8-1

Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Chapter 08Chapter 08

Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**

8-2

Articulations and Movement

Chapter 8

8-3

Articulations or Joints

• Articulation or Joint– Place where two bones come together– Freely movable to limited to no apparent

movement– Structure correlated with movement

• Named– According to bones or parts united at joint– According to only one of articulating bones– By Latin equivalent of common name

8-4

Classes of Joints

• Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones– Fibrous– Cartilaginous– Synovial

• Functional: Based on degree of motion – Synarthrosis: Nonmovable– Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable– Diarthrosis: Freely movable

8-5

Fibrous Joints

• Characteristics– United by fibrous

connective tissue

– Have no joint cavity

– Move little or none

• Types– Sutures

– Syndesmoses

– Gomphoses

8-6

Syndesmoses

• Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments

• Some movement may occur

8-7

Gomphoses

• Specialized joints• Pegs that fit into

sockets• Inflammations

– Gingivitis

– Periodontal disease

8-8

Cartilaginous Joints

• Unite two bones by means of cartilage

• Types– Synchondroses

• Joined by hyaline

• Little or no movement

– Symphyses• Fibrocartilage uniting

two bones

8-9

Synchondroses

8-10

Synovial Joints

• Allow considerable movement

• Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton

• Complex– Articular cartilage and disks– Joint cavity and capsule– Synovial membrane and

fluid

• Bursae– Pockets of synovial fluid– Bursitis

8-11

Types of Synovial Joints

• Plane or gliding

• Saddle

• Hinge

• Pivot

• Ball-and-socket

• Ellipsoid

8-12

Plane and Pivot Joints

• Plane or Gliding joints– Monoaxial

– Example:Articular processes between vertebrae

• Pivot joints– Monoaxial

– Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

8-13

Saddle and Hinge Joints

• Saddle Joints– Biaxial

– Example: Thumb

• Hinge Joints– Monoaxial

– Example: elbow, knee

8-14

Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Ellipsoid– Modified ball-and-

socket – Biaxial– Example:

Atlantooccipital joint

• Ball-and-socket– Multiaxial– Examples: shoulder

and hip joints

8-15

Types of Movement

• Gliding• Angular

– Flexion and Extension• Hyperextension

• Plantar and Dorsiflexion

– Abduction and Adduction

• Circular– Rotation

– Pronation and Supination

– Circumduction

8-16

Flexion and Extension

8-17

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

8-18

Abduction and Adduction

8-19

Rotation and Pronation and Supination

8-20

Circumduction

8-21

Special Movements

• Unique to only one or two joints

• Types– Elevation and Depression– Protraction and Retraction– Opposition and Reposition– Inversion and Eversion

8-22

Elevation and Depression

8-23

Protraction and Retraction

8-24

Excursion

8-25

Opposition and Reposition

8-26

Inversion and Eversion

8-27

Range of Motion

• Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint

• Types– Active

– Passive

• Influenced by– Shape of articular surfaces forming joint

– Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces

– Strength and location of ligaments and tendons

– Location of muscles associated with joint

– Amount of fluid in and around joint

– Amount of use/disuse of joint

– Amount of pain in and around joint

8-28

Temporomandibular Joint

• TMJ• Combination plane

and ellipsoid joint• TMJ Disorders

– Cause most chronic orofacial pain

8-29

Shoulder Joint

8-30

Elbow Joint

8-31

Hip Joint

8-32

Knee Joint

• Modified hinge joint• Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks• Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL• Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

8-33

Knee Injuries and Disorders

• Football injuries• Bursitis• Chondromalacia

– Softening of cartilage

• Hemarthrosis: – Acute

• “Water on the knee”– Slower accumulation

8-34

Ankle Joint

• Highly modified hinge joint

• Ligaments of arch– Hold bones in proper

relationship

– Transfer weight

8-35

Effects of Aging on Joints

• Tissue repair slows

• Production of synovial fluid declines

• Ligaments and tendons become less flexible

• Decrease in ROM

8-36

Joint Disorders

• Arthritis– Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear

– Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease

• Joint infections– Lyme disease: Tick vector

• Gout– Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)