxanagebi iseTi saqcieli-

dan romelic saxels utexavs da dabla scems moqalaqeTa Rirsebas.

11) vicode da sworad davicva yvela instruqciebi da brZanebe-bi, romlebic exebian Cems samsaxureobriv movaleobas.

12) Sevinaxo Cems mier dasacavad mondobili saxalxo avladi-deba da qoneba yvela moqalaqeTa Cemdami rwmunebul teri-toriaze.

13) gafrTxilebiT movepyra Cemdami gacemul iaraRs, tansac-mels.

14) Cems mier gacemul, Tundac erTi movaleobis darRvevisaT-vis, rogorc pirovneba, dayenebuli revolucioneri wesi-erebis meTvalyured, micemuli unda viqne pasuxisgebaSi re-volucionuri kanonierebis uRrmesi sisastikiT. 15) muSaTa da glexTa sabWoTa miliciaSi vimsaxuro 1 weli . 1924 wlis 25 noembers saqarTvelos saxlkomsabWom miiRo

dadgenileba ,,saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis sammarTvelos maZiebe-li miliciis dawesebulebaTa debulebis damtkicebisa da samoq-medoT SemoRebis Sesaxeb”. dadgenilebam gansazRvra sisxlis sa-marTlis maZiebel miliciis muSakTa ufleba - movaleobani, maTi damokidebuleba saerTo miliciis organoebTan. pasuxismgebloba dakisrebuli mivaleobis Sesrulebis dros.

1925 wlis 25 ivliss saqarTvelos cak - ma SemoiRo miliciis disciplinaruli wesdeba, romelic miliciis yvela mosamsaxuris-gan moiTxovda sworad Seesrulebina ufrosis brZaneba samsaxu-reobrivi movaleoba da sxv.

1925 wlis 2 oqtombers cak - ma da saxalo komisarTa sabWom SimuSava da miiRo erToblivi dadgenileba ,,sauwyebo miliciis Sesaxeb“. misi dakompleqteba, SeiaraReba, ufleba - movaleobani, daeqvemdebara disciplina da sasuxismgebloba gavrcelda imave wesiT, rac miliciisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

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1922 wlis 25 agvistos saqarTvelos kp cak - is prezidium-ma gamosca dadgenileba ,,banditizmTan brZolis organizaciis gegmis Sesaxeb (axvlediani x., 1978:179).

1924 w.seqtemberSi banditizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaZlie-reblad miliciis muSakebi da cxenosani komunarebi partizanul jgufebad gaerTiandnen da ganawildnen punqtebis mixedviT. baTu-mis olqSi miliciis ufrosad dainiSna axobaZe, baTumis wylis miliciis ufrosad - Jordania.

1921 wlis 25 ivniss ganixiles sakiTxi spekulaciis winaaR-mdeg brZolis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. spekulaciasTan sabrZolve-lad mobilizebuli iqna miliciis mTeli Zalebi da saSualebebi, romlebic aaSkaravebdnen da avlendnen spekulantebs, gadama-lul saqonels, uSualod monawileobdnen Zebnis saqmeSi (xviCia p., 1971: 7).

1922 wels centraluri sisxlis samarTlis miliciis sammar-Tvelom moawyo damnaSaveTa saregistracio biuro e.w. bertilio-nis oTaxi. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis specialistebis mosamzadeb-lad Seiqmna mokle vadiani kursebi (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sammarTvelos aqtebis krebuli, 1990:224).

1922 wlis 16 oqtombridan SemoRebuli iqna miliciis muSak-Ta Sromis wiTeli droSis ordeniT dajildoeba, romliTac Sem-deg aWaris miliciis ara erTi guSaki dajildovda.

saxkomsabWom 1922 wlis 4 maiss miiRo dadgenileba ,,saqar-TveloSi ltolvilTa mozRvavebis sawinaaRmdego brZolis Ro-nisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”. mkacrma RonisZiebebma Sedegi gamoiRo - mili-ciis muSakebi krebdnen ltolvilebs da ukan gzavnidnen. Tanda-Tan iklo ltolvilTa ricxvma baTumsa da qobuleTSic (saqar-Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis sammarTvelos aqtebis krebu-li, 1990:224).

1926 wels saqarTvelos S/s saxalxo komisariatma Seqmna sa-uwyebo miliciis Semdegi dargobrivi aparatebi, sarewao, safabri-ko - saqarxno, savaWro - sarewao, sakredito - safinanso, saku-rorto, sanavsadguro, savaWro. amasTan damatebiT aWaraSi Seiqmna saZovar - saagarako mTebis damcveli milicia.

1930 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos kp (b) ck sakontrolo komi-siis gaerTianebulma plenumma mizanSewonilad scno sqarTvelo-Si olqebis likvidacia da raionebis ekonomiur - teritoriuli gaZliereba. am RonisZiebis gatarebis Sedegad gauqmda baTumis olqi (,,moambe”, N 3, 1921:20 ).

1930 wlis 15 ianvars gauqmda saqarTvelos S/s saxalxo komi-sariati (Sinsaxkomi). misi funqciebi gadaeca sxva organoebs, xo-lo miliciis, sisxlis samarTlis, samZebros da sauwyebo mili-ciis xelmZRvaneloba daekisra saxelmwifo politikur sammarTve-los. Sinsaxkomi gauqmda agreTve aWaris avt. respublikaSic. mis

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nacvlad aWaris cak - Tan moewyo miliciis da sisxlis samar-Tlis samZebro ganyofileba, xolo qalaqebSi - baTumsa da qobu-leTSi miliciis sammarTveloebi.

aWariswylis, qedisa da xulos mazris muSakebma mobiliza-cia gaukeTes arsebul Zalebs da saSualebebs, riTac miaRwies banditebis likvidacias. banditizmisa da kontrabandistebis wina-aRmdeg brZolaSi Tavdadebuli muSaobisaTvis aWaris muSur - glexuri miliciis muSakebi: S. joxaZe,g. dondolaZe, i. Sengelia, g. Wubabria, s. wulukiZe, m. malaymaZe, S. kontraZe, T abuseriZe, r. CikavaZe, b. kvalia da sxv. dajildovdnen samaxsovro saCuqrebiT. Tumca daSvebuli iyo uxeSi Secdomebic (,,kavkasiis komuna”, 28 Tebervali, 1921 w.). swored aman ganapiroba xulos mazraSi anti-sabWoTa gamosvlebi. miliciisa da sasazRvro nawilebis erTob-livi moqmedebiT aRniSnuli gamosvlebi ZaladatanebiT likvidi-rebul iqna.

xulos mazraSi momxdari ambebis Sesaxeb ioseb stalini wer-da m. oraxelaSvils: ,,rogorc Cans, Tqven Secdoma dauSviT, Cad-ris moxsnis dros Zaladoba gamogiaCeniaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleoba Zlier SegiviwroebiaT. aseTi politika ar aris Cveni politika, igi arsebiTad mcdaria. winadadebas gaZlevT jarebi ar gamoiyenoT, araveTar srolas da daxvretas adgili ar eqnes. moe-laparakeT e. w. ajanyebulebs da ganumarteT maT, rom momavalSi religiisa da Cadris moxsnis mimarT araviTar Zaldatanebas ad-gili ar eqneba“. (xviCia p., 1971).

1928 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos kp ck - sa da sakontrolo komisiis prezidiumma ganixila sakiTxi ,,baTumis sabaJoSi gamoCe-nil borotmoqmedTa Sesaxeb”. am sakiTxis ganxilva gamoiwvia sa-baJos momsaxure personalis

danaSaulebrivma saqmianobam: kontrabandis ukanono dadaRva, yalbi dokumentebis gacema, meqrTameoba da loToba, proteqcio-nizmi, uyaraiToba da a. S. (xviCia p., 1971:25).

mwvave xasiaTi miiRo aWaraSi miwis gayofisa da yidva - ga-yidvis sakiTxma. xSiri iyo miwisaTvis mkvleloba, gansakuTrebiT zemo aWarasa da qobuleTSi. miliciis muSakebis mier sofel er-geSi dapatimrebuli iqna adamianebis jgufi, romlebmac gadawves 4 ha Cais plantacia.

aWaris miliciis TanamSromlebma 1932 wlis seqtemberSi ga-moaSkaraves saxelmwifo qonebis damtaceblebisa da spekulante-bis jgufebi, romlebic mokalaTebulni iyvnen atel ,,wiTel me-TevzeSi”, kooperativ ,,wera - kiTxvasa” da ,, likzsa” - Si. isini didZal fulad saxsrebs itacebdnen.

1934 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos S/s saxalxo komisariatis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida S/s sammarTvelo, romelic daakompleqtda muSur - glexuri miliciisa da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sammar-

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TveloebiT, saxanZro dacvis ganyofilebiT, moqalaqeTa mdgomare-obis aqtebis ganyofilebiT, administraciul - sameurneo ganyofi-lebiT, rezervis komitetis inspeqciiT da safinanso ganyofile-biT (xviCia p., 1971:25).

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. axvlediani x., narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, baT. 1978 2. baqraZe d., mogzauroba ,,aWarasa da guriaSi”, baT. 1983 3. burWulaZe e., yirimis omi da saqarTvelo (baTumi da mis Se-

mogarenSi), baT. 1906 w. ( rusul enaze). 4. megreliZe S., aWaris gaTavisufleba TurqTa batonobisagan,

baT, 1958 5. megreliZe S., samxreT - dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan,

Tb. 1963 6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sammarTvelos aqte-

bis krebuli (1918 – 1921), Tb, 1990 7. qse, t. VI, Tb. 1983 8. qse, t. VIII, Tb. 1984 9. xviCia p., saqarTvelos sabWoTa miliciis istoriis nar-

kvevebi, 1921 – 1937 w.w., Tb, 1971

10.БАТУМИ и его окресности, БАТ. 1906 perioduli presa: 1. gaz. ,,iveria”, 1877 w, 14 ivlisi. 2.gazeTi ,,kavkasiis komuna”, 28 Tebervali, 1921 3.Jur. ,,moambe”, N 3, 1921

Otar Gogolishvili

National Militia in Ajara at the end of the XIX century

and 20-30 s of the XX Century

Summary Until the recent years the police in Georgia (even in Soviet Union) the police used to called as militia (Lat.army). It could be assumed that due to this meaning the Georgian national army was called “Militia”. Militia means to govern, administer the country both on German and Greeck languages. The police used to be of two kinds: Political police or the secret police and gendarmerie and police, that fights against the crimes of criminal law. The presented article deals with the discussion about the activities of the militia in Ajara at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

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omar memiSiSi

reduplikacia lazurSi leqsikur erTeulTa reduplikacia warmoqmnis erT-erTi

saxea. sityvis gaorkeceba, ganmeoreba gamosaxvis stilistikuri saSualebacaa; mas mimarTaven mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad, amasTanave , zogjer morfologiuri funqciac aqvs (a, 115)

fuZegaorkecebuli saxelebi qarTulSi ganxilulia a. Sa-niZis, fr.naiseris , b. duetersis, v. Tofurias, f. erTeliSvi-lis, l. sanikiZis... SromebSi.

dadgenilia, rom reduplicirebuli fuZeebiT gamoixateba mravlobiToba, krebiToba, intensivoba.

lazurSi sxva qarTveluri enebisgan gansxvavebiT redup-licirebuli fuZeebi SederabiT mcirea da metwilad qarTulis wess misdevs.

zedsarTav saxelTa gaorkeceba mravlobiTobas gamoxa-tavs. gaorkeceba TiTqmis aucilebeli xdeba, Tu sazRvruli sazogadod mravlobiTs ver awarmoebs (2,95): tuca-tuca-cxel-cxeli, mWife-mWife-wvril-wvrili, Wita-Wita-cot-cota, didi-di-di-did-didi

zedsarTavis fuZis reduplikacia gamoxatavs aematebiT da odnaobiT xarisxs (3,255)

xomula-xomula-xmel-xmeli, mkule-mkule-mokle-mokle. ricxviTi da arsebiTi saxelebis gaorkeceba asaxavs gana-

wilebiTis funqcias (4,54) TiTo-TiTo-TiTo-TiTo, sum-sum-sam-sami. intensivobis funqcia akisria zmnaTa gaorkecebas: moxTu-

moxTu-movida-movida, RaRalu-RaRalu-ilaparaka-ilaparaka. mravlagzisobisa da intensivobis gamomxatvelia mxdaris

reduplikacia: okiTxu-okiTxuTen—kiTxva-kiTxviT. goxTimu-gox-TimuTen—siaruli-siaruliT.

araiSviaTad saxelis gaorkecebis Sedegad viRebT zmnis-sarTs: daRi-daRi-tye-tye, ofute-ofute-uban-uban, mzoRa-mzoRa-zRva-zRva.

kavSiriani gaorkecebis nimuSi: oxori do oxori saxlda-saxl, gzadogza-gzadagza, Cqvado-Cqva-sxvadasxva.

gaorkecebuli fuZis bgeriTi Sedgeniloba mravalferova-nia. xmovnis SenacvlebiT reduplikacia metwilad saxelebSi xdeba da aseTi fuZegaorkecebuli sityvebi krebiTi saxelebia, romlebic gamoxataven martivi sagnisa da mniSvnelobiT masTan axlomdgom saganTa krebiTobas. zogjer xmovnis SenacvlebiT gaorkecebuli sityvebi kninobiT damcirebiTis mniSvnelobis mqonea. zogjer meore segmenti mniSvnelobis aramqone sityvaa.

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a-u: Tasi-Tusi Tasi-masi WaRa-WuRuni-kiborCxali-miborCxa-li. Rala-Rul-areul-dareuli, bam-bura-suleli.

e-a: bere-bari-bavSvi-mavSvi. u-va yuji-yvaji-yuri-yvari, mTugi-mTvagi-Tagvi-magvi. kuCxe-

kvaCxi-fexi-mexi. o-va: koCi-kvaCi-kaci-maci, Cxomi-Cxvami-Tevzi-mevzi, i-va: ki-

ci-kvaci-keci-meci, kiTi-kvaTi-TiTi-miTi pirveli segmentis Tavkidur nebismier Tanxmovans cvlis m

Tanxmovani meore segmentSi: koCi-moCi kaci-maci, kuCxe-muCxe-fe-xi-mexi.

xmovnis win meore segmentSi viTardeba sonori m: ixi-mixi-qari-mari; inWiri-minWiri-anwli-manwli.

m-sonori cvlis kompleqss: xCe-me-TeTri-meTri. Cxomi-momi-Tevzi-mevzi.

pirveli segmentis bolokiduri sonori icvleba sonoriT: r-l: karkal-kakani, tar-tal-laparaaki.

n-l: kankal-kankali, Zan-Zal-zanZari.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. q. lomTaTiZe-reduplikaciis funqciisaTvis afxazurSi enimkis moambe, V-VI, Tb. 1940.

2. a. SaniZe – qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb. 1953. 3. arn. Ciqobava-enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb. 1952 4. F. Neisser-Studien zur georgischen Wortbilding, Abhandlungen fun die

Kunde des Morgenlandes, XXXI, 2, Wiesbaden, 1953.

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zaza burkaZe

safrangeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan

1918 wels qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam Tavis mTa-var sagareo-politikur miznad am aqtis saerTaSoriso aRiare-ba da 1919 wels parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze Seqmnil sa-erTaSoriso organizaciaSi, erTa ligaSi Sesvla daisaxa, rac axladSeqmnil saxelmwifos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis saerTaSoriso iuridiul garantias miscem-da da mis ekonomikur ganviTarebasac didad Seuwyobda xels.

magram am miznis miRweva Tavdapirvelad metad rTuli aR-moCnda, radgan antantis wamyvani qveynebi inglisi da safrange-Ti, romlebic erTa ligis politikas gansazRvravdnen TavianTi samokavSireo valdebulebebis Sesabamisad mTeli ZalebiT cdi-lobdnen aRedginaT kanonieri xelisufleba ruseTSi da es sa-xelmwifo daSlisagan exsnaT. Tumca Semdeg inglis-safrange-Tis mmarTveli wreebis pozicia TandaTanobiT Seicvala, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom antantis antisabWoTa intervenci-am 1919 wlis bolos seriozuli marcxi iwvnia. kolCakis da gansakuTrebiT denikinis armiebis ganadgurebam amierkavkasiis respublikebSi rusuli bolSevizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe Seq-mna. swored amitom inglis-safrangeTis mTavrobebma 1920 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis damoukidebloba faq-tobrivad cnes (somxeTis damoukideblobis cnobis sakiTxis ganxilva TurqeTTan antantis zavis gaformebamde gadaido

(Чохели А. , 1980:148) Tumca amierkavkasiis respublikebis damoukideblobis iu-

ridiul aRiarebas antantis diplomatia mainc aWianurebda, radgan ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolas jer kidev agrZelebda vrangelis mZlavri samxedro dajgufeba, romelic safrangeTis mier iyo aRWurvili. magram 1920 wlis noemberSi vrangelis marcxis da wiTeli armiis mier yirimis naxevarkunZulis dakavebis Semdeg inglis-safrangeTis xeli-sufleba sabolood darwmunda imaSi, rom bolSevikuri xeli-suflebis damxoba ruseTSi im etapze SeuZlebeli iyo.

Seqmnil mZime viTarebaSi (aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 1920 wlis bolos sabWoTa ruseTma azer-baijanisa da somxeTis damoukideblobasac mouRo bolo) antantis diplomatia saqarTvelos, amierkavkasiaSi darCenili erTaderTi damoukidebeli da demokratiuli saxelmwifos dax-marebis gzas daadga. swored am cvlilebis gamoxatuleba iyo

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1921 wlis 26 ianvars saqarTvelos respublikis de iured cno-ba. Tumca ufro adre 1920-1921 wlebis mijnaze saqarTvelosaT-vis qmediTi daxmarebis gawevis sakiTxSi or mokavSires Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobam iCina Tavi. es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom inglisSi mZvinvare ekonomikurma krizisma aiZula loid jor-jis mTavroba sabWoTa ruseTTan savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebi daemyarebina, rac ingliss am qveynis uzarmazari bazris gamoye-nebis saSualebas miscemda. amitomac iyo rom inglisis mTavro-bis zewoliT 1920 wlis 16 ianvars inglis-safrangeTs Soris gaformda SeTanxmeba ruseTisaTvis ekonomikuri blokadis mox-snis Sesaxeb. loid jorjis gancxadebis mixedviT ,,saWiro iyo rus xalxTan vaWroba sabWoTa mTavrobis gverdis avliT“

(Джордан В. 1945:3). amave wlis maisSi inglisisa da sabWoTa ru-seTis molaparakebebic daiwyo savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqte-bis damyarebis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda am molaparakebebma in-gliss amierkavkasiaSi radikaluri antirusuli politikis ga-tarebis saSualeba aRar misca.

rac Seexeba safrangeTs, ekonomikuri krizisis gamo rusu-li bazris aTviseba am qveynis mmarTveli wreebisTvisac auci-lebeli iyo, ris gamoc safrangeTis xelisufleba, rogorc ze-moT iTqva ruseTisaTvis ekonomikuri blokadis moxsnas daTan-xmda, magram sabolood frangul politikur elitaSi msofli-oSi safrangeTis gavlenis zrdisaken swrafva ufro Zlieri aR-moCnda. inglisis pasiurobis viTarebaSi safrangeTs saqarTve-los ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis qveS moqcevis da amierkavkasiaSi mtkice sayrdenis Seqmnis xelsayreli SesaZleb-loba eZleoda.

Tavis mxriv ra Tqma unda saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publikis xelisuflebac, romelic qveynis damoukideblobis SenarCunebas eswrafvoda, safrangeTTan daaxloebas yovelnai-rad cdilobda, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac 1920 wlis bo-lodan ruseTi saqarTvelos dapyrobis mzadebas Seudga.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi safrangeTma saqarTvelos mxardasaWe-rad mniSvnelovani politikuri da samxedro nabijebi gadadga. 1920 wlis 15 dekembers qarTul presaSi saqarTveloSi Ca-mosuli safrangeTis axali umaRlesi komisris a.Sevalies gan-cxadeba gamoqveynda: ,,ra Tqma unda, ambobda igi, me davicav safrangeTis interesebs... da swored safrangeTis interesebSia is, rom saqarTvelo damoukidebeli da ganviTarebuli saxel-mwifo iyos“. Semdeg Seexo ra saqarTvelos geografiuli mdeba-reobis, rogorc dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis SemaerTebeli rgolis mniSvnelobas, Sevaliem aRniSna, rom saqarTveloSi ar-sebuli Sinagani revoluciis safrTxe da garegani zewolis faqtori erTnair saSiSroebas uqmnida am qveyanaze gamaval

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mniSvnelovan komunikaciebs. amitom sagangebo viTarebaSi saf-

rangeTi saqarTvelos samxedro daxmarebas gauwevda (Чохели А., 1980:166 ; 3).

safrangeTis umaRlesi komisris gancxadeba litoni sit-yvebi ar iyo. 1918 wlis Semodgomidan, mas Semdeg rac, osmaleT-ma da germaniam kapitulacia gamoacxades, Sav zRvaSi ukve imyo-feboda franguli flotis mniSvnelovani SenaerTi. gansakuTre-biT aRsaniSnavia am SenaerTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saxazo xomaldebi ,,Jiusti“, ,,demokrasi“, ,,verno“, ,,mirabo“, ,,Jan bari“, ,,provansi“, ,,loreni“, ,,fransi“ da javSnosani kreiserebi ,,val-dek russo“, ,,edgar kine“, ,,Jiul miSle“, ,,ernest renani“, da ,,desse“. garda amisa franguli eskadraSi Sediodnen agreTve saeskadro naRmosnebi, avzoebi (saguSago xomaldebi) da sat-ransporto gemebi. 1918-1920 wlebSi franguli floti TeTrgvar-dielTa Zalebs novorosiiskis, odesis da sevastopolis sanapi-roebTan warmoebul brZolebSi did daxmarebas uwevda.

1920 wlis zafxulidan, roca ruseTis mxridan saqarTve-loze Tavdasxmis safrTxe TandaTan gamoikveTa, frangulma xo-maldebma qarTul portebSi ukve patrulireba daiwyes, radgan saqarTvelos mcirericxovan flotilias navsadgurebis usaf-rTxoebis uzrunvelyofa ar SeeZlo. safrangeTis xelisufle-bam saqarTvelosaTvis samxedro daxmarebis gawevis dapireba saqmiTac daamtkica. 1920 wlis agvistoSi novorosiiskidan ba-TumSi Semosuli satransporto xomaldi ,,zeinabi“ navsadgu-ris administraciis nebarTvis gareSe Ria zRvaSi gavida (ro-gorc Semdeg gairkva am gems TurqeTSi qemalistebisaTvis iara-Ri mihqonda), magram sanapirodan xuT milSi rusul xomalds frangulma saeskadro naRmosanma ,,sakiiarma“ gauxsna cecxli da gaanadgura.

1920 wlis 13 ianvars baTumSi franguli javSnosani kreise-ri ,,valdek russo“ Semovida, xolo meore dRes TbilisSi Ca-movida Savi zRvis franguli eskadris sardali admirali du-menili, romelmac saqarTvelos mTavrobas zRvis mxridan saxo-

malde artileriiT daxmareba aRuTqva (Адамиа В., 1961:219) male, admiral dumenilis dapireba realobad iqca.

1921wlis 16 Tebervals sxvadasxva mimarTulebebidan sabWoTa rusulma saqarTvelos respublikis winaaRmdeg farTomaStabia-ni agresia wamoiwyo. 19 Tebervals Savi zRvis sanapirosTan sa-qarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari rusulma 31-e diviziam gadmolaxa, romelsac maSinve afxaz bolSevikTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi amoudgnen gverdiT. ruseTis Zalebi sanapiros gaswvriv ganvi-Tarebuli SeteviT soxumisa da baTumis aRebas gegmavdnen. amave dros ruseTis sardlobas foTsa da baTumSi sazRvao desantis gadmosxmac qonda ganzraxuli, riTac zemoTaRniSnuli opera-

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ciis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnad gaioldeboda. desantis warmatebis imeds rusuli diviziis meTaurebs saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT zRvaze ruseTis didi upiratesoba aZlevda, radgan maT gankargulebaSi ormocamde SeiaraRebuli gemi, katarRa da sakanonero navi iyo. ruseTs daxmarebas ori Turquli sakanone-ro navi ,,aidin reisi“ da ,,pervezic“ uwevdnen.

magram ruseTis sardlobis Canafiqrs sadesanto operacie-bis Sesaxeb ganxorcieleba ar ewera. 18 Tebervlidan afxazeTis sanapirosTan ukve patrulirebda franguli avizo ,,diuSafo“, romelic saomar moqmedebebSi rusebis SemoWrisTanave CaerTo. male mas javSnosani kreiserebi ,,valdek russo“, ,,ernest rena-ni“, saeskadro naRmosani ,,sakiiari“ , avizoebi ,,suipe“, ,,izeri“ da ,,diunkerki“ SeuerTdnen. franguli samxedro xomaldebi aq-tiurad awarmoebdnen sakreisero, sapatrulo, sadazvervo, qar-Tuli armiis sacecxle mxardaWeris da ltolvilTa saevakua-cio operaciebs. 21 Tebervals frangulma eskadram dabomba ru-sebis poziciebi sofel pilenkovosTan (ganTiadi). 22 Teber-vals aqve daibomba rusuli 31-e diviziis erT-erTi polkis Stabi. 23 da 24 Tebervals saxomalde artileriiT intensiurad ibombeboda wiTeli armiis poziciebi gagrasTan. 25 Tebervals da 3 marts frangebma sabWoTa ruseTis Zalebs gudauTasTanac miayenes mZlavri dartymebi. imave 3 marts axal aTonTan fran-guli xomaldebis artileriis mxardaWeriT qarTulma nawileb-ma warmatebuli kontrSetevis ganxorcieleba SeZles. frangu-li flotis daxmarebis faqti 21 Tebervals damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze sagangebod aRniSna saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe Jordaniam. 24 Tebervals amis Se-saxeb saqarTvelos armiis generalurma Stabmac gaavrcela in-formacia. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom safrangeTis flotis operaciebi TviT admiral diumenilis xelmZRvanelobiT. xor-cieldeboda.

4 marts, roca wiTelma armiam soxumi daikava, qalaqSi darCenili qarTveli samxedroebis da ltolvili mosaxleobis evakuacia frangulma xomaldebma uzrunvelyves. msgavsi saeva-kuacio operacia frangma mezRvaurebma 11-12 marts foTSic ga-naxorcieles.

bolo samxedro operacia, rac safrangeTis flotma Caata-ra baTumidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis, qarTuli samxedro nawi-lebis, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis, aseve qarTuli erovnuli sim-didris da saganZuris evakuireba iyo. 1921 wlis martis dasaw-yisidan franguli samxedro misia mTlianad evakuaciis prob-lemiT iyo dakavebuli. 10 marts am misiis xelmZRvanelma pol-kovnikma korbelma, misiis wevrma polkovnikma puadebarma da konsulma netemanma samxedro xomaldebis da ekipaJebis mzad-

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yofnis saboloo Semowmeba moaxdines. saqarTvelos mTavrobas evakuaciisaTvis saWiro mcuravi saSualebebi faqtobrivad ar gaaCnda. mis gankargulebaSi iyo mxolod oTxi samxedro katar-Ra (,,patara kaxi“, ,,avTandili“, ,,tarieli“ da ,,fridoni“) da ori satransporto xomaldi ( ,,maria“ da ,,vesta“). amitom mas Semdeg, rac 16 marts saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da bolSevikebs Soris samtrediaSi gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT qveynis kano-nier xelisuflebas emigraciis garda sxva gza ar darCenoda, igi mTlianad frangul flotze iyo damokidebuli. evakuacia 17 marts saRamos daiwyo. mTavrobis specialuri gankargulebiT saxelmwifo xarjebiT evakuacias eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod mTavrobis wevrebi, erovnuli gvardiis 15 warmomadgeneli, mTa-varsardlis Stabi, 50 oficeri da 10 politikuri moRvawe. xo-maldebze adamianebisa da tvirTis miReba marTalia frangi mez-Rvaurebis meTvalyureobiT mimdinareobda, magram am procesis bolomde gakontroleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. samxedroebi (im raodenobaze bevrad ufro meti visac evakuacia exeboda) da sa-moqalaqo mosaxleoba ,,mariasa“ da ,,vestaze“ moTavsdnen. sam-xedroTa nawili kreiserma ,,valdek rusomac“ miiRo. safrange-Tis komisari saqarTveloSi Sevalie, franguli samxedro misi-is oficrebi, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile sabaxtaraSvili da saministros sxva warmomadgenlebi kreiser ,,ernest renanze“, avidnen. am xomaldSi CaitvirTa qarTuli sa-ganZuris didi nawilic. saqarTvelos mTavroba da saganZuris darCenili nawili italiur komfortabelur samgzavro xomald ,,kiralze“ ganTavsda (es xomaldi regularul reisebs asru-lebda stambolsa da baTums Soris) 17 marts gvian RamiT xo-maldebis qaravani franguli saeskadro naRmosnebis eskortiT Ria zRvaSi gavida. gamTeniisas 18 marts, roca baTumSi brZole-bi gaCaRda porti ukanasknelma saeskadro naRmosanma ,,sakiiar-ma“ datova. aRsaniSnavia, rom 22 marts ,,sakiiari“ baTums isev mouaxlovda. frangma mezRvaurebma qalaqis Tavze mofriale wi-Teli droSa, xolo navsadgurSi wiTelarmielTa razmebi Seam-Cnies.

unda iTqvas, rom frangulma eskadram Tavisi sabrZolo amocana brwyinvaled Seasrula da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg om-Si ruseTs zRvaze moqmedebis saSualeba ar misca. Tumca xme-leTze ruseTis armias mainc mniSvnelovani upiratesoba qonda, rasac saqarTvelos mTavrobis dezorganizebuli moqmedebac erTvoda. aman ki ruseTs sabolood saqarTvelos okupaciis sa-Sualeba misca.

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gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Чохели А. И. Политика Франции в отношении Грузии в 1917-1921 годах. Тбилиси, 1980. 2. Джордан В. М. Великобритания, Франция и Германская проблема в 1918-1939 годах. Москва, 1945. 3. ,,Борьба“. 15, XII, 1920. 4. Адамиа В. И. Из истории английской интервенции в Грузии (1918-1921г.г.). Сухуми, 1961.

Zaza Burkadze

From the History of the French –Georgian Relations

Summary

The presented article deals with the issues related to the attempt of the French government to establish its influence in Transcaucasia with the help of being based on Georgia after the world war I in Russia during the military interventions in entente counries. The article also highlights the political situation that pushed the French ruling parties to make the defined decision.

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erdoRan Senol (erekle daviTaZe)

TurqeTis qarTvelebis TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis

TurqeT-saqarTvelos kulturuli urTierTobisa da am ur-

TierTobis momavalis Seswavlis dros unda vicodeT da viTva-liswinebdeT mravlamxriv istoriul procesebs. samwuxaroa, mag-ram osmaleTis imperiis da TurqeTis respublikis mier gatarebu-li saxelmwifo eTnikuri politika TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba er-TmaneTisagan, Tumca bevrs hgonia, rom maTi politika erTmaneTi-sagan gansxvavebulia. faqtia, rom erTmaneTs hgavs am ori perio-dis samwuxaro Sedegi. TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis is-toriis analizisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT ori aspeqti: TurqeT-saqarTvelos Soris saxelmwifoebrivi urTierToba da TurqeTis xedva misi moqalaqe eTnikuri qarTvelebis mimarT da qarTvelebis TviTaRqma.

TurqeT-saqarTvelos kulturuli urTierTobis warsuli istoria gviambobs, rom, am ori xalxis urTierToba iwyeba

Turqebis mcire aziaSi gamosvlis periodidan. Turq-selCukebis periodis Semdgom ki grZeldeba osmaleTis imperiis dros. osma-leTis imperia saqarTvelos mezobeli qveyana gaxda faTih sul-Tan mehmedis mier trapezonis dapyrobis Semdeg. iavuz sulTan se-limis xelisuflebis Semdgom, samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleT sa-qarTvelo Sevida osmaleTis suverenitetSi. osmaleTis qveSev-rdomobaSi Sesuli am mxareebis qristiani mosaxleobis mier is-lamuri religiis miRebis Semdgom Cvens winaprebs anu adgilob-riv qarTvel xalxsa da osmaleTis sazRvris gareT mcxovreb qarTvelebs Soris TandaTanobiT gawyda kulturuli, ekonomiku-ri da politikuri kavSiri da urTierToba. swored es iyo osma-leTis imperiis mizani.

am mizniT ZiriTadad gamoiyenes religiuri faqtori - rju-li. osmaleTis sazRvrebSi moqceul teritoriebSi (axalcixe, arzrumi da trapizoni) daarsebuli Zlieri sanjayebi anu safa-Soebi marTavdnen dapyrobil nawilebs. centrebidan dawyebuli iqna religiuri swavlebis procesi, romelic saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi grZeldeboda da miznad isaxavda dapyrobili xalxis ga-Turqebas. saukuneebis manZilze qadageba grZeldeboda. asimila-toruli politikis mesveurebma ganacxades, rom „Cveneburebi“ sxvebi iyvnen da qristiani qarTvelebi sxvebi. aseTi asimilaciis politikis Sedegad Tanamedrove TurqeTis sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi muhajiri an adgilobrivi qarTvelebis umravlesoba kulturu-lad dakninda. es Sedegi osmaluri periodis mosavalia. Cemi az-riT, gansxvavebiT bevri TurqeTelisagan, vfiqrob, rom amJaminde-li mdgomareoba Sedegia warsulisa.

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osmaleTis periodis aseTi politika ZiriTadad gegmavda mudmiv meTaurobas, Semosavalis gamravlebas, mwarmoebeli, meoma-ri, erTguli qveSevrdomi adamianebis resursebis gamravlebas da didi warmatebiT axorcielebda am process.

rac Seexeba im teritoriebs, sadac osmaleTis imperia srul kontrols ver axorcielebda, gagrZelda kulturuli winsvla, xolo osmaleTis zemoqmedebis qveS myof qarTul mxareebs (tao-klarjeTi, mesxeTi, lazeTi, aWara) da im mxareebidan gadmo-saxlebul xalxs, naklebad hqonda SenarCunebuli winaaRmdegobis unari da TvalsaCinoa maTi kulturuli daknineba. daknineba Cans ufro konkretulad. mTlianad am regionSi, cxovrebis bunebrivi mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen sxvadasxva imperialistu-ri Zalebi da aq mimdinareobda mudmivi brZola am regionze sru-li gabatonebisaTvis. am imperialisturi Zalebis Carevis Sedegad (maTi intervenciis gamo) ver ganxorcielda adgilobrivi xalxis Semdgomi integracia.

me-20 saukuneSi, 1918 wels saqarTvelom damoukidebloba mii-Ro, magram es iyo xanmokle periodiT da 1921 wels saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina sabWoTa ruseTma, saqarTvelom dakarga damo-ukidebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi Sewyvetili iyo Turqe-Tis saxelmwofosa da saqarTvelos urTierToba, radgan saqar-Tvelo iZulebiT moqceuli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi. am 70-wliani periodis Semdgom TurqeTma aRiara damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. TurqeTi oficialurad cnobs saqarTvelos erTianobas, terito-riul mTlianobas. magram dResac, samwuxarod, ruseTis mier sa-qarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT, TurqeTi, Tavisi oficialuri xedvis winaaRmdeg, zogjer ruseTis politi-kis paralelurad moqmedebs. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom sa-qarTvelosTvis yvelaze mZime, gaWirvebul dros, TurqeTi sakve-biTa da finansebiT daexmara saqarTvelos da amiT qarTveli mo-saxleobis guli moigo. amJamad or qveyanas Soris saerTaSoriso masStabis didi proeqtebic moqmedebs da amitomac es ori qveyana Seucleli partnioria erTmaneTisaTvis. TurqeTi aris saqarTve-los udidesi komerciuli partniori. faqtia, rom saqarTvelos-Tan keTili urTierToba Zalian mniSnelovania TurqeTis intere-sebisTvisac.

TurqeTma kulturuli identobis ganviTarebis saSualeba ar misca Tanamoqalaqe „Cveneburebs“

ikveTeba Semdegi suraTi: TvalSisacemia qarTveli xalxis mimarT ganxorcielebuli asimilatoruli politikis intensiuri xasiaTi, rasac safuZveli Caeyara osmaleTis dros da dRemde grZeldeba sxvadasxva formiT. TurqeTis respublikis periodis saxelmwifos mizans warmoadgenda qveyanaSi mxolod erTi enis (Turqulis) arseboba da erTaderTi tipis adamianis - Turqis -

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Camoyalibeba. am mizniT saxelmwifos mier akrZaluli iyo ofici-aluri Turquli enis garda yvela sxva ena. magaliTad, qalaq ar-Tvinis sakrebulom miiRo gadawyvetileba da akrZala qalaq ar-Tvinis farglebSi Turqul enis garda sxva enebi 1927 wels. 1930 wels dedaqalaq ankaraSi erovnuli mTavrobis iusticiis minis-trma, mahmud esad bozqurTma Tqva: „....sufTa eTnikuri Turqebis garda, sxva adamianebs am qveyanaSi SesaZlebloba aqvT iyon mxo-lod msaxurebi da monebi, es simarTle kargad gaigos yvela me-gobarmac, mtermac da TviT mTebmac ki!“ am mentalitetiT gaz-rdilma Taobam da TurqeTis sazogadoebam daakisra mZime gadasa-xadi yvelas, vinc fiqrobda sxvagvarad, sxva raimeze iyo orien-tirebuli da TviTgamorkvevaze muSaobda. yvelam kargad icis, rom CvenTvis amis magaliTi aris ahmeT ozqan-melaSvili. misi er-TaderTi „danaSauli“ iyo sakuTari xalxis(ac) da kulturis siyvaruli da am siyvarulis gadasaxadi gadaixada Tavisi cxov-rebis/sicocxlis dakargviT.

TurqeTma saqarTvelosTan axlo sazRvris teritoriebze mWidro kontroli daamyara, raTa xeli SeSloda eTnikuri TviT-gamorkvevis sakiTxebis waxalisebas. Tavis moqalaqeebsac ki ar axalisebdnen am kuTxeebSi vizitebisaTvis. akrZalvis mizezi ki ar saxeldeboda. amave dros, xelisufleba ar iwonebda saqar-Tvelos moqalaqeebis am kuTxebSi vizits. samwuxarod, am teri-toriidan dawyebulia migracia dasavleT TurqeTisaken da dRe-sac grZeldeba es procesi. mkveTrad Semcirebulia adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis ricxvi. samwuxarod, es mizani iyo dasaxu-li da igi ganxorcielda. zogadad keTili da ganviTarebis gza-ze mdgari ori qveynis urTierTobis ganviTarebis miuxedavad, TurqeTma, mravalkulturuli da mravaleTnikuri moqalaqeobrivi identobis Seqmnis nacvlad, eTnikuri Turqobis SegrZnebis gan-cda gaaZliera da sxvadasxva eTnikuri fesvebis mqone moqalaqee-bi kvlavac „Turqebad“ gamoacxada. amgvari dezinformacia uwyve-tad gaagrZela. amave dros, atarebda im politikas, rom Tur-qeTis teritoriaze arsebuli istoriuli qarTuli Zeglebis qar-Tuloba uaryofili iyo da maT qarTulad ar scnobda. Tumca, amave dros, TurqeTma xeli ar SeuSla mravali qarTuli fol-kloruli jgufis TurqeTSi Camosvlas. saerTaSoriso bavSvTa RonisZiebaSi (23 aprili) da sxvadasxva qalaqebSi arsebul dRe-saswaulebSi yvelaze metad saqarTvelodan monawileoben da Turqi xalxi yvelaze met taSs maT ukravs. magram mniSvnelova-ni kontrastia, rom TurqeTis qarTvelebs daJinebiT eubnebian, Cveneburebis anu gurjebis musikaluri folklori es ki araa, hemSinuria, TurqeTis SavizRvispireTis (deformirebuli) da ori-entalur-aRmosavlur kulturis nawiliao. TurqeTis mraval Cve-nebur qarTvelsac sjera amisa. qarTuli folkloriT ara mxo-

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lod qarTvelebi arian dainteresbulebi, aramed, sxva adamiane-bic, magram arc isini asaxeleben qarTul cekvebs qarTulad da amiT SecdomaSi SehyavT TurqeTis sazogadoeba.

TurqeTSi erTi Zveli da saerTo gamoTqma arsebobs; Turqe-Tis moqalaqeebs Soris Tanasworoba sufevs da yvelas SeuZlia gaxdes ministri, premieri da prezidenti. osmaleTis dros da TurqeTis respublikaSi iyo da aris bevri qarTveli maRal do-nis saxelmwifo moxele (deputatebic, ministrebsic da premiere-bic), magram am adamianebis umetesobam datova Tavisi kultura da identuroba. samwuxarod, maTi Svilebi an STamomavlebi daintere-sebuli ar arian mSobliuri kulturiT.

TurqeTSi eTnikurad Turqi Zmebi TviTdajerebulad, uSiS-rad da wynarad arian. warmoSobiT sxva eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi, qarTvelebic da sxvebic, sxva eTnikuri fesvebidan momdinareobis gamo, rTuli kompleqsebiT arian Sewuxebulebi da xazgasmiT cdiloben TavianTi eTnikuri fesvebis - viTom rogorc naklebi raimis - damalvas. am mizeziT zedmetad iTviseben Turquli naci-onalizmis ideebs da eqcevian sxvadasxva ideologiebis gavlenis qveS. xolo eTnikuri Turqoba Tavs amaRlebulad grZnobs da ar saWiroebs maT mfarvelobas. Cveni kulturis dacva da ganviTare-ba, aseve saqarTvelosTan kulturuli urTierTobis mravalmxri-vi winsvla arafers ar daaklebs Turq Zmebs.

ukve dro icvleba, am codnis epoqaSi yvelam unda daTmos tyuilebi bolo wlebSi TurqeTi seriozulad ganviTarda, war-sulTan SedarebiT igi bevrad demokratiuli qveyana gaxda. is Ta-visufali qveyanaa da cdilobs warsulis uaryofiTi mxareebisa-gan Tavis daRwevas. TurqeTi ukve is qveyana aRar aris, rom vinmem saqarTvelos Sesaxeb dawerili wignis avtori daadanaSaulos da daapatimros, an vinmem ver Tqvas, gurji-qarTveli varo. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom yvelaferi aris gamosworebuli. TurqeTis qarTvelebis umravlesoba alyaSia moaqceuli oficialuri ideo-logiis mier. am ideologiiT ganaTlebul-gamozrdil mraval Turqsa da qarTvels Soris arian iseTi adamianebic, romelTac baTumi saqarTvelos mier okupirebuli TurqeTis nawili hgoniaT. es maTi brali ar aris, es maT iswavles TurqeTis skolebSi, sa-dac ase aswavlian bavSvebs. sasargebloa rom yvela es vicodeT.

TurqeTma ukve unda daTmos amgvari tyuilebi da Tavis moqa-laqeebs swori ganaTleba da informacia misces. Tavis teritori-aze mcxovreb yvela adamians maT eTnikur fesvebs, kulturas da TurqeTSi arsebuli kulturis Zeglebs pativi unda sces. aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro pozitiuri sazogadoeba da qyeyana gaxdeba TurqeTi. dRemde Cveni ena, kultura da arseboba ignorirebulia. Cveni integraciisTvis Cvenive eTnikuri kulturis gaqrobis gza urCevnia TurqeTs, magram am modernuli epoqis moTxovnebis mi-

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xedviT, is Cveni xelaxali ganviTarebis-aRdgomis mxardamWerad unda gamodiodes. am etapze dakarguli kulturuli Rirebule-bis damoukideblad aRorZinebas TurqeTis qarTvelebi TavisiT ver SeZleben. amitom aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxardaWera, gan-sxvavebiT warsulisagan. Tuki eTnikuri kulturis aRorZinebas, ganviTarebas SeZlebs TurqeTis saxelmwifo, amiT igi Camoyalib-deba ufro mTlian, monoliTur saxelmwifod, sadac yvela ic-xovrebs bednierad, mSvidad da nebismieri eTnikuri jgufis war-momadgeneli Tavs CaTvlis sruluflebian moqalaqed. mTeli re-gioni gaxdeba sacxovreblad vargisi, Zlieri da mSvidobiani.

am TvalsazrisiT, savaldebulia TurqeTSi arsebuli isto-riuli qarTuli Zeglebis aRdgena TurqeTis mier. am mizniT Cven SevitaneT gancxadeba am wels TurqeTis kulturis-turizmis sa-ministroSi da vTxoveT istoriuli qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis restavracia. pasuxi mogvca saministrom am Temaze, oficialurad damtkica es Zeglebi qarTulad da SeTanmxmebulia restavraciis saWiroebac. magram im werilSic weria da kidev erTxel gavigeT, rom restavraciis piroba aris saqarTvelos da TurqeTs Soris „saqarTveloSi arsebuli istoriuli Turquli Zeglebis da Tur-qeTSi arsebuli istoriuli qarTuli Zeglebis restavraciis Se-Tanxmebis ormxrivi kontraqtis xelmowera (!). amis Semdeg 30 ma-iss kidev erTxel werili gavugzavne Cvens saxelmwifos anu TurqeTis saministros. davwere: „is Zeglebi aages Cvenma qarTvel-ma winaprebma, magram dRes es Zeglebi moqceulia TurqeTis saz-RvrebSi, Cven varT TurqeTis moqalaqeebi da Cveni saxelmwifo - TurqeTi aris uflebamosili, daicvas, restavracia Cautaros, sa-TuTad mouaros am Zeglebs. amitom sxva saxelmwifosTan im Zeg-lebis restavraciis Temaze vaWroba warmoudgenelia“ - meTqi.

kidev: ormxrivi kontraqtis farglebSi Sedis qalaq baTumSi azizies meCeTis xelaxla aSenebis moTxovna TurqeTis mxaris mi-er. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vuTxari TurqeTis saministros, rom es aris me-19-e saukunis meore naxevarSi aSenebuli Zegli, da-axloebiT mxolod 50 weliwadi idga da mere me-20 saukunis da-sawyisSi gaanadgures sabWoTa kavSiris dros da ar darCenila misi nangrevic ki. „saqarTveloSi arsebuli istoriuli Turquli Zeglebis rigSi“ ar unda ganvixiloT azizies meCeTi, imitom rom misi kvalic ki ar arsebobs. Tqveni mizani Tu aris saqarTveloSi axali meCeTebis aSeneba, esec ar aris TurqeTis saqme da amaze vaWroba warmoudgenelia. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs Tu aqvT axa-li meCeTebis aSenebis moTxovna, amas mxari unda dauWiros Tvi-Ton saqarTvelos saxelmwifom. aseTi sakiTxebis gamo piroba da kontraqti zians ayenebs ori qveynis mWidro da megobrul urTi-erTobas. amave dros, azizies meCeTi saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bis wlebSi ki ar ganadgurda, aramed sabWoTa okupaciis period-

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Si, mogexsenebaT, 1918-1921 wlebSi damoukideblobis mokle perio-dis Semdgom kvlav okupirebul saqarTveloSi daangries es meCe-Ti okupantebma da ara saqarTvelom. aseve, am ngrevaSi monawile-oba ar miuRia mogvianebiT 1991 wels kidev erTxel damoukideb-loba miRebul axalgazrda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos. dros nu davkargavT da viCqaroT TurqeTSi arsebuli qarTuli Zeglebis restavraciisaTvis meTqi“.

aucilebelia rom TurqeTma da saqarTvelom gaagrZelon, ke-Tili urTierToba, winsvla, erTmaneTis pativiscema. samwuxarod, Cven TurqeTSi ar gvaqvs saSualeba, rom vicxovrod Cveni eTniku-ri kulturiT da davkargeT yvela rezervi. Cven TurqeTis moqa-laqeebs, TurqeTma mxolod kulturuli gadarCenis nebarTva ki ara, saSualebac unda mogvces - dagvexmaros. Cveni kulturis gan-viTarebis wyaro aris Cveni dedasamSoblo, misi Zvirfasi xalxi, Rrma kultura da rezervi. TurqeTma da saqarTvelom unda gai-Tavison es saWiroeba.

Cven muhajirma da adgilobrivma qarTvelebma unda vicodeT rom stumrebi ki ara, maspinZlebi varT TurqeTSi: adgilobrivi qarTvelebi odiTgan cxovreben TavianTi winaprebis miwa-wyalze. rac Seexeba muhajir qarTvelebs, isini stambolis rusebisagan gadarCenis mizniT dadebuli xelSekrulebis Semdeg, sxvadasxva SeRavaTuri pirobebiT iqnen miwveulni anatoliaSi. am mxrivac, osmaleTma „CveneburebisTvis“ micemuli valdebuleba ver Seasru-la. TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi ar arian, zogierTi sxva xalxiviT, gacvliTi an deportirebuli ltolvilebi. amitom TurqeTeli qarTveli ar aris vinmes winaaRmdeg gasresili an vinmes madlieri. igi TurqeTSi Tanamflobelia da ufleba aqvs moiTxovos yvela sakiTxSi mxardaWera Tavisi saxelmwifosagan. mivesalmebi mas, vinc icis, rom ar aris iZulebuli daemsgavsos sxvas an gansxvavdes.

Erdoghan Shenol

The View of Turks on Georgians and Self Perception, History, the Present and Future Prospects of Georgians in Turkey

Summary

The research of the Turkish-Georgian cultural relations and the future development of it tends to be the most important objective of the historical science. The presented article describes how Georgian people living in Turkey perceive the essential issues of the Georgian-Turkish relations.

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S. mamulaZe, g. yifiani, e. kaxiZe

aRmosavleT WaneTis safortifikacio nagebobani (aTinas cixe - kiz-kale)

(naSromi Sesrulebulia sagranto proeqtis

(granti № 4475) ,,istoriuli WaneTis aRmo-savleT nawilSi daculi qarTuli kultu-ruli memkvidreobis Zeglebi” farglebSi)

cixe mdebareobs q.fazaris (Zveli aTina) gasasvlelSi, aRmosav-leTiT, 1,5 km-is daSorebiT: nageboba zRvis sanapiro zolSi, xmele-Tidan 25-30 m-iT dacilebul kldovan koncxzea daSenebuli. aq sul sxvadasxva zomis vulkanogenuri warmoSobis oTxi kldovani bor-cvia. maTgan centraluri SedarebiT maRalia, ramdenadme moculo-biT didic da miuvalic. cixe-koSkis mSeneblebs misi mTliani far-Ti maqsimalurad gamouyenebiaT da zed gaumarTavT marTkuTxa for-mis safortifikacio nageboba. cixe-koSkis gare kedlebi kldovani borcvis gare konturebs miuyveba da erTianobaSi igi kldesTan er-Tad zRvidan amoziduli nagebobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. dRemde moRweul nagebobaze dakvirvebiT masSi sul cota sami saamSeneblo fenis gamoyofa SeiZleba. qveda saamSeneblo done, romlis wyobebi kargad ikiTxeba aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeTis mxareebze, nagebia qviSa-qvis kargad damuSavebuli kvadrebiT. maTi saSualo simaRle 60 sm-ia. SemakavSireblad kirxsnaris Txeli fenaa gamoyenebuli da warmoadgens e.w. romauli isodomis tipiur nimuSs. am periodis wyo-bis SemorCenili maqsimaluri simaRle nagebobis Crdilo aRmosav-leT kuTxeSi, 4 metrs aRwevs. dakvirvebiT Cans, rom SemdgomSi misi ganaxleba mimdinareobs da CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken Zveli wyo-bis daxril sibrtyeze amoyvanilia sruliad axali wyoba, romelic bizantiur periods ukavSirdeba. Tumca amave wyobaSi ori sxvadasxva qveperiodi ganirCeva. pirveli esaa mowiTalo-moyavisfro feris mci-re zomis kvadrebi, romlis simaRle 25-30 sm-ia. kedlis es wyoba aR-mosavleTidan or viwro TaRovan sarkmels Seicavs. igi 4 metri si-maRlisaa. bizantiur periodSi Cans kedlis amaRlebis cda, romelic sam viwro TaRovan sartyels Seicavs. mSeneblobis es periodi iTva-liswinebda koSkis Crdilo-aRmosavleT monakveTSi, aRmosavleTis mxridan farTe, maRal TaRovan Riobs. karis simaRle sami metria, xolo sigane 1.80 m. es wyoba winamorbedisagan imiT gamoirCeva, rom monacrisfro da mowiTalo feris Tlili qvebi erTmaneTSi monac-vleoben da wyobaTa zomebi araTanabari zomisaa.

koSkis dasavleT kedelze da nawilobriv samxreTis mxares darRveul bizantiur wyobaze daSenebulia osmaluri periodis ke-deli, romliTac rogorc Cans mTlianad ganaxlda koSki. wyoba xa-siaTdeba imiT, rom saamSeneblo masalad gamoyenebulia adreuli pe-

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riodis nagebobaTa moSavo-monacrisfro kvadrebi, xolo maT Semakav-Sireblad- kiris sqeli fena.

Crdilo-dasavleTi kedeli zeda struqturaSi farTo arqitra-viT gadaxurul sartylebsac Seicavs. misi fuZe kldovani masivi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mkveTradaa daxrili. Cans, rom saZir-kvlisaTvis gamoyenebuli kvadrebi, maTTvis sagangebod nakveT bude-ebSia Casmuli.

sakuTriv koSkis Sesasvleli gamarTuli unda yofiliyo cixe-

koSkis Crdilo-aRmosvleT kuTxeSi, magram aq safexurebis nakvalevi ar Cans, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom mecixovneebi iyenebdnen xis sam-xedro daniSnulebis kibeebs.

rac Seexeba koSkis dasavleT mxares, aq dasavleTisa da Crdi-loeTis mxareebis ori sarTulia SemorCenili. am monakveTis saamSe-neblo wyobaSi oTxi Sre gamoiyofa: qveda, romelic mxolod koSkis samxreT-dasavleT mxares ikiTxeba sxvadasxva zomis daumuSavebeli qvebiT da kirxsnariT aris nagebi. es uSualod kldezea amoyvanili. pirveli sarTulis fasadze samxreT-dasvleT areSi ikiTxeba ori sarkmeli da erTi karis TaRovani Riobi. pirveli sarTuli, nagebo-bis meore saamSeneblo dones asaxavs da nagebia kargad SerCeuli, daumuSavebeli qviSaqvis kvadrebiT, romelTa simaRle saSualod 25 sm-ia. qveda sarTulis sarkmlebi viwro 15-20 sm-is sifarTis Riobe-bia da erTi metris simaRlisaa yovelgvari moCarCoebis gareSe. ro-gorc irkveva, TaRovani karis Riobi gviandeli qmnilebaa, romelsac mesame, zeda saamSeneblo done Crdilo dasavleTis nawilSi dar-Rveuli aqvs da Tavidan aris Sevsebuli usistemo wyobiT. kargad ikveTeba mesame saamSeneblo done, romelic meore sarTulis kuT-vnili Cans. es metrnaxevari simaRlis, viwro zolia kvadrebis xuTi rigisagan Sedgenili. meore sarTulis sarkmlebis Ziris donidan, gamoiyofa meoTxe saamSeneblo done sxvadasxva zomis sagangebod SerCeuli qvebiT (aseve qviSaqvis). es sarTuli sam sarkmels Seicavs. maT Soris ori-qveda sarTulis sarkmlebis gaswvriv da Sedgeba sa-gangebod gamoyvanili wirTxlebisa da TaRovani damagvirgvinebeli kvadrebisagan. am wyobis mixedviT epoqaTa zusti definacia SeuZle-belia. pirveli sarTulis wyoba SeiZleba CavTvaloT gvianbizantiu-rad, romelmac savaraudod mospo an raRac mizezis gamo Secvala

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aRmosavleTis mxares dadasturebuli gvianromauli, aseve adrebi-zantiuri isodomuri wyoba. miTumetes koncxi iseT strategiul ad-gilasaa, rom gamoricxulia misi gamouyenebloba TiTqmis yvela droSi.

am kldovani kunZulidan dasavleTiT 15 m-is daSorebiT aris aseve meore SedarebiT mcire moculobis kldovani Sverili. misi si-maRle zRvis zedapiridan daaxloebiT 7-8 m-ia. am koncxis kldovani masivis samxreTis Sveul kideze zRvis donidan 4,5 m-is simaRleze gamokveTilia kldovani kamera. misi simaRle 2 m, sigane aseve 2 m-ia, siRrme ki- 3 m-ia. igi Tavisi formiT Zalian gvagonebs kldovan sa-marxebs, romelic mogviano periodSi aTvise¬bulia sacxovrebel sivrced. mis dasavleT mxares gaWrilia sarkmeli. msgavsi tipis Zeg-li jerjerobiT erTaderTia sakvlev teritoriaze.

prokopis Tanaxmad rizes Semdeg petramde romaelebs da la-zebs Soris mosaxleobs erTi xalxi (Zidritebi?), romelTa miwa-

wyalze iyo ganlagebuli aTena, arqabe da afsarosi (Bel. Goth. VIII, 2). stefane bizantieli daaxloebiT amave teritoriis farglebSi asaxe-

lebs biZerebis navsadgurs (s.v.Βύζηρε), romelsac evstate (me-12 s) di-onisiosis (ax.w. 1-li-me-2 ss) naSromis komentirebisas biZerebis sa-

xels ukavSirebs (762)& momdevno punqtia aTina (Arr., PPE, 3-5, 7; Ptol., V, 6; Anon., 40; Tab. Peut.,

X, 4; PPE, 39-40; Steph. Byz., s. v. Αϑηναι). arianes mixedviT, imis gamo, rom

misi navsayudeli (ορμος‘) arasaimedo iyo, aq mcirericxovani xomal-debi mxolod zafxulobiT Sediodnen. axlomaxlo iyo mitovebuli

kastelumi (PPE, 4). faqtobrivad, aTenas limanze igives imeorebs j. palgrevi, xolo aTenas koncxze aRmarTul kiz-kales „naxevraddan-greuls“ uwodebs (1882, gv. 68-69).

rogorc Cans, aTinas cixe(kiz-kale) ponto-kavkasiis sazRvris formirebis pirveli etapis (vespasianes) droindelia, romelmac ra-Rac mizezis gamo mogvianebiT dakarga mniSvneloba. am mxriv sainte-resoa klavdiusis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi armeniaSi, gorneas

simagreSi mdgari damxmare kohorta (Tac., Ann., XII, 46), romelmac Ta-visi politikuri misiis amowurvis, rac romis arapopularuli pro-teJes-miTridate iberielis dacvaSi gamoixateboda, Semdeg datova

iqauroba (Кудрявцев, 1948, გვ. 51). rogorc Cans, Wanebisa da Zidritebis sacxovrebel arealTan sul axlos ganlagebuli punqti Tavdapirve-lad garkveul strategiul amocanebs emsaxureboda. mas Semdeg rac, dampyrobelma aq misTvis sasurveli mmarTveloba daamyara maqerone-bisa da henioxebis „samefos“ saxiT, zedmetad CaTvla „saimedo xe-lebSi“ moqceuli teritoriis uSualo kontroli (amis Ses. ix. fla-vius ariane, 1961, gv. 21).

Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom aTina jer kidev Zv.w. me-5 s aTeneli kolonistebis mier daarsebuli savaWro punqti iyos. am mimarTule-

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biT saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT perikles dros gaaqtiurda. aTenis mier dafuZnebuli axalSenebi Tavidanve erT Tavisuburebas atareb-dnen, isini gansakuTrebiT mWidrod iyvnen dakavSarebulni metropo-

liasTan samxedro-politikur da ekonomikur sferoebSi (Яйленко, 1982, gv. 141-152). swored amgvari tipis 600 samxedro kolonisti gaig-zavna perikles mier me-5 s 40-ian wlebSi sinopeSi demokratebisaT-

vis dasaxmareblad (Максимова, 1956, gv. 97-102), ramac kidev ufro gaaZ-liera regionis isedac yvelaze ufro dawinaurebuli polisi da, rogorc Cans, misi da Sesabamisad aTenis gavlenis trapezuntis aR-mosavleTiT gavrcobas Seuwyo xeli (inaZe, 1982, gv. 135-139^ 145-147^

156-159; Инадзе, 1979, gv. 109-110; kaxiZe, 1974, gv. 79-85; a. kaxiZe, e. kaxiZe, 1999, gv. 23-24).

ax.w. me-5 s anonimi avtori fsevdo ariane aTinas (iseve rogorc kordilesa da afsaross) soflad moixseniebs (PPE,39-40). anania Si-rakacis me-7 s “somxuri geografiaSi“, anu „aSxaracuicSi“, romelic, ZiriTadad, ax.w. me-4-5 ss viTarebas asaxavs, aTina (iseve rogorc ri-zoni) kolxur qalaqadaa moxseniebuli (1877, gv. 39). aTinas cixis midamoebidan gza erzrumisaken miemarTeboda, romelsac strategiu-li adgili ekava. mas axali impulsi 421 w erzrumSi Teodosiopoli-sis cixe-simagris dafuZnebas unda mieca (Crow, 1986, gv. 82). amis kon-teqstSia gansaxilveli md. meleskuris erzrum-aTinas magistra-lis makontrebeli yale (yifSiZe, 1937, gv. 153) da ispiridan momaval gzaze gabatonebuli jixa (sof. baSqois Tavze), sadac n. marma Tli-li qviT nagebi kedlis uxeS wyobasa da nagebobis, adgilobrivTa

ganmartebiT abanos naSTs miagno (Марр, 1910 gv. 558). iustiniane Ta-vis novelebSi iqadneboda kidec, rom mis mier dapyrobil WaneTs „ukve aqvs qalaqad qceuli adgilebi, momavalSic eqneba sxvebi“ (XXXI (XXXIII). am mxriv sainteresoa Teodoriada (Agath., V, 1-2), ro-melic SesaZlebelia swored am jixas Seesabamebodes. rac Seexeba aTinas cixes, rogorc Cans, Tavisi xelsayreli adgilmdebareobiT gamoyenebuli iyo TiTqmis yvela epoqaSi, dawyebuli gvian romauli xanidan damTavrebuli osmaluri periodiT. Sh. Mamuladze, G. Kipiani, E. Kakhidze

Castle Atina (Kiz-Kale )

Summary Castle is located 1,5 kilometers away from Phazari (old Atina). Construction is built on rocky cape which is at a distance 25-30 from the sea. Castle Atina (Kiz-Kale) is connected with the first time stage (Vespasiane) of Ponto-Caucasus border formation. Later it was used in Byzantium and Ottoman periods.

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bibliografia

1. evlia Celebi , „mogzaurobis wigni“, Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem, 1, Tb., 1970.

2. gogitiZe s. aWaris etimologia.-baTumis damoukidebeli uni-versitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa da studentTa me-2 sa-mecniero konferenciis soxsenebaTa gegma da Tezisebi, 1994.

3. Todua T. romauli samyaro da saqarTvelos SavizRvispire-Ti (sadoq. sadis. naSr.), Tb. 1995.

4. inaZe m. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mosaxle tomTa istoriisaTvis (henioxebi). - mski, 32, 1955.

5. inaZe m. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniza-cia, Tb., 1982.

6. inaZe m. termini „Wanebi“. - sqauqt, Tb., 1993. 7. kaxiZe a. fiWvnaris samarovanze 1967-1968 wlebSi aRmoCenili

ucxouri monetebi. - macne, 3, 1974. 8. kaxiZe a., kaxiZe e., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispi-

reTis savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobani antikur samyaros-Tan gvianarqaul da klasikur xanaSi (fiWvnarSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT). - vanis me-9 saerTaSorisi simpoziumis moxsenebaTa masalebi, Tb., 1999.

9. lomouri n. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. - mski, 35, Tb., 1963.

10. lomouri n. dion kasiusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1966.

11. lomouri n. Zveli afxazeTis eTno-kulturuli istoriidan, Tb., 1998.

12. meliqiSvili g. saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmo-savleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965.

13. svaniZe m. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVIIss,Tb.1971

14. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, Targmani, gamokvleva da ruka naTela keWaRmaZisa, Tb., 1961.

15. „qarTlis cxovreba“ t. 1, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1955. 1. 16. yauxCiSvili T. berZen mweralTa cnobebi saqarTve-

los Sesaxeb, 1, 1967. 17. yauxCiSvili T. saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wya-

roebi, Tb. 1976. 18. yifSiZe i. WaneTSi mogzauroba. - enimkis moambe, 1, tf., 1937.

2. Армянская география VII в. под. ред. К. Патканова, СПб., 1877. 3. Инадзе М. П. К вопросу о влиянии эллинизма в странах Закавказья.-

Проблемы античной истории и культуры, I, Ереван, 1979.

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4. Качарава Д. Д., Квирквелия Г. Т. Города и поселения Причерноморья античной эпохи, Тб., 1991.

5. Кудрявцев О. В. Римская политика в Армении и Парфии во второй половине правления Нерона.-ВДИ, 4, 1948.

6. Ломоури Н. Ю. Грузино-Римские взаимоотношения, Тб., 1981. 7. Манандян Я. А. Критический обзор истории армянского народа, т. 1,

Ереван, 1841. 8. Максимова М. И. Античные города Юго-Восточного Причерноморья,

М.-Л.. 9. Марр Н. Я. Из поездки в турецкий Лазистан.-Отд. от. из ИИАН, 1910. 10. Меликишвили Г.А. Наири-Урарту, Тб., 1954. 11. Меликишвили Г.А. К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1959. 12. Моммзен Т. История Рима, т. V, Ростов-на-Дону-М., 1997. 13. Отчет консула В. Джиффорда Пальгрева за лето 1872 о береге

Лазистана и прилегающих к нему внутренних округах. - ИКОИРГО, т. VII, Тиф., 1882.

14. Ушаков П. К походам урартийцев в Закавказье в IX-VIII вв. до н. э.- ВДИ, 1946, 2.

15. Яйленко В. П. Греческая колонизация VII-III вв. до н. э., М., 1982. 16. Crow, J. A. A Review of the Physical Remains of the Frontiers of

Cappadocia, The Defense of the Roman and Byzantine East, Proceedings of a Colloquium Held at the University of Sheffield in April 1986, Oxford, BAR Int. Ser., 1986, 297 (I).

17. Honigmann, E., Maricq, A. Recherches sur les Res Gestae Divi Saaporis, Bruselles, 1953.

18. Kiessling, M. RE, Bd. VIII, 1913. 19. Koch, K. Wanderungen im oriente während jahre 1843 und 1844, II.

Reise im pontische gebirge und türkischen Armenien Weimar, 1846. 20. Sprengling, M. A New Pahlavi Inscription, AJSLL, 2, 1937.

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Tamaz futkaraZe         

istoriuli WaneTis aRmosavleT nawilSi daculi sayofacxovrebo arqiteqturis nimuSebi

(sacxovrebeli nagebobebi)

(naSromi Sesrulebulia sagranto pro-

eqtis (granti № 4475) `istoriuli Wane-Tis aRmosavleT nawilSi daculi qar-Tuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegle-bi~ farglebSi)

istoriuli saqarTvelos mxareTa Soris Tavisi momxibla-

vi bunebiT gamorCeulia lazeTi, sadac dRemde uxvadaa Semona-xuli dasaxlebis ZvelqarTuli (lazuri) tipi da xalxuri xu-roTmoZRvrebis unikaluri Zeglebi. maTi Seswavla saSualebas iZleva SevadaroT isini maTive moZmeebis yofisa da kulturis Taviseburebebs, gamovyoT qarTveli xalxis eTnografiuli jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebi, davadginoT na-Tesaoba da erTiani genetikuri fesvebi, lazebisa da megrele-bis (aseve sxva qarTveluri jgufebis) sayofacxovrebo erToba. Aam TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulia sayofacxovrebo arqiteq-turis, samSeneblo xelovnebis, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo na-gebobebis mecnieruli Seswavla.

lazuri dasaxleba

sacxovrebeli nagebobebidan konstruqciul-mxatvruli

daxvewilobiT, gavrcelebis arealiT gamoirCeva rogorc Saviz-Rvispira zolis, ise mTiani regionis lazuri (aseve hemSinebis) dasaxlebebi.

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sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipebis dasadgenad arsebobs uam-ravi masala, magram uZveles tipebTan maTi damakavSirebeli xa-zi, Tavdapirveli tipis Tanmimdevruli evolucia srulad araa gamokveTili (daviTaSvili g.,.1974:3). sakiTxis Sesaswavlad avir-CieT sacxovrebeli saxlis ramodenime tipi, romelTa kvlevas aqvs didi mniSvneloba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis, masSi Semava-li saTavsoebis funqciuri daniSnulebis, lazuri karmidamos garegani Taviseburebebis, sacxovreblis ornamentaciasTan da-kavSirebuli specifikis dasadgenad.

Llazuri saxlis gegmis kompozicia sworkuTxedia an kvad-rats uaxlovdeba. xSirad igi orsarTuliania, esadageba rTul reliefs da akmayofilebs ojaxis sacxovrebeli da sameurneo pirobebisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs. kompleqsSi warmodgenilia sacxovrebeli da sxvadasxva damxmare Senobebi. saxlis Siga nawi-lis dagegmarebaSi asaxuli iyo ojaxis socialuri struqtura, sqesTaSorisi urTierTobebi, maTi adgili da ufleba-movaleoba-ni ojaxSi (saqarTvelos eTnografia/eTnologia, 2010:576).

mecxramete saukunemde lazeTSi ZiriTadad mrgvali xeebisa-gan aSenebul e. w. ,,jargvala” saxlebs aSenebdnen (m. vaniliSi, a. Tandilava, 1964:100). saxlis agebis win lazebi niadags moasufTa-vebdnen da saZirkvlis amoyvanas Seudgebodnen. xis Senobas saZir-kvlad uwyobdnen gaTlil qvebs (binaSi dodvalu). Mmasze aSeneb-dnen xis kedlebs. zed gamarTavdnen e.w. Tavxeebs (Tavi xe). Yyve-laze did Tavxes gadebdnen samzareuloSi (,,ongore”). Oongores Tavze Camokidebdnen sakidels (,,kremuli”) da ,,ovles”, romel-Sic aSrobdnen Romis TavTavs. xe sworad unda yofiliyo gaTli-li. Aam mizniT xeze ,,Wafxu”-s (Wafxu//warnaqi, wiTel saRebavSi amovlebuli Toki) ,,gaatarebdnen”. mSeneblobisas xSirad awyob-dnen ,,noders” (nadi). Nnadi ewyoboda agreTve saxlisaTvis saWi-ro masalis damzadebis drosac. nadisaTvis SearCevdnen iseT ada-mianebs, vinc ficris xerxva da xis damuSaveba icoda. samasale xes ZiriTadad zamTarSi (,,xes wyali ar eqneba), mzian adgilas moWridnen, radgan misi masala ufro didxans gaZlebda. .

saxlis saxuravis awevisas moiwvevdnen axloblebs da me-zoblebs, romlebic dalocavdnen saxlis patrons. Aam dros erT-erTi xelosani xeleCoTi gamudmebiT akakunebda ficarze, rac sa-Cuqris moTxovnis niSani iyo. Aaxal saxlSi keraze cecxli pirve-lad dedmamian qaliSvils an axlo naTesavs unda daenTo.

interess iwvevs samSeneblo terminologia, romelSic la-zurTan erTad gvxvdeba Turquli da zogjer rusuli terminebic. Mmag. Bbinebisa da Weris qiriSebs\\Zelebs dizmes eZaxian, karebs – neknas, kedlebze gadmoSverili saxuravis nawils – sarabaxs, fan-jaras – fenjeras\\aqoSkas, iataks – doSemes, kedels – diuvars, kibes – kardumons, saxuravs – saCaRs, derefans – seRos, safut-

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kres – bagens, naliis aivans – abarwas, saqaTmes – kares (zogan oqoTumales), gamyofi xis Zelebs - onguras da a. S.

Cveulebriv, lazuri saxli Sedgeba sxvadasxva daniSnulebis oTaxebisagan. samzareulo (,,oxorSqaguri”), romelsac adre miwis iataki hqonda, aerTianebda: ,,okrebule”-s (adgili, sadac Suacec-xlia), ,,odaCxire”-s (keris Sua adgili, sadac SeSas cecxli uki-dia), ,,okice”//sakeces (adgili, sadac idgmeboda keci mWadis (mWki-diS) gamosacxobad. samzareulos uSualod ukavSirdeboda ,,oCxa-re”//,,owkare”, samzareulos marjvena karebidan Sesasvleli adgi-li, sadac mowyobili iyo WurWleulis dasarecxi da Tungebis (kukumebi//gugumebi) dasadgmeli. samzareulos marcxena mxridan dadgmulia mWadis fqvilis (mWkidiS mqiri) Sesanaxi ficris ,,xa-ro” da sxva produqtebis Sesanaxi Taro. Aam adgils ,,xaro ka-la”-sac uwodeben. keriis marcxniv ,,sawyales” zemoT miWedebuli iyo kovzebis vertikalur Wrilebiani Casawyobi oTxkuTxa reikis-magvari ficari sakovze - ,,okizale”, romlis zemodan mowyobili iyo Ria Taroebi - ,,owude” – garecxili TefSebis dasawyobad.

okrebule”-sajalabo darbazi - yvelaze didia (daaxloebiT 28-30 kv. Mmetri). igi warmodgenili iyo SuacecxliT, mogvianebiT buxriT. Tu darbazSi ori kera iyo gamarTuli, es imas niSnavda, rom ,,oxoro”ori ojaxisagan Sedgeboda. Aam darbazs ar hqonda Weri, amitom keris pirdapir saxuravze datovebuli iyo safute xvreli (safute futidan momdinareobs. sulxan sabas ganmartebiT futi aris ,,mavne kvamli”) anu ,,sarkume” (sarkumedan unda iyos warmoSobili sityva sarkmeli) (interneti: http://saunje.ge/ index.php?id=1266&lang=ka) 

sacxovrebeli saxlis gegmis kompozicia warmoadgens cen-traluri gegmarebis uZveles nimuSs, romelSic mTavar adgils iWers saojaxo darbazi. saojaxo saxlSi Sesasvleli iyo Ria aivnidanan e. w. Sua derefnidan. sacxovrebeli oTaxebi Semdegnai-rad iyo ganawilebuli: col-qmrisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo gverdiTi oTaxi – gverdiS oda, romelsac mSoblebi SemdgomSi uTmobdnen daqorwinebul Svils. SesaZloa saxls hqonoda ori gverdiTi oda: ,,marZgvani”//marjvena da ,,kvazali”//marcxena.

samzareulodan aucileblad unda yofiliyo Sesasvleli e. w. SqaSoda”-Si (Sua oTaxi). samzareulo ukavSirdeboda agreTve gverdiT oTaxebsac. moxucebis oTaxs ,,papules odas” uwodeben. calke iyo e.w. ,,Wita oda” (patara oTaxi. Wita, Witina, vuWitineb – sinaTlis sxivis Semosvlas unda ukavSirdebodes) da ,,iaziS oda” (sazafxulo oTaxi).Aam oTaxebis Sesasvlelebi gverdiTi da Sua oTaxebis garda gakeTebulia ,,xaiaTze” (aivani) gavliT. sastumro oTaxs karebs garedanac ukeTeben. lazuri saxlis gareTa nawi-lis saxelwodebebia: ,,sTeRo” (oxor Sqa guriSi” – Sesasvleli

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aivani, saxlze gadaSverili saxuraviT, ,,Roji” – ezos nawili, sa-dac erTmaneTs uerTdeba saxlis xis safuZvlebi (m. vaniliSi, a. Tandilava, 1964:109), ,,Jimoka” – saxlis samzareulos ukana mxare, sadac awyoben SeSas, Sromis iaraRebs, ,,ofute” – ezos farTobi, ,,baRu” – produqtebis, xilis, sazamTro maragis Sesanaxi beReli, ,,bageni” – sasiminde, ,,oqoTumale” – saqaTme, ,,mskibu” – wisqvili, ,,onCamure” – sacexveli da a. S.

eTnografiuli masalebidan irkveva, rom lazuri saxli Tav-dapirvelad erTsarTuliani yofila miwuri iatakiT da Suacec-xliT. Mmesaqonleoba adridanve sustad iyo ganviTarebuli. Sesa-bamisad, lazuri saxli Tavisi arqiteqturuli aRnagobiT Seesa-bameboda sasoflo da sazRvao-sameurneo pirobebs. saxls auci-leblad unda hqonda saTevzao-sanaosno inventaris Sesanaxi sa-Tavsoebi. ,,Tudeni oda”//qveda oTaxi gamoiyeneboda sasoflo-same-urneo da saTevzao-sanaosno inventaris Sesanaxad.. masSi inaxav-dnen: mosavals, citrusebs, sanaosno inventars: niCabs (,,xope”), ,,Talazs” (navis bortze specialurad morgebuli ficrebi, rome-lic ixmareba tvirTiT Soreuli naosnobis dros), ,,filoss” (ti-vi), ,,arma”-s (anZis mowyobiloba: Tokebi, Wangebi da a. S.) da sxva iaraRebs.

gonio-sarfis lazur mosaxleobaSi mTavar Suacecxlian sa-Tavsos ramdenime saxeliT moixsenieben: oxori-sakuTriv lazuri saxelwodeba, samyofi saxli, samzareulo, muTvaRi (muTvaRi Tur-qulidanaa Semosuli) da a. S. (miqelaZe j., 1982:49). i. adamia am sa-Tavsos sajalabo darbazs uwodebs da mas lazuri sacxovreb-lis adrindel safexurad miiCnevs (i. adamia, 1965:49). marTlac, samyof saxls lazur sacxovrisSi centraluri adgili uWiravs da yvela sxva saTavso masTanaa dakavSirebuli.

Tanamedrove lazeTSi umTavresad lamaz, e. w. kombinirebul saxlebs aSeneben. qalaqad da dabebSi qvis saxlebi sWarbobs.

CvenTvis saintereso sacxovrebeli mdebareobs findiklTan axlos, sofel CaRlian qoiSi (CaRliani – niSnavs xmaurians) sa-karmidamo nakveTSi, soflis centraluri jami-meheles teritori-aze da ekuTvnis haji alioRlis. riyis sxvadasxva feris qvisa da xis konstruqciis kombinirebiT aSenebuli saxli mnaxvelze axdens waruSlel STabeWdilebas. aseT saxls ,,faxverkian//Ca-langarian//tolmian” saxlsac uwodebenG (SoSitaSvili n.,, papi-aSvili T., 2010:99). Senobis kedlebis konstruqcia warmoadgens dgarul sistemas, romelSic Casmulia oTxkuTxovani, mcire kve-Tis rikulebi. maTi meSveobiT miiReba kvadratuli xarixebi, romelSic kiris xsnariT Camagrebulia sxvadasxva feris qvebi. Signidan kedlebi Seficrulia wablis masaliT. Kkedlis aseTi

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konstruqcia zrdis sacxovreblis mdgradobas (SoSitaSvili n.,, papiaSvili T., 2010:99).

Senobis pirveli sarTuli warmoadgens qviT aSenebul sa-naTurian (saqonlis pativis gasayreli adgili) sajinibosa da axors. Sesasvleli derefniT or nawiladaa gayofili. Aaxoris moqceva sacxovrisis sistemaSi SedarebiT Zveli tradiciaa, rac mogvianebiT Seicvala misi gaerTianebiT sameurneo daniS-nulebis nagebobebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki sabZelTan (SoSitaSvi-li n.,, papiaSvili T., 2010:101). tradiciulad, saxlis sardafis sami kedeli qviT Sendeboda, romelsac ,,mesons” uwodeben. Mme-soni warmoadgens pirveli sarTulis gamyof kedels. gverdiTi kedlebi ,,kanadi”-is saxeliTaa cnobili. adre aq inTeboda Sua-cecxli. Werze gadebuli iyo xeebi, romelzec zamTarSi gasax-mobad ewyoboda brinjis konebi. amJamad, sacxovrisis pirveli sarTuli sawyobadaa gamoyenebuli.

saxli Sedgeba eqvsi oTaxisagan. oTaxebi araa Zalian didi. lazuri sacxovreblis sxvadasxva saTavsoebs Soris gansakuT-rebul interess iwvevs e.w. didi oda, romelsac dRes ,,oTurma salons” (Turqulis gavleniT) eZaxian. igi ufrosi mamakacisa (didi babas//papules) da ufrosi qalis samyofia (sarfsa da gonioSi saxlis ufros mamakacs ,,oxoriS saibs”, xolo ufros qals ,,xCini badi’’s uwodeben). adre swored did, e. w. ,,buiuq oda”-Si iyo gamarTuli buxari, kedlis orive mxares ki seqvi. iataki ficrulia. am oTaxSi iZineben 8-10 wlamde asakis bav-Svebic. Aamave oTaxSi iReben stumarsac, dasaZineblad ki ga-dahyavT sastumro oTaxebSi.

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CaRliani, feTi haji alioRlis sacxovrebeli

saxlis sqematuri gegma

oTurma salonis Crd. Mmxaris zeda nawilSi, kedlis mTel sigrZeze datanebulia viwro (daaxloebiT 30-40 sm-is siganis) aivnis magvari saTavso ,,medine” (iarusi) rikulebiani moajiriT, sadac inaxavdnen zamTris produqtebs (kvaxi, Txili, lobio). Mmedineze asvla SesaZlebelia kedelze vertikalurad datane-buli kibis sami safexuriT. Kkibis safexuris orive mxares aris 3 sam-sam Taroiani ,,dolabi”. Taroebi gasdevs kibis safe-xurebs. erT dolabSi inaxaven WurWleuls, meoreSi qvabebs, me-sameSi ki fqvils da sxva produqtebs. sityva ,,dolabi” Turqu-lidanaa Sesuli lazurSi, Tumca Tavad Turqul sacxovrebel saxlebs msgavsi saTavsoebi ar aqvs.

Mmedineze asasvleli kibis safexurebi

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medine D dolabi

zogierT saxlSi medineze asasvlelad iyeneben moZrav ki-

bes, radgan ar aqvs kedelSi datanebuli kibis safexurebi. didi odidan aris Sesasvleli Wita (patara) odaSi, ro-

melsac kedelSi Catanebuli aqvs e. w. ,,iuqluqi” (Turq.) – lo-ginebis Sesanaxi saTavso. sarfSi mcxovreb lazTa sacxovrisSi msgavsi saTavsoebi hqonda yvela oTaxs. viwro derefnis gav-liT Sedixar e. w. ,,walendo” (qveda) oTaxSi, iqedan ki ,,mabein odasa” da ,,Jilendon”-Si (zeda saZinebeli). saxlSi mowyobilia abano da sapirfareSo. Zveli saxlebis yvela saTavsos erT-erT kedelSi datanebuli hqonda e.w. onglebiani (darabebiani) fan-jrebi.

onglebiani (darabebiani) fanjara rkinis kauWiani saketiT L

lazuri sacxovrisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebe-biT gamoirCeva haidar soieris orsarTuliani saxli, romelic mdebareobs q. xofis centridan 1 kilometrSi. saxli orsarTu-liania. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT saxlis asaki 200 welia. Sesas-vleli TaRovania da wyvilad, sam-sami Tlili qvisaganaa agebu-li.

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TaRis simaRle 1,8 m-ia, sigane ki 86 sm. Sesasvleli kari

ornamentirebulia. karebs ,,dasaketad” selads//kuraks ukeTeben (memiSiSi o. piradi arqivi, rveuli 2). sxva lazuri saxlebisa-gan gansxvavebiT, haidar soieris saxlis pirveli sarTulic adamianTa sacxovrisisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli da Sedgeba qvis ori miwis datkepniliatakiani oTaxis, kedelSi Catanebuli oTxi e.w. ,,Teregis” //Tarosagan (findiklel lazebSi – dola-bi). erT-erTi didi ,,Teregi” kartofilis Sesanaxad gamoiyene-boda. mTavar oTaxSi//salonSi mowyobilia buxari. Bbuxari aris saxlis meore sarTulzec. yvela oTaxs aqvs darabebiani fanjrebi rkinis kauWiani saketiT, romelic Camoedeba kedelSi horizontalurad Catanebul rkinis naWrebs.

xofa, haidar soieris orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxlis sqe-

maturi gegma

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lazuri saxlis kvadrebis xarixebi ZiriTadad kvadratu-lia, Tumca gvxvdeba daxrilxarixebiani kvadrebic. Aam Tval-sazrisiT sainteresoa sofel baSqoiSi (xofidan 6 km.) mdebare qemal buluTis 250 wliani saxli, romlis aRmosavleTis ked-lis marcxena mxares aris daxrili xarixebi. amitom kvadrebi warmodgenilia samkuTxedis formiT.

kvadratuli daDdaxrilxarixiani kvadrebi

saxlis wina kedeli xisaa. Ffanjrebze aqvs orfrTiani darabebi.

Q

qemal buluTis kar-midamo (baSqoi)

kar-midamo dasaxlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentia da gulisxmobs sacxovrebeli da Sromis adgilis erTianobas (Ci-taia g., 1953:201). TviT kar-midamo TavisTavSi aerTianebs ro-gorc sakarmidamo miwis farTobs, ise masze ganlagebul sac-xovrebel da sameurneo kompleqss, romelTa mSeneblobis teq-nika, esTetikuri gemovneba, kulturaTa Sexamebis Taviseburebe-bi, bunebis aRqmis saxe efuZneba xalxis empiriul codna-gamoc-dilebas.

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lazeTisaTvis tradiciuli karmidamos tipi dResacaa Se-narCunebuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi kargadaa daculi kar-midamos mowyobis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi. dakvirvebuli Tvali SeniSnavs kar-midamos struqturis umniSvnelo cvlilebebsac. Qqemal bu-luTis kar-midamos garkveuli mosazrebiT, SeiZleba vuwodoT tipiuri, klasikuri lazuri kar-midamo, romlis teritoriaze aSenebuli sacxovrebeli xiTa da qviT xuroobis teqnikis ma-Ral doneze metyvelebs. sakarmidamo kompleqsSi warmodgeni-lia nalia, axori, safutkre (bageni), saqaTme (kare, romelsac zogan oqoTumales saxeliT icnoben) da mangali (saSaSlike). dasaxleba sakarmidamo tips ganekuTvneba. saxlTan axlos aqvT saxnav-saTesi farTobebi, moSorebiT ki Cais plantaciebi.

xofa, sof. baSqoi, qemal buluTis sacxovrebeli saxlis da

ezos sqematuri gegma

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso sacxovrebeli, romlis asaki daaxloebiT 200 welia, mdebareobs xofasTan axlos, kavaq di-bis ubanSi. igi osmanoRlis sakuTreba yofila. amJamad nagebo-ba amortizirebulia da SenobaSi Sesvla garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi agebulia damuSavebuli, gaTlili da ,,mo-kodili” qvebiT, orsarTuliania da kramitis saxuraviani oT-xferda gadaxurviTaa warmodgenili. Ffanjrebi TaRiania, Sesas-vleli ki ovaluri.

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saxlis kedlebis nawili CamoSlilia. farTobi Seadgens 14X12 kv.metrs. vizualurad, msgavsi tipis sacxovrebeli sxva-gan ar gvxvdeba. sacxovrebeli mdebareobs meheles (ubnis) dava-kebul adgilas, gzis marjvena mxares da iTvleba materialuri kulturis umniSvnelovanes Zeglad. momavalSi gaTvaliswinebu-lia saxlis rekonsrtuqcia da muzeumis gaxsna. 

lazeTSi gavrcelebuli samferda, oTxferda da naxevrad-wriul gadaxurviani sacxovreblebi saxlebi vizualurad Sem-degi saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:

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lazeTSi gavrcelebuli sacxovreblis ZiriTadi tipebi

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lazeTSi gvxvdeba agreTve samsarTuliani saxlebic. Aam TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa q. ofidan 8 km-is daSorebiT, findi-qobaSis meheleSi, subaqlis xeobis marcxena mxares, xeobis sa-Taveebisaken mimavali gzis axlos mdebare saxli. Aam sacxov-risis Tavisebureba isaa, rom mas ar gaaCnia kvadrebi. igi mTlianad xisganaa aSenebuli:

tipiuri lazuri saxlis klasikuri nimuSia surmeneSi, sa-

kuTriv baliqlSi memiSaRa iakuboRlis kuTvnili sacxovrebe-li nageboba, romlis asaki 270 welia. memiS aRa samxedro mo-samsaxure (asisTavi) yofila. mas evaleboda gadasaxadebis ak-refa, sazRvao mekobreebis winaaRmdeg brZola da kontroloi. im adgils, sadac es saxli mdebareobs, ramdenime saxeliT mo-ixsenieben: kasteli, konaRi, memiSaRa konaRi, baSTimar konaRi da a. S. am mehelesac baSTimar meheles uwodeben. amJamad am sax-lSi ganTavsebulia muzeumi. Mmas restavracia Cautares 1990-ian wlebSi. manmade aq memiSaRas erT-erTi STamomavali cxovrobda.

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lazeTSi dasturdeba sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobaTa sac-xovreblad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. CaRlianis meheleSi, ali qe-mal CeboRlis sakarmidamo kompleqsSi mdebare samsarTuliani naliis pirveli sarTuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda stumrebisTvisac. zogjer mas aqiravebdnen kidec, gansakuTre-biT e.w. mkalavebze//kalaijebze, romlebic dadiodnen saSovar-ze (droebiT samuSaoze) sofel-sofel da spilenZis WurWle-uls ,,kalavdnen”.

aseTi tipis nagebobebi, romlebsac pirobiTad SeiZleba

vuwodoT ,,nalia-saxlebi”, gamoyenebulia rogorc droebiT sacxovreblad, ise turistuli miznebisaTvis.

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs lazuri sacxovrisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gadaxurvis teqnologia. Aam mxriv sayuradRe-

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boa ardaSenTan axlomdebare sofelSi, bariSis meheleSi mdeba-re fatma enderoRlis bunebriv terasaze aSenebuli saxli oT-xferda gadaxurviT. saxuravi kedlebze gadmoSverilia 1,5-2 metriT.

aRniSnuli saxli yuradRebas iqcevs dekoris, ornamentis, mxatvruli gaformebis TvalsazrisiTac. misi zomaa 13X14-ze. saxlis SesasvlelSi, viwro derefnis Tavze aris saintereso ornamenti borjRala – sxivuri dasxurebis gamomxatveli mzis disko-gasxivosnebuli mze:

borjRala yvelaze gavrcelebuli simboloa mTel msof-lioSi (irani, indoeTi, SuamdinareTi) da warmoadgens svasti-kis mrgvalmklava variants. maTgan uZvelesia kavkasiuri vari-antebi (mtkvar-araqsis, TrialeTis kulturebi). qarTuli ,,bor-jRalis” Sesatyvisia megruli ,,barCxali” (TvalismomWreli) –

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naTeba, elvareba. amasTanave igi ,,dros”, ,,Jams,” ,,maradisobas” niSnavs. igi odiTganve wminda CuqurTmad iTvleboda da yvela-ze sakraluri logograma iyo. borjRalebi gansxvavdeboda er-TmaneTisagan qimTa raodenobiT. saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad Svidqimiani borjRalo iyo gavrcelebuli, romelic simbolu-rad ganasaxierebda kosmoss da qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi arsebuli Svidi wminda mnaTobis xatovani nimuSi iyo. warmod-genili borjRala qimTa simravliTaa gamorCeuli da Cvenis azriT drois cvalebadobisa da sicocxlis maradiulobis funqciiTaa datvirTuli.

ornamenti gvxvdeba agreTve qvis TaRian Sesasvlelsa da Weris sartyelzec. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa naxevradwri-ulgadaxurviani sacxovrebeli findikliSi, sakuTriv Torosis ubanSi mdebare saxli:

zogadad,Llazi ostatebis aSenebuli saxlebi gamoirCeva

rTuli da lamazi CuqurTmebiT. zogierTi CuqurTma vazs gamo-saxavs. CuqurTmebiT amkoben rogorc xis, ise qvis saxlis Siga kedlebsac da fasadsac. Llazuri saxlis fasadebze CuqurTme-bis mravalferovani arSiebis motivebi da calkeuli nimuSebi,

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rac dRemdea SemorCenili, amJRavnebs xuroTmoZRvrul-mxatvru-li samkaulebiT fasadis morTvis tradicias, riTac aRniSnuli kompoziciebi Tavisi siuJetiTa da xuroTmoZRvruli damuSave-bis teqnikiT enaTesaveba kolxuri oda-saxlis sivrcobriv kom-

poziciebs (adamia i., 1967:3-12) zogierTi saxlis kedelze gamoxatul naxatebSi ikiTxeba meT-vramete saukunis stambolSi, ufro adre ki Tofqafis sasaxle-Si arsebuli folkloruli versiebi, qalaqis saukeTeso xede-bi, gemebi, da a. S., rac udaod aris mogviano movlena da Semku-lobaSi dominanti eTnosis gavlenas unda mieweros, Tumca es sruliadac ver ucvlis aqaur sacxovrebels lazur (qarTul) iersaxes da Tavisi konstruqciiT, mSeneblobis teqnikiT qarTu-li xalxuri sacxovreblis lokalur variants warmoadgens. Aaqaur sacxovrisSi aSkarad Warbobs tradiciuli ornamentebi, maT Soris sicocxlis xe. aseTi Semkuloba popularuli iyo mecxramete saukuneSi. Nn. maris TqmiT aqauri ,,ornamenti qvaze dekoratiuli kveTilobisa imeorebs qarTuli qristianuli arqiteqturis motivebs” (mari n., 1910:631). mnaxvelis gancvifre-bas iwvevs CuqurTmebi, xeze da qvaze kveTilobis brwyinvale

nimuSeბი. lazi ostatebis mier Sesrulebuli sinatifiT ganTqmuli mravalferovani ornamentebi, rogorc xuroTmoZRv-ruli samkauli gamoyenebulia eqsterierisa da interieris Sesamkobad. ucxo qveynebTan kulturuli urTierTobis procesSi SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenes maTi kulturuli miRweve-bi, aiTvises, gadaamuSaves sakuTari tradiciebis safuZvelze da misces mas msoflio mniSvnelobis Sinaarsiani qarTuli (lazuri) kulturis damoukidebeli erovnuli saxe (ada¬mia i., 1967:3-12). lazeTSi dRemde SemorCenili ornamentebis mTeli sisruliT ganxilva calke kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. amitom Cven aq SevexebiT ornamentuli dekoris ramodenime saxes. Oor-namenti interierSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia Werisa da karis zeda nawilis mosarTavad, kedlebSi Catanebuli karadebisa da TaxCebis sibrtyis nawilis dasamSveneblad, kar-fanjrebisa da maTi sapireebis Sesamkobad. Cven ar vapirebT maTi kompoziciis, siuJetis Tematikis detalur ganxilvas da aq motanili ilus-treciebiT da mokle cnobebiT davkmayofildebiT.

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sacxovrebeli nagebobis fasadi samkuTxedis formis kon-

struqciiT ukavSirdeba saxuravs. fasadi moxatulia sxvadasxva geometriuli figurebiT, mcenareuli motivebiT. fasadis qvis kvadrebiani kedeli lazuri saxlis dekors gansakuTrebul daxvewilobas da silamazes aniWebs. xis patara kvadratuli Wdeebi mTlianad faravs kedlis gare fasadis mxares. muqi fe-ris xis oTxkuTxa WdeebSi Casmulia gansxvavebuli feris Seda-rebiT Ria qvebi. es qvebi damuSavebulia, mopirkeTebulia da mi-Rebuli aqvs marmarilosebri brwyinvaleba. swored es aniWebs lazur saxls gansakuTrebul silamazes. Aaqauri saxlebis sa-ucxoo maxasiaTebeli simetriuli wyobaa. mnaxvelisaTvis la-zuri saxli namdvilad uCveulo sanaxavs warmoadgens. SeiZle-ba vivaraudoT, rom saxlis aseTi arqiteqturuli tipi akmayo-filebda erTis mxvriv mcxovrebTa esTetikur moTxovnilebas, amave dros xis masalis deficiturobis maCvenebelic iyo. sax-lebis konstruqciaSi sakedle masalad gamoyenebulia riyis qvis feradi jiSebi, romliTac mdidaria fortunaswylis, xo-fiswylis Tu zRvis sanapiroebi. konstruqciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT lazuri saxlis kedlebi warmoadgens oTxkuTxa kveTis mqone xis lartyebs, romlebic erTmaneTSi WdobiTaa Cam-jdari. maTi meSveobiT miRebulia kvadratuli xvrelebisagan Sedgenili bade. xvrelTa zomebi SerCeulia riyis qvis zomebis mixedviT (20X20; 25X25 da a. S.). am xvrelebSi Caismeba sxvadas-xva feris riyis qvebi da miiReba kedlis sibrtyis mxatvruli damuSavebis mozaikuri saxis SesaniSnavi nimuSi.

 

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lazuri sacxovreblebi ZiriTadad iseT adgilebzea aSene-

buli, saidanac iSleba brwyinvale xedebi. fanjrebis gaswvriv, rogorc wesi, dgas xis taxti, romelsac aqvs zemodan asaxde-li kari. amdenad, es taxti saTavsos funqciasac asrulebs. igi sacxovreblis ganuyofeli atributia.

sacxovrebels aqvs or-ori, zogjer sam-sami Sesasvleli ori mxridan. oTaxebSi Sesasvleli karebi xisaa da moxatulia ornamentebiT. zogierTi karis mTel sigrZeze gamosaxulia si-cocxlis xe da titebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sicocxlis xe yvelaze farTodaa gavrcelebuli lazur dasaxlebebSi. ro-gorc Cans, ornamentis am saxeobas sacxovrebeli nagebobebis konstruqciaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs da Sesabami-sad garkveuli funqciis matarebelia.

mnaxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs memiS aRa iakuboRlis saxlis

dedaboZis Semkuloba. igi mTlianad xisganaa gamoTlili Tav-farTo svetiT. zogadad, dedaboZzeMgamoisaxeboda geometriu-li ornamentebi, frinvelebi, cxovelebi, adamianis xeli, jvre-bi, radialurad gansxivebuli mze da a. S. xalxis warmodge-niT kera da dedaboZi erT komplqss Seadgenda da ojaxis wminda adgilad iyo miCneuli. yvela ritualic maT garSemo

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sruldeboda. dedaboZis Tayvaniscema xis kults da sicocxlis motivs ukavSirdeba. Kkavkasiis xalxebSi, qarTvelebSi, maT So-ris lazebSi sicocxlis xe iyo cis sayrdeni, mnaTobTa sadgu-ri.

niSandoblivia, rom msgavsi ornamentacia uxvadaa gamoyene-buli borCxisa da murRulis raionis soflebSi. cxadia, iqauri saxlebic lazi ostatebis mieraa aSenebuli. Aam tipis ornamen-tSi vazTan erTad figurirebs sxva mcenareebic. Mmag. musulma-ni bulgarelebis sofel ribnovoSi davafiqsireT sacxovrebe-li, romlis kedelze palmaa gamosaxuli.

msgavsi motivebi dafiqsirda centralur evropaSi, kerZod av-striaSi, q. gracis erT-erTi sacxovrebeli Senobis fasadze:

sacxovrebeli saxli

sof. baSqoiSი sacxovrebeli saxlis fasadi sof. ribnovoSi (bulgareTi)

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ornamentis es saxe Tavisi motivebis warmoSobiT uZveles kulturas ekuTvnis, momdinareobs Zveli tradiciebidan (Citaia g., 2000:215) da paralelebs poulobs qarTul, zogadkavkasiur, winaaziur Tu balkanur sinamdvileSi (futkaraZe T., 2008).

konstruqciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT did interess iwvevs sacxovrisSi buxris mowyobis tradicia. buxarsa da ke-ras uZvelesi droidan sakraluri funqcia ekisreboda. MmasTan mTeli rigi saojaxo ritualebi sruldeboda. Aam Tvalsazri-siT sainteresoa sacxovrebeli saxlis aivnebze jaWviT Camoki-debuli Tungebi (gugumebi), romlebic mravladaa lazeTSi mcxovreb hemSilTa da lazTa Tanamedrove sacxovrebel kom-pleqsSi.

aslandere (findikli), ali CeboRlis saxli

Cvenis azriT, aivanze jaWvisa da Tungis Camokideba Sua-

cecxlis uZveles tradiciasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. Ta-namedrove saxlebSi buxari Rumelma Caanacvla. misi es simbo-

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luri datvirTva, rogorc sicocxlis maradiulobis gamoxatu-leba Tanamedrove pirobebSi aseTi formiT iqna warmodgenili. Zvel saxlebSi SemorCenil buxrebs ki simboluri datvirTvaRa SerCa.

buxari erT-erTi mTavari elementia, romlis mixedviTac xdeba Siga dekoraciis orientireba. buxrebze gamoxatulia sim-boluri ornamentebi, romelTa Soris gvxvdeba rogorc astra-luri gamosaxulebani (mag. varskvlavebi, mTvare), ise islamur-Turquli simbolika (naxevarmTvare). umartivesi konstruqciis saSualebiT buxris MmTeli simZime eyrdnoba diregs (boZs), ro-melic Tavisi agebuleba _ daniSnulebiT qarTuli saxlis dar-bazul sistemaSi arsebul e.w. ,,dedaboZs” mogvagonebs. mas ey-rdnoba ojaxis mTeli simZime (adamia i., 1967:8-9). gaTboba TiT-qmis yvelgan dakavSirebuli iyo SuacecxlTan, mogvianebiT ki buxarTan.

Bbuxris mopirdapire mxares, seqvebis pirdapir aris wab-lis masalisagan damzadebuli saocari daxvewilobis karada da Taroebi e.w. musandara – loginebisa da WurWleulis Sesa-naxad. marTalia droTa svlas maTTvis feri Seucvlia, magram SenarCunebuli aqvs iSviaTi silamaze, romelSic vlindeba sam-Seneblo xelovnebis maRali done. zedapiri mTlianadaa moCu-qurTmebuli sxvadasxva ornamentiT. Mmravladaa mcenareuli mo-tivebi, maT Soris sicocxlis xec. Bbuxris meore mxares gamar-Tulia abano. seqvis TavSi, saxlis ufrosisaTvis gamoyofil adgilas ganTavsebuli iyo Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxi skivri. stambolis sacxovrisTa gavleniT zogierT saxlSi gvxvdeba e.w. saqanelebi, romlebic adre xSiri iyo haramxanebSi.

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs sxvadasxva sacxovrebli-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli daxrili Ria kibe, romelic iSviaTia samoqalaqo arqiteqturaSi. gaurkvevelia, rogor SeaRwia am sa-xis kibem lazeTSi. aseTi kibeebi damaxasiaTebelia stambolis arqiteqturasa da meCeTebisaTvis da SesaZloa swored maTi gav-lenis Sedegia. KkibesTan erTad interess iwvevs daxrilsaxura-viani qvis didi sakvamuri, rac miuTiTebs Senobis daniSnuleba-sa (sacxovrebeli) da masSi arsebul did samzareuloze, rasac isini ,,aSxanas” (Turq. kerZi) eZaxian. saxlSi samzareulos yve-laze mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. Mmas aqvs Sesasvleli ori mxridan da warmoadgens moCuqurTmebul da moxatul Taroebian saTavsos. swored samzareulos erT mxares mdebareobs qvis sartyliT, e. w. ,,samzareulos fardiT” SemosazRvruli didi buxari, romlis sakvamuri zemodan Riaa. masSi, zustad cec-xlis SuagulSi CamoSvebulia rkinis jaWvi, romelic gaTva-liswinebulia qvabebis Camosakidad.

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niSandoblivia, rom lazi ostatebis mier aSenebul sax-lebs vxvdebiT klarjeTSi, SavSeTSi, aseve aWaraSi (gonio, sar-fi, furtio, maxunceTi, oladauri, qosofeli da sxv.), guriaSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi. ra Tqma unda, am regionebSic iyvnen mSeneblebi, magram lazebi am TvalsazrisiT aSkara upirateso-biT sargeblobdnen. g. Citaias TqmiT aWarasa da mTel dasav-leT saqarTveloSi XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi lazebi saukeTeso ostatebad iyvnen miCneulni. maT mier nagebi saxlebi, eklesiebi da jameebi dRemdea moRweuli (Citaia g., 1941:305). maT amSvenebs lazuri ornamenti. zogan ostats Tavisi warwerac ki gaukeTebia. Mmag. baRdaTis raionis sof. sanSi erT-erT saxls hqonda warwera qarTul da Turqul enebze (m. vani-liSi, a. Tandilava, 1964:101). Citaias cnobiT, baRdaTSi sami Zma lazi yofila: omer, axmed da mustafa, romlebsac xaniswylis xeobaSi lazuri saxlebi ukeTebiaT (g. Citaia, 1941:305) n. mari aRniSnavda, rom lazi ostatebi ganTqmuli iyvnen samxreT ru-seTis zRvispira qalaqebSic ki (mari n., 1910:618 TurqeTis saxelmwifo gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis movla-patronobas. Llazu-ri saxlebi aseT ZeglTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. saxelmwifo la-zuri saxlis mepatroneebs biujetidan uxdis 50-50 aTas liras, raTa ar daazianon sacxovrebeli saxlebis fasadebi da SekeTe-bisas maT pirvandeli saxe SeunarCunon. sakvlev regionSi mravladaa ganaxlebuli lazuri saxlebi, romlebic mnaxvelze axdenen waruSlel STabeWdilebas:

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gansxvavebulia lazeTis mTiani zolis sacxovreblebi, am

TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia alpuri zonis dasaxlebebi. hem-SilTa dasaxlebaKkale iailaSi, romelic md. fortunas wylis saTaveebSi, ardaSenidan 56 km-is daSorebiT bdebareobs, gvxvde-ba rogorc erTsarTuliani jargvaluri tipis saxlebi, ise zedSedgmuli jargvalic. aqauri iaila//konaRi warmoadgens grZel, horizontalur banian nagebobas, sadac erT WerqveS aris rogorc adamianTa sacxovrisi, ise cxovelTa sadgomi. igi aSenebulia sxvadasxva zomis qvebis uwesrigo wyobiT da Sedge-ba sami saTavsosagan. erTi ganyofileba cxovelTa sadgomia, me-ore - (Sua) – sarZie, mesame adamianTa sacxovrisi. saxlis kare-bi erTfrTiania da vertikalurad SeWedili xisganaa Sekerili. Ggvxvdeba agreTve aseTive tipis xis konstruqciebic:

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lazeTis alpuri saZovrebis teritoriaze ganlagebuli hemSilebis saxlebis kompleqsSi Semavali oTax-saTavsoebi ar-qiteqturul-konstruqciuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT mogvago-nebs amave rigis qarTul xalxur nagebobebs da javaxeTis som-xebis miwurbaniani saxlebis analogebs (TrialeTi, javaxeTi), Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro naklebi sinatifiT gamoirCevi-an. sacxovrebeli oTaxebi sakmaod dabali da bnelia.

kale iailaSi gvxvdeba meore tipis sacxovrebelic. garkve-uli TvalsazrisiT mas SeiZleba zedSedgmuli jargvali vuwo-doT. erT-erTi aseTi sacxovreblis sigrZe 12 metri, sigane ki 6 metria. nageboba orsarTuliania. pirveli sarTuli warmoad-gens cxovelTa sadgoms. igi qvis mSrali wyobiTaa aSenebuli. Mmeore sarTuli jargvaluria da mrgvali xis Zelebisaganaa naSeni. igi Sedgeba adamianTa sacxovrebeli oTaxisa da suTxa-nisagan (sarZie).

kale iailaSi bevria naqoxarebi da maT irgvliv ciklopu-

ri wesiT SemozRuduli teritoriebi, rac Cvenis azriT saqon-lis Ria sadgomebs warmoadgenda. maTi farTobi daaxloebiT 40-60 kv. metrs Soris meryeobs. saqonlis msgavsi sadgomebi cnobili iyo saqarTveloSic. Ddid Ria sadgomebs CvenTan xal-xams, patarebs ki beras uwodebdnen.

ganxiluli masalidan naTelia, rom TurqeTis saqarTve-los zRvispira da mTian zolSi Tanamedrove saxlebTan erTad farTodaa gavrcelebuli vertikalur WrilSi warmodgenili or an samsarTuliani lazuri, e.w. kombinirebuli tipis sacxov-rebeli. maTi Seswavla saSualebas iZleva tradiciuli kultu-riT mdidar lazeTSi warmoCndes xalxuri sacxovreblis Tavi-

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seburebani, qarTul (lazur) sacxovrebelTan genetikuri siax-love da misi adgili qarTul, ufro zustad dasavlur qar-Tul sacxovrebel nagegobaTa ganviTarebis procesSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. adamia i., qarTuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis uZvelesi tipebi aWaraSi, ,,Zeglis megobari”, # 12, Tb. 1967;

2. adamia i., qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba (aWara), Tb. 1965; 3. adamia i. xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogierTi nimuSimd. vi-

rilis zemodinebis xeobaSi, ,,Zeglis megobari”, #12,NTb. 1967

4. daviTaSvili g., sacxovrebeli saxlis interieris funqciona-luri organizacia, ,,Zeglis megobari”, #34, Tb.1974

5. vaniliSi m. , Tandilava a., lazeTi, Tb. 1964 6. memiSiSi o., piradi arqivi, rveuli 2 7. mari n., TurqeTis lazistanSi mogzaurobidan, sankt-peter-burgi, 1910;

8. miqelaZe j., sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi aWaraSi, baT. 1982

9. saqarTvelos eTnografia/eTnologia r. TofCiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb. 2010

10. futkaraZe T., savele eTnografiuli eqspedicia pirinis make-doniaSi, i, oqtomberi, 2008

11. SoSitaSvili n., papiaSvili T., tradiciuli sacxovreblis nimuSebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ,,Woroxi” #2, 2010 w. mart-aprili;

12. Citaia g., Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 2000; 13. Citaia g., sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi, enimkis moambe, X, Tb. 1941;

14. Марр  Н.Я.  Георгий  Мерчул,  Житие  св.  Григория  Хандзтииского.  См. дневник поэздки в  Шавшетию и Кларджетию, с Петербург, 1911, стр.75.

15. http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1266&lang=ka  Tamaz Putkaradze 

Examples of Domestic Architecture Preserved

in the Eastern Part of Historical Chaneti

Summary Lazeti is one of the distinguished, with its attractive nature, historical parts of Georgia, where there are still numerous samples of monuments of the settlements of the old Georgian type and the unique monuments of the folk architecture. The article describes the typical houses in Lazeti (Lazuri house) and its specific characteristic features.

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marina jinWaraZe

sxvadasxva mxatvrul-stilisturi tendenciebi XX s-is qarTul xelovnebaSi

naSromi miznad isaxavs warmoaCinos Tanamedrove-X Xs-is

qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis ganviTarebis zogierTi Tavisebu-reba im mxatvarTa garkveuli jgufis magaliTze,romelTa Se-moqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs im mxatvrul-sti-listur tendeciebs, im specifikur Taviseburebebs, swavlebis im sxvadasxva meTodebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli mxatvruli skolisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa,rom axali da uaxlesi periodis qarTuli xelovnebis problemebs ara erTi gamokvleva mieZRvna, kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: v. beriZis, n. ezerskaias, g. alibagaSvilis, m. karbelaSvilis, g.xoStarias, m.ciciSvils da sxvaTa naSrome-bi, am periodis mxatvrul cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebi jer kidev ar aris farTod Seswavlili.

axali qarTuli xelovnebis sawyisebi dakavSirebulia XIX s-is dasasrulisa da X X s-is dasawyisis qarTuli ferweris ganviTarebasTan, mis warmomadgenlebTan. axal qarTul xelov-nebaSi firosmanis figuram, ruseTidan da evropidan Semosulma tendenciam, sazogadoebriv-politikurma cvlilebebma ganapiro-ba mxatvarTa erTi jgufis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebi da mxatvruli enis Tanamedrove modernulisaken Secvla. magram es procesebi xelovnurad iqna SeCerebuli. JamTa ukuRmarTobis gamo, 1920-ia-ni wlebis II nax-dan ganviTarebulma movlenebma mkveTrad Sec-vala qarTul xelovnebaSi saukuneebis mijnaze aRebuli gezi.

1922w. 25 maiss TbilisSi gaixsna samxatvro akademia ferwe-ris, grafikis, qandakebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis fakultetebiT da sadac swavleba rusuli akademiuri meTodiT e.w. Cistiako-vis meTodiT mimdinareobda. sabWoTa ideologiasTan Sesabami-sobaSi is warmatebiT amkvidrebda akademiur xelovnebas da mcired Seicavda Tavisufali azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi Zie-bebis elementebs. faqtobrivad akademiis skolam gansazRvra na-wilobriv XX s-is qarTuli xelovnebis Taviseburebanic. am pe-riodis evropul xelovnebaSi ki didi procesebi mimdinareobda da axali, Tanamedrove, evropuli tendeciebi akademizms upi-rispirdeboda.

axali Taobebis aRzrdaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWi-ravs s.qobulaZes, T.abakelias, l.grigolias, s.gabaSvils da v. Suxaevs, romlis Semoqmedeba ufro renesansuri da akademiuri naxatidan modioda.

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XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi dawyebuli Ziebis procesi, romlis erTi nawili mtkiced idga realizmis poziciebze, meore nawils mcneba „realizmi“ viwrod esmoda da revoluciur gardaqmnaTa epoqis asasaxavad sruli-ad axali mxatvruli formebisa da stilis Seqmnis saWiroebas qadagebda, mesame ki, erovnuli mxatvruli formis stilizaci-isken iswrafoda, ar ifargleboda mxolod amgvari ZiebiT da maTi interesebis sagans warmoadgenda rogorc evropuli, ise aRmosavluri xelovneba. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina modernis stilma, romelmac saqarTveloSi gavlena ufro did-xans SeinarCuna da rasac xels uwyobda peterburgidan revo-luciis Semdeg gadmosaxlebuli e. lanseresa da i. Sarlemanis SemoqmedebiTi da pedagogiuri saqmianoba.

30-iani wlebis qarTvel xelovanTa SemoqmedebaSi (ferwera, grafika, Teatraluri mxatvroba da wignis mxatvroba) gaziare-bulia evropuli avangardis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi mimdinare-oba. zogierTi mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi mxolod erTi an ori mimdinareobis midevneba vlindeba (S. qiqoZe, v. sidamon-erisTa-vi, k. zdaneviCi, e. axvlediani, d. TavaZe), sxvebTan ramdenime mi-marTulebis Tanmimdevruli gadamuSaveba da gaTaviseba iCens Tavs (d. kakabaZe, l. gudiaSvili, i. gamrekeli, d. SevardnaZe), zogjer ki, qarTveli modernistis nawarmoebebi imdenad saxec-vlili da Taviseburia (mag. p. ocxeli), rom pirdapiri analo-giis moZiebac ki Zneldeba (ciciSvili, 2008:101-102).

1930-iani wlebidan, zogadad modernistuli xelovneba 1921 wels aneqsirebuli saqarTvelos kulturam erTiani sabWouri kulturul-esTetikuri sivrcis Seqmnis mizniT akrZalvebis Se-degad, marginalizacia ganicada. erovnuli kulturebis margi-nalizaciam Cveni mexsierebidan sruliad amoSala XX s-is da-sawyisis saxelovnebo cxovreba. sabWoTa periodSi represiebs fizikurad gadarCenili modernistebis 1910-20-iani wlebis Se-moqmedeba ganixileboda axalgazrda mxatvarTa modernizmiT erTgvari „gatacebis“ periodad.sabWoTa periodis Tanxvedrili maTi xelovneba ki warmoidgineboda evoluciur-ganviTarebad WrilSi da Tavsdeboda socialisturi realizmis konteqstSi. (yifiani,2008:98-99).

miuxedavad amisa, 1930-ian wlebSi da mogvianebiTac grafi-kosebi l. gudiaSvili, s. gabaSvili agrZeleben Tavis ilustra-ciul da dazgur grafikaSi evropuli da aRmosavluri xelov-nebis qarTul ZirebTan Sejibrebis process. ramdenadme gan-sxvavebuli mimarTulebiT muSaobs s.qobulaZe, romelic aq-cents renesansis xelovnebis interpretaciaze akeTebs, Tumca sicocxlis bolos p.pikasis neogrekuli stiliT interesdeba. Taobebi agrZeleben 1920-1930-ian wlebSi gamokveTil miswrafe-

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bas kulturul dialogSi monawileobisaken, erovnuli xelov-nebis harmoniuli CarTvisken msoflioSi mimdinare aqtualur samxatvro procesebSi ( zaaliSvili,2008:105-106).

XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan qarTul ferwerasa da grafikaSi cvlilebebi SeiniSneba. axalgazrda qarTveli mxatvrebi - di-mitri yifiani, edmond kalandaZe, zurab niJaraZe, givi kasraZe da sxvebi axerxeben dasavleTSi mimdinare mxatvruli movlene-bis ara marto gacnobas, aramed Seswavla-SeTvisebas, gansakuT-rebiT impresionizmiT dainteresebas. Tumca 60-iani w- dan Sei-niSneba impresionistuli Rirebulebebis kritikuli gaazreba, eiforiidan gamosvla da maTi SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebis gaZ-liereba.

amdenad, qarTveli mxatvrebis SemoqmedebiTi procesi emya-reboda rogorc samxatvro akademiaSi miRebul e.w. Cistiakovis meTods,aseve evropul xelovnebaSi mimdinare mxatvrul movle-nebs. amasTan 60-iani w-dan iwyeba axali mxatvruli gamomsaxve-lobiTi xerxebis Zieba, (roca ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba pro-porciebze. perspeqtivaze,Suq-Crdilze) ramac rigi qarTveli mxatvrebisa (e.kalandaZe, d. erisTavi, z. niJaraZe da sxv.) rene-sansuli xelovnebis tradiciebamde miiyvana. Tumca renesansu-li mxatvrobac Seicavda im elementebs, romelmac mxatvarTa Taobebi CixSi Seiyvana da iqedan gamosavlis povna mxatvarTa im nawilma SeZlo, romlebic qmnidnen sakuTar gamomsaxvelo-biT sistemas da mkveTrad gamoxatuli SemoqmedebiTi individu-aloba axasiaTebT.

gamoyenebiTi literatura: 1. m.ciciSvili,eqspresionizmidan dadamde 1910-1930-ian wlebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, v.beriZis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,Tbilisi,2008 2. m. yifiani,“poeturad binadrobs adamiani“, v.beriZis saxelo-bis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,Tbilisi,2008 3. n. zaaliSvili,1920-30-iani wlebis qarTuli grafikis zogier-Ti tendencia, v. beriZis saxelobis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi, Tbilisi,2008 4. m.CixraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli nataxis ganviTarebis anali-zi, avtoreferati, Tbilisi,2006 5. n. janberiZe, saxviTi xelovnebis ganviTarebis gza 20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“. Tbilisi,1989 6. l.rCeuliSvili,axali qarTuli xelovnebis sakiTxebi, gamom-cemloba „nekeri“,Tbilisi,1998

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Different art stylistic tendencies in XX

century Georgian art

Summary The aim of work is to promote the modern 20th century Georgian fine art developments some peculiarities. In the theme is discussed the methods of teaching in the Art academy, which basis are not only Russian academic the so called Chistiakov’s method, but also the principles of Renaissance.

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saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebi iusticiis saxalxo komisariati

(angariSi 1921-1924 წწ.)

(masalebi moiZia saarqivo sammarTve-los sazRvargareTTan, sazogadoe-basTan, masmediasTan urTierTobis da dokumentebis gamoyenebis da pub-likaciis ganyoflebis mTavarma spe-cialistma nato qiqavam)

1924 wlis 1-l ianvars Sesrulda 3 weli mas Semdeg, rac

aWaristanis fuxara xalxma sabWoebis saxiT xelT Caigdo Zala-ufleba. am diad istoriul moments Tavis-Tavad mohyveba Zveli burJuaziuli wesebis damxoba da axali formebis Seqmna. ro-gorc ukve viciT, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde, burJua-ziuli klasi mSromeli klasis sastik eqsploatacias eweoda gansakuTrebiT burJuaziuli sasamarTloebis saSualebiT. ga-sabWoebis pirvel xanebSi xelisuflebam gadaswyvita ra winan-deli sasamarTlo organizaciis mospoba, miznad daisaxa Tavisi axali klasiuri sasamarTlos SemoReba, romlis daniSnulebaa proletaruli revoluciis monapovarTa dacva, saxelmwifos mSromelTa da maTi kavSirebis uzrunvelyofa. aseT organoT unda Seqmniliyo saxalxo sasamarTlo.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel dReebSive Caeya-ra safuZveli sagamomZieblo aparatis Seqmnas. adgilobriv re-volucionur komitetTan daarsebul iqna iuridiuli ganyofi-leba, Semdegi qve-ganyofilebebis saxiT: 1) samosamarTlo-saga-momZieblo, 2) saiuriskonsulto, 3) dasja-gamosworebis da 4) administratiuli. aWaristanis revoliucionur komitetis iuri-diul ganyofilebam pirvelyovlisa miznad daisaxa sagamomZieb-lo aparatis Seqmna. 1924 w. aprilis TveSi ukve oTxi saxalxo gamomZiebeli muSaobda baTomSi. aRsaniSnavia is, rom qalaqSi da aseve mazrebSi myofi bneli elementebi gasabWoebisTanave Seecaden amoZravebas da TavianTi bneli saqmeebis keTebas, mag-ram xelisuflebis gadamwyvet da gadaWrilma zomebma, bneli zraxvebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba daukarga maT. amitom sa-xalxo gamomZieblebis muSaoba Cadga normalur kalapotSi.

gasabWoebis dasawyisSi borotmoqmedebebi ufro qonebrivi xasiaTisa iyo; xSiri iyo mag. qurdoba. rac Seexeba mazrebs, aq ki ufro sxva suraTs qonda adgili: gamefebuli iyo sxvadasxva borotmoqmedebebi, rogoricaa mag. daWra, dacema, warmoSobili Suris Ziebis niadagze, rasac magrad hqonda gabmuli fesvebi aWaristanSi.

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gacilebiT ufro Zneli mosagvarebeli Seiqna saxalxo sa-samarTlos instituti. bevr sxva mizezeTa Soris aRsaniSnavia is, rom TviT revoliucionur komitets q. baTomSi saSualeba ar qonda gadamWreli zomebi mieRo axal sasamarTlos daarse-bisaTvis, radganac mas centridan araviTari direqtivebi amis Sesaxeb ar moepoveboda. marTalia Zveli ,,Cinovnikuri” saolqo sasamarTlos mospobil iqna, magram mis nacvlad jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli axali sasamarTlo. es garemoeba ki Zalian cud pirobebSi ayenebda mSromelT.

am defektis gamosasworeblaT, rom saSualeba miscemodaT moqalaqeT TavianT davis ganxilvisa primitiuli wesiT mainc, revkomis iuridiul ganyofilebam SemoiRo samoqalaqo saqmee-bis administratiul wesiT garCeva. aseTi saqmeebi Tavmoyril iqna saiuriskonsultacio ganyofilebaSi. ra Tqma unda, am we-sebs droebiTi xasiaTi qonda.

am wesiT saxalxo sasamarTlos daarsebamde ganxilul iq-na iuridiuli ganyofilebis mier 500 saqme. nawili am saqmeebi-sa kvlav moxda gansaxilvelad saxalxo sasamarTlos sabWoSi. 16 ivliss 1921 w. aWaristani aRiarebul iqna avtonomiur res-publikaT, ris gamo revkomTan arsebuli iuridiuli ganyofi-lebis magivrad daarsebul iqna iusticiis saxalxo komisaria-ti Semdegi ganyofilebebiT: 1) sasamarTlosi; 2) saiuriskon-sulto da 3) dasja-gasworebis.

1921 w. oqtombris TveSi saxalxo sasamarTlo mowyobil iqna da Suedga muSaobas. daarsebul iqna TviT q. baTomSi 3 sa-xalxo sasamarTlo, Semdeg erTi qobuleTSi. sxva mazrebSi ki sasamarTlos daarseba sxva da sxva mizezebis gamo ar moxer-xda.

axlad daarsebuli saxalxo sasamarTlo Tavis muSaobis dros xelmZRvanelobda sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gamocemul ,,saxalxo sasamarTlos debulebiT:. am debulebis gamoqveynebiT da misi cxovrebaSi gatarebiT saxalxo sasamar-Tloebis muSaoba ufro gacxovelda da miiRo intensiuri xasi-aTi. samuSao ki bevri iyo, radgan dagrovili iyo saxalxo sa-samarTlos uqonlobis gamo mravali gaurCeveli saqmeebi, ro-gorc sisxlis samarTlis, agreTve samoqalaqo xasiaTisa. pir-vel sam TveSi, saxalxo sasamarTloebis daarsebis Semdeg (oq-tomberi-dekemberi 1921w.), sasamarTloebSi Semovida 970 sisxlis samarTlis da 703 samoqalaqo saqme, garCeul iqna am drois ganmavlobaSi 596 sisxlis samarTlis da 417 samoqalaqo saqmee-bi.

1922 wlis ganmavlobaSi saxalxo sasamarTlos warmoebaSi iyo 1082 sisxlis samarTlis da 2119 samoqalaqo saqme. yuradRe-bis Rirsia is movlena, rom 1921 welSi sisxlis samarTlis saq-

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meebi 300-iT ufro meti iyo warmoebaSi, vidre samoqalaqo. 1922 welSi ki sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebma iklo da samoqalaqo saqmeebi Zalze gaixarda. cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi (1922w.) samo-qalaqo saqme 1937-iT ufro meti iyo vidre sisxlis samarTlisa. aseTi movlenis umTavres mizezaT undo CaiTvalos sabWoTa xe-lisuflebis mier axali ekonomiuri politikis kursis aRiare-ba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom kerZo iniciativis daSvebam savaWro da sawarmoo dargebSi gamoiwvia sxva da sxva xasiaTis urTier-Toba moqalaqeTa Soris, rasac moyva samoqalaqo saqmeebis zrda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebTan SedarebiT da saxalxo sa-samarTloebis muSaobis intensivoba.

saxalxo sasamarTloebi muSaobden ,,saxalxo sasamarTlos debulebiT”, romelic SemoRebul iqna 1921 wlidan. sasamar-Tloebis klasiur princips iusticiis saxalxo komisariati pirvel xanebSi mxolod saxalxo msajulTa intitutiT atareb-da cxovrebaSi, Tumca msajulTa ricxvSi xSirad naxavdiT iseT elementebs, romlebsac Tavis socialuri mdgomareobiT aravi-Tari kavSiri ar qondaT mSromel masasTan. amis gamo sasamar-Tlos ganaCeni da gadawyvetilebebi xSirad ar Seefereboda proletarul marTlmsajulebas, rac sruliad samarTlian say-vedurs iwvevda muSebis da proforganizaciebis mxriT, romle-bic saxalxo sasamarTloebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebden.

1921-1922 ww. ganmavlobaSi, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi qa-laqSi ufro qonebrivi xasiaTisa iyo; mag. xSiri iyo SemTxveve-bi qurdobisa, TaRliTobisa da sxv. mazrebSi ki borotmoqmede-bebi ufro sicocxlis da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimar-Tuli. samoqalaqo saqmeebi warmoSobili iyo ufro sabinao nia-dagze. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi umTavresaT eqvemdebareboda revolucionur tribunals. davas miwiT sargeblobis niadagze arCevda samiwadmoqmedo komisia. rac Seexeba davas, romelsac adgili hqonda muSaTa da damqiravebelTa Soris, - es Sedioda Sromis saxkomisariatTan arsebul sakonfliqto-sakontrolo komisiis kompetenciaSi.

saxalxo sasamarTlos Semdeg umTavres amocanad miCneuli iyo sakasacio instanciis daarseba. TumcaRa sax. sas. debule-biT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo aseTi instanciis daarseba, magram debulebis es nawili sxva da sxva mizezebis gamo cxovrebaSi ar tardeboda, ris gamo sakasacio saCivrebi saxalxo mosamar-Tleebis ganCinebeze TveobiT ganuxilavi rCeboda da Tavs iyri-da iustkomisariatSi. 1921 w. bolos sakasacio saCivrebis ric-xvi (ganuxilavi) udrida 2000.

sakasacio instanciis uqonlobiT aixsneboda is movlenac, rom ganuxilavi rCeboda aRZruli ama Tu im mxaris mier kerZo saCivari sax. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze, roca saqmis viTa-

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reba ar iTmenda gadadebas, mag. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, ganCi-nebis winaswar sisruleSi moyvanis sakiTxi, winaswar aRkveTis zomis miReba da sxva.

zemo aRniSnul nakls, sakasacio instanciis uqonlobas, ra Tqma unda, SedegaT moyva dainteresebul mSromelTa masis interesebis Selaxva.

rom cotaTi mainc Semsubuqebuliyo aseTi naklis Sedege-bi, iusticiis saxalxo komisariatTan daarsebul iqna specia-luri komisia kerZo saCivrebis gansaxilvelad. amave komisiaSi irCeoda sxva da sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic gadadebas ar iTmen-da, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi didi naklis Semsubuqeba rogoricaa sakasacio instanciis uqonloba, - specialurma ko-misiam ver SesZlo. sasamarTloebis aseTi aranormaluri kon-struqcia moqalaqeTa da dainteresebul mxareebis samarTlian sayvedurs iwvevda. 1923 wlis dasawyisSi daarsebul iqna sakasa-cio instancia saxalxo mosamarTleTa sabWos saxiT.

am friad sapatio mizezis gamo sasamarTlos organoebis muSaobas ufro SemTxveviTi xasiaTi hqonda, gansakuTrebiT 1921 da 1922 wlebis ganmavlobaSi, roca saqmeebi irCeoda meqaniku-rad. proletarul sasamarTlos aparatis dezotganizacias, mis aseT mouwyoblobas kidev zed daemata piradi Semadgenlobis uvargisoba, vinaidan im xanebSi sasamarTloebis saTaveSi id-gnen Zveli iurist-Cinovnikebi, romlebic msaxurobden niko-loz-menSevikebis dros.

zemoT moyvanil cnobebidan kargad Cans, rom aWaristanis gasabWoebis dRidan – 1921 da 1922 wlebis ganmavlobaSi, iusti-ciis saxalxo komisariats Zlier pirobebSi uxdeboda muSaoba im obieqturi pirobis mixedviT, romelsac adgili hqonda am xa-nebSi (SimSiloba, wyaldidoba da sxva stiqiuri movlenebi). am mZime xanSi sabWoTa xelisufleba umTavres yuradRebas aqcevda stiqiur ubedurebebs, sagareo da Sinaur mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas, amitom samosamarTlo saqmes jerovani yuradReba ver mieqceoda.

axali ekonomiuri politikis SemoRebis Semdeg, xelisuf-lebis winaSe wamoiWra proletariatis uflebrivi organos-sa-samarTloebis ganmtkicebis saWiroeba, rom SesaZlebeli yofi-liyo revoluciis dros Seqmnil sagangebo organoebis maTiT Secvla.

Semdegi muSaobis umTavres RerZaT aRiarebul iqna arse-bul defeqtebis aRmofxvra da axali sasamarTlos daaxloeba mSromel masasTan; aqedan sasamarTloebis gawmenda im saqmeebi-sagan, romlebmac Tavi moiyara ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mazrebi did gaWirvebas ganicdi-den adgilobriv sasamarTloebis uqonlobiT. glexebi iZule-

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bulni iyvnen saWiroebisas Tavi mienebebinaT TavianT samuSaoe-bisaTvis da kviraobiT da TveobiT evloT qalaqSi 80-90 ver-stis manZilze samosamarTlo dawesebulebebSi. aq ki xSirad sxva da sxva mizezebis gamo, saqmeebis ganxilva gadaideboda xolme da am rigad sruliad uSedegoT brundeboden isev sof-lebSi.

amitom iusticiis saxalxo komisariatma moawyo saxalxo sasamarTloebi da sagamomZieblo organoebi qedaSi da xuloSi, riTac mSromelTa saSualeba miecaT adgilobriv esargeblaT muSur-glexuri sasamarTloTi. aseT gancxadebas gansakuTrebu-li enTuziazmiT Sexvda glexoba. amis Semdeg sinamdvile gvikar-naxebda gawmendiliyo qalaq baTomSi arsebuli sasamarTloebi iseT elementebisagan, romelic sruliad ar Seefereboda pro-letarul marTlmsajulebas da maT magier muSuri elementebi Seeyvana Sig. magram am miznis miRweva gansakuTrebiT pirvel xa-nebSi Zalian Zneli Seiqna, vinaidgan adgilobriv dawesebulebe-Si naklebad moipoveboda momzadebuli komunistebi. miuxedavad amisa, iustkomma Caatara nawilobrivi personaluricvlilebani, ris Semdeg sasamarTloebis Semadgenloba aseTi iyo:

#

dasaxeleba

saerTo ricxvi

muSa

inteligenti

partiuli

upartio

1. olqis sa-samarTlo

9 7 2 4 5

2. saxalxo mosamar-

Tle

9 9 _ 5 4

3. saxalxo gamomZie-beli

9 7 2 4 5

rogorc zeviT iyo moxsenebuli, sakasacio instanciis

uqonloba TiTqmis ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, Zalian aferxebda sasamarTloebis normalur muSaobas. 1923 wlis martSi SemoRe-bul iqna sakasacio instancia saxalxo sasamarTlos sabWos sa-xiT, romelic dauyonebliv Seudga 1921 wlidan darCenil kasa-ciuri saCivrebis ganxilvas. am xnidan dawyebuli 1922 da 1923 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxalxo mosamarTleTa sabWos mier gan-xilul iqna:

samoqalaqo saqmeebi – 274 sisxlis samarTlis – 34 sabWos mier damtkicebul iqna am xnis ganmavlobaSi: samoqalqo saqmeebi – 211

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sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi – 27 datovebul iqan uSedegoT: samoqalaqo saqmeebi – 63 sisxlis samarTlis – 4 pirvel xanebSi prokuraturis institutis SemoRebamde,

proletaruli marTl-msajulebis mowyobas da misi Sesafer doneze dayenebas xels uSlida sasamarTloebis saqmeebSi sxva organoebis Careva. mag. erTi da igive saqme irCeoda or sxva da sxva dawesebulebeSi, aTavsebden gamsaxlebaSi ama Tu im moqa-laqes braldebis wauyeneblad da sxva.

saxelmwifo prokuraturis miRebisTanave 1923 wlis apri-lis Tvidan dawesebul iqna prokuratura, romelic saxelmwi-fos saxeliT zedamxedvelobas uwevda yvela organizaciebs: sa-meurneo, sazogadoebriv da kerZo dawesebulebebs da kerZo pi-rebs.

axal ekonomikur politikasa da Cveni respublikis piro-bebSi (sazRvris siaxlove mravali sameurneo dawesebulebebi da savaWro pirebi) prokuraturas didi mniSvneloba qonda.

axlad SemoRebulma prokuraturam 1923 w. ganmavlobaSi savsebiT ver SesZlo am intitutis prestiJis ganmtkiceba da farTo masis populiarobis mopoveba, radgan mis Semadgenloba-Si ar moipoveboda gamocdil momuSave amxanagebis kadri.

amis da mixedviT prokuratura pivel xanebSi mxolod kon-trols uwevda kvelva-Ziebis momqmed organoebs da sagamomZieb-lo aparatis muSaobas Tvalyurs adevnebda.

dawyebuli 1921 wlidan vidre 1924 wlamde sabWoTa orga-noebis mier gamocemul iqna mravali sakanonmdeblo aqtebi dek-retebis da dadgenilebebis saxiT, ramac kanonebis gaSuqebis da maTi mSromelTa masis interesebTan Sefardebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. saWiro Seiqna iseTi aparati, romelic ufaso mxarda-Weras gauwevda am mxriv farTo masas da gaacnobda mas sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis saerTo princips. am mizniT iusticiis saxalxo komisariatma daarsa damcvelTa kolegia, romlis mizani iyo iuridiuli ufaso daxmarebis aRmoCena mSromelTaTvis. magram, samwuxarod am xnis ganmavlobaSi (1921-1923ww), sxva da sxva mi-zezebis gamo misi moRvaweoba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos damakma-yofileblaT.

aWaristanis mosaxleoba, daSorebuli kulturul centrs, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda saSariaTo kanone-biT. vinaidan iseT didi faqtors, rogoricaa zne-Cveuleba, tradicia da sxva aucileblad angariSi unda gaweoda, iusti-ciis saxalxo komisariatma 1923 welSi moawyo saSariaTo sasa-marTloebi, romlebic moqmedebden saTanado debulebiT. saSa-riaTo sasamarTlos kompetencias miakuTvna adgilobriv mniS-

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vnelobis sakiTxebi: qorwinebis da ganqorwinebis, memkvidreobi-sa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

aseTi xasiaTis saqmeebi 1921-1923ww. ganmavlobaSi garCeul iqna saSariaTo sasamarTloebis mier 166. amaTSi ganqorwinebis – 22, qorwinebis – 42, memkvidreobis – 77 da meurneobis – 19.

Seqmnil iqna agreTve sakasacio instancia saSariaTo sasa-marTloebis saqmeebisaTvis – mTavari saSariaTo sasamarTlos saxiT.

aRniSnul drois ganmavlobaSi sakasacio instanciis mier garCeul iyo 22 saqme, maT ricxvSi damtkicebul iqna – 15 da darRveul iqna – 7.

1921-1923ww. iusticiis saxalxo komisariatis muSaoba imiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom am xanebSi moxda sasamarTlos dawe-sebulebebis sruli reorganizacia da masTan SemoRebul iqna sasamarTlos wyobilebis axali debuleba. am ukanasknelis Se-moRebamde ki arsebobda ormagi sistema sasamarTloebis orga-noebSi, romlebsac sruliad araviTari kavSiri ar qonda erTi meoresTan: es iyo, erTis mimarT – tribunalis sistema, rome-lic agebulia sagangebo centralur principze da moqmedebs sruliad damoukideblaT adgilobriv organoebTan da romel-Sidac araviTar monawileobas ar Rebulobs saxalxo msajule-bi, meore mxriT ki arsebobda saxalxo sasamarTlo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda saxalxo msajulebi. sasamarTlos wyobilebis axali debulebis miRebis Semdeg ki, aseTi sistema organoebis moqmedebaSi moispo. axali principi, romelic sa-fuZvlad daedo axal sasamarTlos debulebas mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlos klasiuri saxe ufro gaRrmavda, rac naTlad gamoixata sasamarTlo wyobilebis ZiriTad debulebis I-l muxlSi da agreTve im muxlebSi, romlebiTac gaTvaliswi-nebulia saxalxo msajulebis mowvevis wesi.

am rigaT, sami wlis muSaobis Sedegad moyva rogorc TviT sasamarTlos organoebis, agreTve prokuraturis da damcvelTa kolegiis mtkice safuZvlis Cayra da gamagreba da sasamar-Tlos aparatis normaluri sturqturis Seqmna.

1924 weli ki iwyeba am dargSi muSaobis damTavrebiT. Sem-degi axali amocanebi, romelic wamoiWra sabWoTa marTlmsaju-lebis winaSe Seexeboda ideur xelmZRvanelobis gaZlierebas da sasamarTloebisaTvis avtoritetis mopovebas.

dawesebulebis muSaoba da misi gajansaReba-gaZliereba da-mokidebulia TanamSromlebze da maT momzadebaze. mTavar sa-kiTxad rodesac aRiarebulia momavali muSaobis gajansaReba-gaZliereba da Cveni sasamarTloebis avtoritetis mopoveba, pirveli mizani iyo Zveli sasamarTlos moxeleebis muSur-gle-

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xur elementebiT Secvla da maT Soris specialur codnis gan-viTareba.

Zveli specCinovnikis mosamarTleebis Secvlam axali mu-Sur-glexur elementebiT, romelTac araviTari praqtika ar qondaT am dargSi, iustsaxkomisariatis winaSe wamoayena axali daxelovnebuli muSakTa kadris Seqmnis sakiTxi. am mizniT da-arsebuli iyo iuridiuli kursebi, sadac rogorc TviT sasa-marTloSi momuSaveni, agreTve partial da profesionalur uj-redebidan gamoyofili amxanagebio ecnoboden sabWoTa ufleb-riv da marTlmsajulebis ZiriTad debulebebs. arsebul dek-retTa, gankargulebaTa da savaldebulo dadgenilebaTa gasac-nobaT saxalxo mosamarTleebs, gamomZieblebs da prokuratura-Si momuSaveT egzavnebodaT reguliarulaT yoveldRiuri ofi-cialuri gazeTebi.

kursebi oTxTviuri iyo da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am nabij-ma Sesaferisi nayofi moitana Cveni aparatis da muSaobis ga-jansaRebaSi.

ganzraxulia kidev gaixsnas aseTive kursebi, sadac Sesa-feris momzadebas miiReben agreTve mazrebSi momuSave amxanage-bi (mosamarTleni, gamomZiebelni).

sasamarTloSi momuSaveTa Soris specialur codnis ganvi-Tarebis sakiTxTan Zlier dakavSirebulia saxalxo msajulTa sabWoTa uflebriv sakiTxebTan gacnobis sakiTxi.

saxalxo msajulebi saxalxo mosamarTleebis uaxles da TanaSemweT arian marTlmsajulebis saqmis warmoebaSi, romel-nic rogorc muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgenelni ufro mWid-roT arian dakavSirebuli ukanasknelTa interesebTan da ufro magrad daicaven maT interesebs amrigad maT Semadgenlobas da gacnobas sabWoTa uflebriv sakiTxebTan didi mniSvneloba aqvs muSur da glexur marTlmsajulebis saqmis gajansaRebaSi.

gadasinjul iqna mTeli rigi siebi warmodgenili kavSire-bis mier, gamoricxul iqna mravali porebi, romelic ar ekuT-vnian Tavis socialur mdgomareobiT mSromelTa rigebs da msa-julTa Soris mowyobil iqna ramodenime leqciebi uflebriv sakiTxebze.

Semdeg mTavari sakiTxi iyo ufaso iuridiuli saqmis mog-vareba da popularizacia sabWoTa uflebrivi sakiTxebisa mSromelTa masaSi.

gageba da Segneba xalxis mier sabWoTa uflebrivi-kanon-mdeblobrivi ideiisa da misi daniSnulebisa aRniSnul amoca-nis mTavari mizania.

am mxriv mowyobil iqna usasyidloT iuridiuli daxmare-bis biuroebi qalaqis Semdeg adgilebSi: 1) iustsaxkomisariat-Si; 2) uzenaes sasamarTloSi, 3) aWarel glexis saxlTan.

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ufaso iuridiuli daxmareba gamoixateba rCeva-darigebis micemaSi, sxvadasxva xasiaTis Txovnis weraSi da ufasod saqme-ebis dacvaSi.

maTi muSaoba gamoixateba SemdegSi: a) kolegiis wevrTa biuroSi miecaT daxmareba 268. b) sasamarTloSi ufaso dacvaTa raodenoba: 1)uzenaes sasamarTloSi-1, 2) olqis sasamarTloSi-121, 3)

Sromis sasamarTloSi-3, 4) Woroxis sasamarTloSi-6, 5) 1-l ub-nis sasamarTloSi-6, 6) me-2 ubnis sax. sasamarTloSi-2, 7) samxed-ro tribunalSi-16, 8) qobuleTis saolqo sasamarTlos sesiaSi-25, 9) xulos da qedis olqis sasamarTlos sesiaSi-19, sul-199.

am dargSi muSaobis gaZliereba da saWiro doneze dayeneba dakavSirebuliadamcvelTa kolegiis Semadgenlobis gawmendasTan.

am dargSi ganzraxva aris ufro farTe masStabiT iwarmo-os muSaoba, rom arc erTi glexi da muSa ar darCes daxmarebis gareSe. gansakuTrebiT uflebriv sakiTxebze kampaniis Catare-biT, rogorc qalaqSi, ise sofelSi. am rigaT ufro mtkice nia-dagi Caeyreba uflebrivi sakiTxebis gaSuqebas mSromelTa far-To masaSi.

sasamarTloebis muSaobis swor niadagze dayenebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs sagamomZieblo nawils.

es ori organo mWidrod aris erTi meoresTan dakavSire-buli. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieca sagamomZieblo dargSi Zveli Semadgenlobis gadasinjvas da gamoZiebis or TveSi dam-Tavrebas.

Zveli Cinovniki gamomZieblebi, romlebic wlobiT aCereb-den saqmeebs da xSiraT borotmoqmedebasac Cadioden, moxsnil iqnan Tanamdebobidan da maT adgilas dainiSnenpartiuli amxa-nagebi, romlebic intensiur muSaobas awarmoeben.

1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi olqis sasamarTlos ufrosis, q. baTomis ubnis da mazrebis saxalxo gamomZieblis saqmeebis msvleloba aseTi iyo: # romeli

gamomZiebeli warmoebaSi imyofeboda

damTavrda am ricxv.

darCenili saqmeebis rao-ba

1. ufrosi gamomZieb-lis

230 163 67

2. 1 da 2 ub. gamomZi-eblis

280 235 45

3. Woroxis mazris ga-momZiebl.

106 88 18

4. qobuleTis . . . . 43 31 12 5. qedis . . . _ _ _ 6. xulos . . . . 45 28 17 sul 704 545 159

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maT Soris erT Tvemde imyofeboda warmoebaSi – 304 or Tvemde – 188 sam Tvemde – 212 saqmeebis Sinaarsi: 1) saxelmwifoebrivi danaSauli – 47 2) TanamdebobiTi – 93 3) sameurneo dargis – 16 4) janmrTelobis da pirovnebis winaaRmdeg – 123 5) qonebrivi danaSauli – 104 Semdegi morigi amocana: prokuraturis muSaobis gaZliere-

ba, saTando avtoritetis mopoveba, rogorc kanonierebis moda-rajesi.

ukanasknel xanebSi saprokuroro muSaobas mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba daetyo gansakuTrebul sagamomZieblo organoebis zedamxedvelobis gaZlierebaSi. mxolod am muSaobis meore da umTavresi nawili – zedamxedveloba momkvlev organoebze da saerTo kanonierebisadmi ver ar saWiro doneze dayenebuli sxva da sxva obieqturi mizezebis gamo.

muSaobis pirvel nawils awarmoebs gansakuTrebiT uzenaes sasamarTlos prokuratura, romlis mier qalaq baTomis 1 da me-2 sagamomZieblo sasamarTlo da samilicio ubnebi gayofi-lia calke – pirvel da meore saprokuroro ubnebaT, romel-Tac ganageben prokuraturis TanaSemweebi.

ubnebis prokuraturis muSaoba gamoixateba: ubnebis daTvalierebaSi, saqmeebis msvlelobis micemaSi da

mospobaSi, sasamarTloebis ganmwesrigebel sxdomebze monawi-leobis miRebaSi.

prokuraturis muSaobis meore nawils, kanonierebis saer-To zedaxedvelobas, awarmoebs iustsaxkomisariatTan arsebuli saprokuroro ganyofileba.

prokuraturis saerTo zedamxedveloba am xnis ganmavlo-baSi gamoixateba: zedamxedvelobiT wesiT saqmeebis gamoTxovna-Si da gadaTvalierebaSi, kerZo pirebis saCivrebis ganxilvaSi da tusaRTa gancxadebebis saWiro msvlelobis micemaSi.

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saCivrebi zedamxedve-

lobis wesiT

saCivari miliciaze, Tanamdebo- bis pirebze da sxva

msvleloba

Semosulia 1 ianvridan 1 oqtom-bramde

saCivrebi zedamxedve-

lobis wesiT

ramde-

ni saCiva-

ri Semovi-

da

gaig-za- vna pro- tes-tiT

darCa uSe-deg- oT

sul Se-mo- vida

gaigzavna prok.msvl. misacemaT

wina-dade-ba

mieca mil- ic. da kom-me-urn.

darCa uSe-deg- oT

238

98

19

79

139

104

5

30

gazeTSi gamoqveyn. muSkorTa cnobebis

Sesaxeb

tusaRebis gancxadebebi

gadaeg.ga-

mom. kvleva-Zi-

ebis sawarmo-eblad

moispo

sul

Semosu-li

ganTavi-suflda gancxade-

bebis mixedviT sameulis

mier

sasjeli Seumcir-da da na-xevrad

sameulis mier

datovebul iqna uSede-

goT

65 2 179 72 4 103

sxva da sxva dawesebulebebis dadgenilebaTa proeqtebi ganaT-lebis komisa-riati

kommeurne-oba

uzenaes sasa-

marTl.

uzenaes sas-

amarT.prok.

Sinsax-komi

sul

18 38 26 4 4 90

morigi sakiTxi iyo aseve mazrebSi saolqo sasamarTlos

sesiebis mowyoba, rogorc ZiriTad ise sakasacio saqmeebis ad-gilobriv gasarCevaT. mazris sasamarTloebis dadgenilebebis da ganCinebebis gasaCivreba SeiZleboda mxolod saolqo sasa-marTloSi, romelic imyofeboda qalaq baTOmSi, rac iwvevda uxerxulobas fuxara xalxisaTvis mxareebis da mowmeebis qa-

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laqSi gamowveviT. ukanasknel xanebSi xsenebul saqmeebis garCe-va xdeboda mazrebSi, ra mizniTac sasamarTlos Semadgenloba miemgzavreboda adgilobriv. 1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi sasamar-Tlos sesiebi dagzavnil iqna mazrebSi 6-jer.

1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sromis da saolqo sasamarTloe-bis mier mowyobili iyo samagaliTo procesebi im saqmeebis ga-mo, romelTac qonda masisTvis mniSvneloba, magaliTad: qale-bis motaceba, borotmoqmedebebi sisxlis aRebis niadagze da sxva. am procesebs qonda mSromel masisTvis didi aRmzrdeli mniSvneloba, rogorc cxovrebis uaryofiTi movlenebis gamom-JRavnebas, sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis xalxze gacnobas. rom aseT procesebs mSromeli masebis saTando yuradReba miepyro, saqme-ebi irCeoda gansakuTrebiT qalaqis im adgilebSi, romelSiac mosaxleobis umravles nawils Seadgenen muSebi-muSaTa klubeb-Si.

am welSi Serulebul iqna Semdegi morigi samuSao” Semu-Savebuli iyo axali debuleba sasamarTlos wyobilebis Sesa-xeb aWaristanSi da moxda sasamarTloebis reorganizacia am debulebis safuZvelze; Tanaxmad winad arsebul sasamarTlos wyobilebis debulebisa. sasamarTloebis sistema aWaristanSi iyo iseTive, rogorc sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi; im micre te-ritoriis mixedviT, romelic uWiravs aWaristanis respublikas, amgvari struqtura sasamarTloebisa iyo friad rTuli da amasTanave misi Senaxva iwvevda did xarjebs; amisaTvis, rom sa-samarTlos sistemaSi yofiliyo Setanili meti simartive saWi-ro Seiqna saolqo sasamarTlos gauqmeba da misi funqciebis uzenas sasamarTloze gadacema. didi saqmeebi, romelnic ar eq-vemdebareba saxalxo sasamarTloebs, irCeva uzenaes sasamar-Tlos samosamarTlo kolegiebSi, Sromisa da uzenaes sasamar-TloSi, aris uzenaes sasamarTlos sakasacio kolegia.

SemuSavebul iqna debuleba saxalxo notariatis Sesaxeb, romelic ukve damtkicebulia da romlis safuZvelze ukve mox-da notariatis reorganizacia. am debulebis SemoRebamde nota-riul funqciebs asrulebda 4 saxalxo da erTi ufrosi nota-riusi.

notariusis kantorebi warmoadgenden naxevraT saxelmwi-fo da naxevraT savaWro dawesebulebas. Tanaxmad axali debu-lebisa notariati gasaxelmwifoebulia da maTI moqmedeba gani-sazRvreba gansakuTrebuli debulebiT. am Jamad q. baTomSi moq-medobs ori saxelmwifo notariuli kantorebi da maT meTval-yureobas uwevs sasamarTlosTan arsebuli sanotaro ganyofi-leba.

saxalxo sasamarTloebi da saxalxo gamomZieblebi, rom-lebic moqmedeben aWaristanSi ganawilebuli arian Semdegdnai-

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rad: sul 7 saxalxo sasamarTloebia – 1) Sromis sasamarTlo, 2) baTomis 1-li ubnis sax. sasamarTlo, 3) q. baTomis me-2 ubnis sax. sasamarTlo, 4) Woroxis mazris sasamarTlo, 5) qobuleTis mazris saxalxo sasamarTlo, 6) qedis mazris saxalxo sasamar-Tlo da 7) xulos mazris saxalxo sasamarTlo.

saxalxo gamomZieblebi – 5: 1) q. baTOmis 1-li ub. sax. ga-momZiebeli, 2) me-2 ubnis sax. gamomZiebeli, 3) Woroxis mazris sax. gamomZiebeli, 4) qobuleTis mazris sax. gamomZiebeli da 5) qedis mazris sax. gamomZiebeli.

2. a) 1 ianvridan 1 oqtombramde 1924 w. gacemulia cirku-liarebi da instruqciebi, procesualur xasiaTis, sasamarTlos saqmis warmoebebis da kancelariis da angariSebis muSaobis sa-kiTxebze 47.

b) 1 ianvridan 1 seqtembramde 1924 w. moxdenilia revizia: a) qobuleTis saxalxo sasamarTlosi 1-jer, b) xulos saxalxo sasamarTlosi 2-jer, g) qedis saxalxo sasamarTlosi 2-jer, d) 1 ubnis saxalxo sasamarTlosi 2-jer, e) me-2 ubnis saxalxo sa-samarTlosi 2-jer. sul moxdenilia 9 revizia.

3. a) 1 ianvridan 1 oqtombramde a/w. sasamarTlos aRmasru-leblebi iyvnen oTxi; ori imyofeboda uzenaes sasamarTlosTan (20 agvistodan a/w. isini imyofeboden olqis sasamarTlosTan); erTi 1-l ub. sasamarTlosTan, erTic me-2 ubnis sasamarTlos-Tan; yvela oTxive sasamarTlos aRmasruleblebi imyofebian q. baTomSi; isini moqmedeben Tanaxmad sam. pr. kod.

b) 1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela sasamarTlos aRmasru-leblebs warmoebaSi qondaT – 518 saqme, warmoebiT damTavrda – 329 saqme, 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli – 189 saqme.

g) 1924 wlis 1 ianvridan 1 oqtombramde aRmasrulebeli moqmedebisaTvis sul Semovida 565 man. 44 kap. romelTagan: xazi-nis sasargeblod 215 man. 41 kap. da sasamarTlos aRmasruleb-lebis sasargebloT 350 man. 3 kap. 1924 welSi ianvridan 31 mai-samde sasamarTlos aRmasruleblebi aRmasrulebel moqmedebi-saTvis miRebul gasamrjelos TavianT sasargebloT ixmarden; am xanad ki moqmedebs nixri, romlis ZaliT 50% midis xazinis sasargebloT, xolo 50% uSualoT TviT sasamarTlos aRmasru-leblis, romelic axdens moqmedebas.

4. a) 1 ianvridan 1 seqtembramde a/w. baTOmSi moqmedeben oT-xi saxalxo notariusis kantorebi; oTxive kantoridan am xnis ganmavlobaSi Semovida:

a) saRerbo gadasaxadi 4048 maneTi 761/2 kap., b) komunaluri meurneobis sasargebloT 2393 man. 4 kap. da bonebiT 9.900 000 000 man. g) aRmaskomebis sasargebloT 4031 man. 541/2 kap., d) wiTeli jvris sasargebloT 117 man. 793/4 kap. da bonebiT 139.767.120 man. sul 8.594 man. 143/4 kap. da bonebiT 10.039.767.120 man.

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1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi gadasaxdel mowmobebiT, romle-bic gacemuli iyo mxareebze baTomis ufrosi notariusis arqi-vidan, Semovida:

a) simtkicis gadasaxadi – 3789 man. 31 kap., b) saRerbo ga-dasaxadi – 1210 man. 3 kap. g) sakancelario gadasaxadi – 7 man. 40 kap., d) wiTeli jvris sasargebloT – 86 man. 92 kap. e) ,,pos-ledgol”-is sasargebloT – 105 man. 66 kap., sul-5205 man. 32 kap.

5. saolqo sasamarTloSi 1924 wlis 1 ianvridan 1 seqtem-bramde saqmeebis Semdegi moZraoba iyo:

ZiriTadi sisxlis sasamarTlos: 1924 w.

1 ianvrisTvis rCeboda – 24 saqme; 1 iavridan 1 seqtembramde Semovida – 537 saqme; 1 iavridan 1 seqtembramde damTavrda – 515 saqme; 1 seqtembrisTvis darCa daumTavrebeli – 46 saqme.

sisxlis samarTlis kasaciuri:

1 ianvrisTvis rCeboda - 12 saqme; Semovida - 130 saqme; dasrulda – 125 saqme; maTgan damtkicda – 61 saqme; darRveul iqna – 65 saqme; 1 seqtembrisTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 16 saqme; zedamxedvelobiTi wesiT gamoTxovnil iqna 8 saqme. 6. xasiaTi damTavrebul ZiriTad sisxlis samarTlis saq-

meebisa da social. mdgomareoba msjavrdadebulebisa: a) saxelmwifoebrivi danaSauli 31, 2) Tanamdebobrivi dana-

Sauli 128, 3) sameurneo dargebis danaSauli 16, 4) janmrTelo-bis, sicocxlis, Tavisuflebi da Rirsebis winaaRmdeg danaSau-li 194, 5) qonebrivi danaSauli 100, 6) samxedro danaSauli 4, 7) darRveva wesebisa janmrTelobis, sazogado wesebis da sazoga-do uSiSroebis 42, sul 515.

dasrulebul saqmeebiT dasjil iqnen:

1. muSa mamakaci - 63 dedakaci - 1 sul - 64 2. glexi - 45 dedakaci - _ sul – 45 3. wiTelarmieli – 1 dedakaci - _ sul – 1 4. vaWari – 14 dedakaci - _ sul – 14 5. inteligenti – 23 dedakaci – 4 sul – 27 6. danarCeni - 2 dedakaci - 2 sul - 4 sul: 148 7 155

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g) vadis moxdamdis ganTavisuflebulia 10 kaci. d) daxvreta gadawyvetili iyo 5 kacisaTvis; 4 glexia, 1

muSa. 7. 1 ianvridan 1 seqtembramde 1924 w. olqis sasamarTloSi

Semdegi saqmis moZraoba iyo: a) ZiriTadi samoqalaqo: ianvrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 56 saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida – 148 saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda – 151 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 53

b)samoqalaqo kasaciuri: 1 ianvrisaTvis 1924 w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 332 saangariSo droSi Semovida – 417 damTavrda – 690 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 512 darRveul iqna – 178 zedamxedvelobiTi wesiT gamoTxovnil iqna – 98 g) damTavrebuli ZiriTadi samoqalaqo saqmeebi xasiaTis

mixedviT: a) ojaxur uflebebze – 5, b) qonebaze uflebis cnoba da

naxarjebis anazRaureba 33, g) pirobebi da valdebulebani – 113. d) 1 ianvridan 1 seqtembrisaTvis olqis sasamarTloSi Se-

movida: sasamarTlos baJeE – 463 man. 39 kap. saRebro gadasaxadi – 60 man. sakancelario xarjebi – 70 man. 60 kap. sul: 593 man. 99 kap. 8. pirvel ianvridan 1 seqtembramde 1924 w. mazrebSi sul 6

sesia iyo, garCeul iqna sul 149 saqme (121 samoqalaqo da 28 sisxlis samarTlis).

a) 2 sesia qobuleTSi; garCeul iqna samoqalaqo sakasacio 70 saqme, romelTagan 7 miwis Sesaxeb da 63 fulebze;

b) 2 sesia qedaSi; garCeul iqna samoqalaqo kasaciuri 24 saqme, maTgani 14 miwis Sesaxeb da 10 fulebze;

g) 2 sesia xuloSi; garCeul iqna samoqalaqo kasaciuri 27 saqme. romelTagan 12 saqme aris miwis Sesaxeb, xolo 15 fuleb-ze;

sul imave sesiebis mier ganxilul iqna samoqalaqo kasa-ciuri saqme 121, romelTagan 33 miwis Sesaxebaa da 88 fulebze;

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a) 2 sesia qobuleTSi; gairCa 2 kasaciuri sisxlis samar-Tlis saqme da 11 ZiriTadi sisxlis samarTlis; ZiriTadi saqme-ebidan iyo mkvlelobis – 4, gaZarcvis – 5, gaupatiurebis – 1 da miTvisebis – 1;

b) 4 sesia qedaSi da xuloSi; gairCa sisxlis samarTlis ka-saciuri 4 saqme da sisxlis samarTlis ZiriTadi 24; ZiriTadi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebidan 4 iyo daWra, mkvleloba 4, gau-patiureba 4 da meqrTameoba 1.

sul garCeulia: sisxlis samarTlis kasaciuri 6, ZiriTadi sisxlis samarTlis 22;

9. saqmis moZraoba uzenaes sasamarTlos kasaciuri kolegia-

Si 1 ianvridan 1 oqtombramde 1924w.

samoqalaqo saqmeebi:

a) 1 ianvridan 1924 w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli kasaciis we-siT- 1, zedamxedvelobis wesiT-36, saangariSo drois ganmavlo-baSi Semovida kasaciis wesiT-34, zedamxedvelobis wesiT – 133.

saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda kasaciis wesiT – 34

saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda zedamxedvelo-bis wesiT – 154

1 seqtembrisaTvis 1924 w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT – 1

1 seqtembrisaTvis 1924 w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli zedam-xedvelobis wesiT – 15

b) xasiaTi damtavrebuli saqmeebisa: 1) ojaxuri ufleb.4, b) ganqorwinebis – 2, g) qonebaze uflebis cnoba – 34, d) xelSek-rulebani da valdebulebani – 143, sul 188.

sisxlis samarTlis: g) 1 ianvrisaTvis 1924w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli kasaciis

wesiT – 5 1 ianvrisaTvis 1924w. rCeboda daumTavrebeli zedamx. we-

siT – 6

sul – 11

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saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida kasaciis wesiT – 32

saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida zedamxe. wesiT – 22

saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda kasaciis wesiT – 37

saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda zedamx. wesiT – 24

1 seqtembrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT – 3 1 seqtembrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli zedamx. wesiT – 1 d) xasiaTi damTavrebuli saqmeebisa: 1) saxelmwifo danaS.

– 3, b) Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli – 9, g) sameurneo danaSauli – 15, d) sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis winaaRmdeg danaSauli – 26, e) qonebrivi danaSau-li – 8, sul – 61.

e) saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida sasamarTlos baJebi:

saRerbo gadasaxadi – 102 man. 50 kap. sakancelario baJebi – 1 man. 80 kap. sul: 104 man. 30 kap. 10. saqmis moZraoba uzenaes sasamarTlos kolegiaSi 1 ian-

vridan 1 seqtembramde 1924 w.

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi: saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida – 1 saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda – 1 damTavrebuli saqmis xasiaTi” saxelmwifo danaSauli 1,

gadawyvetili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa; msjavrdadebuli qa-li inteleqtTagania.

11. uzenaes sasamarTlos kasaciur kolegiis saqmeTa moZra-

oba 1 seqtembridan 1 oqtombramde a/w. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi: 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeba daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT –

21 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeba daumTavrebeli zedamx. wesiT – 2 seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi Semovida kasaciis wesiT –

15 seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi Semovida zedamx. wesiT – 3 seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi damTavrda kasaciis wesiT –

15

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seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi damTavrda zedamx. wesiT – 2 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeba daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT –

21 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeba daumTavrebeli zedamx. wesiT – 3 xasiaTi damTavrebul saqmeebisa: 1) saxelmwifo danaS.-6, b)

Tanamdebobrivi danaS.-1, g) meurneobis dargis danaS.-1, d) qoneb-rivi danaS.-5, e) darRveva xalxis janmrTelobis dacvis wesebi-sa, sazogado uSiSroebis da wesierebisa-4, sul-17.

samoqalaqo saqmeebi:

1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT

– 59 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli zedamxe. wesiT

– 4 seqtembris ganmavlobaSi Semovida kasaciis wesiT – 29 seqtembris ganmavlobaSi Semovida zedamx. wesiT – 7 seqtemberSi damTavrda kasaciis wesiT – 15 seqtemberSi damTavrda zedamx. wesiT – 4 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli kasaciis wesiT –

73 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli zedamx. wesiT – 7 xasiaTi damTavrebuli saqmeebisa: a) ojaxur uflebaze-3, b)

ganqorwineb.-1, g)qonebaze uflebis cnoba-3, d) xelSekrulebani da valdebulebani-12, sul-19.

12. saqmeebis moZraoba uzenaes sasamarTlos nawilSi 1 seq-

tembridan 1 oqtombramde 1924 wlisa.

sisxlis samarTlis: 1 seqtembrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 46 seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi Semovida – 46 seqtemberSi damTavrda – 66 1 oqtombrisaTvis daumTavrebeli darCa – 26 xasiaTi damTavrebul saqmeebisa: 1) saxelmwifo danaSauli

– 6, b) Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli-14, g) meurneobis dargis dana-Sauli-4, d) danaSaulebani sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, Tavisuf-lebis da Rirsebis winaaRmdeg-21, e) qonebrivi danaSauli -14, v) saxalxo janmrTelobis, sazogado uSiSroebis da sazogado we-sierebis wesebis darRveva-7, sul-66.

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damTavrebul saqmeebze gadawyvetili aqvT: a) Tavisufle-bis aRkveTa-11, (9 mamakaci da 2 dedakaci); b) pirobiTi dasja-1 (mamakaci); g) qonebis CamorTmeva-3 (mamakaci).

msjavrdadebulTagani: a) muSa – 1 (mamakaci), b) glexi – 5 (4 mamakaci da 1 qa-

li), g) vaWari – 3 (mamakacebi), d) intelligent. – 7 (6 mamakaci da erTi qali), sul msjavrdadebulni – 15 (2 qali da 13 mamaka-ci).

samoqalaqo saqmeebi:

1 seqtembrisaTvis daumTavrebeli rCeba – 53 seqtembrSi Semovida – 8 seqtemberSi damTavrda – 16 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli – 45 xasiaTi damTavrebuli saqmeebisa: a) qonebaze uflebis

cnobaze da zaralis anazRaurebaze – 1, b) xelSekrulebani da valdebulebani – 15, sul – 16.

saangariSo Tvis ganmavlobaSi Semovida sasamarTlo ko-legiaSi: sasamarTlos baJebi -448 man. 17 kap., saRerbo gadasaxa-di – 48 man. sakancelario baJebi – 80 kap., sul 496 man. 97 kap.

13. saCivrebisa da protestebis moZraoba uzenaes sasamar-

Tlos xedamxedvelobiT wesiT seqtembris Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze: 1 seqtembrisTvis rCeboda – 2 seqtemberSi Semovida – 2 seqtemberSi gairCa – 2 1 oqtombrisTvis darCa gaurCeveli – 2

samoqalaqo saqmeebze: 1 seqtembrisTvis rCeboda – 11 seqtemberSi Semovida – 6 seqtemberSi gairCa – 4 1 oqtombrisTvis darCa gaurCeveli – 13 saangariSo Tvis ganmavlobaSi uzenaes sasamarTlos saer-

To kancelariaSi Semovida saRerbo gadasaxadi – 4 man.

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14. uzenaes sasamarTlos disciplinarul kolegiaSi 1 ian-

vridan 1 oqtombramde warmoebaSi imyofeboda ori saqme. 15. saqmeTa moZraoba saxalxo da Sromis sasamarTloebSi 1

ianvridan 1 oqtombramde 1924 w.

samoqalaqo: ianvridan rCeboda daumTavrebeli 766. saangariSo drois

ganmavlobaSi Semovida 1807. am drois ganmavlobaSi damTavrda – 2280 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli – 393 xasiaTi damTavrebuli saqmeebisa: a) ojaxur uflebebze – 103 b) ganqorwinebisa – 155 g) qonebaze uflebis cnoba da zaralis anazRaureba – 501 d) xelSekrulebani da valdebulebani – 1521 sul: 2280 saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida: sasamarTlos baJi 1.482 man. da bonebiT 12.876.600.000 man. sa-

Rerbo gadasaxadi 1292 man. 14 kap. da bonebiT 145.025.000.000 man. sakancelario baJebi 173 man. 37 kap. da bonebiT 8.875.000 man. ja-rima 13 m. 10 k., sul 2.960 m. 61 kap. da bonebiT 157.910.475.000 man.

16. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa moZraoba saxalxo da Sro-

mis sasamarTloSi 1924 wlis 1 ianvridan vidre 1 oqtombramde. 1 ianvrisaTvis rCeboda daumTavrebeli – 1017 saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi Semovida – 1809 amave drois ganmavlobaSi darmTavrda – 2486 1924w. 1 oqtombrisaTvis darCa daumTavrebeli – 340 xasiaTi damTavrebuli saqmeebisa: a) saxelmwifoebrivi danaSaulebani – 107 b) Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli – 15 g) sameurneo danaSauli – 115 d) danaSaulebani: sicocxlis, janmrT., Tavisuflebis wina-aRmdeg – 764 e) qonebrivi danaSauli – 1072 v) darRveva xalxis janmrTelobis, dacvis, sazogadoebis, uSiSroebis, wesierebis Sesaxeb – 412 sul: 2485

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damTavrebul saqmeebze sasjeli gadaewyvitaT sul 542

kacs (43 qali da 499 mamakaci), romelTaganac iyvnen: 1) muSa 158 (mamakaci 137 da dedakaci 21) 2) glexi 152 (145 mamakaci da 7 qali) 3) wiTelarmieli 33 (mamakaci) 4) vaWari 101 (mamakaci) 5) inteligenti 48 (42 mamakaci da 6 qali) 6) danarCeni 50 (41 mamakaci da 9 qali).

17. damcvelTa kolegiis moqmedeba 1 ianvridan 1 oqtom-

bramde 1924w. a) 1 oqtombrisaTvis damcvelTa kolegiis wevrebad iTvle-

bian 20. b) saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi baTomSi arsebobda sami

iuridiuli sakonsultacio biuro: 1) iusticiis saxalxo komi-sariatTan, 2) profsabWosTan da 3) aWarelTa saxlTan.

g) saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi ufaso iuridiuli dax-mareba miiRes 268 kacma.

d) am drois ganmavlobaSi ufaso dacva moxda sul 199; uzenaes sasamarTloSi – 1, olqis sasamarTloSi 121, Sromis sa-samarTloSi 3, Woroxis sasamarTloSi 30, qobuleTis sax. sasa-marTloSi 25, qedis da xulos sax. sasamarTloebSi 19, aqedan ufaso dacva q. baTomze modis 155, xolo mazrebze-44.

e) saangariSo Tvis ganmavlobaSi damcvelTa kolegiis pre-zidiumSi Semotanili iyo kerZo pirebis mier 40 gancxadeba, romelTa ganxilvis Semdeg prezidiumis mier maT daeniSnaT ufaso damcvelebi.

v) saangariSo drois ganmavlobaSi damcvelTa kolegiis wevrebma miiRes monawileoba leqciebis mowyobaSi farTo masis sabWoTa sasamarTlos aparatTan da mis daniSnulebisa da moq-medebasTan gasacnobaT.

1924w. moxda sasamarTloTa struqturis Secva. 1 seqtembri-dan gauqmda saolqo sasamarTlo da gadakeTda uzenaesi sasa-marTlo, moqmedebs ori kolegia: kasaciuri da sasamarTlosi (ZiriTadis).

uzenaes sasamarTlosTan arsebobs uzenaes sasamarTlos prokuratura, uzenaes sasamarTlos ufrosi gamomZieblebi da sasamarTlos aRmasruleblebi.

ufrosi notariusis tanamdebobis gauqmebis Semdeg uzenaes sasamarTlosTan daarsda notariuli ganyofileba.

samosamarTlo organoebisa da maT xelmZRvanelis iusti-ciis saxalxo komisariatis moRvaweobis mimoxilvis dasas-ruls unda avRnoSnoT, rom miuxedavaT mZime pirobebisa, ro-

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melSiac maT uxdebodaT muSaoba, SesZles sabWoTa marTlmsa-julebis organoebis normalur pirobebSi Cveneba. amJamad aWa-ristanis mSromel masas gabedulad SeuZlia gaacxados, rom sasamarTloebis normaluri muSaoba da muSebisa da glexebis interesebis uflebrivi dacva mkvidr da swor niadagzea damya-rebuli.

fondi r-2; anaweri 1;saqme #1; gv. 211-218

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xariton axvledianis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondSi

(ფონდი № 267) daculi masalebidan (masalebi mogvawoda prof. oTar gogoliSvilma)

მოკლე მიმოხილვა warmodgenili saarqivo masala exeba l. asaTiansa da iv. mes-xis cxovrebas da moRvaweobas. masalebi amoRebulia Jurnal-ga-zeTebidan da Seicavs, rogorc l. asaTianis werilebs, ise i. mesxis rig korenspondenciebs gamoqveynebuls gazeT ,,droeba-sa’’ da Jurnal ,,krebulSi’’ sxvadasxva dros. l. asaTiani iyo quTaisis, xolo Semdgom, 1895 wlidan 1901 wlamde qalaq baTu-mis TviTmmarTvelobis sabWos Tavmjdomare, romelic cnobilia istoriaSi, rogorc uniWieresi, marTali da patiosani sazoga-do moRvawe; qalaq baTumis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da keTil-mowyobis wamomwyebi da organizatori. ivane mesxi aris sergei, efemia, kote da daTiko mesxebis Zma. is iyo mwignobari sazogado moRvawe, Jurnalisti da mTar-gmneli. 1888 wlidan muSaobda qalaq baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis mdivnad. cxovrebis umetesi nawili ivane mesxma baTumSi gaata-ra. misi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis manZilze mniSvnelovani wvli-li Seitana qalaq baTumis kulturul-sazogadoebriv cxovre-bis ganviTarebaSi. igi avtoria ramdenime Sromisa, korenspon-denciebisa, statiebisa da werilebisa. rogorc l. asaTianze, ise i. mesxze sakuTari fondis Seqmna sasurvelia da mxaris SeswavliT dainteresebul pirT sasargeblo momsaxurebas gau-wevs.

i. m.

saqarTvelo

quTaisidan

(’’droebis’’korespondencia)

erTi SesaniSnavi sanaxavi vnaxeT aqaurebma wuxel saRamos (13-oqtombers): CrdiloeTisaken saRamos 7 saaTze raRac sinaT-le gamoCnda wiTlad TiTqos sadme tyes cecxli ekidebao. rad-gan qarebi iyo aqeT wina dReSi, imas daabrales cecxlis gaCe-na. marTali giTxraT pirvelad verc me gavige namdvili mizezi am movlenisa sanam am wiTlad naTelSi alag-alag TeTr-yviT-lad mnaTobi svetebi ar davinaxe. rogorc SevniSne, Svidi saa-Tidan vidre aTamde, sinaTle TandaTan matulobda da Tan da-savleTisaken gadadioda. ramdensac es sinaTle adgilis gamoc-

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vlas daapirebda, gamosacvlel adgilze jer svetebi gamoCnde-boda, mere ki erTbaSad gawiTldeboda. es SesaniSnavi movlena TiTqos SuaRamemde gagrZelda. iseTi didi adgili eWira imas da ise maRali moCanda, rom ueWvelia, Tqvenc dainaxavdiT. ueW-velia agreTve, rom es movlenebi iyo CrdiloeTis brwyinva: magram me makvirvebs wiTeli feri am brwyinvisa da amden xans gagrZeleba.

me maxsovs peterburgSi, rom iqauri ,,brwyinvebi’’ TeTrad moyviTalo feris arian da arc amden xans grZeldebian xolme. unda gagegonaT raebs laparakobdnen aqaurebi am eleqtriul movlenebze: moxucebulebi, romelTac Tavis dReSi ar unaxavT aq amis msgavsi rame, arwmunebden yovel kacs, rom warRvnis ni-Sani ariso:, politikebi (omianobam bevrSi politikebi gaaCina CvenSi) amtkiceben, rom pariJi dawves nemcebma da imisi sxivi zecas mosdebiao, zogis fantaziam ase Sors ver gasWra: isini ambobden, leCxums mohkidebia cecxlio, zogi ki vin icis, ras ambobda. dadga Tu ara aq es Tve, daiwyo saSineli qarebi, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi dauwynareblad qroda aRmosavleTis qari. cecxli ki, RvTis madliT ar gaCenila, arc qalaqSi da arc sxvagan soflebSi da tyeebSi.rogorc qari Sewydeboda, wvima daiwyeboda - ase iyo 12 oqtombramde, axla ki kargi tarosebi dadga. xolera jerac ver moviSoreT Cven sruliad Tavidan, kviraSi ramdenime kaci axlac miaqvs xolme msxverplaT. amJamad sof. kaxianurSi (quTaisze aT versze) dganan saldaTebi bana-kaT, mgoni rkinigzis sakeTeblad da, rogorc amboben, maTSi xSiria xolerao: panta msxalis da zed wyals svamen Turme da amitom ufro xSirad xdebian avaTa.

i. - i.

quTaisi, 14 oqtomberi. gaz. ,,droeba’’ 1870, 42. asli s w o r i a:

xonidgan

(,,droebis’’ korespondencia)

arc erTi oTxi Tve ar iqneba, rac erTi nawili quTaisis uezdis momrigebeli mosamarTlisa, e.i. erTi TanaSemwe, erTi kandidati da masTan xvedri kancelariis Cinovnikebic, s. xonSi, aqauris da axlo-maxlo mcxovrebis saqmeebis gasamarTleblad. am gvar wyobilebiT TviT mosamarTleebisaTvisac Sromis Sem-

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subuqeba iqneba da mcxovreblebisaTvisac. am ukansknels imitom vambob, rom rasakvirvelia umjobesia, rac ufro axlo eqneba xalxs sasamarTlo, Torem darwmunebuli var, Tu imerels saqme saCivraT mouvarda, aTas verssac gaivlis, oRond ki raime gaaw-yos. mogaxsenebT, imerlebi varT, kinwlaoba, Suri da ganxeTqi-leba erTmaneTSi gviyvars. xonSi 3 dRe davrCi da am sam dReSi xSirad avivlidi da Camovivlidi sasamarTlosTan da yovel-Tvis vxedavdi uricxv xalxs imis karebze: bevrs egebis saqmec hqonda, magram umetesi nawili ki tyvilad mayurebeli unda yo-filiyo.

,,nikoloza, ar Semoxval saxlSi,’’ - eubneboda erTi iq mdgomarTagani meores, ,,dRes sa..... adokati, rom aris, is yavs simonas mopirdapireT. imas Tvalebze etyoboda, moigebs saqmes, magram mainc Seyves Tavi qudSi. am gvaraT da sxva gavaraTac atyueben erTi meores, scveTen sasamarTlos karebs da xmebian fenebzed - exla saqmis kacebic vnaxoT, ra saCivrebisTvis midi-an. Tumc me ar davswrebivar, magram vinc iyo damswre miTxra, viTomc erTs keTilSobils eCivlos, rom ama da am kacmao kar-gad gawurTnen da momgebi mimino gamparao... kidev, viTomc stum-risTvis eCivlos maspinZels, rom Cemsas Semovidao da sawoli qveSagebi damitkepnao, am ori magaliTiT mixvdeba mkiTxveli, Tu ragvari saCivrebisaTvis akldebian ufro saWiro saqmes zo-gierTebi da stexen Surs erTmaneTSi.erTma am sasamarTloSi mosamsaxure kacma miTxra, rom am oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi oras ormocda aTi saqme Semogvidao. oTx TveSi xonSi imdeni momCivnebi aRmoCenilan da mTels imereTze raRa unda vTqvaT. dawesTa Tu ara es sasamarTlo, maSinve, rogoc wvimis Semdeg sokoebi, ise avdokatebmac amoyves Tavi xonSi. bevrma imaTganma quTaisi miatova da aq amovida mWermetyvelobaSi gasavarjiSeb-lad. ratom ar amoviden. ara aqvT dafaseba Tu . ....oRond saTva-leebi gaikeTe da serTuki Caicvi da mTxovnelebi futkrebiviT-dagexvevian.

i.i. gaz.,,droeba’’1870,N47

,,droeba’’ N 105, 1879 w. 23 maisi gv. 2.

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p a s u x i

uf. ivane simonis Zes m e s x i s

mowyaleo xelmwife

,, droebis’’ 99 N - Si me wavikiTxe Tqveni Cemdami momarTu-

li werili. Tqven moiTxovT Cemgan, rom me gavimarTlo Tavi im cilis - wamebisagan, romelic gamouSva Cemze grafma viRaca sa-megrelos Tavadma mixeil (igive tusie) faRavam. Zalian mikvirs, rom Tqven, Cemis kandidatobis TanamgrZnobi iyaviT da, vgoneb, kargis mxriTac vicnobdiT, am gvars moTxovnilebiT mommarTeT me. nu Tu es cnoba da TanagrZnoba iseTs susts safuZvelze iyo damyarebul, roma viRac tusia faRavas wyalobiT gavar-dnilma xmam eWvSi SegiyvanaT da Cemdami rwmena SegiryiaT. ma-garm ara, Tqven metyviT: Cemis werilisagan sCans, rom me mxo-lod saqmis axsna msurso, me sxva kandidatebzedac gamomigonia cudi ambebi, magram me mxolod Tqvenze ganagonis ambis gamok-leva mindao da moviTxov, rom jer SexedviT da mere sasamar-Tlos wesiT daamtkicoT Tqveni simarTle. kargi da patiosani, magram nu Tu ar iciT, rom usafuZvlo Worzed ra unda sTqvas kacma, Tu ara mxolod is, rom Wori, Wori aris da sxva arafe-ri. da Tu Tqven raime garemoeba gsmeniaT, romelic Wors sa-fuZvlianobis saxes sdebs, gTxovT is garemoeba Sematyobino, rom mazed Cemi gasamarTlebuli pasuxi momceT.

raica Seexeba sasamarTlos wesiT Worebis darRvevas, ama-ze unda momaxsenoT, rom vinc ki raime angariSis gulisaTvis Worebis mogonebas da da uars ikadrebs da moisurvebs, is saWi-roebis dros melobasac moaxerxebs da bevrs kudebs iSovnis misgan dayrilis Wiris dasamtkiceblad.

Ria b a r a T i

uf. daviT nikolaZis - Zes b a q r a Z e s.

mowyaleo xelmwifes sxva sibilweTa Soris, romlnic viTom sxvadasxva Tanamdeboba-ze mosurne kandidatebTa am bolondels bankis sazogado kre-bis dros, Cvenda samwuxaroT, SevityveT, viTomc - Tqvenc Tqve-ni kandidaturis gayvanisaTvis mogendomebinoT mTeli T.T. fa-Ravebis mosyidva da am ganzraxviT gagegzavnosT maTTvis uu. b. s. baqraZisa da T. dim. erisTavis xeliT, xuTasi maneTi, es fu-li T.T. faRavebs, sazogado molaparakebis Semdeg, mieRosT, magram im ganzraxviT ki ara, rom TqvenTvisT TeTri kenWi moe-

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cesT, aramed imitom, rom is xuTasi maneTi aqauri ,,Rarib mos-wavleTa Semwe sazogadoebisaTvis’’ SeewirosT. dRes gvarwmune-ben, rom T.T. faRavebma es fuli zemoxsenebul sazogadoebis kasaSi Seitanes kidecao.

me gaxlavarT erTi imaTgani, romelnic, sxvaTa Soris Tqvens kandidaturasac TanaugrZnobdi da es garemoeba sazoga-doebis zogierTa wevrTa kargaT ician, CemTvis aucileblad sa-Wiroa vicode - ramdenac marTalia xalxSi gavrcelebuli es xma. amisaTvis umorCilesad gTxovT dauyovnebliv jer beWdiT dagvimtkicoT Tqveni simarTle da Semdeg esve sudis wesiT eZi-oT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, me iZulebuli viqnebi Sesabamisi saxeli davarqva Tqven moqmedebas da uari yvo Tqvens patiosne-baze.

iv. mesxi quTaisi . 4 maisi, gaz. ,,droeba“, 1879, 99 asli s w o r i a -

aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi № 267, aRw. 1, saqme 104.

masalebi gazeT ,,fuxara“-s furclebidan

(masalebi Sekriba saarqivo sammarTvelos sazRvargareTTan, sa-zogadoebasTan, masmediasTan urTierTobis da dokumentebis ga-

moyenebis da publikaciis ganyoflebis mTavarma specialistma cici cincaZem)

g u r i a

( sakuTari korespodentisagan) abreSumis saqsovi arteli

ozurgeTis saSinamrewvelo punqtTan daarsda meore abre-Sumis saqsovi qalTa arteli, romelic Tavis amocanad isaxavs Tavis farTo momxmareblis abreSumis nawarmoebis damzadebas koleqtiur Sromis safuZvelze.

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saSinamrewvelo punqti awodebs feiqar qalebs saqsov masa-las, gaumjobesebul sistemis dazgebs da maT mowyobilobas mi-nimalur fasebSi.

TiTo muSa qalis Tviuri xelfasi udris 25-35 maneTs. sa-Sinamrewvelo punqtis SenobaSi momuSaveni ufasod sargeblo-ben dazgebiT da SenobiT. amJamad punqtSi muSaobs 19 dazga.

gazeTi ”fuxara”, 1927 wlis 22 marti

Semoqmedis sakredito amxanagoba

aWaristanis sasoflo-sameurneo bankis Tavjdomaris amx.

arvelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarda Semoqmedis sakredito am-xanagobis gamgeobis wevrTa arCevnebi da gasul saoperacio wlis muSaobaSi aRnusxva.

gasuli wlis brunva udris 276582 maneTs, wevrTa ricxvi -505-s. amxanagobis ZiriTadi kapitali Sesdgeba Semdegi Tanxe-bisagan: nasesxebi 3500 man., sakuTari -2456 man., sapaio-4794 man.,saTadarigo -550 man., da specialuri -596 man., Semosavali-7164 man., gasavali -7311 man., saoperacio weli dasrulda 145 man.deficitiT. deficiti gamoiwvia mousavlobam sabaRo kulturis dargSi, romelic umTavres rols TamaSobs Semoq-medis raionSi.

sapespeqtivo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebulia 10. 000 f. Txilis, 100. 000 gradus arayis, 3 ronodas simindis, 1000 fuTi fqvilis, 1 ronoda Tivis da sxva da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRis damzadeba.

gamgeobas daevala gamoiTxovos krediti gasaRebisTvis 34600 man. da momaragebisaTvis - 6595 man.

axal gamgeobaSi aRCeul iqna ori axali wevri (komunis-tebi) da erTi Zveli Semadgenlobidan (upartio)

g. Ze

gazeTi ”fuxara”, 1927 wlis 22 marti

qaRaldis qarxana saqarTveloSi

(telegr. sakuTari korespondentisagan) Tbilisi, 19 ianvari. moskovidan s.m.u. sabWoSi miRebulia

cnoba, rom umaRles sakavSiro organoebis gadawyvetilebiT saqarTveloSi qaRaldis qarxnis agebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebi Setanilia 5 wliani gegmebis sakontrolo cifrebSi.

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Tanaxmad umaRlesi organoebis gadawyvetilebisa, qaRal-dis qarxnis ageba daiwyeba 1929-30 welSi. Aimitom saq. s. m. u. sabWos winadadeba mieca, raTa miiRos zomebi, rom qaRaldis qarxnis asagebad saWiro yovelgvari proeqtebi da xarjT-aR-ricxvebi damuSavebul iqnes windawinve, rom am garemoebam aRar daabrkolos saaRmSeneblo samuSaoTa dawyeba.

qaRaldis qarxana agebul iqna kombinatis wesiT, e.i. erT teritoriaze moewyoba qaRaldis warmoebis sxva da sxva saam-qroebi. qaRaldis sawarmoo kombinatis proeqti damuSavebul unda iqnes texnikis ukanasknel miRwevebis Tanaxmad.

moskovidan miRebul imave cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom qaRal-dis kombinatis mosawyobad saqarTveloSi gaTvaliswinebulia daixarjos 11.000.000 man. Aaqedan wels gacemuli iqneba 4.500.000 man., 30-31 w. 5.700.000 man., 31-32w. 800.000 man.

kombinatis ageba unda damTavrdes 1931 wlis 1-l oqtom-brisaTvis.

yovelwliuraT kombinatma unda daamzados 16.000 tona sxva da sxva xarisxis qaRaldi.

saq.saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWos sawarmovo gan-yofilebaSi Cven TanamSromels qaRaldis kombinatis Sesaxeb acnobos Semdegi:

saqarTvelos qaRaldis qarxnis agebis sakiTxi Cven aRvZa-

riT weliwad naxevris winaთ, magram qaRaldis qarxnis agebis sakiTxi aRZruli hqonda danarCen respublikebsac, amitom

dRemde ver mogvarda es sakiTxi. Qქarxana agebul iqneba dasav-leT saqarTveloSi, md. enguris maxloblaT.

გაზეთი ”ფუხარა” , 1929 w. 20 ianvari

qalebis zeimi (sof. skvanaSi, xulos mazra)

guSin Cvenma redaqciam xulodan amx. riza xozrevaniZisa-

gan miiRo Semdegi telefonograma: guSin sof. skvanaშi (sxaltis Temi) WiboniT da simReriT gamocxadda 42 qali, romelTac mo-nawileoba miiRes sazeimo krebaSi. krebaze maT sazeimod moi-

xades Cadri. Dდaswves da ganacxades: dRemdis Cven damonebuli viyaviT. aWareli qali moklebu-

li iyo yovelgvar uflebebs. sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaanTavi-sufla aWareli mSromeli qali saukunoebriv monobisagan, mag-ram CvenSi jer kidev ZalaSia qalTa monobis NnaSTi-Cadri, ro-

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melic suls gvixuTavs da ar gvaZlevs saSualebas mamakacebTan erTad vimuSaoT Cveni qveynis sakeTildReoT.

აmitom Cven aRfrTovanebiT vegebebiT sabWoTa mTavrobis mowodebas da mouwodebT yvela aWarel qalebs aixadon Cad-ri da miiRon aqtiuri monawileoba Cveni qveynis aRmSenebloba-Si”

18 ianvars sof. xixaZirSi simReriT Tavi moiyara 140 qalma mamakacebTan erTad. misasalmebel sityvebis Semdeg sazeimo krebis monawile qalebma aixades da gadayares Cadri. sami Cadri aqve krebaze sajarod dawves.

Aam sami dRis ganmavlobaSi xulos mazraSi Cadri aixada 300 qalma.

dRes sof. kaloTaSi mowveulia qalTa sazeimo kreba, ro-melzedac qalebi aixdian Cadrs.

xulos mazraRmaskomis Tavjdomარე r. xozrevaniZe gazeTi “fuxara”, 1929 wlis 20 ianvari

ra sargeblobas moutans qimia fuxaras

Mmiwis damuSavebaze Cveni fuxara uamrav Sromas xarjavs.

Cven varTmevT miwas yvelafers, rasac ki gvaZlevs is; samagie-rod ki is Cvengan arafers Rebulobs dakarguli noyierebis aRsadgenaT, rasac SedegaT mosdevs niadagis Tan da TanobiTi gamofitva da mosavlis raodenobis Semcireba. Uukanaskneli mi-zezis gamo ki fuxara ver inazRaurebs mis mier daxarjul Sromas.

momavalSi es ki ar unda gagrZeldes. seriozulaT unda movifiqroT soflis meurneobaSi qimiis gamoyenebaze. Ddroa uk-ve gamoviyenoT qimiuri saSualebani miwis gasanayofiereblad da mosavlianobis gasadideblad.

SarSan saqarTvelos zogierT soflebSi glexebi gaecnen xelovnur sasuqebs da moaxdinen pirveli cdebi, magram sasur-vel Sedegebs ver miaxwies, radgan arc sasuqis xmareba icodnen da xeiriani rCevac ver miiRes gamocdil xelmZRvanelTa uyo-lobis gamo. magram aq aRsaniSnavia TviT is faqti, rom gle-xi dainteresda miwis qimiuri ganoyierebiT.

Mmeore mxriT, glexebs yavT udidesi mtrebi-soflis meur-neobis mavneblebi. am dReebSi gazeTebSi iyo cnoba, rom qedis mazraSi gaCenila kalia, xulos mazraSi ki mindvris Tagvebi. garda amisa fuxaras uamravi mteri yavs, romlebic afuWebs da anadgurebs maT naoflars. magaliTad davasaxeloT magaliTi-saTvis Tundac simindis mavneblebi. simidis mavneblebs imitom vasaxeleb, rom mas sxva mcenareebTan SedarebiT TiTqmis yve-

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laze meti yavs. amave dros Cveni fuxara xalxis mTavar saz-rdos TiTqmis yvelgan simindi Seadgens. Tesvis dRidan mas Tan sdevs esa Tu is mweri da mosvenebas ar aZlevs. zogi maT-gani daTesil simindis marcvals niadagSive anadgurebs, zo-gi etaneba norC mcenares da mis fesvebs, zogi ukve dasrule-bul simindis Reros, taros da marcvlebs. mavnebeli mwerebi motexil da Senaxul simindsac ki anadgureben xolme. simindis mavneblebidan CvenSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia: maxra, beRlis cxvirgrZela xoWo, simindis tili, simindis pepela, si-mindis CrCili da sxva. Aai, am mavnebelTan brZola SeiZleba da kidec swarmoebs qimiis saSualebebiT. Cveni glexoba ki am mav-neblebs pirvelyofili saSualebiT ebrZvis, riTac is mizans ver aRwevs.

“avioqimias” Tavis ZiriTad amocanasTan erTad (aviacii-sa da qimiur mrewvelobis ganviTareba) ar SeuZlia gverdi aua-ros Cven CamorCenil soflis meurneobas, CamorCenils mxolod imitom, rom Cvenma glexobam rogorc moyvanili magaliTidan Cans, ar icis rogor da risTvis unda gamoiyenos qimiuri saSu-alebani. fuxara glexebma, Tavis CamorCenilobiT, sruliad ar ician ra sargebloba SeuZlia misces soflis meurneobas qimi-am.

miwebis mosavlianoba, mavneblebTan brZola qimiuri saSva-lebiT, fuxaras Sromis nayofierebis aweva, fuxaras mZime Sro-mis anazRaureba saukeTeso mosavlianobiT – ai ra Seadgens aWaristanis “aviaqimiis” erT erT morig amocanaTagans. da ro-desac Cven am Cvens amocanas cxovrebaSi gavatarebT da davex-marebiT fuxaras, maSin is darwmundeba, rom mas ara marto Se-pirebebiT kvebaven, aramed namdvil daxmarebasac uweven. maSin is darwmundeba, rom qimia misi megobari yofila da umisoba

mas umweo mdgomareobidan ver gamoiyvans. Gგlexebis mier qimi-ur saSualebaTa farTo gamoyeneba soflis meurneobaSi mo-savlianobis gadidebasTan erTad, amaRlebs mas ekonomiurad, ris gamoc Zlierdeba moTxovnileba qimiur saSualebebze. Uuka-naskneli ki saxelmwifos saSualebas miscems gaafarTovos da gaaZlieros qimiuri mrewveloba.

gaZlierebuli qimiuri mrewveloba ki sabWoTa kavSirs Zlier esaWiroeba, radgan mas kidev bevri yavs mteri, romel-Tac qimiuri mrewveloba bevrad ufro ganviTarebuli aqvs da, rasakvirvelia, Tu isini Cven winaaRmdeg brZolis gunebaze dadgnen, cxadia rom isini Cvens winaaRmdeg gacilebiT met mxrColav da mwamlav nivTierebebs ixmaren, vidre amas adgi-li qonda msoflio omSi. Aaqedan cxadia, rom qimiuri mrewve-lobis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli unda iyos Cveni gle-

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xoba, raTa Cveni gaZlierebuli qimiuri mrewveloba daupirdapi-roT kapitalistur qveynebis qimrewvelobas.

sabWoTa mTavrobas ar aqvs saSvaleba qimiuri mrewvelo-bisaTvis didi Tanxa gadadvas, radgan es Tanxa mZime tvirTaT awveba isev imave glexobas gadasaxadebis saxiT, amitom Cvenma mTavrobam airCia meore gza-ufro saRi da iafi: man, sanam qimi-ur mrewvelobis farTo Senebas Seudgebodes, gadawyvita “avio-qimiis” saSvalebiT mimarTos glexebs da mis meurneobas da aux-snas mas praqtikulad qimiis gamoyeneba meurneobis gasaum-jobeseblad da mosavlianobis gasadideblad. Qqimiur saSua-lebaTa farTo gamoyenebiT Tavis meurneobaSi glexoba bevrjer ufro met sargeblobas miscems saxelmwifos, vidre samxedro

qimiuri mrewvelobis SenebisaTvis daწesebul gadasaxadis Ta-vis droze SetaniT.

Aai, Yyvelaferi is rac unda SevagnebinoT Cvens fuxaras. Aam muSaobaSi Cven farTod unda gamoviyenoT soflebSi momu-Save maswavleblebi, agronomebi, eqimebi, eqimebis TanaSemweebi, partiuli amxanagebi, komkavSirelebi da sxva. Eeseni upirveles yovlisa avioqimiis soflis ujredebis aqtiur wevrebad unda gaxden, moawyon leqcia-saubrebi, xma maRla kiTxva fuxaras-Tan, auxsnan maT qimiis raoba da misi sargebloba meurneobi-saTvis. Ffuxaras dasarwmuneblad unda moewyos soflebSi (sasurvelia skolebTan) sacdel-saCvenebeli mindvrebi, baRebi, bostnebi, sadac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mineraluri sasuqebis ga-moyenebis Cveneba da axsna. Uunda moewyos agreTve “afioqimi”-s kuTxeebi patara biblioTekebiT da plakat-lozungebiT. qox-samkiTxveloebSi, skolebSi, saxalxo saxlebSi da Yyvelgan, sa-dac ki moxerxdeba didi adgili unda daeTmos am Temaze fu-xarasTan saubars. saqme didia gasakeTebeli, Sedegebic misgan didmniSvnelovani iqneba da sityva-saqmed unda iqces.

gazeTi “fuxara”, 1925w. 24 ivlisi i.s. _ Ze

Mm a z r e b S i

TviTnebobas da fuxrebis abuCad agdebas bolo unda moeRos ( xma yaraderedan )

Aam ramodenime dRis winaT xalxSi xma gavrcelda, rom

fuxrebisaTvis mTavrobas gadmoucia Semweobao. Tanaxmad maz-ris aRmaskomis cirkuliarisa, Temi Seudga dazaralebulTa si-is Sedgenas. samwuxarod, sia ver Sesdga samarTlianad. daxma-reba gaewia umTavresad soflis SeZlebul glexobas.

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Aam ori dRis winaT momixvda soflebSi mogzauroba. Cem SekiTxvaze, fuxara glexebma mipasuxes: ra vqnaT Zia, Cven fux-rebi, igini aRiebia, maT icnoben, aba Cven vin Segvxedavs.

rogorc gadmomces, aseT SemTxvevasac Hhqonis adgili: am

ramodenime dRis winaთ mTaze moTxovnili iyo ramodenime kaci darajad. Aam Temidanac dasaxelda erTi fuxarac, magram im wuTSi gaCndnen soflis mokulako konkurentebi da Seudgnen imis mtkicebas, rom xsenebuli fuxara ver SeZlebda samsaxurs. მizezad asaxelebdnen im garemoebas, rom fuxaras ar aqvs tani-samosi. adgilobrivma saeqimo punqtis gamgem aRniSnul glexs misca Tavisi tanisamosi, rom xeli Seewyo misi daniSvnisaT-vis. ramdenime saaTis Semdeg xsenebulma fuxaram TviT ganac-xada uari samsaxurze. Zalian gamakvirva misma aseTma moqcevam da CemiT davekiTxe mizezi. mipasuxa: Cveni efendis Svils un-da iq wasvla, me xom win ver aRudgebodio da, romc wavide mainc ar damayenebso. aseT movlenebs, samwuxaroT, dResac aqvs adgili zogierT adgilSi.

daxmareba umal unda miiRos uRaribesma, magram xSiraT aseTs Rebuloben soflis kulakebi.

saWiroa mieqces yuradReba fuxrebis mdgomareobas da damnaSave mieces pasuxisgebaSi. Mme ar mgonia, rom sxva Temeb-Sic ase iyos. Aaq yaraderSi, rogorc mivardnil da centri-dan daSorebul TemSi, kidev TareSoben aRebi, efendebi da soflis kulakebi. gazeTi “ fuxara”, 1925 weli 24 ivlisi

y. – i.

lufis kultura aWaristanSi

rogorc viciT, aWaristanSi miwis naklebobas metad mwvave xasiaTi aqvs, daaxloebiT TiTo komlze saSualod modis 1 nax. Ddesiatinaze naklebi vargisiani miwa.

es mdgomareoba gvavalebs aWaristanSi gavavrceloT iseTi intersiuli saxis mcenareebi, romlebic, marTalia, bevr Sro-mas da Tanxas moiTxoven, magram samagieroT am Sromis gamwevs uxvad ajildovebs, Tavisi SemosavlianobiT. amgvar kulturaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos Cai, mandarinebi, limoni, forToxali, bambuki da sxva subtropikebi, romlebmac moqalaqeobrivi uf-lebebi moipoves Cven sinamdvileSi da Rrmad SeiWrnen Cveni glexis meurneobaSi. es mebaReobis dargSi. rac Seexeba memin-dvreobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom aq mdgomareoba moikoWlebs da jer-jerobiT misi are SezRudulia mxolod da mxolod simin-diT, romelic friad ubaraqoT unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan Cveni miwebi imdenad gamofitulia, rom simindis mosavlianoba ar

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aRemateba erT desetinidan 30-40 fuTs da im miznis misaxწevad, rom es raodenoba gadidebul iqnes sxva da sxva sasuqebis Se-taniT uazro xdeba TviT sasuqebis siZviris gamo. Aamitom Cve-ni meurneobis ZiriTad dargSi unda Setanili iqnes iseTi kul-tura, romelic erTis mxriv mokle xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoi-Rebs Tavis Sedegs da meore mxriv TvalsaCinoT gaadidebs Cve-ni glexis mcire biujets.

am kulturaTa Soris yvelaze ufro didi yuradReba Cvens pirobebSi udavod unda mieqces lufs, romlis moSenebis piro-bebi da rentabeloba Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis ukve gamorkveu-lia. L

lufis samSoblod iTvleba tropikuli azia, sxva nacad jiSTa Soris, rogorc Cven pirobebSi da agreTve bazris moT-xovnilebisaTvis yvelaze ukeTes jiSad unda CaiTvalos ci-lindriuli “lufa cilindrka”

Cveulebriv kitrisebur saxis mcenare, romlis saxmar na-wils Seadgens kitris guli, daseriuli badisebur ujredebiT. Uuyvars Tbili da mziani adgilebi, swyens qari, magram did zi-ans ar ayenebs. plantaciis gasaSenebeli adgilebi unda damu-Savdes Semodgomaze, an adre gazafxulze. niadagi unda moixnas Semodgomaze 25-30 santimetris siRrmeze, xolo gazafxulze un-da amoRebul da damzadebul iqnes ormoebi 30 santimetris siRrmis da 50 santimetr siganisa. ormo ormodan rigSi unda daSorebuli iqnes erTi metris manZilze, xolo rigi rigidan ki 1 nax. sigrZeze. Kkargi gafxvierebuli, msubuqi da Rrmad ga-noyierebuli niadagi, risTvisac sakmarisia TiTo ormoSi 10-12 givarqa gadamwvar saqonlis pativis Setana.

saTes masalaT ufro varga Zveli 2-3 wliani gadarCeuli Tesli.

vinaidan lufis savegetacio zrdis xana udris 6-7 Tves, amisaTvis unda daiTesos rac SeiZleba adrianad ukve aRmoce-nebuli mcenare da unda gadirgas plantaciaSi.

TiTo ormoSi iTeseba 2 santimetr siRmeze 2-3 marcvali, romliTac aRmocenebis Semdeg toveben erT magar Zirs, danar-Cens ki spoben. Aam rigad erT desiatinaze eteva 8.000 Ziri mce-nare. Eeseni unda aikras 3 metri simaRlis Wigoebze, romlebic irWoba niadagSi vertikalurad, xolo masze gorizontalurad gayavT erTi wyeba Wigoebisa, plantacia unda gaiwmindos sare-vela balaxebisagan, risTvis unda gaiToxnos saWiroebis da mixedviT. 2-3 jer, lufis mcenare uSvebs 3-5 metris sigrZis ylortebs. romelic isxams, Tu niadagi nayofieri, 8-10 cal kitrs, romlebidanac nayofis gamosayvanad unda datovebul iqnes 5-6 calamde TiTo Zirze. am rigad erTi desiatinidan Seg-viZlia miviRoT 40-48.000 cali, romelic damwifdeba daaxlove-

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biT mariamobisTveSi, Tu adre daTesilia. kitris simwifis da mokrefis moments udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan damwife-bul, an da daumwifebel kitridan bazrisaTvis saWiro saqo-nels ver miviRebT. Llufis kitrebis mokrefis xana dgeba daax-loebiT mariamobisTveSi da gastans oqtombris pirvel ric-xvamde.

miRebul saqonlis damuSavebis teqnika SemdgomSi mdgoma-reobs: kitris kans gaseraven sigrZeze, gamoiReben guls, rom-lis ujredebSi moTavsebulia Tesli (fasi misi 8-10 man. gir-vanqa), romelic nayofis umniSvnelo SenjRreviT cvica, Sem-deg nayofs garecxaven civ wyalSi lorwoian garsis moSorebis mizniT. Aamis Semdeg naxevari saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda Caiya-ros aduRebul wyalSi, ris Semdegac saWiroa cota Selilave-bul civ wyalSi gavleba siTeTris misacemaT, unda aikinZos, mzeze gaaSros da daitkepnos.

muSaobis ukanasknel operacias Seadgens bazris moTxovni-lebis Tanaxmad daxarisxeba pirvel xarisxad, romelic Seicavs mozrdil, meore xarisxi saSualo da mesame mokle zomis ek-zempliarebs. saerTod erTi desiatina lufis damuSaveba jdeba glexur meurneobaSi, romelic iyenebs sakuTar muSa xels. 2000 maneTamde, Semosavali ki, Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi TiTo ca-lis Rirebulebas 15 kap., udris 6000-7200 m. rasac arc erTi am-Jamad arsebuli kultura ar iZleva da verc mogcems.

gazeTi “fuxara”, 1927wlis 22 marti ა. kekeliZe

Cadris axdis sakiTxi

xulos TemSi sabWoTa arCevnebi Catarda Cadris sakiTxis

garSemo cxare brZolis niSnis qveS. kulakuri elementebi, xo-jebi da yvela vinc xalxis sibneliT sargeblobs, cdiloben qalebze gavlenis moxdenas da saarCevno krebebis CaSlas. maT sawinaaRmdegoT Cadris axdas icavdnen xulos qalebis Segne-buli warmomadgenlebi.

yvelaze saintereso iyo erTi SemTxveva, romelsac adgili hqonda sof. dekanaSvilebis saarCevno krebaze. Cadris axdis Se-saxeb moxsenebis garSemo kamaTSi gamovida sundux TavarTqila-Ze da ganacxada, rom cal-calke aWarel qalebs Zlier uWirT Cadris axda, erT sofelSi erTi qalis mier uCadroT siaruli namdvili gmirobaa, rasac yvelas ver movsTxovT. Cven sofelSi, sTqva sundux TavarTqilaZem, Cadri aixada da dawva lufTie bolqvaZem. Cadr axdili qali exla mezoblis sasacilod gax-des, ra unda qnas qalma?

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amave krebaze gamovida TviT lufTie bolqvaZe, romelmac aixada da dawva Cadri. man sTqva: _ me Cadri avixade, davwvi. sofelSi ki me damcinian, unda gadamasaxlon soflidan. Mme amis ar meSinia. mTavroba saTanado pasuxs mosTxovs Cadrax-dil qalebis damcinavs, Semwuxebels. magram me damcinian imi-tom, rom erTi var. aixados yvela qalma Cadri da vnaxavT, Tu vin gabedavs maT dacinvas.

am krebaze didi kamaTi iyo amis Sesaxeb, luTbie bol-qvaZis magaliTiT qalebi daSinebulan. isini moiTxovdnen ka-nonis gamocemas, rom yvela qalebma aixadon Cadri da maT da-cinvas vervin gabedavs.

gazeTi “ fuxara”, 1929 wlis 18 ianvari

g.i.

Z i r s C a d r i

me var 65 wlis moxuci aWareli qali. Cem SvilTan (komu-

nistia) saubarma damarwmuna, rom Cadri aris samarcxvino Cveu-leba, romelic suls uxuTavs aWarel qals da ar aZlevs mas saSualebas gaigos cxovrebis av-kargi da Tavis mamebTan, qmrebTan da ZmebTan erTad imuSaos Cveni qveynis sakeTildRe-oT.

mivedi ra am daskvnamde, me dauyovnebliv avixade Cadri. Cems magaliTs mibaZen Cemma 4 qaliSvilma da 2 rZalma.

mouwodebT mibaZon Cvens magaliTs sof. Kkvirikes mcx. sa-lix kirisiloRlis, ali miqelaZis, xasan menabdis da sxv. mo-winave glexebis debma da dedebma.

Zirs Cadri! gaumarjos Tavisufal aWarel qals.

gazeTi “fuxara”, 1929 wlis 18 ianvari emide revaziSvili

aWarel qalTa zeimi sxalTis TemSi 100 aWarelma qalma aixada Cadri

guSin redaqciam xulos mazraRmaskomis Tavjdomare amx.

riza xozrevaniZisagan miiRo Semdegi Sinaarsis telefonogra-ma:

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“xuloSi Camovidnen sxalTis sof. Txilvanis, bakos mcx. aWareli qalebi, ricxviT 100, romelmac sajarod aixades Cadri da gadayares.

imave dRes Camovidnen sof. xixaZiris da Wvanis glexebi da sTxoves adgilobriv partorganizacias moiwvios xsene-bul soflebSi sazeimo sxdoma, sadac maTi ojaxis wevri qa-lebi sajarod moixdian Cadrs.

saerTod mTels mazraSi Cadris axdis kompania warmatebiT mimdinareobs. maxlobel dReebSi mTel rig soflebSi Catarda sazeimo krebebi, sadac aWareli qalebi samudamod ganTavisuf-ldebian am monur Cveulebisagan.

gazeTi “ fuxara”, 1929 wlis 18 ianvari xulos mazris aRmaskomis Tavjdomare r. xozrevaniZe

mowerili ambebi

sufsis mSromel qalTa Soris. 27 ivniss d. sufsaSi swarmoebda araCveulebrivi mzadeba.

Mmeore dRisTvis daniSnuli iyo axalgazrda qalTa konferen-cia. Semkuli iqna, rogorc daba sufsa, ise saxalxo darbazic, sadac unda gaxsniliyo konferencia. kviras 28 ivliss moxTa

lamazi demonstracia. Dდemonstracias win miuZRoda gundi in-ternacionalis simReriT, gunds Tan miyvebodnen pionerebi da Semdeg axalgazrda qalebi. demonstraciis Semdeg xalxma Tavi moiyara saxalxo saxlSi.

konferencia gaixsna 4 saaTze. konferencias xsnis axal-gazrda komkavSireli qali. Pprezidiumis wevrebad arCeuli iq-na 9 qali. Kkonferencias miesalmen sufsis raionis qalTa Soris momuSave organizatori, ax.l.k.k. raikomis mdivani da delegatTa qalebis saxeliT asx.a. keWaRmaZe. Mmisalmebas abo-lavebda gundi internacionaliT. misalmebis Semdeg iyo moxse-nebebi: 1. qalTa moZraobaze (a.keWaymaZe), 2. qalTa mdgomareoba sabWoTa respublikaSi da maTi sazogadoebrivi politikuri roli, (momx. v.jayeli), 3. saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, komkavSi-ris roli da amocanebi soflad qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjo-besebis sferoSi (momxsenebeli amx. m. Wyonia). Mmoxsenebis Sem-deg miRebul iqna rezoluciebi, romelSiac aRniSnulia, rom Segnebuli mSromeli qalebi mTeli TavianTi SeZlebiT gauwe-ven xelmZRvanelobas CamorCenil mSromel glex qalebs da sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan erTad imuSaveben sameurneo da kul-turuli cxovrebis aRorZinebisaTvis.

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konferenciis mowvevis aRsaniSnavad gamarTul iqna ufaso warmodgena.

gazeTi “ fuxara”, 1925 weli 5 ivlisi a_i.

vebrZoloT loTobas (werili Suaxorgidan)

samegrelo. Sua-xorgis xeze momuSave zogierT muSebs dRemdis ver Se-

ugniaT loTobis mavnebloba da ganuwyvetliv dRe-Rame qeifo-ben, aris erTi vai-uSvelebeli, Jriamuli da Cxubi. iyo aseTi SemTxveva: muSaobis dros papanaqeba sicxeSi, rodesac SeSiT datvirTuli vagoni kameC gabmuli udgas, daTvra arayiT muSa g. dolbaia, namdvil giJs daemsgavsa, vinc Sexvdeboda, yvelas urtyamda da bolos gadavarda wyalSi. saerTod aq bevri pro-fesionaluri loTia: duru, xaritoni da Toma lefonavebi, ga-gi dolbaia, akaki jabava, sara dolbaia, kosta mircxulava, sa-ba dolbaia, raJden jobava da sxva. gasakviria Tu saidan aqvT amdeni arayis da Rvinis fuli? administracias xSirad uxdeba uTanxmoeba maTTan am niadagze. maTi saqcieli Cirqs scxebs mTels muSebs.

profkavSiri am cud movlenis aRmofxvraSi erTob moi-sustebs, iyo saerTo krebis dadgenileba, rom “loTobis Cam-deni unda gamoericxaT kavSiridan”

moviTxovT loTobis winaaRmdeg gadamWreli zomebis miRe-bas.

1925 wlis 5 ivlisi muSkori Suaxorgeli alio

Aamerikelebis samecniero eqspedicia yazbegze

am ramodenime dRis winaT Cvens gazeTSi moTavsebuli iyo

cnoba, rom amerikidan leningradSi Cavida da iqidan saqarTve-loSi gamoemgzavreba samecniero eqspedicia yazbegis mwverval-zed asasvlelad da iq maikelsonis cdebis gansameoreblad.

maikelsonis cda SemdegSi mdgomareobs: ingliselma mecni-erma maqsvelma gamoimuSava maTematikuri SeTanasworeba, rom-liTac gamodioda, rom Tu Suqis sxivs gauSvebT miwis moZrao-bis pirdapir an paralelurad igi xan damokldeba da xan gag-rZeldeba dedamiwis moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT.

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Aam Teoriis Sesamowmeblad cnobilma amerikelma mecnier-ma maikelsonma moaxdina cda specialurad am miznisaTvis dam-zadebuli aparatiT, romelsac interferometrs uwodeben. Mmai-kelsonis pirvelma cdam ar moitana mosalodneli Sedegebi, e.i. ar damtkicda maqsvelis formula, sxva mecnierebi ar daeTan-xmen maekelsonis cdas da moaxdinen analogiuri cdebi sxva pi-robebSi. ukanasknelma cdebma ukve moitanes mosalodneli, da-debiTi Sedegebi.

sxvaTa Soris maikelsonis cdaze aago Tavisi relativo-bis Teoria ganTqmulma mecnierma einSteinma.

Suqis sxivi _ es movlenaa haerovani eTeris moZraobis da es eTeri ki dedamiwis moZraobasTn erTad moZraobs, vinaidan sagnebi mas izidaven moZraobis procesSi. amitom sainteresoa am cdis moxdena sagnebidan gancalkavebiT, sadme maRal mwver-valze.

germanelma mecnierma kamererma moaxdina erT mwverval-ze aseTi cda da miiRo dadebiTi Sedegi, e.i. damtkicda, rom Suqis sxivebi, Tu maT gauSvebT dedamiwis mimarT xan damok-ldebian da xan gagrZeldebian, moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT .

1926 weli 30 noemberi

s a s o f l o m e u r n e o b a Cais buCqis movla-moSeneba

Nniadagi.

Cais buCqi Tumca ar Txoulobs Zalian noyier, msuqan mi-was, magram yvela niadagze is mainc ar xarobs.

aWaristanis Savi zRvis ganapira raionSi yvelaze ukeTes miwaT iTvleba Cais buCqebisaTvis egreT wodebuli lateria-tuli niadagi, romelic aris mowiTalo feris, rac maCvenebe-lia niagadSi rkinis simJavis arsebobisa.., ozurgeTis mazraSi Cais buCqebisaTvis vargisiani miwebi iwodeba “ewrebaT”. erTi sityviT, Cais buCqebisaTvis gamodgeba is adgili, sadac Zalian kargaT xarobs gvimbra, xolo mcenareebisaTvis-ki TiTqmis uvargisia. Cais Teslis mogroveba da misi Senaxva.

Cais buCqebi mravldeba yovelTvis TesliT, Tumca SesaZ-lebelia misi gamravleba totebiTac. Mmagram es ukanaskneli saSualeba gamosadegi ar aris. Cais Tesli unda moikrifos Se-modgomaze, rodesac is mwifea, ris Setyoba SeiZleba kolo-fis garegan siwiTliT da Teslis mier yavis feris miRebiT. Tesli unda moikrifos kolofianad Cais buCqebidan da rom ko-

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lofebidan Tesli advilad gamocvindes kolofi Ria unda iy-ves. Tesli unda daiyaros mzeze, Teslis gamoRebis Semdeg ki mze aRar aris saWiro.

Cais Tesli unda moikrifos iseT buCqebidan, romelTa ji-Si CvenSi kargad xarobs. magaliTad CineTis “gidridi”, da ag-reTve jiSi ”kangra”. Tesli unda moikrifos Ronier buCqebidan xnovanebiT ara nakleb xuTi wlisa, rom mokrefili Cais Tesli ar gafuWdes. yvelaze ukeTesia misi maSinve daTesva, magram Tu es amindis mixedviT ar xerxdeba, maSin Tesli unda Seinaxo iseT alagas, sadac is ar gaxmeba. misi Senaxva SeiZleba fxvnil, axlad aRebul svel miwaSi, romelSiac unda airios Tesli da Caiyaros tomaraSi da dakidos mSral adgilas, rom yoveli mxridan miiRos haeri da Tesli ar daobdes. Aam rigaT Tesli unda Seinaxos gazafxulamde.

Cais daTesva. Cais plantaciisaTvis daniSnuli adgili Tu ki is xeebiTa

da buCqebiT aris dafaruli unda gaiwmindos, xeebi da buCqebi unda amoiRos miwidan fesvebianad da uvargisi totebi unda daiwvas miwis gasanayofiereblad. Semdeg miwa unda gadabrun-des 8-10 verS.; gadabrunebuli miwa unda gaiwmindos Zirebisagan. Mmiwis gadabruneba sasurvelia Cais daTesvis win ramodenime xniT adre, Tu Cais dasaTesi adgili warmoadgens mTagorian adgils, saWiroa misi terasebaT e.i. gebad dayofa, rom niadagi Rvarma ar Camorecxos. terasebs unda mieces iseTi sigane, romelzedac unda daetios TiTo mwkrivi Cais buCqebisa, 1/2 ar-Sinamde.

Hhavaze da niadagze damokidebulia Cais buCqebis raode-noba erT desentinaze. CvenSi saerTod SemoRebulia TiTo de-setinaze Svidi aTasidan aTi aTas buCqis gaSeneba.

swor adgilze Cai unda daiTesos mwkrivebiT da Wadra-kuli wesiT. rigi rigidan daSorebuli unda iqnes 1 3/4 arS.-buCqi, buCqidan rigSi 1 1/4 buCqidan rigSi 1 1/4 arS.

Mmiwis dagegmva unda moxdes windawinve. TiTo ormoSi un-da CaiTesos 5-6-de marcvali Cais Teslisa, radganac mosalod-nelia kakali yvela ar movides. Tesli unda daifaros verSoki miwiT.

gazeTi ,,fuxara”, 1925 weli 21 noemberi a. CitaiSvili

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aWareli qali neli, magram mtkice nabijiT gamodis aWareli qali sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovrebis sarbielze. 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi pro-letarulma revoluciam Searxia aWaristanis mTebSi saukunoeb-rivad Caketili musulmani qali. iwyeba aWarel qalis gamof-xizleba da Zvel monur yofa-cxovrebis winaaRmdeg brZola.

umecrebis da mama-papiseul CveulebebiT dabnelebul aWa-relTa qox-maxebsac miswvda didi oqtombris sxivi da aWarel qalsac Semoesma uCveulo xma…. . . aWarel qals uTxres, rom isic adamiania da sabWoTa kanonebiT_mamakacis toli da Tanas-wori.

sabWoTa samusulmano qveynebs Soris aWaristanSi yvelaze gvian damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba. amiT aixsneba is garemoe-ba, rom CvenSi aWarel qalTa didi umravlesoba jer kidev Tav-dauRwevelia Zvel adaT-Cveulebebisagan da umecrebis buru-sebSia Ggaxveuli.

maSin, rodesac mTels sabWoTa aRmosavleTSi 7287 komkav-Sireli qalia, aWaristanSi arc erTi komkavSireli aWareli qali ar mogvepoveba. xolo komkavSiris gareSe, axali Taobis komunisturi aRzrdis gareSe, Cven ver SevqmniT axal yofa-cxovrebas, ver gamoviyvanT aWarel qals Seugneblobis da umecrebis wyvdiadidan.

Cven mxolod am ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi movkideT xeli polit-ganmanaTlebeli muSaobis warmoebas musulman qal-

Ta Soris. ჩვენ დაარსეთ ორი კლუბი აჭარელ ქალისათვის: ბათომსა და ქობულეთში.

sabWoTa aRmosavleTis qveynebSi amJamad arsebobs 51 qalTa klubi da 161 qalTa wiTeli kuTxe, romelTa garSemo Semokrebilia 19.000 musulmani qali.

Ees xom daujerebeli ambavia, es xom udidesi mixwevaa!! im qalTa klubebi ganaTlebis da TviTganviTarebis nam-

dvili keraa. muSaoba sduRs da gadmodis. . . aWaristani TvalsaCinoT CamorCa sabWoTa aRmosavleTis

sxva qveynebs (daRestans, uzbekistans, azerbaijans da sx.). Cven mxolod exlaxan movkideT xeli muSaobas am dargSi da miRwe-vebic SedarebiT umniSvnelo gvaqvs. Mmagram amieridan Cveni mu-Saoba aWarel qalTa Soris axal fexze unda Sesdges. qalTa ganyofilebam da aWarel qalTa komitetma farToT da energiu-laT unda mohkidon xeli muSaobas.

Cveni gazeTi guSindel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli iyo s. k.p.(b) aWarkomis Tezisebis proeqti soflad muSaobis Sesaxeb. Aam TezisebSi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia aWarel qalTa Soris muSaobis sakiTxs. es sakiTxi erT-erT mTavar amocanad unda Sevides Cveni momavali muSaobis gegmaSi.

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dRevandel “fuxaraSi” ibeWdeba qobuleTis aWarel qalTa klubis sazeimo gaxsnis angariSi, saidanac mkiTxveli daina-xavs, Tu rogor ematebian Segnebul da gaTvicnobierebul aWa-rel qalTa mcirericxovan rigebs axal-axali Zalebi.

aWarel qalTa Soris muSaobisTvis niadagi mzad aris. Eexla saqme qalTa ganyofilebasa da aWarel qalTa komitet-zea.

aWareli qali farToT unda gamovides sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sarbielze. amas moiTxovs komunisturi partiis da sabWoTa aWaristanis arsebiTi interesebi.

gazeTi “fuxara” 1925wlis 21 noemberi

                                          

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milocva saarqivo sammarTvelo ara marto dokumentsacavi da mecni-

erebis umniSvnelovanesi keraa, aramed megobrobisa da siyvaru-lis, urTierTdafasebisa da urTierTpativiscemis didi tradi-ciebis mqone dawesebuleba. aq ixseneben, afaseben, eferebian Rvawlmosil da amagdar adamianebs, gamoCenil arqivistebs, mec-nierebs, mwerlebs, poetebs, sazogado moRvaweebs. Aaq arc saku-Tar kolegebs iviwyeben, axseneben saiubileo TariRebs da sa-jarod ulocaven erTmaneTs.

2013 weli saiubileoa genadi kaxailiSis (60), nazi SaraSi-Zis (55), Tengiz saluqvaZis (55), nazi nagervaZis (55), madona cxa-daZis (50), aslan abaSiZisaTvis (50).

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yvela maTgani saukeTeso adamianuri TvisebebiT Semkuli adami-anebi arian, gamoirCevian profesionalizmiT, auCqareblobiT, sidinjiT, mosmenis unariT, urTierTpativiscemis grZnobiT. isi-ni Tanamedrove cxovrebis SuagulSi arian, arqivisa da arqivis-tebis interesebiT cocxloben, megobrebisa da axloblebis si-xarulsa da tkivils iziareben, cxovroben da cocxloben uy-vedrebeli patiosnebiTa da samagaliTo zneobiT.Aamitomac ve-ferebiT da saiubileo wels vulocavT Cvens kolegebs, vusur-vebT bednierebas, sixaruls, warmatebebs pirad cxovrebasa da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi.

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Sinaarsi:

1. Tamaz futkaraZe,zaza burkaZe, nino gogitiZe, saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesi wminda eqvTime RvTis¬kaci......................................3 2. fridon qardava, 1924 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi britanul wyaroebSi ...............................................................................18 3. ciuri qaTamaZe, jvaris mama - markoz aWareli................................22 4. oTar gogoliSvili, saxalxo milicia aWaraSi XIX s-is dasasrulsa da XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi .......................................28 5. omar memiSiSi, redupli¬kacia lazurSi ................................................38 6. zaza burkaZe, safrangeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan .................................................................................................................................40 7. erdoRan Senol (erekle daviTaZe), TurqeTis qarTvelebis TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis -------------------------------------- 46 8. S. mamulaZe, g. yifiani, e. kaxiZe, aRmosavleT WaneTis safortifikacio nagebobani (aTinas cixe-kiz-kale)..........................52 9. Tamaz futkaraZe, istoriuli WaneTis aRmosavleT nawilSi daculi sayofacxovrebo arqiteqturis nimuSebi (sacxovrebeli nagebobebi)..........................................................................................58 10. marina jinWaraZe sxvadasxva mxatvrul-stilisturi ten-denciebi XX s-is qarTul xelovnebaSi --------------------------------- 84 saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebi: 1. iusticiis saxalxo komisariati-----------------------------------------88 2. xariton axvledianis muzeumSi daculi masalebidan ----110 3. Zveli presis furclebidan -----------------------------------------------114 milocva .......................................................................................................................................130

 

 

 

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

 


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