64336563 Bio Politics an Advanced Introduction Bio Politics Medicine Tech No Science and Heal

7/31/2019 64336563 Bio Politics an Advanced Introduction Bio Politics Medicine Tech No Science and Heal

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B



biopolitics

Medne, ehnene, and Heah n he 21 Cenury

General Ediors: c J. Cp L J

Missing Bodies: Te Poliics o Visibiliy

c J. Cp L J

Agains Healh: How Healh Became he New Moraliy Jh . zl A Kl

Is Breas Bes? aking on he Breaseeding Expers andhe New High Sakes o Moherhood

J B. Wl

Biopoliics: An Advanced InroducionT L



B

An Advanced Introduction

Tomas Lemke

Translated by

Eric Frederick rump

a

N E W Y O R K U N I V E R S I Y P R E S SNew York and London



NW YORK UNIVRIY PR

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v

Cnen

Foreword by Monica J. Casper and Lisa Jean Moore vii

Preface xi

Ic 1

L h B Plc 9

L Ojc Plc 23

T Gv Lvg Bg: chl cl 33 vg Pw B L: Gg Ag 53

Cpl h Lvg l: 65 chl H A Ng

T Dppc Plc 77

T Rv N 93

Vl Plc Bc 105

Ppc: A Alc Bplc 117

Notes 125

References 129

Index 139

About the Author 145



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vii

Frewrd

I N C R E A I N G H E “Bplc” Nw Y U-

v P, w hp chv vl llcl pgcgl. , w w lc cg w pjcxg h p c c chcc

wh h lv. c, w w -cpl chlhp h l, lzg h cp “p-l h ” h l chcc cc l hgh v, vlppg, v cp-

g lcl l. I h v, h c c cc h l chlg,cc, c, clcl pcc. T, w w cgg chlhp h l lh xp g chl. A ll, w w f hhcl c plc lg pcl h-

gphc w.I wh g h gl hcl v h w lgh f h h glh l T L’

Biopoliics, plh gll G. I , c, w v h plc, gvl, “l l” hv -c ccp wl l gg cc ch-lg () clz , cll c , / hlh ll . Hwv, h c h h h l, v q, hcl cv h h g. All , chl c



viii Foreword

vl h cl, xpl, Ag q

cl v wh ch h hw h w gh ppl cp cc. Wh h ll c -cc chlhp plcl pc ,lg vg h cqc, w lv l gg hcl v gg 21-c plc.

T L l g hgh h plcl l-cp. H ch cl cl plcl h, -gzl clg, cl gc pc-v chlg. H cv h Ph.D. plcl cc 1996 h Jh Wlgg Gh Uv , G. H cl Hg P clg whc Bchlg, N, c h cl -

cl cc h Gh Uv. 1997 2006, h w p clg Wppl Uv. H lhl vg llwhp Glh Cllg L (2001) Nw Y Uv (2003). A plc chl, L hv h l Foucaul Sudies cl Disinkion: Scandinavian Journal o Social Teory. H hplh jl cl h gvl,, plc, cl h, gc chlg, hlh .

I Biopoliics, L f h chll c h plc. T , h w, “ gl ”g p hcl vvw h ccp pl-c, whl l xplg h ’ lvc cp h-

cl cv . Y h , L q xv h pjc, cgzg h ch “-c vvw” cl p h hcl c -h. H c h h l cc h h

plc cl ccp h hcl v l. Rh h ll j hgh h’ p,



Foreword ix

h gc llcl v h hg

c l wlg plc. A wh h , Biopoliics h abou wlg h -g h h is wlg h g. T ,h, vll h gg cv wh plc, hw l h hg cll L, wh w gh g h.

L’ l pplcl. H gv h w g h ch chl cl, Gg Ag, A- Ng, chl H, Ag Hll, c hé, Ah G, D , Pl Rw, Nl R. H w ggphcll pcc xpl ll h w, ch c G g Wl W II, h h lc xclvl h hl—j Wl W II w

pcc . H l chp xpl “glc ” plc, ch h w Rl Gl-ch, vl plc, h Chcg chl h cpl, -cc. L’ vvw xhv, h . Rh, h l lg w chlhp plc. T c h , ch plc, hl cl l l v h chl pc w h .

I h, T L’ Biopoliics gc gg- wh g chl, cllcg vll -c plcl ccp, , h, g .H h f wh’ wh wh’ wh h v-xpg

wlg. W l w h ’ cp, wll h p h chl g pg h c.

c J. Cp L J Series Editors



xi

Prefae

H I S B O O K H A S g pcc hcl cll. I

ccl cl plcl v w hv wc h h c. I h p , llcl h U hv h plc c hg h w 9/11, h ll, cl chlgcl v- ch cll ch, h h g pjc. Ih , h ccp plc h v -

pv lz hw h pc pc l cl wh h pl h; gp hw h c h g “ l” (.g., Gá A Gh) l g pz hc h- cpl l xpcc.

Whl p plcl hcl q

hv plg h plc, - ccg v cc w. Hwv, h - h h pc plc c hh cp hg l p . Nvh-l, h h l cl p vw h pccg plc cl h phlph. Whl

plc vwh, h w p c-xlz c h f hcl p gg h . Ag h cg, I hgh gh l pv c vvw h h h pl-c xpl lvc cp hcl .



xii Preface

T l h llcl xp w gll plh

2007 G, wh h l Biopoliik zur Einührung. Alhghh p l h vl, h g-c chg . , h w l: Biopoliics: An

Advanced Inroducion. A h vw h ghl p , h gl l, “Ic Bpl-c,” gh l l wh h ccp. I c,h f h c. I h hcl h plc gh -cll w ccpll f ppch. c, I hv lv p h . T cl l h pc plh h p w cc . ccl U.. hp, hp v l c G cc wh

whch wl l cp l- glh.

I wl l xp g vl wh h pl, pcll c c p, wh

w pl h l (I pv h l q -glh c), Kv Hll GHl, wh c h v I hgl x. T ll hlp l pv h ql h .

I cvc h h wll hpg chl h U h Agl-ph wl. I v h wg v cl-g, plcl cc, cll , hplg, l, lgl

, phlph q h q g cpl v l. B h wll cl l c lg c l cg h plclpc h ch chl cl, Gg Ag, -chl H, A Ng h gg hcl plcl plc chlg c. I



Preface xiii

hp h h ll vl wll c h gg

plc pvg h hcl hcl wlg gg wh h plcl — wh plc plcl .

T LFrankurt am Main

12 February 2010



1

Inrdun

H E N O I O N O F plc h cl c zzw. A w g w w l l xp, f cpl c. Bh l pcl, l cg cg - g h gl plc. T c pl-cl l plc, wll h pv AID q gphc chg. Bplc v

cl pp gcll pc, p -cl ch, lgl gl , vc cv p pcg h pc ccg l-plgg.1

T g v ccg vw hh pcl jc h v vl plc.

g gl h “plc” cl -l c-g h cc gz cl l, whl h l h gc c. T gpl x h Ol Rgh, l p-v h Nw L. I h cc vc

chlgcl pg, c x plgcc. A h l g cc hcl l. D plc g c q v h v gcl? O, c, plc h l cp chlgcl v g h gg w ?



2 Introduction

Pll vg g l v wh

ppl plc. T pg, c q cl wh h w lll g. I plc h l whl (G: bíos). B h wh h pl . Wh ppl vl c (“D’ ll plc l wh l?”) cl-c c xcl h. h l,plc lgcl l. h p vw,“plc” h c x, c w cc . T vc h p cl hplc h clcl c c c-g xcl wh c h c l x-pc lgcl c p p h l h c.

T g cl h c fg

gl h pc plc. c h h c h jc, I c l pv w lh c. h, plc c hcl pcl l h c cvl cpl - h l cc llcl v l. T c h h w jcv. O h h, pv c vvw h h h plc; h h h, xpl lvc cp hcl .

v pl g, hl cl hh f l cc jcvp h v hcl cp g “plc.” Dg plc g g

vl- cv h llw vl lgc ch.Rh, gl p hg ccg hcl plcl l. ch w h q wh pc c, wh l chlg, wh pch hcl cl cll “plcl” lw vl h l lcv ppcv. I h pc, ch



Introduction 3

plc hp lcl ccl pl g h

l p w p cpg gg. p p h vl plz h ch

h g l plc l plc. xg -g f wh pc whch p h w h ph-z. I pl gh lc ccp h l h plc c h wh plc ccp,

whch ccv l pc h jc plc.2 T c hg gp h h I p chp1. T pc gc ccp h h c h 20h c hgh c g -g Nl cl lgc cp plclcc. T plc p cg plc pcc cpl plc, g h gl

g l pc. c h 1960 h l ph x ll w f : , clgcl

plc h p cvv v jcv plc h pv pc h -l v , c, chcl g plc

wh vc c vlp pcv xp h pv pc. T l- w l plc h gg l w cl cc wlg chlgcl pplc.T p pcll ppl w, gll c plcl c c h cl plcl plc pl chlgcl v-. I p h f h plc c

chp 2.T cl h h h h l p

l cp l plcl pc. Ap h v fc, h plc h l p- h c p. Bh ccp h l hch xl lhp w



4 Introduction

l plc. T vc l g l g

“h” plc, cg xplg plcl g c. T plc ccp plc g “v” lpc; h, plc h “p” lg, gg h c l xc. ch l p h pl plc l h l pl hc l xpl v h h pl. h

lg cc plc, plc gl lg. Hwv,h h h ccp l xpl h l gl h w “l” “plc”— xcl h l h h pp ppl pl h - plc. c h w ppch “l” “plc” l ph, h h l cc h -ll hc. T gc h plc

gl l g (c. Nc 2002): c lp, l p l lgcl -v p c. T pc chlgcl vh h l pc l cl-ll cg g, whch l c ch h c. T, c l g p -c c. A h , h c cl h plc l gc - plc. L l h jc plc xl plcl c-g; fc h c plc—h pl-cl jc. Bplc h xp vg wll h gl l pc hlvl ppl. I c lvg g h h lgl

jc—, pc, l wh lgl jc h h lvg g.

Ag h l h plc g I pp l-l hcl plc h w vlp h ch phlph h chl cl. Accg cl, l h h h jc plc.



Introduction 5

I, p plc— h hl -

ll pc vc, h hl gv l cl l. “Bplc” cl’ w gl h plc: “h ph pcl h l h h pc h - wlg pw, h ph plcl chq”(1980, 141–142). cl’ ccp plc h -c c l cc phcl . Tjc plc gl h g h -lgcl ggg h lvl ppl.T pc pl , lh -, vg vl. A l, “l” h c p, jcv, l c, wll cllcvl h c plgcll pccll p

cc lvg g h gl vl xpc. h ppcv, h plc h

gc pcc plcl wlg w cplch c, gph, plg, lg. Tcpl pl lz pc l h lvl ppl “gv” vl cllcv pc-c cc, xcl, lz, cplg, h-pc, pz. cl h h cx gv lvg g, p - h h pc gvl c

p h pcc gv l. N l whch pcc gv ppl

h p clv h pcc. T vl

plcl g “ppl” pl cv l h pc. Oh h, ppl p cllcv l h p plcl v chcz wc l-gl; h , h hh, pl l l plcl v , h c, h pvlg c h v.



6 Introduction

T cv “” h ppl (.g., h

h, , c.) h gh c pcc -cv h pc cg g-g . Chp 3 c h f h plc h w cl. I h llwg chp,I p l cp ccv g -cl’ ccp plc.

Gg Ag’ wg h w chl H A Ng cl h p c l cl’ plc. T pc-v h g gc l c l.

Accg Ag, h c p “ l”—h xc c lgcl c— plcl x-c h h hp W plcl h c q. H

g h h c vg pw q h pc- plcl h h lz lw pl cc h xp “ l.” H Ngg w g cpl h chcz h -l h w c plc, pc- pc. Wh Ag ccz cl glcg h c h plc l p vg pw, H Ng hl h cl cgz h p

plc. T pcv c h c -lz chp 4 5.

T llwg chp x w l cp hhv p cl’ w plc. T c h

mode o poliics hw plc gh h-cll lcll “clcl” plcl p- cl. I chp 6, I cc c h w Ag Hll c hé, wh v g- plc lg h cg gcc pl-cl . T I p Ah G’ ccp l plc



Introduction 7

(whch xplcl cl) D ’

lgc.T c hgh c h subsance o lie.

chl wg lg h l hw h , , jcv plcl v hv

chlgcll hc cc h pc l h h . Lg cll h w h chl chp 7, I c ccp lcl plc, hplc, hpplc h “cl” (Pl Rw) “hplc” (Nl R).

Chp 8 v glc plc. I p hcl ccp whch gg h plc c

p h cz l. T ppch cvcl h “c h” ( Menschenökonomie)

vlp h A cl h clg Rl Glch h gg h 20h c. T llw h ccp “vl plc” p G ll

Wl W II h h h cpl vlp h Ch-cg chl. T l c c v “c” cp plcl c pl c pcl h ccll vl h l w chlgclv cpl. Chp 9 gh v h cl - plc “lc plc.” I - h hcl pc h ch ppcv. -ll, I hw hw h lcl w f hclc.

I h q hg chp hv c whl h l “lvl” c (g vv cphv p) h l plc, h cllg wh hv hlp wh hgg c. I cv p vl-l cc , Ulch Böclg, R Cl,



8 Introduction

K, Wlgg z, P Whlg, Cl P-

l, H chz. I Wl wh h chcl w h x, f H vl c-c h cp. T ccv c h I cl Rch hlp hp g.ll, I wl l h h G Rch g w h wg Hg G.



9

Lfe a he Ba f P

State Biology: From Organicist Concepts to Racist Concepts

Alhgh h ccp plc h w c l, wl w h h l h- h. Il ppc w p gl hcl hclcll. B h c hl h 19h c, Lebensphiloso-

phie (h phlph l) h l g pphlphcl c; w Ah chph ch Nzch G H Bg c. T

vl Lebensphilosophen (phlph l) p qv hcl p. T h, hwv, h vl “l” p l cg vc h hlh, h g, h . L—

l c gc xc, c, , lg, “x-pc” ( Erlebnis)—w pp h “” h “p,”

whch w p h “c” ccp, “cl” lgc, hll “p.” T ccp l v whchpc pcv vl l, ch pc -lz, cvlz, chz, chlgz, wjc ccl x.

T ccp plc g h llcl g h gg h 20h c. T wh plcl c

Rl Kjllé hv g h pl .1 Kjl-lé, l h h 1922 p h Uv Uppl,h gc ccp h c “p-vl c . . . , whch j l vl, l



10 Life as the Basis of Politics

ppl gg pwl h c h

vlp” (1924, 35). Kjllé, h l h h -, whch xp h ’ “hc vl”(., 103). T “ l” ll chcz, h vw, cl ggl v cl cl gp. I cjc wh h cvc, Kjllé -c h ccp plc: “I vw h pcl l l . . . h cl pz h cpl h pcl cc lg plc; . . . h cvl w

w cl gp cgz ll cll h hl h l ggl xc gwh, whl h c c wh h gp pwl cp h p-p xc” (1920, 93–94).

Kjllé w l g h “lvg -

g” “lvg c.” h cp—pl-cl c pcl plc lw, wll lg hlh pl—ccv h cllcv jch l v w p. h ppl w plc, cc, cl, lw l xp h gc pw, whch c h pccchcc (c. l 1918; Uxüll 1920; Hwg 1922; R1938). T gc ccp h lglcc wh chc h l v-l’ c wll gl l, whch pcvl cllcv pv h l h cv. T c p h ll cl, plcl, lgl lvg whl, whch h g

h l, h hlh, h vll. T c “l”v h h hc g p v g-l. h, l v l ccc-g. h ppcv, l plc h l w lgcl lw h gl c c lg c wh l.



Life as the Basis of Politics 11

Dg h p Nl cl h cc, c-

vv chc h gc ccp h cq c . T wl ph “h ppl’ ” (Volk-skörper ) h g h, hchcll c-, cll hg c. T w w c-l h Nl cl ccp c-. , p h h h jc h w vl, gp, cl l-cl c wh c gc hg. T w cpl h -p l hch ppl c ccg h f “h lgcl ql,” ch h l j l c vl cllcvqll. c, Nl cl lg h l h cl l plcl pl cl ll -

lgcl c. A h , pv h g gll ccp lgcl h l, gc c w ll “hcl pl” c. A l, c wllpw w g hvg cv g h vlp vl cllcv. I h w h wll-w gc O v

Vch, “H pp h pl c-. v whch h gv pl l-z” (1936, 10).

T Nl cl ccp plc hcv w, h h, h l l pw h hcl g , h h h,h cvc h cv c cl lgcl

v pl. l l cl plclccp l, h Nl cl v f c, gg cl Dw lg whP-Gc l lg. I p hplgcl,

lgcl, cl ccp ll l hpc h pcl w h cpl (




Wg, Kll, Bz 1992). c hg -

ql lg h Nl cl x, cl p ch ccp plc. H I cl w gl chcc h cvl Nlcl plc: , h h plcl pg cl hg “h lg” ( Erbbiologie) , c,h c h wh gplcl c.

H R, h p h Rch Hlh Dp, x-pl h cl pg “ plc” pch 1934. T pch h h pv Nlcl g plc wh clcl ccp plc. R cl h h p, p, ch - w “h lgcl” c. T gh, h, lh h “w wl hg” h h -

vlp “ h plcl pvl w wl vw” (1939, 38). T l h g w w, -lgcll g ccp ppl : “I vl hh c hgh hl l h cg lgclhg h l, c, c v fc-v plc” (.). T gl h plc c pvgh G ppl’ “cc lvg” ( Lebensüchigkei ) qv c h ppl qlv pv- h “gc l” h G ppl. I chv h, R c gv pv gcpcc. Accgl, fpg w v, whlh g pp ll h wh w g “lgcll

vll” (., 41). Hwv, Nl cl plc c-

p h “lc” “l.” Lw, gl, plc gvg cl plc h h jcv l h gl cplg pcv hv; h lc p h g g “cl xg.” Tvlp c gc l w, h lgh,l pl hgh pc g h “p g




l” h pv h “cl chc” h G

ppl (., 39). Cc h p h “c” cc wh h l g l xl l . A hp, plcl j wh gplcl c. Tc h cl plcl pg wh h c Leb-ensraum (lvg pc) pv h lgcl hpl xp h Nz Rch.

T ccp Lebensraum, whch w 1938 h l c-l l Nl cl g plc, g c c-c h h w l h 20h c. T“h” gplc w h G ggph ch Rzl,

wh c h w Lebensraum h h c.H “hpggph” x h lhp w hl h h v ppl, whch w g-

gphcl c pl cl l: pc p. Kjllé wl l wh h ccp gplc h pl-cl wg.

T p g G gplc, hwv, wKl Hh, wh ccp ch ggph h Uv- ch. Hh w Rl H’ ch c ll h g h Zeischrif ür Geopoliik (Jl Gplc), h vl whch p-p 1924 (N 1942, 115–124). I h h

jl, h L v Khl xpl h plc gplc w gh “h l cc h” (1933, 306). T “lg h ,” v Khl,x h vlp ppl w f

cpl p vw: “Wh w v ppl w c plc g ph h pl plv. Rpcvl, w wll hv p h plc gplc. Bplc h cc wh hcl vlp- , gplc wh cl pc whh cl pl w ppl pc” (., 308).




Khl gh w vcl hzl ppc-

v c . T vg h vlp h ppl’ “lvg pc” . I cc “h pc cl l” v “h wll-g g h ppl’ , h cl c c h chg, cpl c, h” (., 308). T vwp cp hzlppcv h cph h ggl cc “f pw l pw ggphcl pc” (.,309). pl vlp pl v hl c gh. T v Khl gl c plc.

T l w cl l gc c hl “ Blu und Boden” (l l) hv pcl-

Nl cl plc. T l “l-gz plc” vhl h G c l h p Nl cl. T ’ “g-g-g-gcl ” (B 1991, 32) c c

c l h 18h c. I h p w Wl WI Wl W II, h l lgcll plcll gc cp. T g h pjc h“w v ” l’ chp l h gcpcc ll cc. G cl hg w cl cc cc wh gc h wl Ac lz pg pcc gc p h w plcl p (Kvl 1995).L h Nz g, l lg gh w c-

c wlg chlgcl p “” “l”h v ppl. Bplcl v l c l

; h w l pp c clv. T Rcll , whch pl gcl g h lcl lg h U h 1930, xpc h cc pc w wlg




cl cl l pz

h hv (K 1993).v c plc lg h cc p-

lcl g h h T Rch h c Wl W II, c hv ppl. Rpv gh- wg v ll h ccp plc , cpl h gc h “Zeigeis ” w h “q c”; h c h h cg c h cg l-

vc h p. L h Nl cl lg, h -g l cl c lg h llg ggl

w f “c” h g h “cl xg” “g.” O xpl h p h

Jcq h, l h Wf , wh Ag Wl W II gh plcl cc h

v v. I lh “ plc,”h h lv plcl cc’ “p l” c g h c h cg “cl ggl” “hccll” (2003, 13). B pg l pc hpl, h plcl Ppl-N-Rc v hl h’ l f l h c cl . “T g plc” , ccg hh, “ clcl h l gc pc h c h l h c” (., 12).

Biopolitology: Human Nature and Political Action

I h l h 1960 w hcl ppch vlp wh plcl cc whch vc “lc

plc” (Bl H 2001, 2). “Bplc” ( P 1987, 108) lgcl ccp ch h vg h c plcl hv.2

Rpv h ppch w hlgcl, gc, ph-lgcl, pchphclgcl, clgcl hph,l, g. Dp ch plc cv h




w p c, l h U h c

lz h hcl ppc-v . T Ac Plc L cc (APL)cq cl c h Ac Plcl cc A-c (APA) 1985 l l c cl-g hp. T jl h c, Poliics and he

Lie Sciences, h xc c 1982 (Bl H 2001,6–8). O h U , h ch plcl cc plhl l, v h chl w c wh c- hlv plc.3

v g vc h ppch, hwv, g cp p. Wh plc pg h plcl cc w g ll h clcc w, clgcl cc (Wl 1998),

h h ppch p ppl pc- l lh hcl l ch h.

Wh h hg l ch, pl whch h pjc c g. T cp cp -Dw vl h. A c h hcl hplgcl q hvlp h g h g c.

A c gp w p hlgcl clgclccp g lz plcl hv. W phlgcl c h pl c g plcl c ll h h cg. A h gp c pccl plcl pl (“plc”),

whch v h chg h

v ( P 1987, 108; Kp W 1998,17–18; Bl H 2001; -c 2007).

Dp h v h hcl c hc - vlv h, c hl p c -ch ppcv c h w g h -l pc. , h jc vg pl plcl




hv, whch— h h lg p— c

l w jcvl l lgcl c. Wh h xplcv l, ()jcv v pl h l, cll c. c-, h jcv h ppch h p -

lc c h pv v cq; ch w cg xplg vl hv w ccl l plc, h , plcc wh lgcl xgc. T, hlgcll p-g, h ppch h ppcv xl v

wh jcvl c c hv lpc. B c, ccp h ppch l h p-pcv c pcp c ccll -c (z 1990, 86–87).

C ll pv “plc” h cq h hcl hlgcl h cl c-c, whch, h vw, c. T g h h clcc g h p h h g , pcpl, g, vw h gv ch gcc pc- lg clz h l h h(plcl) hv lg p lgcll c. h ppcv, h “cll” h cl cc “-pcl” cll g h “p” c h

hv. Cvl cl-cc ch h “-” “c” h lgcl g h hv- h hz h q p. I pc “ lc” vl h g hw h

lv, plc “cll” “cl” ppch.T pp g cl-cc lgcl vw-p, plc - h- wh c l (Wgl 1979; 2001; Al Hg 2008).

Bplc l c lhp lgcl “g” “c” whch pp




cvl hp h v pc plcl c. T p-

h h vl h l hvlp hv h lhgh h cpll - h hv, l cl g

v l. W w h c “plc” v ll cp cp, x gg, l c, h cc hch, w g, p. T ph l-l g c— l h h p— vl ch l h fc h ll gvl h c “lgcll cl” hv. Ac-cg h vw, h pc pl cc c cl h h pchlg-cll phcll g lhp c, whch c

c c h hv p (c. Wgl1979; Bl H 2001).

I h vw, h gc hch h c cl ph h vl l vl h. T gv h h cll pp cc pcp llgl f vlvg, c l pcl lhp p-p v h ’ g h x g.I lh l g h p, pl-c p cc pp p l c. Accgl, h g p cp v cc c, h fl qpp lgcll cpv , pw

qll. h , cl hch c vl ( P 1997).

h, pc c gv h v h vl h. I g-ll h h gc w h g h g ll h cc . A cc




, ccg h vw, l pl pcl—

v l ccg—vl c. A cc cl l g h g hv -

vl gp pw c wl gh h c c chv pc (Vh 1984). v h-c hc cc c c h phlg, cc v cc c h pcpl lc. T l h ll gp h

wl h gp hghl vl h h wl , hgh pl g lgcll -l h (Kp W 1998, 22–23).

gh, h w plc vl h p-c g h g c. Nhl, wl

wg q “plc” c h wh Nl cl-

c p. N pcl plcl llwcl h xc chcc. Ic, h plcl p plc v cl. Tpc x vw cl ch Hlh (1986) h wh g llw cvl c- p, xpl J. Phlpp Rh, wh c h hghpvlc cl g Ac Ac h U h hv l cl (1998). lzh ppch wh h l lgcl cq c.T h ha lgcl c pl l h l cl plcl hv h pl; h q , h, howh c — h pc h p h plc ll cvcg. A lg l v

jc h p w p h chppcv h gg. I h llwg I p h.

Alhgh plc pgcll h lg-cl wlg hl cc h cl cc,hw xcl “lgcl” c h h “cll”




“cl” c h h c, hw h hl

l g h, h lgl -xpl h w. h, cl hw h llg“lgcl ” ccl “v” “pc” pcl p- plcl hv. T -l ccp gcgl p pv h ppch(.g., h g “” hch hv) lg cp c g lgcl cc h cgl ccz c (O, Gh, G 2001; N-Hl Rh- 2006). Igl, h c c h

whch v cc cl cl ccpll, h-cll, hlgcll g. A l, h cl hv pv “p” pcl xpl h p

cphv hcl ccpl ppch lgl lz (z 1990, 91–92).I g h h “” cl ph, wh h cvc h h cl phcvl hp plcl c, plc p w plg h v l c wh cgxc h l .

A h pl wh h “plcl” ppch h p-v h p ch p ll lcc cll p g h vg plcl pc. T, l g cl ph hppcv h lg wh l c, h gpll wh h cl . T v h q-

hw cplcl vl fc chg “lg-cl c.” Bplc h “h h g” p-c cll pc vlp l, pc h pc. T - ppcv ccl ccl - h p c h lhp w c, lg plc:




A wh, wh h vlp w gc -

pcv chlg, h cpc h l c lc-vl v ccvl hp ’ w lgcl vl ll w , h p lg c w

pvl glc “lgcl c.” B w, h hv c cg cpll w w. Wh c cc h “c ” “h g

,” h q h gl -pl h hpg gl

c c p— l g wh w h w cgc c ql l wh. (z 1990, 110–111; c. l p 2008, 23–24)

T v q, h q l plcl

h cl w h “q ,” pv h p p h c l q g “plc.”



23

Lfe a an Oje f P

Ecological Biopolitics

I h 1960 l 1970, h g plc h . I w ch c h lgcl - plc h cl l pc w jc plcl c c. I lgh h clgcl c h wcgl g plcl cv cl v-, plc w c g plc gl f g l h gll vl c. T

f cv p l h Rp h Cl R (w l. 1972), whch hgh c-c lg cp l h gphc c-lgcl l cc gwh. T p plcl -v hl h c h l v. Alg

wh gwg w h l l c x

h cqc “ppl xpl,” pclpc c- l lpl. I w pl h hg l h l h pl h vvl h h pc w .

I h cx, h ccp plc cq w -g. I c h vlp w l plc plcl c c h pv h l v- h. T w cl, xpl, h x-vl

Poliik zwischen Mach und Rech (Plc w Pw Lw) h G plcl c Dch G, wh, wg h G c gplc, l c vl plc. Accg G,



24 Life as an Object of Politics

plc c “hg wh hlh plc h g-

l h ppl, gh wh vl pc q ccg h h. T plcl cphv cpvl w c- h c h q l vvl c-gl lv” (1978, 9).

T vl chp h c h plcl -cl pl h l gwg wl ppl, v cl cg pp c,

w pll, h pl l c, wlgg ppl. T gz hlh c, cl v-, h “pl l h” (., 21) pl l gl l h . A vvw h l c- h plcl chllg h p, G c h g-

l ccl h h wg pl wll lv l hgh “l- plc” (., 12). Wh h h

h ph h v h wl hlp chv clgcl wl . I wll c, h lv, lg cc c (cp, pc, ,c.), wll plcl cv lcl, gl, l, -l lvl, wh lgcl xgc (., 165–183).

T ccp plc w l clgcl c c c p v lgcl, plcl, lg . O h c p h “c-lgcl q” h “Ch plc” p w

hlg Kh Ch h Chrisian Biopoliics: ACredo and Sraegy or he Fuure (1971). T h h -

gc “pl c,” whch c xc c h lgcl h xc. T xpl hg g h pp l chg cc h wl c ch vlp. Ac-cg Ch, , gl, c g h , h



Life as an Object of Politics 25

wh hlg h chch hv pcl l pl. “Ch-

plc” c vlpg “ lg-hcl ppcvc l h q j ccch-lgcl g. T clgcl l q gc -g l. ch g p pl wh l wh cc , wll wh h- h” (Ch 1971, 11–12). pccll, Ch pg “ v w clgcll p wlc ll jc j whch h h c c l vv xcg w v phcl pl j” (., 10).

Hwv, h v lg l w h l gg vl h w . pv gh-wg v w pcll c-

v G h clgcl g wh gc c . A l 1960, h G v h Wel-bund zum Schuze des Lebens (Wl U Pc L)

w , h Gesamdeusche Ra ür Biopoliik (All-GCcl Bplc) w lh v l. I 1965, ppl h G gh-wg gz Naion Europa p-p wh h l Biopoliik. C h cc- “w l plcl ”: h “wll vc-g vppl h h” h “xg gh ll c glgcl l,” whch l “llg h g pl”( Naion Europa 1965, 1). T c cl h pv “l’ pl chl,” h plc h - plc, gl h c h

w l pl cg h (., 1-2). Hwv, w l h “c h gc hlh g-” (., 45) h cl h wl’ ppl. Rgh-

wg gp w l, lvl l, v gg h gglg “cl h” hlh pl lg clg (c., xpl, Biologische Zukunf 1978).




echnocentric BiopoliticsT plc cg pcg gll l l w g c cp.T 1970 w l h c whch gwg v-l v hc v clgcl qg; h l w vl pccl chlgclv. I 1973, w pl h DNA pc h. Wh h ccplh, gc f g cl l c-

v w. A h , h g - c gl p pl c, w pcvchlg ch -v lz w vlp.

T gwg gcc gc pcv chlg

cc h gl cl cc pg-. I h l lgcl cl ch pcclpplc hw cg gl h

w cl , h h plcl l-gl f lh h . I w c gl whch pc pc w ccpl - wh c. T w l cl wh ch wl pp wh plc g wh wl ph.

ch q l ll c g plc, h cl h c c-c hc. T l h cllcv g , g , h cl ccpl wh chlgcll p-

l. T G clg Wlgg v Dl pv xpl h plc. H w h -plc

h ppxl w- cl hz gl- h pplc chlg l cc




h l. Wh h pvw h plc , v

ll, pcv c h gc. Icgl, hw-v, ch, wll h ccll ch-cll h g l cc g. Bplc

p h g . I c h ch h c h l, whch l w wq c h l h ch chcl

cpl, cg ccl . . . . T l chg l cv gl

h c w h l q: J c w c, hl w? (2005, 8)

I c , h p h c jl- plcl cl pch. c l h

h ll, plc h v lglpc h h -chlgcl v.1

I , h, h c h 1970 “l” h c -c p plcl hg plcl c w pc.O h h, w c h h h “v” h- h xg cl cc c h plc- h gh w h clgcl q c h c l h h vvl h.O h h h, cg cgl cl w, -c cc cv chlgcl v, whxcl h “l ” l hw h c -gh “cl” l. Wh h

lg pcc gg, h pl pcv-g lvg g l-c l h cc cp hg xchgll (.g., g, , DNA), l vl p-c pc cv f cg l p.T h c c h l-g ll h




p p g h xc

h pcpl h v. I hlgh, Wl A h “vl plc” (1987, 94). T l p w plcl lh gv hh q pl h g wll h l vl pc-. A A , plc l cp v g pc l hl cl h pl “g-c ” gl chlgcl pg (., 94–147).

A l h plz, h clgcl v -plc w w l ll w g hchcc v. I h g l h w h cvv v, pg h gl pv-g l l, h l c p-

cv, cc wh h xpl h . Tclgcl p plc w h pc lc lc lgc, v hz h c wl cl pc h cc plclw vl q. Cl h chcc v- plc, hwv, h p “c” p- “l v” h h v’ c- hgh cc chlgcl .

O c, h pv h cl phcll cll. T, xpl, “g” gcchlg gll p wh h g h lv cl vl vlp plc pl.I hg l, h h h clgcl chcc

plc p pgc p h v p hp wl whch h pc wll

g c, lw pll, pcv l -c, wl whch h vc hg hgh c pc ( ccl ppl h vw, , .g., hv 1995).




T G phlph Vl Gh p w c-

phv plc h cp h h c-lgcl chcc ppch. Gh plc “w-gg c” chcz “h .”

Alg wh “clgcll cg h c l” “h -lgcl c h l,” h pc h vlp- l hgh cl v h l c (2004, 32). T chllg p h l hv cll chg xp h g cp plc. G-h w h w cl “h q whch h h- c jc h l cc” (., 44). H lh g pc p h ch p-v h Chch x. T ppl p “plc gl pc” (., 37) l

w chlg.I h c ch cc, Gh plcl

l h pl chlg. Ac-cg h, c hv plcl cl h pch h vl c h h h- g l (., 30):

c plc c g pg p l--g h g, w l c l- h gh. A c c hv w-gg c-

qc vl l-g, l - h vl cc lv. I wh

chlg wh q whch wh

h c c lv, h c v ll l. (I., 36)

T ppl l cvc. T c, h h, -c l h gh hl cpl cc chlgcl v, c h gh l




cl p cl lgl x. Wh h

Uvl Dcl H Rgh g “l, l, c p” Acl 3, l cg pcl pc h l hlh h cz, hg ch l chlgcl p w g h. O h h h, h ll - c-g pc vl chc h

whl l, h h c whch h pc- cc gh cll h w c. A pl ghw, h v pl ph x c h c-pl q c, l, whh h gc p. v, h c g pl g- ll c cpl h gc

ch gc h w vll. hl chl wh

phcl l l , h p cl hl -pl h c pl gc lc-v .

T q, whch h Gh h p-v h plc v plc w, h q h “w” h gll gg wh h . Wh

wh c h c plc c -l ’ cc l? T p plc pvc l plc q, h ph h c h plcl ph ch hgwg chlgcl pl glg l pc. T,hwv, h c. Bplcl q l p-cl c l h jc plcl c,

h l cp h plcl jc h- hl. hlc cll c lgl jc lgcl -l? D lgcl ch vl h l h

wll? I ch c, h q j h plcl - chlg h g plcl cp l cpg vl . Rh, h q




wh hl pcp ch c-g vlv

pc hw v ccp vl pl c wh lgcl c. I h pc, pl-c

h l whch h c w l c inroduced z h plc. T c h-g l h cv l plc h vlp

h cz’ wll c-g pw. Bplc h pc w, cll l plc, h p-l pc h h plc l. (Tä 2002, 102; ph

gl)

Bplc c pl ll pcc plcl cv

l plc h l wh h gl gvc l pc. Rh, h g plc l l vl h lw cg, lw pc fc

w plc l, cl , w h l h gl q, h h, h ph l lgl c, h h.

I gh, h, lv h c c- h, h w pg g l plc p lgcl c cl h g h plcl l— l h c-p pl h w c l l-v c h w p chlgcl ccv.

T plc cll q h plg hplcl. Accg h l hch, h plcl - h lvg l zoon poliikon v -lgcl xc. Bplc hw h h ppl l - w h l h plcl, whch h l plc ppch ppp, l g h fc




plcl c. Wh l l c jc plc, h

h cqc h , l, gl plcl c-. N w cll h h h plc cll h chl cl.



33

Te Gvernmen f Lvng Beng:

Mhe Fuau

I N H E S

, h ch h phlph chl -cl c ccp plc h wh h -l plc p h w c h p-cg chp. I c h ccp plc,cl c plc xplc p wh h p c plcl pc c c lgcl -. B c, h lz h hcl pc whch

“l” g h c plcl g. I gl hcl lw plc, h g h-cl , c plcl pcc. h ppcv,

plc pcc xcg pw.cl’ ccp plc l l g h

pc l plc. I l

ccl c h h vw l h jc pl-c. Accg cl, plc ppl -l plcl cpc c hgh w q. I pc x plc h c, h l ccp plcl v-g jg h w plcl wlg.Bplc cll whch h

l cc h v ccp h g hc plcl c gl. h ,

plc cl h hg wh h clgcl c cg l vl ; cl



34 Te Government of Living Beings: Michel Foucault

c h vlp w chlg. Rh, plc

l h plc:

h h . . . lgcl xc w c plcl xc. . . . B wh gh cll c’ “hh-

l ” h ch wh h l h pc wg w plcl g. ll, wh h w Al: lvg l wh h l cpc-

plcl xc; l wh plcplc h xc lvg g q. (cl 1980,142–143)

cl’ h “plc” c c-l h g h x. Hwv, pl c

h f w whch h pl h h w., plc hcl p plcl hg pcc h chcz cl vgpw. c, cl g plcl ch cll h c. A h g h ccp - cv gv h hcll g whll cl gl vl l-gvc. B l h c plc h cg. cl l pl h “plc”; h l h

w “pw,” wh l ghg h w .I c h h plc h chp

g h l c h cx plclggl.

Making Live and Letting Die

Alhgh h plc pp h -cl’ w lc h gv 1974 (2000, 137), -cll c l 1976 h lc h Cllèg c h Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1 (cl 2003



Te Government of Living Beings: Michel Foucault 35

1980, pcvl). I h w, cl lcl

hcl l v ch pw whlcg vg pw wh “pw.” Accg h, h chcz pw l pg h “c”: pv g, pc, vc. Tq chc h chlg pw c h c h cl x c l p h lv h jc. Al-hgh h vg “gh l h” l x - wh cl qlc, vhllz h x p pw h ll p- gh z. I cl’ g, h c ghv h h g p c h 17hc. cpl w pwh , c, vlp, l:

“Dc” h lg h j pw l l g h, wg c, c,cl, , pz, gz h c :

pw gg c, g h gw, gh, h h c pg h, g h, g h. (cl 1980, 136)

T g vg pw pw wh plc l. Rh, l h l p hcl . Dcv h “- l h” (., 141) w h c l gcll pc h 18h c, wll gwg -

cl cc wlg h h . Wh h“p x h lgcl h hcl” (, 142) h pc, , w q hgh l h, h chlgcl, cc, cl, cl v l-lw w “lv cl v l. . . . I h pc v- h cq, g gzg h pc,




h pw wlg pl h l

pc cl h” (., 142).cl h pcl h pw h c h

l llw h p h, wh h v-g pw l l lv (2003, 241). Rpv pw vh pw v l h l wh lvg -g h h wh lgl jc. cl gh “w -c ” h pw v l: h cplg h vl

h gl cl h ppl (1980, 139). Tcpl chlg pv cl h vl h l g h 17h c. T “-plc h h ” (.) ccv h h cplx ch. Rh h pg cclg, w c-g cg pcpl g phcl . I c-

l ch lv -, cpl llw h c h cc pcv h , whl h wg c plcl jc. I xcl h cplg cc p-lcl pv h cpl lh chlg:

T hcl h cpl w h wh h h w , whch w c l h gwh ll, h c jc,

h l h h ch l c l, cvl. (-cl 1977, 137–138)

I h c hl h 18h c h chlg pw g, whch w c h vl

h cllcv ppl. B “ppl” cl g lgl plcl (.g., h l -

vl) p lgcl cp: “cl ” h




chcz w pc ph, ch h

h , hlh , l p, h pc wlh ccl. T l h cc pc l pp-l h g “chlg c” (2003, 249). Tchlg h ph chcc ppl- c v pv cp g h l h xc ppl lgcl . T ppl h gl cl, h h cpl pv. T “ch-lg whch lh h, gvl chvg vll ql h pc hc h whl l g” (., 249).

Dcpl chlg c chlg f l h jcv h h hcl

ppc l wh h ll. D-cpl vlp , ch h , p,chl, hpl, wh h gz clzh gl h ppl h 18h c . T cl-lc gphc w p h g, wh l c cl c l l x-pcc h qc ll. w , h, c: “h –g–cpl– , h ppl–lgcl pc–gl ch–”(., 250).

T fc w h w cp plc hl,hwv, cwlg wh c. cl h c-pl cl “w pl vlp l gh

whl cl l” (1980, 139). T p ch h. Accgl, cpl vlz h ppl l xg -vl, h ppp lplc.

ll, ppl c h c ggg- vlz p xc w plcl . I




llw h “vl” “” x h w

gll plcl chlg h ll hcl h h vl h h pc( cl 2003, 242–243). v, h c w hw plcl chlg c hcl -. xpl, h plc h 18h c p -cpl pp pp. gl h19h c l g cvc c, ch c, cl-hgc , l c,phlhpc c, . I h c h 19h c pl v llc w h w p pw hcl c “pp” (disposiis).

Accg cl, h “pp xl”—wh - vg h c Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1—

ccp p p h g. cl xl c p “ h pv h w x” -w h pw (1980, 145). xl p l

hv h gv v xpc p vllc cpl. A h , lp pcv pp ch p h -lgcl pc ppl (c. cl 2003, 251–252). T,xl pvlg p c fc h clvl h h clvl ppl-. O h h, h “p vl”:“h” h vl hv, “h” h w p, “” h h xl v. O hh h, xl h c “h h plcl p,

cc v . . . , lgcl cpg g l pl: w p w hx c’ gh, vlg h plcl g lgcl vg” (1980, 146).

I h cx, h ccp h pl l. T -c “pw v l h” p h h




lgl c, wh plc v whch h

“gh” plc h “.” T l gh h vg plc lv lgc clclg,g, cpg. A c l lw p- “lzg c”:

I lg gg h pl h l v-

g, g h lvg h vl l-. ch pw h ql, , pp, hchz,h h pl l pl; hv

w h l h p h h vg hll jc. I fc h . (1980, 144)

Hwv, cl’ h h plc c

plc pl h vg h “pw vh” pl l . O h c, h vg “gh h” h pp pw h , vlp, g l. A cqc, h pwv h ll xg , c pp v h l. Wh lg h jclxc vg h h lgcl vvl ppl-. T px plc h h g whchh c h l l c plclh, l h hh gl chcl plcl c:

W w v l h hv c h h

c, . . . v h g v ch hlc h w ppl. . . . ppl lz

h pp whll lgh h l c:c hv c vl. I g l vvl, h c, h g hv l wg

w, cg ll. (1980, 136–137)




cl h h c, whch

h “h-c h c pw” (2003, 258).

Racism and Power of Death

Wh h fc w vg pw pw cl Te Hisory o Sexualiy, Vol. 1, cl ch hg p h 1976 lc h Cllèg c. Bplch ch h “lgcl hhl ”(1980, 143) h “ w wh lv wh ” (2003, 254). cl’ wg h h h vg pw pw l h plcl-l c c-lgcl . T plcl-l c w p h 17h 18h c. I v “chllg l pw” (., 58), gg h P l-

l pvl gl l c wh hcc pp Kg L XIV. V l h pch xp “c” g, whch w l -lgcl gc. Rh, ll c pcc hcl-plcl v. l w h h c v w hl cp w gc cl gp h cx- wh xg h cll gh h-lv h hgh, xpl, ggphcl g,lgg, lg. T “cc” pcpll ch lgc vg pw h pl vl lw, whch h pcc .

I h 19h c, ccg cl, h hcl-cclc xpc “w cp” (., 60). T c

“c w” xpc “pl lgcl cp”h, v Dw, w l l phlg (.). T hcl-lgcl c h c-cv cl cc “ggl xc” lzh h lgh vl ch. I c -, “c w” p cl ggl vg




ccg h pcpl lcc. A h gg h 19h

c, vl c g whch h pl plcll “c” w cgl plc h h-c cl cl (., 61, 78–80).

cl g h h w “l” h plclplc h “c w” h h 19h c l lgcl-cl c. T “c” (l h 19h c h cq c g) w l h

lgcl v l w h cl v-l chllg. I plc h hcl-plcl hc

w, wh lgh, vc, , h vl--lgcl l h ggl l. Accg cl,h “c c” (1980, 125) “vl pc” (2003, 256)

c h chlg h c h c llg

h c pw: “Hw c pw ch hll, h c c pv l, plg , pv chc, v cc, c-p lg? . . . I . . . h p h c v”(., 254).

Rc lll w p c wh c pw. , c h cl h llw h v wh g pcpl hg

lgcl whl ( xpl, ppl h h p-c). I h , f g , hgh lw, cg cg “c” pl v-g l lh “w wh lv wh ”(., 254).1 I, “ g, c c wh h -

lgcl c” ppp c (. 255). I c h l h c w, whch h c v w ppg c, h 19h c h g h c “h , c, lgcll ” (., 80). T pll c h gl c h lg h wh




wh. T l “c h c wll c g l,

g w l, w pc. T h lc p pc, wll c h c cl lz” (., 62). h ppc-v, hgz hchz pp h

h p cpl g.T c c c g v h. I l

l lhg vg l w “hlh” “c,”“wh lvg” “ wh lvg.” Rh, ch “h lh pv l h p: ‘T ll, h h wll c’ ‘T v c h l wll llw lv ’” (., 255). Rc cl,h, c l w h l p hh h. I l llw hchz “h

wh wh lvg” l h hlh p c lhp wh h ppc h. I hh lgcl g, xclg, cg, v g h, ll h pvg l: “Tc h h h pl h I lv h h h h g ; h h h h, h h h c, h c ( h g, h -l) hg h wll l gl hlh” (., 255).

T c lgcl whl h pv cl h h gv cl , wch v p-, g gh c “” wh : h . cl g h, h h 19h c, h l, c g h l

c; plcl cc plc “ c” (., 261). Whl h hc-plcl c c w ll c g h pp (whch c h gp v -h) g lw (wh php ), h hc c ll plc wp h h h :




h lg h c g -

h: h , , h pc h g, hp, h p h c. T cl p, whll c, , lgcl plc: h wh -

plc h c ggl. I h h c hp wh h h cl p plc h c ggl.(2003, 81)

cl p w h c -c h 20h c: Nz G h cl h v U. Nl cl h c hl c w lch pl xp w c l . I chcz “c xl- p l [h] pl h h c gc

h h xpg l l cc” (1980,150). v c, hwv, lc h hcl . I - pl h c cl plc c. T -p cll c w lz cl hghh pjc clg c whch ll h wh vg h lg w h “c” “cz.”I h v c, cl c lgcll -g h v h cl (2003, 82–83).

cl’ l c h ghl ccz gl lcv. Alhgh h pl cll - cl h c, hl c. cl h cgz h lhp , czhp, c, h h xl c-

p h c c.2 Dp h lc c, cl h cl’ glg c c g lcl . , h ccv c h lg-cl cc xcpl p -cl c. Accg cl, c xp ch

wh c h pv h plcl gg




lw cpl clg h cl . Rc -

vl c. Rh, c cl l c,g plcl pcc, lz hgh pp.

h, cl chllg h l plcl -c w cvv ccl p. T l c w w c h c l g lh v-g pw l-p pcpl lg.Tgh h “cp” cl (., 60), h p-lcl pjc l c cc wh -lgcl p; h pphc-vl p c -cl-hgc c wh h ; h ggl gc c, h llw h pv “c” g lgcl g; c g pw c pw: “Rc , q lll,

vl c v ” (., 81). cl’l w “ccl plvlc” (1980, 100) h cpc h c c c. I h

w c pl cc cp cg h ch lgcl fc h h llgl l cll fc w hcgp, ppl, cl gp.

Political Economy and Liberal Government

cl’ 1978 1979 lc h Cllèg c plc hh plc cplx hcl w. I hc h lc h x h “g plcl wl-g” gg h g q v h l -

“plc cc” ( Polizeywissenschaf ) ll ll h (2007, 363). Cl h hccp gv. cl pp “v g” h , g p h v g h c wll h 18h c (2000, 341). Alhgh h w h pl plcl g , cl hw h p l wll h




18h c h pl gv w plc g-

l cx. Gv w c l plclc l phlphcl, lg, cl, pggcx. I g h , gv- l pl l-cl, gc hl chl, g h hhl, cg hl, h q.3

Wh h lc gv, plc c-v g. T “h plc” (h l h 1979 lc) cll l h gc ll gv-. cl ccv ll cc h plcl lg pcc gvg h g.Ll c l gv h f h vl ccp l

: h c h c h h gvl pcc.

T ccp cv p- lc h gc hcl p hh plcl hgh. I h l Ag, g gv

w p l wll G. whh , whch l plcl c clgcl c. I, pp h -cl “lvh”—whch pv h chg h. Whh Phc plcl c, pp p c plcl c. Hwv, h f hh hg wh v c clgclpcpl. A h c ll c hh w

, h hcl l cll l lv-g pc: h “c ” h vlvg cvl c ( cl 2007).

Plcl c, whch g cv wl-g h 18h c, plc h lc g pcpl cl cl cc gl wh h




p l-gl h h “l”

pc. Ah ch A h, Dv H, A -g h h x h pcl gv-l pcc h gv hv pc h h p. T, gvl pcc hl l whh lw h h hlv hv c. h, h pcpl gv h xl cgc l gl. T c gvl c lg lgc llgc cc l; cc h gc pw h g-c ccg .

T, h plcl c c h gv h q h h pcpl l-l-. A cqc, lg p w whh

h pc gv ccg v, l, l lw; h, c vg h “l hg” h

h h h l gvl c. T w gv, whch c pp h l h 18hc, lg xz h pw h . I, p hgh “cc gv” h lz gv-l c whh c l p- v hl. T ll gv c h h g p , “Wh gv? T : Wh gv c, wh p wh g c j wxc?” (2008, 319).

A c pw w llw h hcl

h, hwv. Pxcll, h ll c pl lv h , pcl, lv h c ccp h ccv l, hl, chgl. ll,

whch v pl p-cpl. N l whch gvl




pcc ppl h h p cl. I

h h “l” l v, h cc h h cl c. Hwv, h vg l gv l, c pcl h “” hppl h p p hh w pl v. T cl h c -c gl: “l-,” cg, lg -c p h g, pcg, cg(2007, 70–76; 2008, 267–316).

I h cx, cl gv w g h ccp chlg c, whch h l w. H gc ch cp ll hc xc. c ch c pc h pl g l h ppl-

, wll w p l-gl.cl gh lcll w lgl gl, c-pl ch, chlg c. Lgl v p lw h c , wh cpl ll h-chcl f h lh v w h c- l l, l cpl, h h. Ic gg pl l plz,h , plg chq pc j pvl h .

T chlg c p h v pp hcpl : wh h l pcpv ,h h pcl g p, whch v glv llw h f v-

. Rh h jg l p “hl-” vl,h chlg c l h : cl v, vg , h h, . T w l l w hp h ph; h, h pc pl l

wh pc v (2007, 55–63).




T plcl c ppl w p-

lcl g h 18h c c p h -gc lg. Ll ccp cll cc lgcl l-gl l-pv h pvl g h hh ph-cl-chc pg vgg . Blg, whchg 1800 h cc l, c pcpl gz h cc h cgc l wh l x pg. T xl h c-p h pl hgh h l plc

h ccp gz, wh l c c c pcpl c ll g. hp , ch cg l-pv, pc, -

vlp (c. cl 1970) v chcz h lv-

g , whch w cll h v gh-l cl .

I h 1978 1979 lc, cl ccv “ll h gl w plc” (2008, 22). T cc ll gl h ph l h pv

w. T hcl plc l h l-ccl -gh h h l l plc w -l cv, h h pl c h lgcl phcl l ppl h plc h .Icg h gv hlp h h-cl hz, l h “plcl hh ” wh h vg jcv pc l-plcl xc. h ppcv, plc

p pcl c cll h chc-z ll gv. Wh ll, , h q- hw jc gv h h lglp lvg g ( . 2008, 317). cl c h pl wh h h plcl pl c p




h w plcl l wh whch h p-

p h . T “ll,” c w l ll h h h chl-lg. Hw c h ph “ppl,” wh pcc -

c pl, cc cc pc lgl jc vl p? Ih wh ccg wh l c g?

(2008, 317)

T l h ccp plc wh l-c gv h hcl vg. , ch ch ppcv llw h xpl h cc

w phcl g l-plcl xc: hw c- jc wlg xpc c l, plcl,

lgl pl? T h h h l vl cl’Hisory o Sexualiy, wh c l plz phcl xpc l-c (1988, 1990).Cp xpl h g h h g hlgl cc h g, h whch cg -cg p l chcl v. T plh h g, xpl, whh p hg c cl h gh. h, wh “l”p h g plcl cl gh p?

Wh h lhp w f clz lgcl ? ch ppcv c h -lhp w chlg gvl pcc: Hw ll gv cpl chq

l-gc? Hw h , , c pc? Hw p chlg l -

vl cv cz, l-gg c- gz, c wh hp— l hl — ll clcl h wl ? I ll h, wh h lhp w h




ccp h pl l jc h h

l h cpl?cl’ wg ch cll p h -

lc ppcv f pg gg vlp.H v h h l w plc ll cc— pjc h w h c- h 1979 lc ( 2008, 21–22, 78). Rgl, wh w l wh h “,” cl cc l-ccll hc h lc (., 185–186).

Resistance and the Practices of Freedom

cl’ ll gv l l h - ppl c pcc h h w c-cv “gc” l plcl g. Acc-

g h, pc pw h gl cl lpv pp, whch l cl cg h h l. T xp c cl v l h h -g cl ggl:

[A]g h pw . . . h c h l pp h v hg v, h , l lvg -g. . . . [W]h w wh v jcv w

l, h c , ’ cc c, h l-z h pl, pl h pl. Whh wUp h w w ll pc; wh w hv

h v l pc ggl; l plcl ggl

w c vl c g h - h w cllg . (1980, 144–145)

T cplg h gl h pplc w plcl ggl h v l ggh cl w cg gh, ch h gh l,




, hlh, xl, h c c . cl’

hcl h h plcl cc hv c cgl p c Wl W II pcll c h 1960. Alg- h ggl g plcl, cl, lg - cc xpl, w l cc g:ggl g jcv ( 2000, 331–332). I pl c “vlpg c gv” (2000c, 295),

whch l cl pp w w, cc h hlh , , h clgcl v, pc v, xl . gh h vlp gl hl jcv ccp h l-g h g c. T ggl chcz h ch h pp “gv vlz” (2000, 330).

T cll q h p vl llgl - vll vl ccll g cl h gll h , l h x, l.

I cl’ l w, h lz c l-pcc hcx h pjc h “h xl.” v h plc lg ccp gc l h w-g h , h c cg gvl chlg h h h l jc.

Ag h “lz” pw, wh c h p-pl l-v vl v cl lgcll, cl pp h l h “w .” Wh h l h c “hc xc,” hgh cv w “ lvg” h cl v

h h cl h h l cc h h cc (c.cl 1988, 1990).

cl’ ccp plc w, h h 1984, -cv f w. w cll pp p- hv c cgl l c . Bhw lc pl wh cl’ g




plc vlp h ccp h. Hwv, h -

g h pl v h gg l. Oh h h wg Gg Ag, h h h w chl H A Ng, h whch

wll c h llwg chp.



53

Sveregn Pwer and Bare Lfe:

Grg Agamen

F O R S O M E I M E w, h w Il phlph Gg Ag h cvg gwg ppc.1

Y w l wh h ppc Homo Sacer 1995 h h c w w c (Ag 1998). T w l ll, h c llc-l . T h l l h w’ llc

gg gh phlphcl c wh plcl cq.

Av ll, hwv, h l h pvcv gh hv h g c phlphcl ccl.

Ag hg l h h “ l w -cc l” (., 10) h cccp h “plcl pg h W” (., 181).

Homo Sacer h vl -vl w whch

h vl hv h pp whch Ag- xp ccz h h. I h w, Ag h p h cphc plcl h h g c Gc h l h Nz c-c cp. Wh h v plcl ch h 17h 18h c gl cl hcl c,

Ag lgcl cc w vg pw

plc. T , plc h c h vgpcc pw. T g, ccgl,

wh h W h glz clz- h whch w pl h h gg. Accg



54 Sovereign Power and Bare Life: Giorgio Agamben

Ag, h c vg pw h c

plcl . Icl plcl c l pl,h w, hgh h l xcl h g wh ll lgl .

I wh llw, I p Ag’ v cl’ c-cp plc c lcl wll l. T c p Ag’ l h, h c p vg gc pl l cp c. I h h c, I vl h-cl pl p Ag’ ccp plc, -clg h plc hc jcl ccp pw,h x h , h glc ccc pc h

plcl plc, h q-lgcl hhcl l.

Te Rule of the Exception

Ag p l cl’ w l h Clch, Wl Bj, Hh A, Hgg, Gg Bll. H g wh c h h lv h h ccl plcl c G q.T cl lhp h plcl h w h h p l (zoé ) p-lcl xc (bíos)—h , h c w l -g h lgl xc p. Accg Ag, w h gg ll plc h lh l h g pc h pv h pc h lw: “T gl jc-plcl lhp h ” (1998,

181). Ag l h h vg hgh

g h v chc R lw: homo sacer. T p wh cl ll wh p, c h w h plc-lgl c c h h



Sovereign Power and Bare Life: Giorgio Agamben 55

phcl xc. Ag, h c g p h

h h lgc vg. “B l,” whch c gl h h plcl, pv

h l plcl , whch h l h h g h jc vg c. h p-pcv, h pc homines sacri p c cv p W plcl h.

T c homo sacer R xl hgh hc h l Ag h Nz cp,

. I cp , Ag ccv “ l” xg, xpl, l , g, h . T ppl l “c” hv hg c:lhgh h ll vlv h l, h xcl h p-c h lw. T h v h

c l lgl cl c h - “” hgh h h cc p .2

Ag’ cc h lhp w v-g l plcl xcp l lg -c. T h h cc cp “h h x h plc whch w ll lv” (Ag 2000, 44) cl l w h gc h gh h vlp cc cp. I h , h hp v w pl cc lchp, ll cl h g.

Ag’ cl “ l w cc -l” (1998, 10) h pv ch c. Alhgh h

h h cp “plcl pg h ” (.,117) w lv vlz Nz x pl-c, h c h Ag g p -l fc. T cc h Ag “lvl” fc l lv g h h lc ccz h




xcv z h l, ll, h p

h homo sacer “v vwh” (W 2002, 622).

“Bare Life” and the Camp

Wh Ag wh h c h cccp h “h pg h plcl pc ”(1998, 123)? vl, h cp h ch p cc hcl plc pl , lz x h w “ l” plcl xc. Tcp h l Nz cc cp c-p p c h pc whch “l” cll pc: “he camp is he space ha is openedwhen he sae o excepion begins o become he rule” (., 168–169,ph gl). Ag h cp h “h -

x” (., 175) h plcl , h w vlh lg lgc ccv h p plclcll. I h w, Ag pp gcl w h “cp,” h plc h l .T cp, c h p h fc -w , Ag h “lz- h xcp” (., 174), wh lw c, l xcp, ghl cgl.

I c cl, Ag pc lc plcl ch wh h h lgc vg. Y h l cv hcl c.T , h w, gh l pv h x h “ l,” l h g plcl x-

c, w cgl h h c h plcl .T hhl plcl wll c, ccg Ag, wh l pc h xcp c cl plcl g; h xcp wll ch l, h fc w , c




lw “z cl c” (., 9).

plc, w Ag, h “w c”:

[]h pc, h l, h gh w vl h cc wh cl pw lw ll pp

c cg cp vl’ lv wh h , h fg w l h v vg pw whch h w l h-

lv. (I., 121)

I h “ l” h cc l h pvhvg p v h plc h l c cv plcl c h p vl gh.

B v h (“ l”) h -

ch gv, h h h hlll plcll h . I c wh c- g, Ag w qg cc chp vlg cvl cl gh. Rh, hg h cc l lw lv plcl pj-c Nz l chp. T plcl g, h,clz plcl h ccg Ag l h plcl cx hcl pch whpw h c h h c.

T, Ag llw lgc vpl plll.Rh, h lc h c g h v - gv, l, h pc “ l.” I- g h h Nz cp p lgcl xcp

hcll gl ph, h ch h “g-l” l h xcp wh x “l” l cp cp plcl l,c l pv plg cgl hjc lgl gl (2000, 37–45).




h h h l l cc h p

ccpl vlz—h Achwz v h jcl h ppll w l (c. Ag 1999, 133–134, 156).

Tree Problems

T g cpc f ccl w g h h vl l l hl wh plc - v ppcv.T pl pcll pp Ag’ w:h jcl, h -cc, h q-lgcl g

plc. Wh h jcl chg x lgl q

cc, c h Ag ccv h “cp” f fg c pl “l”

(1998, 122) h l gl v l plcl xc. H c ll w h -lh — h h cph g z l wh x h -c h q h-. Wh h p, h c lg lz hw g vl wh “ l”g, hw l c ql “hgh” “lw,” “c-g” “cg.” T pc f v h, h ch “l” “.” Dcpl g, h lz z l, cl h hg. I, h h lh -lz . Ag, plc hv ll “hplc” (1998, 142; c. 1999, 84–86; zpc

2001, 263–265; W 2002, 419).3

T p p h cx h fc w Ag cl. cl hw h vg pw vg, c lgc cc p “c-phc pw,” wh Ag’ w vg pc l. Ag “he producion o a biopoliical




body is he original aciviy o sovereign power ” (1998, 6; ph

gl). T jxp bíos zoé, plcl xc l, l xcp, h jcl l pw h cl ccz. Ag’ l hll h lw w Cl ch h cl.I ch vg pw l cll xcp p gh (c. ch 1996), cl l c, whch x lw, x , p-ll c lgl ch. Wh ch hw h p, cl cc wh h pc- l (cl 2003, 23–41; zpc 2001, 259–261;D-w 2002, 108–114).

I cg lw h vg gh h, Ag- h cl pc plc h l. H g-

g h h xcp l h g plc l v pp . Wh h cg, plc

wl xh l h pc homines sacri, whch g pcv, “ l” c l p-p ll. Ag h c h plcl -v w l hlv h pcg h p-p w lgcl plcl xc. I pl xg “ l” llwg ll wh p,h v “cc” pv cg vl wh pv chc vvl hql l. I h w, Ag l cgz h -plc ll plcl c l. H l h pll vg pw l ll ch h

p h lw.C wh Ag , plcl ch

cc h whch c h lvg wh ll gh whhl. T l -plc c l h wh lgl gh, ch hg h l , cp ll h wh




c wh cl pc xcl (v h -

ll j ll plcl gh), l, h “l,” h “c-,” h “.” Wh h p h g hl pphl pc, gll c h x-cl c l h lz c whch clq wl p c h lg h wl h c h l c.

T c pl wh Ag’ l c c-c pp clz gl.H h ccg h h plcz pll,c h gg, c, l pc, hgh chlgcl cl v, cpl c-g pc. Hwv, h c Nz c pl-c l vw h p. Ag ppl

w h plc l h pvw gv g-l. I l l “” jc wh l p-, pl vl, pl p (hl) chlgcl p. L l ql h, cc wh h hlh h “ppl’ ” (Volks-körper ), c wh wh lvg. Icgl h c h v vl. T “ql l”h c q vl l, pl pc, h l llc c.

T pcpl g h h g wllcc cl (c. Ag 1998, 164–165). O h c-, h g h h wll, h “gl,” h c ccp c h v

c pg h vl l wh g h l cc ccl , wll h l hc c, xp c-, cz pl.

T “whwl h ” cl l lz plclg, l h cl vl lgl




gh. Whl h p lgl gh gh p

g wh llw c p c wh lgl lgl gh ll, h plcl g h hlgl gl cpc h plc lgl h pv ph wll pl p ch g h h. T c l l h c p-

l pvl pppg ch cpl c g cll l g h ccll, l h h xpl Ag ch, ch c -pl c. I xpc h h lvg wll ccl g wll h plc xplc p-cp pcp.

ll, h p c. Ag q-lgcl ccp plc, h h l -

cl c hcl. I, Ag h“ l” l pcl c, hgh g l “c” h hcll l wh h w “ l ch” (1998, 4).T c w plc q h p cvcg. T “l” q- h ll c, h

c “l” pccll ccp. Ul h c hl h 18h c, h c f w l g cl pc, w gc gc, w -w. Ol wh h ppc lg w “l” h “l c” g p wg p-cpl h c h gc, pv, vlp

l — pcpl gh w lw w . Ul h 18h c, phlph cc c w h l h cl.Bgg h 1700, h w c v w h w.

Wh h cl w c c g cl




w gv h , h ppl

h llg lvg . L w h 18h c ccv l-gz h l “- c.”

Ag’ p cc cl (c. 1998, 9)l h l’ cl gh, l, h plc hcl ph h c p h vlp- , h gc h h cc, h cpl l pc. Wh h -plcl pjc’ c plc wh hcl-cl c-x, “ l” c c wh cplx c gc c plcl plc.

Ag h hcl fc w q h p, wll h fc w h l Ag

. N l h v h q wh -plc h wh plcl c l; h l pph gcc h g h h l q. H vg wh x h pc “ l” l p-chl pjc, h c g fc hgh c ch pp plc (c. D-w 2002).

Ag’ lv wh pg ccl. Px-cll, h h c pcl h jcl p-pcv h c lw h h vhl ccz wh cqc h cvcgl ll.

Ag h “g ” (1998, 143) plc pg wh ccp h plcl h vl

c. O h h, h ccv h plcl vg h h cgz hg l h wl

h “xcp.” O h h h, vg l xh l, h p, hgh h c - h xcp h l xp “ l.”




Dp h cc, hwv, Ag vlp h

h plcl h. T , h c hh h “” plcl c: l h,hlh c, h c. H h v hw h h pl cl c h p-lcl h h ph h plcl c l pcl hgh h xcl ppl plcl “ l.” Lw,Homo Sacer f lcl ppcv h llw chcl c cl l w c l g, h h, ll cc , h h. T plcl gcc Ag’ w l h g cl h gh pl xp h gh h wh hh hv wh gh h whpc. H h “h w h w plc”

(1998, 187) c; h , w plcl g , h l h fc w h cz lgh c h lgl ccp h pl ppp lz h p w plcl xc l

g.4



65

Caam and he Lvng Muude:

Mhae Hard and Ann Negr

I F F O R A G A M B E N plc cphc h h l h Nz x cp, cv v f- h p pg h ccp. h l h chl H h phlph ANg, plc h vlppg l xcp h w g cpl chcz h ppc h w cc plc,

pc pc. I H Ng’ cw w Empire (2000) Muliude: War and Democracy in he Age o Em- pire (2004), h l h g h Il v w’ , clcl plcl lgl h,pcl cq c h jc, h x . T h’ gl c h v

hcl c c gv cphvcc cp pc l , h , hpl plcl c.

T ppcv “plcl pc” l h w cc ccl v cp w h jc p . T ph w c-l hlp h c h h gllz v cv

h gg h w ll, cvch hcl wh whch lz -l plc h cg cp cpl. T

wg H Ng l p lg w ch



66 Capitalism and the Living Multitude: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri

lg. T h c h p h ,

xpl, vlp h c h jl Muliudes h h Jh Rvl, z Lzz, Pl V.1

Imperial Rule and Immaterial Labor

I Empire, H Ng c wh h lv g-g w wl h chcz h gh lcg cc c wh jc-plcl g. “p” ll “ w vg” (2000, x) gll . T h g h, c wh hvlp - pl gz, ch hU N h p U, h gwg pc gvl gz, h gl pw h- - lg h pc. H Ng l

v h w l plc c-l g v h llw h lgc plc . T v c ccg h xcp p h hgh hcl p-cpl. I c pv vg, h w p-l vg w h c (., 186–190).Rh, h w vg w l-l cpl plcl c-g h ghlh qlvl f l. H Ng h cc p w g gll cplpc whch ll g h wl g cc. T l h l pc x-pl, hwv, ll h cg h

gll l pvl ch ph cplclz. h cl l h c -pw l h pc , llc, fc.

H Ng g h c h 1970 cv chg h pc h cc. T pg l



Capitalism and the Living Multitude: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri 67

cpl, h w, h cgl plc “cgv

cpl” (Ng 2008, 64). T cpl gh z, , w, gllz pc- pc l cv h wgjc. Wh h cx, wlg cv, lgg , cl pc pc wh c.

Accg H Ng, h z pc gz w cgl cl h v w vl cllcv llc-l phcl l. T h pc pcl h c w clz w, whch hh c “l l.” T h p -pc l l c H Ng h w:

T vlv l pc h h -lz h cp cc chlg w h h pc pc l. . . . c

h l l lcl lc . ll hp l l vlv h pc pl

fc q (vl cl) h cc, l h l . (2000, 293)

T h pc cl h h c xpl. Cpl xpl p ,h h , l hgh h p h fcv llcl cpc w h vlz cl cp. p h ll lz v-

l cllcv pw g pl vl. All -g ph l h lw ccl:“T hg, ‘ l,’ xl p, h c

p h l p ; hg cp” (., 32).




I h cx, H Ng w cl’ ccp

plc, h p v. Accg h, h c wlh c “ v w

wh w wll cll plcl pc, h pc cll l, whch h cc, h plcl, h cll -cgl vlp v h” (., x). T hc pw “h real subsumpion c cp-l” (., 255; ph gl). T l h -p ll-cg pw wh vlp hch phlph Gll Dlz (1995). Dlz g h pw W c hv cgl hlv “c cpl” “c cl.”Cl xc l hgh cpl , ch chl, c, hpl, h hgh h l x-

l w xc. llwg Dlz, H Ng c-cv plc “cl h x hgh hph h cc h ppl— h c h cl l” (2000, 24). Ic l cl l whl, l cl h xc vl h l h v lv.

T h cq cl g w h p-g cpl pw— h l hl p lgh cl’ l ll ll gv- (c. chp 3 h vl). H Ng p cl “cl plg” (2000, 28) c plc. Wh h g cl c h - xcvl p-w pc pw, h cl l

h pcv c cv pl p. I ccpll h f c, h gh hq Muliude gl h h “pw” “plc”: “Bpw v c, -c, vg h p . Bpl-cl pc, c, c c cl




l hgh cllv l” (2004,

94–95; l Ng 2008, 73–74).T ccp “plcl pc” h l

cpl clz. I ll h lvg v w cc plc h w g cpl pc. H, H Ng’ vw, h c “l” lg hg h l h l pc h l pc; h c, “l” w - pc l. Cql, h fc w p-c pc cgl l gcc. I pw h pc h l pc v c pv h, gl cp pc. p “g pw” (2000, 41) whchcc pc plcl c vlp. T

cqc h w-gg cvgc plll -w c pcc h hv ll p h h w w cl:

Pc c ghl pc; p-cv c g wh l pc; c cpl

c p wh vl cpl, h , , cp pcv jc. cl

jc h pc pc h ch. (2000, 385; l 2004, 334–335)

c, “plcl pc” H Ng l w lhp w cl. I g “cvlz-

” (2000, 187), “” h g vhg pv-l xl h pc pc. L l c -

jc chlgcl v, “h c cpl, l h c jc cpl” (., 32). Blgcl c h jc jc-plcl gl, whl “l” pc- p p ccl pl l




. N h c p cc c. I

g pl xplg , h c h “l” “vl cpl” lg h

lgcl gc v cc gwh pg p h vlp pl pc l: “Pv g h l vl c -ch- c g h chch, w w lv c wh ch- w l f— h, chch-cl” (., 272).

H Ng h l ppc c h h h p. Wh c-c plc cl cvg, h h l-g xl p l h h gh pp

p. T g g h ppcv c hl h h’ l. p c h wl whch l:

Bpw pw h gl cl l -, llwg , pg , g , clg

. Pw c chv fcv c v h l h ppl l wh c gl, vl c h

v vl c cv h h w cc.(I., 23–24)

h g h h pl l l v jc l g h, xpl l pc , w

lg wh “pc ch” (., 34) h v - jc l h c l. Owg h w plcl l, lg pl phl lppcv h p h pp ch

/pc, l l/lgcl vl, g/cc.




Multitude and the Paradoxes of Biopower A h p, h cp ll-cg l l v v c l. WhlH Ng gg h h whl c wll cpl, h l cpl h g g wh vl- hp. Bplc l h c -cl lhp h ll vl ccl l vl; l pp h g w plcl jc. T

plcl h H Ng l cl h lc cv cp h c hcl c cplc l pc: “-p c g pl vl h h g pw c p , lg h ch

c, wh lv: h ll h xpl hjg, l h cl pp p, wh w h” (2000, 393).

I pp pl vg, H Ng hgc “l.” Wh h h h h c ccp v clcl plcl h, h pl cv l h hg h l phlph Bch pz. “l” c h hg cv

whl c wh v wh pw l, wh v-g hgh h lg . T l w w c pc wh “gllz

plcl ch” (., 40). T “pll l pc-v, cv jcv gllz” (., 60) l h

“lvg lv h gw wh p” (2004, x). T cpc, fc, c h p

w c pc pw l h, h h l hlv plz xpl- h gl l l pc. T h l h v




v c c h f

cl c v h plcl p ppl, , cl c (2004, xv–xv). T lp gll cvlg c h g h pl l h ppc w l w.

I pw p pw v l, h pcl hl h c h g whch cvlg pw c c. Bplc l p-p pw l pc lgcll. Bpw pv lvl cv c h x , whch gl hp, wh g l g wh . B-plc h h pl w lg h v h c. ch c g pp

cl’ h ccl l plc hgcc c:

I h w c, h wl pw l. B-

c wl pl c. . . . cc , c p h c hpc; pw l lg chg wh h c.

I h h resisance h w, he key word, h -c. (cl 1997, 167; ph gl)

T lc h l c h -gh h h p p. I “w l , vl lcl pcp h cl

c, wh pl cg h. T h pcv cp llcl fcvw, h pcv p plc” (H Ng 2000, 413). T px pw, ccg H Ng’ g, c h c h h c c h pv h l h




h h w hv h pl vhw . I

pcl h vl l h c x h gl vll: “c h pl l -pw pc l cc, cl ggl h h p-l p c ll h l l” (., 403).

I h g, p plcl pc pzzl. O h h, p pvl w cl l c. I x- l ll cl lhp p h cc- h h vl. c pl l ll g l c w cl l ph c, ggl c , h h h, l-

w l cc, plcl, cll. v, h hv pcv cv . T l hlvg lh l l g w

cl l plcl c: “h plcl ggl, g-gl v h l. T c ggl, cgw plc pc w c” (., 56).

Ontology and Immanence

T g h p gv Empire h xp Muliude h c h jc lvl hcl . I cc H Ng’ h “C - h w- c” h cvl ch cq cpl (Žž 2001), h h “g pp-l c llcl g” (L 2002). A p jc hv l g h h’h l cl p w

p, pl p. T jc xph c cpl v xpl- . I g h ll “”fc l hv c pp h h l h cl lvc, H Ng pc. B c,cpl chq, hchcl c c pl




cl l, h c jc hv pv hlv

xl l. T H Ng c hl ccv hg chlg pw h l h p wh l h-cl cc c plc hw h h h-lv w ccp h p.

I h vw, c, cq H Ng’ w w, cpvl ll w w hccp plc. B pcll h h h p-l H Ng’ g cl. A p- h h c h “vl cv h pl c” (2000, 70), h l glc h pl h hcl ppcv. Whl h h h pl “xl p” wh -

p, h c “l” wh h pcpl c.“L” h c , wh cl (1970), cg cl cc l hcl wlg; h, c gl hcl . T lgclccp plc pp H Ng h h cphv h cl wh w gh

ccc hw l h plcl cl c. O h h h, llw h pl wll-c chgph h cl cp wpcpl, lzg h h “pl c,”

whch wh h h . T vl l- ggl g h pcv, pcl, cvp.

H Ng’ g h l p cp wh glc h l. T l l pc-v pv, wh p cllg cv. H Ng, h “pcc cp hp h c gl h p c— p h pcv plcl c




p l” (., 392). I ql, hwv,

whh pc gl c cll p: I v c pc lw l glpc? Wh p pc l h whch gv, h l hg pv? A lw l p p, pcg lzg ? I- ccvg h l w p l w w lgcl , wl ppp lz (plcl) l pc h c hpl wh .

H Ng l hlv cg h hclgc w plcl g. T h ch hl lgcll. Ng c, xpl, “,”

whch c wh pw: “T l, h gh

wlh , h l hg h w c pp pw, whch plc l p ” (Ng 2004, 65).T g h h lgcl g plc, qc h h h, h h fc pl-czg h w, wh h ccv h l p gl pgv c h v wh cl--cc gl. I cg cl lz, h w hg cl, h c, lv h p h plclggl hg h h c c lgclpcpl h l cll pc wh h gg-, , fc cc c ( 2007, 818).

T c p l h g -w pcv cv plc lw p-

cl vpc plc v l hcl . T h jc h cplx h pl p’ plcl c. T h l wh h h-g cv, l clz, h wh hc pcc ( h pc lcv) cv. I hl wh h c w pc c




h wh h p cv pc. h w,

lhg h fc w pc pc pg h vg c “,” H Ng gg. I h h v pc- h h h gl h g l-v l h gl.



77

Te Daearane and

ranfrman f P

H E R E C A N B E h h wg Gg Ag h w chl H A Ng h p- c h ccg h h vlp- clz cl plc. Hwv, - h p gppl wh h ccp hv .O c glz g h h w p h

hgh whch h h p. T , whch

c h chp, v ll phlph cl plcl h. T q cc h h plcl: Hw plc c, whcc lz? Hw f l -lcll hcll h h plcl? T c whch plc pl -

p l h jc h x chp. I g cc chlg , cl clg, hplg, wll h g . T c h l h c l. I cqc cc vh lvg g l gc h lcl w h c w, h h q- h , , plc

p f .Cl h chp h p hcl ppch

h hv gl c h h l wh hq h lhp w plc “clcl”



78 Te Disappearance and ransformation of Politics

plc f w. T phlph Ag Hll c

hé plc g h plcl, c,ccg h, lhp h h l- c h h . B c, h clg

Ah G p h ccp l plc vcg g l plcl cl p-. A h p h cl hplg D. H “lgc” h h g lh plcl h pp; h, c l plcl lg wh h c j

g cl plcl g.

Body Politics

T plcl phlph c hé Ag Hll p-

lh h Biopoliics 1994. I pv vw h l q h c cll gh h l plc hcl , wll h p

plc h cl hp. L pp h h - jc cpg plc. hé Hll vw h c cl g h p-lcl g hpl l plc “l plc” (hé Hll 1994, 38; l Hll 1996).T c vhl pp f h hcl llw w vg pw pw.

, h h cl’ plc ghg w vl cpl gl h cllcv (hé Hll 1994, 10). Hwv, h

vw plc pc h h.

T cx h l l h cc h c hlh, h v, g, ch cc h U h 1990. T h h “plcl” h wh plcl h .



Te Disappearance and ransformation of Politics 79

hé Hll vw plc “plc h B” h

g wh h wh gcc ll gw-g (1994, 17; Hll 1996, 3). T llw h hcl -ph h plc vg cqc, hlh h “c q.” T h cc

wh h “l v” h h c l plcl pl (hé Hll 1994, 27). T cq w cl v, v ll hpc v, l c l g h “p”cc-cll L.

hé Hll Nz “ l xp wh plc” (., 21); h gh cp -plc, whch h hvg g l ccpc. hé Hll c “llcl ”

pw ch phlph (., 51), whch h g pc w vl pcpl, phc “fc,” h pvlgg h hc wh pc h-cl q (., 51–57). T h vw h cc w l cl h g cp

plc. T “é” h w plc, h g, plcg h pc v h 1980, whch ccl - h ggv v plc cql vll vvl hgh h pp(., 22). Bplcl v p chcz h h c vl l v .T wg, h, ppl h “p whch . . .— h h g T B— cc” (.,

104).I h g hé Hll, h vc plc

hg l cl c plcl -. T cp l h pc v l p, hlh vl gp, chc wll pchc vc h gh . C ll




h c h c h h “ wh h lg

h B w vh” h h l pl w h wll gh (., 9). T h’l c g ch v ccl g- h whl hgl - vg.T h h hé Hll pl-cl g cgcl cl lcl pc. Nh-l, h p p plc “lgz” clc ghl ccz h ll chg hhlh c (c. ., 67–68).

T l plc, hwv, c w w(c. z 1996). , hé Hll plcl h h w l. T vwp l h h’ l xpc. T h -

wh lv Hg cl chp g h U h 1970. Hwv, h cchc w l jc h cplx- plcl q h plcl hcl cx hh chg c h. hé Hll cll - h h pl h h x h ll cc c—ch pl hlh, g-, h v, hc. Wh h hcl , ch v jc, pcp, l v , h l p l . hé Hll l l ppc h h q h l cl lcl g v vl.

c, hé Hll ccv h cp plc wl. T plc , pcpl, hlv l clcl plc— plc. Upcl pc, hwv, c pp h hé Hll h “plc” v cvl. I g pcc plcl c h cl ll cpl




h. Cl h l, h, ch l pc

cphv , whch wl l cl vl h h, plcl c h c xcl-vl h h . plcl cc h - q l l gh h pg l chl ccv g p h “l” h h

. Y hé Hll c l h pcl cp

plc; h w h lz plcl ph lxl lcv -. T pl c pl-cl pl h h ppcv lg cq,gll g h l c. Whh -c h hz pv g l h pl l c pc xc, h h ppch

h ll wh g pl “lz” “clz” whl glcg h l hpl.

hé Hll q h cl wh p-g. O xpl h h c l pv, whch vc h clv, c l w xcl pp. O h whl, hwv, h l ch-c. v ccp h ppcv h p (h l

w l) ppp l c-p plc, ll cl hw hé Hllhlv wl lv h cc h pcv—h, hw pcl h w w h w vl.

A g h w gg, h, h h g h ppl, c ch c h p v l. A l, h l lvl pl h-cl w h c ll c -: pp p, l plc

plc, l.




Life PoliticsI h 1990, wh Hll hé w lg h cq plc, h l clg Ah G vlph ccp “l plc” (1991, 209–231; c. l 1990). G xplc c cl h g “plc.” A c, h p pl h wh xv z, whch xh g l-, l p fc, Ulch Bc’ ccp “c- .”

G g h l wh h v h h cl-g c h 20h c w g,l, h l . T w ph p h h , p g gh gg, h

vc clz. G’ g p h p-l “lgcl c” h c . Hccv c c l cl l p , h c, chv . , h g, clv lz

h cv pc wh g l h, pg h p l g cc g, h pvg h g -lhg w c.

Cl G’ g h ccp xv. -, h , chcz h ppl v cv-, whch pcpl cp ll l l c-. G g h cl pcc cl

chg h lgh w wlg h pcc. Ih pc, h wlg h pcp l l cl pcc. Hwv, h xv cl l c- h pc: h l l wl-g, c h pcpl xv ppl l. T




l h h h c h pc wlg

pvl vl.L cc h pl. G h -

c wlg h pl v g l ; h xp l xv- xv ccp h h l. I plc p ccp l g cl l, cl g-, chc, c-g cgl c h .

W lvg l c l cgl g w .

Wh h l , G- l l chg h plcl. H g h h p plcl h cll“cp plc,” h pcc h hv

h gl l cl plcl cc hvcg llg l. cp plc w gh p pw—xpl, ql, pp-— p ch jc, ql, pcp cl . O pp -pvlg gp h c l c hlc pw w cllcv. Alhgh h cc cp plc hv cvl vc h pjc -, c v w p plc h p ll f w g. G ch w plc “l plc” h “cl gg whch h h pl l-llg g l ll” (1990, 156). Wh “cp

plc” plc l chc, “l plc” p plc ll. I h h c jc ql,h l v h q l-clz l-.I l plcl pg h pl hc. G, h pg h vl plc




w cl v, pcll h v, whch

h pl wh h plcl. Accg G, w cpl pc hv

h plc pl. , l cgl vw xl ll wll jc pc wlg . T lg ccv xphlgcl-lgcl vlv h pjc xv . I pl c, h vl

cl p c h cl -. Icgl vll chlgcl cl v- l pl cv l l, ccg G, h “ ” (1991, 224). N h c .

Wh c h w , G w cp - v h c c h f p-

vll. A xpl, G v pcv chlg,

whch vll lplc chc, v xl pc, l l l ph. G, pc lg c-c h xp pl pc chc. T “ppc ” h gc w p pg, hwv, l h q pc- l l ppc xl , h

whch vw cgl chgl, ccl, p v.

T cqc chlgcl cl v h vl c l pc

“l plc.” G l phz pl c v- pcc h gl c cpc gllph. xpl, pcv c cc vlchc p h vvl h h pc. ll,h cc w ll, c p, c-lgcl q.




A c, l plc ch h q “Hw hl w

lv?” T q h G l w pl cx. O h lvl v hv p-

v l, l h cllcv pcc, hcl q- pl . Ac c, p-l clcl, l xl jg. l l plc cl c cc xpl. I h , l plc c lz cl l g w v q h hv l w gl-z pp (1991, 223)

Wh c hgh G’ g , hccp l plc , h whl, cvcg. T - h l v ll h c h h f w

cp plc l plc cl l lg x f, j h p hl h clc . G h h c h c , h ll cgz cv c wh h pjc h . Hg cl h cw w w h wp, whch l w pl.

, h ph h G pcl l l pp l . T p h - w l l chcc . G’ ccp h -l cv. I lg x l pcpl vl -, l-, c, whl glc

hc cll . T, G -g h vc h, wh h pjc , hvw l cc cczc, l, p h .

c, G’ ccp l plc cl plcl -c cpll lc h vv h




c h . Ul p “ plc,”

whch G c hl hgh whchxl, lg, hc cl fc chllgh vl , l- l plc g -l “plc ll” (1991, 214) “ poliics o sel-acuali-saion” (1990, 156; ph gl). G hg hw pcl vl l-clz l cllcv c--g pc wh p cl wl c h hpp. Gv h p-pl v cphv, c gl, ccp plc, hl pg h G l l gll

wh cl h plcz pl xc.H c l plc cc l xclvl wlg h pl v wh pc

h . I c h cc, h l h pl cl lhp vl pl.

Alhgh G xpl h l-plcl -v pp cp plcl cc, h plc-l w wh ph l. H cc l plc wh pcc cl g vlp l g -lz “z” c. I ql, hwv,

whh h c w q -ql, h h, h cg, h h, l. I pl hcll cll l cp plc l plc hg ch h (l H 2002, 334–337).1

BiolegitimacyL wll w h h w hé, Hll, G cl hplg D ’ ccp “lgc.” Ih cl c h h hw h plclph lw hv l , whch h v l h plc l l cc h lg




l c. l h lh-

vl h c gh wg h hvlp gv hcl ggphcl cx,

whch ccl hlgcl vg. hh cl h l plc plcl l-

; h, xp p . H cl q , wh h vl v chc h g h pl-c l? ( 2006).

gh w w pc h l -. , l lgv, hlh ll,

p h cl ql. T h-v--l, ll w c c xpc vg lv l h h h g ch h g, h h cl l xpcc Ug hl hgh

Jp—h c cllcv chc vpc gv c gll lvl. T c-g pc , ccg , l plc, cgv l l pp cl plcl h h l-lw ppl lv h lv h h v h ppl cc h.

A c l plc g h c w h fg l xpcc ql l h ch h p h l h l. I- g l cpvl qv qlv, h c l c c h ccp l l. I h c, Ag’ c w

l (zoé ) plcl xc (bíos), hgh h gv h

h gcl gh h Ag- ’ g.

I c Ag, h h plcl l-hp w h vlph . H h l gv

w, h gz l hlh cpl g




cl vl. “B l” pp h ppcv h vc-

“lgc” h pcl c vlc. Wh Ag g “p w h plc” (1998, 133), h h ql

plc . H cl cl l c h lg NGO h l pcpl h g h l l p. Accg , pp h cl h h

c h l h plcl lgc (2006). ll h h lg ch g plc

h p w . Tgh h 1990, c v wpp , ’ vw, cpl . O h h, h cgz l xh h 1990 g, v ll c cgl cv -

p h gh l. O h h h, h g wh cv p gh c c h f l h h c v-l g h p. g h h c -

vlp hw c h cl lgc.T gwg cg cwlg h l h-

g wh f ll plc h cg h l cz wh h xpc vlc, lg plcl g. I plc plcl l h c l-gl-v cc h h pc,

w lgcl l h c h ll g h cg cl wlg. T gh l h cgl v h plcl h h . Accg

, w ppl ccpl jc pplc- l h jc cl p h c- p c cl (2006, 2001).

T gc lgc—h cg lg-cl l h hgh vl— w l l g pl-c. xp h lgc h cl




l. T cc hlh l g h l l

lg cl-plcl pg . Ppl cc pvlg v wl cgl c fg cl c. T, h -c hv c vw pl vc l ch h g lq h c. ll,h gwg cg h pchc phcl fgc l pv cl xcl.

’ h cl vlp lg “l-gc,” whch h lgc h hgh hcl l, vl. , h wlc wh h h c ph plc c, vllc cp-. Hwv, h l lv h h l g l plcl pl l cl . -

cl fg h x wh l fg, h w h cl h cl lv. h lz cp c c l c pw pw v l l vw lgc h lgc l, c gv p ch h hgh (2005).

B plc, l plc, lgc—h pvl l p l ll p h phlph cl h v plc. w h p p-g h ccp hl l h. Bíos: Biopoliicsand Philosophy (2008) h l h Il phlphR p h l glh. I h l vl- lg hghp phlphcl c

h “g plc” (., 13).2 p’ cl h h ccl plcl hg h “p-g z” (., 45). H hw, v cc plcl h c T H, h h ccp c, pp, c l wh lgc . Chcc h lgc cc




w l plc, whch pc p

l whl l lg l’ xpv pcv pw. Cl plcl c hg h gg pv l. T gl ll l (l-)cv l. I h

w, h x h h lgc c pvl, l g h gl l pc c h lgcl xc. T “ lgc” l hc l gv pcg ll h g l (., 56).

T pg llw h w ppg plc (vc vlp l, h h, c l, h h) ccv w cv pc c plc. p Nz cl x plc h x

l, whch l plc l vlp gv plc h (hplc). p, lg wh

Ag cl, h Nz c wh plcl hg c. Hwv, c h h w phlph, h h pcc Nz h h cl vg h pc h xcp. p hghlgh h cl-gc gl Nz h pgc pc h gh g ll-, g, h. T pjc p-g l l ll h h cp:

T g whch h Nz gh h h hh h l. Wh h w ll h Jw ll h-

p l h ’ l, h pc l h: lh l c hl gl l ; h cg h G ppl

p l h pp h. . . . I h c,

h c h h jc h h c, hc . (I., 137–138)




A cl h “hplc”—whch -

pp wh h Nz c chcz hc (c. ., 3–7; Cpll 2008)—p p “v plc,” wh p c c-pl p vl cllcv . T hlv g p c, c, cl cl v l h pp h x-l l pc. T v v -plc hl “cpl vg h Nz plc h plc h lg v l o l” (p 2008, 11,ph gl). I wl w ccp c- h l-cv lgc . T w ccpcgz h cv vll, p, vl h cllcv h l

c—h h cl vwg h g pll.

T ch cl hplg Dq p v f g p. I Faire vivre e laisser mourir: Le gou-vernemen conemporain de la naissance e de la mor (2003), h -v h plcl ch g h p h . h plcl pc l hlv l l h cpl ppl gl whch -cl vg h w. O h c, cz hlv g h gh l l . T ppl v ll q pg h gg l. hpl pcv chlg— xpl, -vlz— h clz (“l lv p-

v lvg”) h pllv c (“lg l ”) ccl c h hgh c (“-g l ”)—ll h c, g , hv whc h cgl h pl vl. hp h “l-” cl c-p plc. T l c h v vl




h ppl’ hlh whl

l-c. T , hwv, g pl gwh vl . Rh, w p cl cl -lh wh l h c h h c cl xpc c l, p, pl ( 2003).



93

Te End and Renvenn f Naure

A S E C O N D S I G N I F I C A N l cp l cl’

ccp plc c h whch w c-c wlg h vlp chlg ch cl l pc cvl l h ccp ll. T c g p w h l h -v h h g l g ll lvg g gll g plc h cl pll l, whch l chcl c h h l

. T l x gc, vc c h g c DNA l, -pl c, pcv chlg— w v—p p wh h pcp gl

. T cgl gc lcl w h c w.

I lgh h vlp, w h pp ccl vw , , h cl ccp plc. T w cc l h plc h “v ” (Hw 1991).c pl p h v l ll v h, h chp c h c h h c.

T gp cc h x lc

plcl v. h ppcv, chlg-cl pcc cgl cl h ’ w pc v. I , h c w lhp wl h lv h pc v



94 Te End and Reinvention of Nature

w h h h h. Nx, I c h

h hplg Pl Rw, ccg whch w c-l plcl cv g h lg-cl wlg. T h llw c clg NlR’ ccp hplc.

Molecular Politics, Tanatopolitics, Anthropopolitics

cl’ ccp plc h gl . H l cpl chlg whch -c h , g , h cl l . B c, chlg

c llw h ’ lg c x h cl cp. A g h hvh p h l cl’ ccp plc.

chl Dll Jl R (2001) gg h lclz glz chcz “c plc,” whchp wh h ’ . Accg -h h, vc h cc hv lh w lvl v lw h clc plcl pl “v-l” “ppl.” chl J. lw Dh Hh (1993)g h “lcl plc” h g h lg pf cl vw vl h p gc

whch h vl h “g pl.”D Hw, H-Jög Rhg, h h-

cc hv w h c h wh g h pc j hcg pxg ch-lg . O h c, gc gg

cll gh l l cc cl v c “pg” lc pc-, l h. Cl h plcl pl-g l lg cl xl h h - . A cqc, lg ccv lg cc cv h g c l



Te End and Reinvention of Nature 95

pc h cc h c l

cvl chg lvg g (Hw 1991; Rhg2000; Cl l. 2003).

cl Ic, h l, g Lc, L B. Aw,Dh Nl, h p h pc h pl-cl plc, hwg h hc cc h l c- w lhp w l h. I w pc, l h cll l h cl . wh, “h l” c h lvg p. T p- wh ll . H h lv , l p-ll. O pcl, p h g—h h cll g, l, w, —c c x h h ppl, wh ql l h pv wh p h hgh h cp. T gc -

l l h lgcl hh h . T l c clv cll l. Dh c p pcv cc pv x l. T h p g h l vvl h.

Dh h l c xl cplz. Tccp “ h” h vlp ch-lg, wll h plg h f g h

, h llw h gwh p pl c. , ch vg cl-v h wh c l h. T wh h l wh g . I l w , “hplc” gl p

plc (Aw Nl 2001; Ic 2001; l Lc 2003).

A h cq cl plc h xclvl h vl ppl. A Pl Rh- (1999) ccl g, c wh ch w ccpl w hw clgcl pl h




vl c h wh h ()pc h h-

pc. H gg xp h c l h wl llw h ccp plc h - cl h c l. Y h pl -

vl l, l, h cl ccv gc hql, h l h cl c cc.G L B L hv cvcgl - ppcv ccz h hpcc cl h

plcl plc. L (2002) gg, wh -c Hlh Pl’ w, “xv hplg” whch wh pcll cl wh h ccl cl p.B L (1993) v l c wh h “cl hplg” h ccv h h h cpl c.

T h hcl c pg p w l ch h pl vg whch , wh c, c c c whchc: plc hplc.

Biosociality

I wl , Pl Rw (1992) c h ccp cl x cl’ plcl plc.Rw w cl h w pl cl ( ppl) gg h H G Pjc h chlgcl v l . Rw lv pcpl h g, whch h c v

w cl h vc whch -

lhp l pc vlpg (., 234). I hcx, gh c h “w gc” -v pv . Rw hl h lg cc p h lgz h cl h l clpjc lgcl lg ( h lgh h wll-wl clg cl Dw); h g h w




c wh w g cl lhp

hgh lgcl cg:

I h h w gc wll c ph c wll c ccl w

c lc whch hgh whch l w p pc wll g, whch I cll “-cl.” I clg cl cc h

ph , h cl, wll l cl pcc. (I., 241)

Rw pcll hw, wh h cx gwg wlg gc gc , w vl cllcv g. I xpc, h

g, h h x h gc p pplz, ppl wll c hlv h c-c gc lg, cl vcl p v lgg. J ppl c hlv lw l p hgh chll, ppl h hlv h lv gc h h ll, h gcll c lw lc lchl, h h pp cc p.

Y Rw’ h g v h. chcl v cc clc c, h pl, h lc w clz, pl l, plc, wh wlg pcc l pp-

gc chcc cvl h l-hp h vl h- hl h:

[]h wll gp h ch 17, l-

c 16,256, 654,376 lll v wh g .T gp wll hv cl pcl, l, v,




, hv ppl pl p hlp h

xpc, h, v , “” h . (I.,244)

Accg Rw, l-hlp gp p gz pv cp cl c h jc ccch . O h c, h xpc ll h l v cl cv. Gp ppl wh gv ll h l w wih cl xp. T cl-lc p ch g h , h l w cc h g glgp g xchgg h w xpc ll-, g h w plc cg c - h I (c. Rw 1999).1

T p cc cl wlg, hwv, l l w c cllcv . I ll gh lgcl l hh w plcl cv. I h Agl-A-c wl, h w cl p c ch “lgcl” “gc c-zhp” (P 2002; Hh, Rpp, g 2004; R Nv 2005). Wh h ccp hv c h c cc w cl wlg, ccp l, plcl cl. hppcv, p gz, l-hlp gp, l -c p w cllcv jc h v h

w lppl xp, w cv ch h

pv c chlgcl pg. A l h plcl cv gz h

lgcl c gh. , l-hlp gp, p- gz, l c w l - c plc h cc c




g ch pjc l h pcv c. T

gl z h plc h cc h c h -g c plc-.

A c plcl cv h ggl g -l lgcl c g cc cl chlg cc wlg. l-hlp gp p g-z gh cv xclv ccp llcl pp h cl gc ch. T l ch c g h gc wlg ll c-cl , whch c l l h ch c h c h vlp -gc hpc vc. A h l gg hp l-hlp gp p gz h pcp- hc c pl l, wll

h g gl h gl chlgcl pc- (Rh Cll 1999; Rw 1999; Hh, Rpp, g 2004; R Nv 2005).

Ul w, l w hv c h “plc lw” pcll x h lhp w cllcv c gp p l gz-. h , h v cv h c -l h g h gz, h chl c h lg h pl pp h w , h w h l llc hv l .

Al wh g h c h h gh hgz cc xp ch h

gl hlh c vl gh h pclgc pl h, lg, h l w. T c-plc h plcl cl gh, c h cc plc gc fc h c lgcl (Hh, Rpp, g 2004, 157–159).




EthopoliticsO h l wg h “plc”c Nl R. L Pl Rw, wh wh R

w cll (c., xpl, Rw R 2006), DHw (1997) H-Jög Rhg (2000), R pc h p h h gwh lgcl gc wl-g h chlgcl pcc h g h lvh l w cl, wll h

w lg c. I h w, c p- x-plcl lc, lg c p plcl l q. T l h h, wR, w cll h cll “hplc.”

hplc g ll pchl p. R g

h gc h ll wh h gc v hp. H ccl l h vw cp h g-c x c l lc- ppl gl. R hl, h c, h hpg -c plc x cg lg, c h plcl c, wll p-lcl gl, hv chg. I c “cl hg,”h gc c h h ppl h gc p h vl. T cl gl gcv, R lv, l h hlh h plc lg h cllcv p pv h hlh vl hlp h v ll. I plc -cgc pg h ll pv h—

c lz gc—w “ v g h , , g, h vl, gp, lcl wh hgh” (2001, 7).

T “” plcl l pl -g h cp plcl (c. R 2007, 5–7). C-cv pvv lg g pcc, l




ppl. All c fc h x h

v pp gc . T c h -cl h wh cl hlh h h cl g h c cp —wh p-l—pv ll. T xp cl p gl c h R h “c-z plc” (., 17). Accg R, h 20h c- h pplz p hgc plcl h g hlh pv cgl l vl g h v wh c ghg ll. Tlg clz gl, lg wh h lh- ll pg plc h p h , hpl p l g l- l cl c-g (, 3–4).

R g h h cvl plcl chcc v h pl l h plcl ch. T v vll ,h w, pg l h ppc hv h

l gc c, whch w pcv lll,ccl, pvl. I h chg cll, h p vl l-pcp. h x h h w h l h ph-lgcl, w hlg hc, cgl p-pg, w hcl plcl q gg h -p l-l plc. R hplc llw:

w whch h h h xc—h ,

l gg l p, gp, —hv c pv h “” wh whch h l-gv-

h vl c cc p wh hpv g gv . . . I cpl vlz lz, pw cllcvz clz, hplc

cc l wh h l-chq whch h g




hl jg hlv c p hlv h-

lv h h . (2001, 18)

T pcl h plc l vl ccv-, whch c l gl, l c-cl l ccp h xc. R w h vlc h “vl plc” (2001, 22; 2007, 8).O h h, h l p cll p hcl -c h cl cc lgcl c, wll ccp hw wh lv. Ivl c( ) wgh h v p cvl h v pl. T plc cgvl cllcv pl l h w hh p-cv l. T l cl pllz v-

c h l hlh, whch cl p p cc g c-g.

O h h h, h wl w pc h v h pp. g wh, h ppl h c-clz l pc, whch p ch hll h pv, h vlp w cl ql xpl (2007, 31–39). h, R h cx hplc h vlp w l xpc cl h p “gc pl.” A g “p-l pw” h cllz hplcl p-l f w q gg h g vl l. Phc, hc, gc cl, c, pv phccl p ch cp

pplz cc wlg, vl jg, g l c (., 40, 73–76). Pl vg hlh wll h w cll ll wh plcl, cc,cl, cc .

R’ w chcz pv lg wpcl l hcl c. H x g h




ql c xcg c clg. Nhl,

h l w jc h hplc. T ccl cc h p cl c p- w gc pg h p cp hgc pcc. L Kch (2004), xpl, hw h pc- xcl lc h cx gc p-cv chlg c lgg h p; h,h v jc hv chg.T l jcv cllg gg pcvc c. Alhgh cl c h hcl fc, qll p c- w p p.

c, cl wh x plc g whhplc. Bc B (2007) h w h c h

hplc h hcl q -l c l h vll ll h

wl wh gh v vv. Y v l hhplcl plc W lz , cl cp plcl pcc ll g. ll h, B p h plcl c h p v 2005. H hw h h l l lcl , whch R pv h hcl c pcc h l, c cchgh h pcp h . I plgcl pl-cl c gg h pv gv phg’ p, p vll lcl — h -c wh h h h pl

h h . A plcl chq p h g, whch B c “-c.” Bc g lgcl l vlp-l ccl cgc. B’ g , h, h v cpl p cp plc c c wll hplcl ch.2



105

Va P and Benmy

From Menschenökonomie to Human Capital

T ccp vl plc, whch Nl R pl h -c h lclz z l, w l- ch l cpll f cx. T pl p l h w Wlhl Röp Alx- Rüw, w gc pv pw G l-l chc h cl c (soziale Mark-wirschaf ). I h 1950 ’60, h h “vl plc”

w h plcl h w g hp-lgcl h h hcl . T gv p c h c h cl g ch. “c” (Vermassung ) h vl pl-c, pg h “w cl l ” (Rüw 1957,215). Wh c g h l gl

cl l, vl plc p -cv h. C cl plc, whch c l, vl plc cc “ll c p whch hp-p, wll-g, c l p” (Rüw 1955,70).

T ll1 ccp vl plc w h l l-pg ppch. Accg Rüw, h h

c h W h cl h w h wg c. Bh cl w h gp clz- w l cc. Rüw wh cv “l” pcpl plc whch, h vw, h



106 Vital Politics and Bioeconomy

pgvl cl c h 19h c. H g h -

v gl plcl c c hw plc “fc wll-g h l- vl” (1957, 235). Plchl wh h , lg l . T c whch h plc l -

h , whch cl h hplg-cl vl plc (., 236).

Plc p h “c h h” (., 235), whch c h pc plc v h l h c-c. Accg Rüw, vl plc h cfc w h “g l” l c; - h cc gl p hgh h l h cp cc cv. Vl plc -l ch cc c gl “v

l,” h cc p hh l.

I Rüw’ vw, vl plc l ll ’ cv h “plc h w pl . . . .[I] cp ll cl xpl g-” (., 235). I cv l vl cll ,

whl cg pl l lhp vlpv . T gl h plc “v wv lvg [lebendiger Bindungen] h cll” (., 238). T vlvg h v -g cc ll cl l , whl h cgzg h l-gzl cpc. I hpc, vl plc llw h pcpl , c

wh c cl pl h cc whh h c lv l , h , whh l gv pl c wh h ph l, gh-h, h l, h hlp (., 232). Rü-w c h ccl plc p l cg “c cll h cl ” g hlh, “cp



Vital Politics and Bioeconomy 107

l” h wplc, h lglv xcv

ch gv wg h “g h ppl’ [Volkskörper ]” (., 237).

Vl plc lll w p c ll h-g. , v ccl pcpl g whch plcl c-v c whch l h c c cphv h xl hcll g.c, h vl-plcl h cl c p v h “h c” xg hv U, wh l h w g (,238).

Wh h ll vl plc p h ccllhp w cc pcpl hcll p hplgcll g , h w 20h-c

h whch, g h h g homo economicus, pl cc w plc, hc, c.T w h, h ccp Menschenökonomie (h c-) h cpl h, hv l wh ccgh c l pc h wh pvg, hcg, pzg h pc. I h c, h l v h c l h c-c pv vlz.2

T ccp Menschenökonomie v h A -cl phlph clg c Rl Glch, h g h G c clg. H cl lg (1911) gh pv cphvcc g h g h c h

()pc h l. T h p p- gg, c, c c wh h ph h l g. T gl h h-cc clc-l ch h hgh pl “pl vl,” h , x-z vg zg xp. T “vl p”(., 499) q l ccg llw c




l cl “gc cpl”—h ,

h l l.Glch gh h hg w cpg -

l cl gl gvc h w wl c h : cl Dw cl hg. I h vw, hl w p h pz. T cc h-lg “h l” (1912, 22) c hgh -cl Dw l cl hg xp. Glch,

wh w plcll ll h cl Dc, plc l vl l cl lc h h pv lvg c-, h p c, h l g h c . T f g h pv “h ql-” whl. Glch h wh “c v c” p l h h lvl:

T cll jc , h hgh h xp h l q c, h cpl l wll . T xpv, ll c h

wh gw hlh v l, wh pc hlh h. T lc p hl l gv h c h p h g

l. (1911, 495)

Wh h p, h Menschenökonomie p pcccq cpl. Cpl gl xplg gc cp-l, c h c h lv cc l wh h pc “gc pl

vl.” I c h, Glch wlc h cl l-v cphvl pl c whch wl p- h l clv l. h hcp “cg h h ’ h -l” (., 577). Glch hl h. Hc h w h l l h ppl




ccv h l cc cpl, h wl

wh c pc h xc cplxpl.

Glch’ w g pc l clpg h hcl hc h h pc. Bh h w gh hgh h pv -

vl cllcv lvg c. Hwv, ccvg h- g cc g gh gv l f- c- l. T c l Glch’ wg, xpl, w plc - lcv lgc h pl wgh h c

, xp pl v, vl, h lv wh lv. A Wl W I, xpl, hlw Kl Bg h phc Al Hch cll “p-

x l wh g lv” (Bg Hch 1920). Ppl wh l wh c chl ll wh p, h cl, h wlll, h l, h Nz “h” pg,

whch x ppl wh l l. A Wl W II, h cpl h cp Gl-

ch’ gh wh cll g h xplcl. I p pv w h c T W.chlz G . Bc, wh j wh Glch— h l g clg h h c— cll “v ppl” (chlz 1981). Nhl, h w -pv h ql gv ppl, chlz Bc -c , l f Glch’ Menschenökonomie.

H cpl h wh h c cl plc ll plc h c fc h “vlh” p gl. I Glch h - w ll c wh pc h g ccl “gc cpl,” h cpl h vw h -vl cl h vl h




cllcv ql l. Tgh h clc w h cpl

h l w c l, h gcc h ccph cll gw c w l, h p h , plc, v cc.

Tgh h l h cpl h, h g -l c wh cl llcg cc c h p- cpg gl. All cv p chc wcv l cv lv. T h h hlgcl vl, wh p xz wgh p plc whch f cx ppl pl.

Bc chlz h cpl h l-, ll, hlh, wll ch ql h pp-c cl pg, p. I c w cp:

cpl gc w, h h l h h l “v” ppp -l—, pgg, c, wll lv c.chlz Bc w h h “h cpl” c cc c wh , pv, cclq v. Accg h h, c gg, g hvg chl, g gvc wl p lz c lcvchc pc c. T, w h lv h c cl, h l vc h c p c wll-g. v h hv chl llw cc clcl. Chl -h c pchc pl l h wll

g . Whh h chl, c,c, g, h cl h hcl ppcv w l l x c h l h hv.T “cc ppch” (Bc 1976) ccv ll ppl g hlv, wh v c- lv hlv l wh h pc




pl vl. T p h h h l pl

h w l h c cl cp, whch pv g c h p Glch h h l 20h c.

I h pg h Menschenökonomie, h vg c- lz gll cpl wh v cclgc pl vl. A Ulch Böclg , h

Wl W I h l c wh l w “ wh lvg” cl h lgl ll (2003, 20–21).

Wh h cpl h, whch g Wl W II, v- vl c l cpl l h vg h- hl. Wh v c, h h xz h hvl vg, h h l— cl’ l-—x pw “ l l .” llwg h

cc ppch, (p) h cl -p h l (wg) v c: “mos ( ll!) h x ‘c’ h h h clhv pp c h v p-lgg l” (Bc 1976, 10; ph gl).

Biocapital

Wh h ccp Menschenökonomie h cpl h vw h xc ppcv cc l, c g plcl v hv pl h h

h c h cc hv .T c, ccg h pjc, wll l “c.”3 I 2006, h Ogz

cc Cp Dvlp (OCD) plh Te Bioeconomy o 2030: Designing a Policy Agenda. “Bc” - h pgc x c’ l ccp whch h pl vl lgcl pc pc c w gwh pp cz (OCD 2006, 3).




A ppxl h h OCD c p-

p, h p C p pl wh lgl. T C h pl “wlg-

c” (KBB) h wl h gh p c-pv l hlp pc h v-. T p C cc Rch, JzPč, c h pjc llw: “A cz plh pg h w h ‘h h’— ll— hlp c vlp w whch hl

j hc ql l, l g-” (p C 2005, 2).

Bh h p C’ h OCD’ pg p w pc vc v c-c v. Cl h v, h, h c

gl h h l lg hc, whch pl h “c.” T lgg h w pp cc w, whch c h plcl pg v cv cl - cc l.

I issue Economies: Blood, Organs, and Cell Lines in Lae Capial-ism (2006), h cl hplg Ch Wl h l chl R chll, ch “vl” “ c” plcl c cplccl. T lc c g xchg. O h h, l h l c cl “g” h lhl hlp h p. O h h h, hwv, l

cgl vw c h c l p. Tgh c , h vl h l ch xclv jxp g c xchg cl cc lgc. T l lg cg h cplx g,ccl, cq cpl l.




A g gh h lhp w cc -

v cpl pv hhplg Kh Rj Biocapial: Te Consiu-ion o Posgenomic Lie (2006). Bgg wh h g c-c chlg h “cc” “c” w p ph h ll cv, Rj vg h cpc ccwlg plc-cc g. H pcl h h h gc h cc w w ph cpl (., 3). “Bchlg” gcg ll l cphl h lgh hcpl c’ gll pc cp w. hcl p, Rj l cl’ c-cp plc x’ cq plcl c, g

h wh h hplgcl l (., 3–15, 78–79). Tc cpl c pp hgh lppcv:

[O] h h, wh l, xpl, - v c “cl chlg v”

? O h h h, hw vl cllc-v jcv czhp h hp ccp

h chlg h cc “l l”? (I., 78)

Rj’ lplc l ,v, vw wh c, phc, p-, gv pv h U I-

. I c l hgphc ch wh cphvhcl c. Alhgh h ’ jc ,h pcl c l c h vlp phccl, pcll h q hw gc chh h pc. A p pc cp- phccl ch c “plz c,”




h , c wh pc h gc

h p, w phcgc. Rj hw hw h cc pc wlg

c lg p cpl pc vl. w c p ch h h phcclch: h cl h c p hv cg j ll, h cl phccl c-p wh g v ch vlp hlll l c. Rj c h ch pcl cpl— pclv cplh l h c cc pc h hp xpc. I g gh “gc” hh hp p h w cl wll vlp

wh h zl cpl p.

T “w c cpl” (., 3) h, c, l c. A Rj hw hgh h xpl ch hpl , “cpl” pc w l xpl ql. A h hpl, pv cp c-c phcgc W phccl cp-. Owg h lw c wg I gc -

v, pcll cv plc ch ch. T w plc p h cp l ppl

wh h p pl c h cl hxl . h ch jc hv hl chc

pcp, “ h w wll,” v ll - clcl f h xpl l cl . Dp g , h l l

vg h w hp h gh l ch ch. Rj cvcgl hw hw gll ch clcl l lcl c hw “cpl” h -pv plg p’ l l h h hlh h c cpl xpl l’ (., 93–97).




T clg l Cp l h lhp -

w cpl cg cc v x ppcv. I h Lie as Surplus: Bioechnology andCapialism in he Neoliberal Era (2008), h c h gc p ch h U h g-g h 1970. A h h c, h l ccl w cl. I h h c pc wh cp, lgwh Wl W II. T cc c w cpl- gwg v clgcl pl. Te Limiso Growh (w l. 1972) h p h v- w pwl l h h wl’ c

w l l h h fc l pc h cl h c w pll . Acc-

g Cp, h p “c” w w h l c. h gg h h “ch vl” c ccv p cphv “ll vl” p c h U.. c: “Nll h ch h c vc hclgcl cc l gwh c wh h l pc, hgh pclv v h” (2008, 11).

Cp’ vg v pc h “ll plc” (., 13). g p cl’ l Te Order o Tings (1970) h l c p- lg plcl c, h pc h -p h lgcl pc cgl gl wh

cpl g ccl cg w c pl vl g. A h , hwv, l pc pl cg w jc xpl xpp-. Rh, ll cpl l pg “lgcl”. I “lv” h v lgcl gwh h c v-c ll l l.




Cp’ h pclv lw gg l

l h -v gwh h U xc wh NAA’ lgcl ch xl l, whch p— hp—wll vc h l- lvg h. h l x, h h, h w hcl lg lv vl cplx l pc , h h, h -ll hc ll cc gwh, whch c h w vl ccp. Bh hgh h p-l l-gz ccz l ql. T cl c vlpl pc l g -c v p h pp c x-g cc l l. Lie as Surplus hw vvl h cc cpc ppl -

l c pcc l h l h.T pll h g h l pl-c c p cq h plcl c l.4

Hwv, h w c h chp ll xcp.O h whl, l v w h pl h “pl-c” hv p h q hw h plcz l -w wh cz.



117

Pre: An Anay f B

H E O V E R V I E W O F h h cp “pl-

c” p h vl h h c ppl cc l. I plc h clcl xl c, plc c xv . T , plc h c plc h whch ll l l, l, h l. h w, plc g cl h xcl h pl-c. I, h plc l wh w h v

plc. L h c h l xplc-l cp plc. I lg c hgl cc xc h c c, jc cc wlg, v cc, chclpv.

A plc? Plc h l chg h lgh plcl

l chlg. I h l p lpc h c gl wh cpc l-g-l pc. Hwv, pcl h l h hpv plc wh p f v- gz. Plc p l c hv c l c ch cg cg, pvg pcg, lzg lz-

g. Plc c pc ph, c l c -, cpl pv, cv .

L l g h l plc ccp plc c l h . Bh l



118 Prospect: An Analytics of Biopolitics

p pp cv l c p-

lcl plc. T ccp c hcl h p cg p c-c chlg (c. L 1993). Bh ppcv hh gcc plc ccvg cv, cv, cv. T l p l l pc-g h xpg wh h p

lgcl pc. I h plc v, plc l x cc chlgcl pc c l gl hw c p h vlp.

c h w l, h c-g cpl, p, I h ch lc

plc h h gcc h plcl l. Tppcv gh l l plc ccp-

c c h h c h fc hplc l, cg cg. A c- w h q “hw?” “wh?” “wh ?” Il wh h h lgz plc h plcz lg, c “l” “plc” ccv l c lhp, h h xl p.

T lc plc h g p h h-cl ppcv l chl cl, “lv,” p, h cc l pl-c h h c h . gh, h l cp hv vc h cl plc f w. , h cl h c-

p plcl pc l xpwlg h lgcl pc. T, h ccv l w h h phcl - cl ch. c, w c ppl- h l plcl ch wh x h jcv. T hcl v llw



Prospect: An Analytics of Biopolitics 119

hw h gl l pc fc vl cl-

lcv c gv w . I h, llw-g cl, c plcl pc hv c h pc wlg pc jc-

v. A lc plc hl vg h w l g pw pc, wlg pcc, jcv. Accgl, pl gh h - h ch ppcv ( l Rw R2006, 197–198).1

, plc q c wlg “l” “lvg g.” wlg pv cgv -v p h p p plcl pc h jc jc v. T h l l ccvl clcll ch w h c hp .

T, c cph h g h ( -lcv) h c h cg plcl pcc.O wh wlg h l pc - cll lv , c, wh lv -p vl glz. Wh cc xp cpl hv lg h ll h h l,hlh, gv ppl? I wh vcl pc lc, , vl, ccz? Wh cgv llcl chlgcl pc pc h? Wh ppl pl -

jcv gg pc l gv cl cg?c, h pl h g h c p

h pw, h q hw g pw

lz wlg l hw pc pw g wlg. T ppcv l cc c ql, hch vl, - h ()pc plcl pcc. Wh l g cll vll, whch c“ wh lvg”? Wh xl hhp, wh phcl




pchc fg, c plcl, cl, cc, cl -

g ll p ch hp, whch glc g? Hw , ch xcl, h xpc c x c h , hw h l phcl ppc, hlh, l xpc-c? Al, h ppcv vg h “c” h pl-c l: wh p hw h gl pv- l pc ( , xpl, cl g, pl-cl c, cc p, cl pg)? Wh h c f ch pv, ll, ph c h pc? Wh xpl cclz h h l c v?

T, lc plc l cc

jcv, h , h whch jc gh w hlv, g cc, cl, l,lg, h h h cll ccpg x. H g c l cplx q h p lv : Hw ppl cll , h (vl cllcv) l hlh (’ w hlh h h l, , “c,” h), vw gl (hlh pv, l x,hgh ql l, l h g pl, ppl -c, h) c c w ( x c v ch gl)? Hw h gh xpc h l “wh” “ wh” g lv? Hw h pll “hgh” “” c, “g” “w”

x, “g” “g” ppl? Hw jc p cc p l h w cc ccv hlv g gl g, -

lgcl ch, cp wh gc p , pcpl, xchgl? Hw c h pc vw cvppp no pv ccpc?




Wh ch ppch c h g

cp c? Wh “hcl pl vl” (c. 2004, 178–179)? hisorical ppcv, lc plc l hw, h p w c, h pc “l” plc h c lhw h plc l h h . pcv clg v l plc, hlh pv p plc ppl cl—-

vl cllcv l, h pv plg, hpc g v g , hv c ccp pc plcl . Wh h wl h l l cl c h pl cg hlv cz, h l h gl h

gg h l. T, h q wh

h lgl c , p h w, h q wh lg h lgl c (,h , c.) c c.

I empirical , lc plc c g gh h ll p v, cpl, cgv . T cgcl v w hl h cl cc, , cl- l l ll plcl . T c -w l plc c l wh g cl-cch ch l l. T l plclpl c cpl lg g fcl wlg, l, xpl cp-c. ll, q l h cl, plcl,

cl, cc pc plcl q -h. T chllg lc plc c pcl pg p g cx— cx h c- v h pcl c h cl

xpl hcll php vc l h h .




ll, lc plc l lll criical c. I

hw h plcl ph h l hp-lgcll v, vl lw, vl plcl c-. Rh, h hv g cl pcc pl-cl c-g. T pc llw c lgc

jc pcc cg l cpl pc v chc. T -lc plc vl gl h c cgc, h c, h pg p .

T ccl pc h c jc whx. Rh, g gg l- h l pcv w pl ppcv x h h l x f p vw.Cq h pcv v, h h gv

cv. I p lv l jc-v p l vl cl ccwlg; h c, ccll w cl xp w pcl, pl, lcv. I -g g hv wlg, lc plch hcplcl : “h” “ccl lg lv” (cl 1997, 319).2 T ccl h llw ph

g h l h l chc w h vlz- h z plcl ph. I c-

vcg plz plc h pp pg l x plc ll gcllh pc g, Vl Gh . N xgg h gg, Ag

, h Achwz h pg plc. Alhgh h wp p ppg cc plc, h vhl

h pz gl v pc f-g pcl l.

T ccl h lc plc gh l ph c l cv c hc.




Bhc h w h plc h l

w l plc, c h c l cc hcl g vl (c. Ghg 2006,8–9; Whlg 2007). Wh lc plc f

w pcvg h cplx ll w, hclc c h hcl g cl cx -chlgcl cl v p l-v p c-g. T, l cc hplgcl chlgcl l pc h g pw g pc jcv-. T ph hc c chc, h x wh p ( wh g) h l llcl c cll pcc chlgcl -cl p. Al, hc glc h cl c

l xpc h vl gh xpc whh wh vg h p h, pcpl, vll h.

Bhc c h q, wh ? I cpl lv h c c. I gv -w pcc . A lc plc, h hh, g pl. I q hhv . I w ll h hcl c cl h gll h -hcl w p-c . A lc -plc p p w hz qg pp hg, g lh cpl plcl

. I plzg cv h l g-

c h cp wh h , whl h lzg ppl l l-v pcc hgh—vg lv fl. A l, lc plc h pclv xpl -: wh cp wh cl f.



125

Ne

Ne he Inrdun

1. C. h c h Lessico di biopoliica (cclp B-plc) (B l. 2006).

2. B “plc” I h h plcl l-c- l-pcg , whch xgg h h plcl ( Jp 1985, 73).

Ne Chaer

1. h h ccp plc, p 2008, 16–24.

2. T plcl c h ccp plc h w pl L K. Clwll (1964).

3. I G, H lh, w p plcl cc h Uv Dül, h h g cl h pc h ch ppcv (lh 1986; c. Kp W 1998).

Ne Chaer

1. T Zeischrif ür Biopoliik (Jl Bplc), 2002 c c, c xpl h p-v c (c. zch 2002).

Ne Chaer 3

1. cl h ccv h , whch x l phcl llg l ll cl plcl h, whch h chcz “c ”: “xpg h,cg h h ppl, , q pl, plclh, xpl, jc, ” (2003, 256).



126 Notes

2. cq cl’ l c, l 1995

2006.3. hgh cc h cl ccp gv, L 1997.

Ne Chaer 4

1. A l c Ag’ g plcc L 2007, 89–110.

2. Ag h w xvl Hh A’ hg vlp Te Origins o oaliarianism gg h “Pplx h Rgh ” h pc, hgh h -, ppl wh h wh gh (A 1968,267–302). C. l Kh B’ (2007) cv cp h plcl ccp cl A.

3. w p vg h l h h c-

plc wll ll c, 2003; g 2005.4. Ag’ c h p l h ccp “-

-l,” whch “ c h gg ccp h c h cg plc” (2000, 12). H h l h v c p , l whch v pl l l.

Ne Chaer 5

1. T h jl Muliudes h h l “Bplq pv” (2000). C. l Lzz 2000; Rvl 2002; V 2004.

Ne Chaer 6

1. h c h pl, Bl 1998; Hh 2003.2. p 1998, 2002. h plc p h ccp

plc wh cp phlph, Cpll 2008 hc h pcl Diacriics “Bí, I, L: TTgh R p,” 36 (2) (2006).



Notes 127

Ne Chaer 7

1. , Rw c vw, g h l h ccp h gll l h “Gl Ag lcl cl”: “T w hp, h w pg, h w g v —h w w cl” (2008,190). Hwv, Rw , p l w l v w hp gc c hv lz, h hl q - pc cl vll.

2. O plc c, l R 2006; Dph - 2007; Dll L-G 2008, wll h ch hBplc c Nw: hp://www.l.c./ch/lpj/ / (cc 17 Dc 2009).

Ne Chaer 8

1. T “ll” v h jl Ordo, whch pv G pw ll plh.2. T llwg cc lgl h l Ulch

Böclg, wh c h w ccp h (Böc-lg 2003).

3. A g vvw h cplx l cc vg c l wh lgph: Gh-l 2001 (c. l Disinkion 2007).

4. h p l x cl l hcp ch , Tc 2005.

Ne Chaer 9

1. T ppl p h c w ccp c cl, gvl plc, ccv -

plc “ gv” (c. L 2007).2. I hl h h ccl h pl g -l wh, wll fc , A’ g “g”l (c. A 2006).

http://www.keele.ac.uk/research/lpj/bos/






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139

A, 1, 79, 91 Av plc, 91 Ag, Gg, v , x , x , 6, 52,

53–64 , 77, 87, 99, 122; “l,” 6, 53–64; Nz, 90; l xcp, 60; v-g, 59–60

All-G Ccl Bpl-c. See Gesamdeuscher Ra ür

Biopoliik Ac Plcl cc Ac-

(APA), 16 Alc plc, 7, 117–23 A, Wl , 28 Ahpplc, 7, 94–96 APL. See Ac Plc

L cc APA. See Ac Plcl c-

c Ac A, Hh, 54 , 1262 Ac Plc L

cc (APL), 16 Al , 55, 58, 88, 121

“B l,” x , 87; Ag , 6, 53–64; l /-g/ , 55, 58; plclc , 60

Bc, G ., 109–11

Bg, H, 9Bcpl, 111–16; vl/

c , 112–13; ph-ccl ch , 113–14

B, 75Bcc, x , 7; cpl ,

111–16; h cpl/vl pl-c , 105–11

Bhc, 26, 122–23

Blgc, 7, 78, 86–92Blgcl czhp, 98–99Blg h , 13, 48Bc, v , 94Bpllg, 15–21Bpw: v., 75; H/

Ng , 68, 70; l g/h , 36, 39; px ,l , 71–73; c, 41–42; vg pw v.,35–36, 40

Bc, 103Bcl, 96–99Bchlgcl v, x,

1 , 96, 115; cc g, 27;

DNA , w pc,26; gc/pcv, 26, 84, 91, 93, 103, 107–8, 113; h g- , 49; -v lz,26, 91; pl c, 93, 95

Index



Index 141

ll gv , 44–50;

c/pcc , 50–52; c ch, 47

G, Dch, 23–24

Hw, D, 94 , 100H, chl, x , x , 6, 65–76, 77Hh, Kl, 13

Hlh, 9; plc , 79; gc, 25, 97–99, 101; ll, 87

Hh, Dh, 94Hll, Ag, x, 6, 78–81, 86Hc-plcl c,

c, 42

Homo economicus , h g ,107Homo sacer , vg ,

54–55H g, 106; hv ,

17–18; plc , 20; cc g, 109; homoeconomicus , 107; gh , 29.

See also Lvg gH cpl, 105–11H G Pjc, x, 96H, 88–89H : v wh

pc , 86; plcl c, 15–21

H gh, 29; cccp , 55; l, 57

I plc, 86Ill: gc g ,

113; hlh , 87

Ic: plcl pc-

, 68–69; lg ,73–76Ipl l, 73; l l

, 66–70; l v., 71–72I-v lz, 26, 91

KBB. See Kwlg- c

Kjllé, Rl, 9–10, 13Kwlg- c

(KBB), 112Kch, L, 103

Lebensphilosophie (phlph l), 9

Lebensraum (lvg pc), 13Lgl gh,, p , 61–62Ll gv, 44–50L: plc, 9–21; h

, 95; xpl/c-clz , 120; ,81; hchz , c, 42; l ,

27; jc plc, 23–33L plc, 3, 82–86; /l

, 84; hcl q ,85; lgcl c , 82;l-clz/- ,83

Lvg pc. See Lebensraum

w, D L., 115w, Dll, 115, Dq, 91–92 Menschenökonomie , 107–9llg, P, 115chll, R, 112



142 Index

lclz, 94, 105

lcl plc, 7, 14, 94–96l: pw px, 71–73; glc , 74; pl l v., 71–72; l, 72; lc , 72–73

Nl cl, 3; lgz plc, 14; h l-

g , 12; c w , 43; cl ccp , 12; /c, 11

Nl v, pv/pc , 3, 23–24

Nl ccp, 4, 9–21, 28, 31, 117–18

N, 5; ccp , 45–47; c-c c , 69–70;/v , 93–103; --c c, 4

Nz G, x, 9–15, 43, 57–58Nz: Ag , 90; p

, 90; hé/Hll , 79;cl , 90

Ng, A, x, x, 6, 52, 65–76, 77

N-Dw vl h, 16

Nll, x; Cp ,115–16

Nzch, ch, 9

Ojc plc, l , 23–32OCD. See Ogz

cc Cp Dvlp

Olg, c , 73–76

Oll ccp, vl pl-

c, 105–7, 1271Ogc ccp, 9–10Ogz cc C-

p Dvlp(OCD), 111–12

Pc v, 79–80Phccl ch, 113–14

Phlph l. See Lebensphilosophie

Phcl g, l-plcl x-c v., 49

Plc(): , 78–81; pp-c/ , 77–92;cp, 83–86; ,

86; l , 3, 9–21, 82–86, 120; lcl, 7, 14, 94–96; l- ccp , 3, 4, 9–22 , 28, 31, 102, 117–18; plc ccp, 3, 4, 23–32, 117–18. See also Vl plc

Plcl c, 31, 106; clwlg , 98–99; h

, 15–21Plcl c, 44–50, 60;

wlg, 45–46; x , 113. See also cl c

Plcl xc, 54, 59, 87Plcl-l c, 40

Plcl l, 57Plc ccp, 3, 4, 23–32, 117–18Ppl: , 96; gl-

cl , 36, 37, 50–51; xl , 38; chlg c , 37



Index 143

Pw: h, c , 40–

44; v l, 89; pv,36; vg v. , 35–36, 40 , 78, 119–20; chlg ,36–37

Rw, Pl, x, 7, 94, 96–99, 100

Rc w: c , 41–

42; lgcl-cl c, 40–41; Nl cl, 43

Rcl hg, 14, 100, 108Rcl xg, 12, 15Rc, 1, 120; lgcl p

, 44; pw , 41–42;

c, 41; cl ,34, 40, 42–44; c ,41–42; pw h ,40–44

Rzl, ch, 13Rc plc, 94Rxv hplg, 96, 117Rxv , 82–84

Rpcv chlg, 26, 84, 91, 93, 103, 107–8, 113

Rc, 50–52, 65, 72Rhg, H-Jög, 94, 100“Rgh l h,” 35, 39R, Nl, x, 7, 94, 100–103Rl xcp, 56, 58, 60, 65

ch, Cl, 54, 60chph, Ah, 9chlz, T W., 109–11cc chlg

(), v, 113–14

c chlg, cpl

chlg v., 37l: -, 91; -hlpgp, 98–99; -, 83; lplc , 84

cl lg, 107–8cl Dw, 11, 96, 108clz, gc,

97–98

cl c, 105, 107c: , c w ,

41–42; lgcl whl, 42; , 45; lzg, 39;cc , 113

vg pw: Ag ,53–64; pw v., 35–36, 40,

78, 119–20; cl , 59–60: pp, cc, 61; lg , 13, 48; g-l , 61; l, 10;“gg-g-gcl” , 14; lvg -g, 10; gc ccp, 3; c gg , 42; v-

g, 95, 111cc g, plc,

59, 61–62. See cc chlg

jcv, 51, 118–19, 120, 123 Rj, Kh, 113–14

chlg: cpl v. c,37; gc, 26–28; pw,36–37; pcv, 26, 84, 91, 93, 103, 107–8, 113

Tplc, 7, 59, 91, 94–96



144 Index

c, 112–13

l, 53; , 80; h gh p , 57pl c, 93, 95

Uvl Dcl HRgh, 30

Vlc, 87–88

Vl p, Menschenökono-mie , 107–8

Vl plc, 7, 102, 105–11; h-

plgcl , 106; ll ccp , 105, 107

Wl, Ch, 112Welbund zum Schuze des Lebens

(Wl U Pc L), 25

Zh, ch, 115



Au he Auhr

H O M A S L E M K E Hg P clg wh c Bchlg, N, c h cl cl c-c h Gh Uv G. Hch cl cl plcl h, plc,

cl gc pcv chlg.

E R I C F R E D E R I C K R U M P Ph.D. c h G D-p Nw Y Uv.

64336563 Bio Politics an Advanced Introduction Bio Politics Medicine Tech No Science and Heal

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