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Ban thk U hi sng M CngChng trnh o to mi trng

cc h thng qun lmi trng iso 14001

Phnom Penh 10/2001


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Cc h thng qun l mi trng ISO 14001

U hi sng M Cng Chng trnh mi trng 1

Mc lc

bi 1. Gii thiu cc h thng qun l mi trng .................................................4H thng qun l mi trng l g?.............................................................................4ISO - T chc tiu chun ho quc t..........................................................................4Nhm tiu chun ISO 14000 .......................................................................................6Li ch v chi ph khi thc hin ISO 14001 EMS........................................................7Tm tt nhng im c bn .........................................................................................9

bi 2 . cc yu cu chung ca ISO 14001......................................................................10C cu ISO 14001......................................................................................................10ISO 14001 tm tt nhng ni dung c bn.............................................................11Thc hin nh gi ban u mt EMS.......................................................................12Mt s im quan trng ca ISO 14001....................................................................13Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................14

Bi 3 - 4.2 chnh sch mi trng.................................................................................15Mc ch v nhng c trng c bn ca mt chnh sch mi trng......................15Gii thch chnh sch mi trng ISO 14001 ............................................................15Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................18

bi 4 - 4.3.1 cc kha cnh mi trng .........................................................................19nh ngha ca ISO 14001 v cc kha cnh v tc ng mi trng.......................19Xc nh cc kha cnh v cc tc ng n mi trng ..........................................19Ti sao phi xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng .......................................................20Gii thch cc thut ng trong ISO 14001 .................................................................20nh gi ri ro hoc mc tc ng.......................................................................22Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................23

bi 5 - 4.3.2 cc yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc ...........................................24Ti sao cc yu cu php l li quan trng................................................................24 Cc yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc bao gm nhng g....................................24 Theo di v duy tr nhn thc v cc yu cu php l...............................................25Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................25

bi 6 - 4.3.3 Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng......................................................27nh ngha cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng........................................................27


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Cc th tc thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng ....................................29Cc ch khc v mc tiu v ch tiu .....................................................................31Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................31

bi 7 - 4.3.4 ch

ng trnh qun l mi tr

ng..........................................................32

nh ngha chng trnh qun l mi trng............................................................32Thc hin mt chng trnh qun l mi trng (EMP)...........................................32Lp k hoch ISO 14001 mt bc tranh tng th...................................................33 Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................34

bi 8 - 4.4.1 c cu t chc v trch nhim................................................................35C cu t chc v trch nhim ..................................................................................35Gii thch mc 4.4.1 ca ISO 14001 .........................................................................35Cc ngun lc............................................................................................................36Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................38

bi 9 - 4.4.2 o to, nhn thc v nng lc............................................................39Mc ch v ch li ca cng tc o to hiu qu ...................................................39o to, nhn thc v nng lc .................................................................................41o to ISO 14001 - im ct yu ............................................................................42Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................44

Bi 10. 4.4.3 ph bin............................................................................................................45Bn cht v mc ch ca cng tc ph bin.............................................................45Cc yu cu ISO 14001 i vi cng tc ph bin bn trong v bn ngoi t chc .45Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................49

bi 11 - 4.4.4 tliu ho......................................................................................................50Tm tt ISO 14001 4.4.4 ...........................................................................................50Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................52

bi 12 - 4.4.5 kim sot ti liu ........................................................................................53nh ngha t liu ho ...............................................................................................53Cc chi tit ca vic kim sot ti liu ......................................................................54Tm tt cc im c bn ...........................................................................................56

Bi 13 - 4.4.6 KIM SOT HOT ng ..................................................................................57nh ngha kim sot hot ng................................................................................57Cc yu cu ca ISO 14001 v kim sot hot ng.................................................57


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Tm tt c bn v cc th tc c t liu ho .........................................................58Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................60

bi 14 - 4.4.7 chun b v i ph vi cc tnh hung khn cp..........................61Tm quan trng ca cng tc ngn nga...................................................................61

Xc nh cc tnh hung khn cp tim n................................................................61K hoch i ph vi tnh hung khn cp ...............................................................63Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................64

bi 15 - 4.5.1 quan trc v o c..................................................................................65Mc ch ca quan trc v o c .............................................................................65Nn quan trc v/hoc o c nhng g.....................................................................65Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................67

bi 16 - 4.5.2 s khng tun th, hot ng hiu chnh v ngn nga............68Th no l khng tun th?........................................................................................68Th no l cc hot ng hiu chnh v ngn nga? .................................................69Phng php thc hin hnh ng hiu chnh v ngn nga.....................................70 Quan im ca c quan c chc nng i vi vic khng tun th ..........................70Vi suy ngh cui cng i vi hnh ng khng tun th.......................................71Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................71

bi 17 - 4.5.3 h s ................................................................................................................72Mc ch ca h s EMS...........................................................................................72Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................74

bi 18 - 4.5.4 kim ton........................................................................................................75Kim ton mi trng l g?......................................................................................75Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................78

bi 19 - 4.6 r sot cng tc qun l ..........................................................................79Mc ch ca r sot cng tc qun l ......................................................................79Tm tt cc im c bn............................................................................................80

ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 82


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nh ngha chnh thc chunmc ISO 14001

L mt phn ca h thngqun l bao gm c cu tchc, quy trnh lp k hoch,trch nhim, cc hot ng,cc th tc, qu trnh v ngun

lc cho s pht trin, thc hin,xem xt, duy tr v hon thincc chnh sch mi trng.

bi 1. Gii thiu cc h thng qun l mi trng

H thng qun l mi trng l g?

M t (khng chnh thc)

Mt h thng qun l mi trng (EMS) gingnh hp cng c vi mt tp hp hon chnh nhiudng cng c v phng tin m cc t chc cndng xy dng v duy tr cc chnh sch v thtc qun l hiu qu v ton din cc vn mi trng. Cc v d v cc loi cng c xydng v h tr mt h thng qun l mi trngbao gm:

Kin thc v nhn thc v cc vn mitrng, v cc k hoch gii quytchng;

Cc cn b c o to v c nng lc mi cp trong mt t chc phi c vaitr v c phn trch nhim r rng gii quyt cc vn mi trng;

Phi c cc th tc vn hnh, ph bin, bo co v ghi chp mt cch nht quncho tt c cc hot ng c tim nng gy tc ng ti mi trng. Cc th tcny phi c thit k sao cho loi b c hoc t nht l gim thiu cc tcng n mi trng;

Theo di v ghi chp thng xuyn cng vic ca cc c nhn, cc phng banv cc tc nghip;

Phn ng kp thi v ng n i vi cc vn mi trng, cn c nhng hotng sa cha kp thi v tp trung vo nhng gii php tip theo ngn chns ti din ca cc bt trc ny;

Ph bin (hai chiu) cc thng tin cn thit v cc hot ng v cc vn mitrng c theo chiu su ln chiu rng trong mt t chc, v gia t chc vicc bn lin quan khc.

ISO - T chc tiu chun ho quc tISO c thnh lp nm 1947, tr s chnh ti Geneva, Thu s. ISO hin nay c 136nc thnh vin, i din ca mi nc l mt c quan Tiu chun Quc gia, trong c 91 nc l thnh vin chnh thc, 34 nc l quan st vin v 11 nc l cc thnhvin khng chnh thc. Thi Lan (Vin Tiu Chun Cng nghip Thi lan _ TISI) vVit nam (Cc Tiu chun v o lng cht lng Vit Nam _ TCVN) l cc thnhvin chnh thc ca ISO. Campuchia (Cc Tiu Chun Cng nghip _ ISC) l thnh


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vin khng chnh thc, c quyn cho php cc i din ca mnh tip nhn thng tin vd tho cc tiu chun nhng khng c b phiu thng qua cc tiu chun . Lovn cha c i din trong ISO.

Mc tiu ca ISO l thc y s thng nht v tiu chun ho cc tiu chun thit k v

thc hin trn ton th gii, vi mc ch l ci thin an ton ca vic ng dng ccsn phm, v h tr cho s trao i hng ho, dch v gia cc quc gia. V ISO mangtnh a quc gia, nn t chc ny cng n lc tng cng s hp tc trong cc lnh vctri thc, khoa hc, k thut v kinh t.

ISO hot ng thng qua gn 3.000 hi ng k thut v cc nhm cng tc vi mcch pht trin cc chun mc trong cc lnh vc nh sc kho; an ton; mi trng;cht lng; cng ngh k thut v vt liu; vin thng; xy dng; giao thng ng b,ng st, ng khng v ng thu. Ring chun mc v in v k thut inc pht trin bi IEC (U ban K thut in quc t).

Mi mt tiu chun ISO c xy dng bi mt u ban gm cc chuyn gia t cc

quc gia thnh vin ISO, v c chuyn ti tt c cc thnh vin ISO thng qua mtchui cc d tho ly kin gp . Khi t c s nht tr tiu chun mi cban hnh. Qu trnh ny mt khong vi nm.

ISO khng phi l ch vit tt ca T chc Tiu chun ho Quc t, m xut pht tting Hylp, isos c ngha l ng nht (nh trong cc t isobar - ng p, isotherm -ng nhit, isosceles - tam gic cn, isotope - cht ng v, isometric - cng khchthc, isomer - cht ng phn). T chc ISO c thnh lp vi mc ch l xy dngcc tiu chun hay vic p dng mt cch nht qun v bnh ng cc th tc. S dngt ISO trnh kh nng xut hin nhiu cch vit tt khc nhau tn ca t chc nykhi dch sang nhng ngn ng khc nhau.

Cc tiu chun ISO

ISO ban hnh hn 13.000 tiu chun tnh n cui nm 2000. Hu ht cc tiuchun ny p dng cho ngnh sn xut cng nghip, dch v, hay o l ng. Mt s ccchun mc c bit n lin quan ti:

Tc phim chp (nh ISO 100, 200, 400);

dy v kch thc thng nht ca th in thoi v th tn dng;

Kch thc v mu m ca cng-ten-n ch hng trn bin, ng st v ngb;

Thit k xoy trn c tiu chun ca inh vt v bu lng c th s dng trn tonth gii;

C giy tiu chun s dng trong vn phng (v d c A4, c leter, c legal);

C s ISBN bn trong ba trc ca mi cun sch m t cun sch theo ch v t kho nht nh; y l mt quy nh ca ISO;

Nhiu th tc ly mu v phn tch mi trng.


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nh ngha tiu Chun ISO

L tho thun c chp nhn bao gm cc tiu chun v k thut hoc cc tiu chunc th khc c p dng thng nht nh cc quy nh, hng dn, hay nh ngha

cho cc c tnh m bo cc vt liu, sn phm, quy trnh v dch v

c thit kph hp vi mc ch s dng ca chng.

Hai nhm Tiu chun ISO ban hnh gn y th hin s khc bit vi cc trng tm vth thc ca ISO truyn thng. Nhm tiu chun ISO 9000 v H thng Cht lngc ban hnh vo nm 1987, v c sa i nm 1994 v 2000. Nhm tiu chun Hthng Qun l Mi trng ISO 14000 ln u tin c cng b nm 1996 v cxem xt li nm 2001. C hai nhm tiu chun ny c th p dng cho tt c cc loihnh t chc, v ch r cc yu cu cho khung h thng qun l. Ngc li vi cc Tiuchun ISO truyn thng, c hai nhm tiu chun ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 khng a racc tiu chun di dng con s c th v nh tnh.

Nhm tiu chun ISO 14000

C xp x 20 Tiu chun c cng b chnh thc hoc di dng bn tho trong nhmtiu chun ISO14000. Bng sau tm tt nhng mc c bn.

ISO 14001 H thng Qun l Mi trng M t hng dn s dng

ISO 14004 H thng Qun l Mi trng Hng dn chung vnguyn tc, h thng v cc k thut h tr.

ISO 14010 Hng dn Kim ton Mi trng Cc nguyn tc Chung

ISO 14011 Hng dn Kim ton Mi trng Cc th tc kim ton -Kim ton H thng Qun l Mi trng

ISO 14012 Hng dn Kim ton Mi trng Tiu chun nng lci vi cc kim ton vin mi trng

ISO 14020 14025 Nhn mc v pht minh mi trng

ISO 14031 nh gi hot ng mi trng

ISO 14040 14048 nh gi vng i

ISO 14050 T vng qun l mi trng

ISO 14061 Thng tin hng dn cc T chc Lm nghip s dng Tiuchun H thng qun l mi trng ISO 14001 v ISO14004

ISO Guide 64 Hng dn p dng cc Tiu chun a cc kha cnhmi trng vo sn phm


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Tiu chun H thng Qun l Mi trng ISO 14001

ISO 14001 l tiu chun duy nht trong chui ISO 14000 m mt cng ty c th cng k (ngha l c Cng nhn) sau khi c kim ton bi mt c quan c lpv c uy tn. C quan Chng nhn phi c u nhim bi c quan Tiu chun quc

gia ca nc . T chcDin n Chng nhn Quc t(IAF) lun n lc duy tr vtng cng s thn trng khi cp cc chng nhn ng k ISO nhm duy tr gi tr vdanh ting ca cc chng nhn ny. Tnh n u nm 2001, gn 23.000 t chc c cng nhn ng k tiu chun ISO 14001 trn phm vi ton th gii.

Mt s nhm ln ph bin v ISO 14001

Bn chng nhn ISO 14001 c cp cho mt t chc l mt quan nim sai lmthng thy. Trn thc t, ISO khng cp giy chng nhn. Thay vo , h thngqun l mi trng ca mt t chc c nh gi trn c s so snh vi cc yu cuca Tiu chun ISO 14001 v nu tho mn cc tiu chun ny, t chc c th lc chp nhn/c ng k tham gia Tiu chun ISO. Tht khng ng nu mt

cng ty tuyn b h c ISO chng nhn. S ng k ISO 14001 khng phi l mtgiy chng nhn c ISO thng qua, v khng ng rng mt sn phm hay dch vm bo v mt mi trng, mc d r rng l mt trong cc mc ch ca victhc hin ISO 14001 EMS.

ISO 14001 khng phi l mt Tiu chun mang tnh php l, n l s tham gia tnguyn, mc d mt s chnh ph c xu hng kt hp vic tun th cc Tiu chunISO trong khung php l. Cc ni dung ca Tiu chun ISO 14001 ny khng m tyu cu ca quy trnh thc hin hay nh r mc thi ti a cho php. Thc hin Tiuchun ny l b sung v ci thin phng php iu khin v kim sot mang tnhmnh lnh theo kiu truyn thng i vi vic tun th nguyn tc ca mi trng

bng cch

a ra mt ph

ng php h thng h

ng dn ng

i thc hin t

a ra ccmc tiu v t kim sot cc bc tin trin t c nhng mc tiu . Tt cnhng mc tiu c ci thin ny t nht phi p ng, hoc l phi tt hn cc Tiuchun hin ti c lut php nc s ti cng nhn. Tuy nhin, mt chng nhn ISO14001 cp cho mt t chc khng m bo rng t chc lun tun theo tt c lut vquy nh v mi trng, bi v i lc vic xy ra bt trc v tnh trng khn cp lkhng th trnh khi.

Li ch v chi ph khi thc hin ISO 14001 EMS

Li ch v hot ng

Theo l thng gim c v cc thnh vin ban lnh o ca mt cng ty coi vic tunth nguyn tc bo v mi trng nh l mt chi ph hot ng, v khng xem lmt c hi ci thin hot ng. Tuy nhin, nhng cng ty c tm nhn xa s lmnhiu hn l ch c gng thot khi nhng rc ri vi thanh tra vin ca Chnh ph, biv thi ny l tiu cc, khng sinh li v lun cng thng. Mt cng ty tin tinnhn thy rng thc hin mt H thng Qun l Mi trng p ng quy nh ca ISO


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14001 gip h lun lun i trc, v bng cch s tit kim c thi gian vcng sc.

Hot ng thc tin lun tun th yu cu ca ISO 14001 h tr cho cng ty duy trnhng tiu chun hot ng cao, gim nhng tai nn v s c c th xy ra, v th hin

s tch cc lin tc hay mi quan tm thch ng. Cc nh kim sot ca Chnh phv cc quan to nhn ra nhng n lc v s thng cm nu thnh thong c xy ranhng chch hng khi cc hot ng chun mc.

ISO 14001 EMS l mt cng c qun l ri ro, cng c ny gip ch ra nhng lnhvc, cc hot ng v thit b d xy ra bt trc, v a ra cc gii php ngn ngathch hp. Qun l khng hong khi ti din nhng bt trc v mi trng tr nnlc hu.

Li ch v th trng v quan h cng ng

Thc hin v vn dng tt ISO 14001 EMS gip ci thin danh ting v hnh nh ca

cng ty trc cng chng. Quan chc Chnh ph, khch hng, ngi dn trong khuvc, cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), cc nh bo him, ngi cho vay, cc bn linquan, v cc nhn vin u nh gi cao thi c trch nhim ca mt t chc ivi mi trng ca quc gia, khu vc v a phng.

Giy chng nhn ISO 14001 cng m bo thun li cho t chc tham gia thng miquc t, m ca th trng v l bng chng v mi quan tm ca t chc tiqun l mi trng. S ghi nhn to iu kin cho cc chin lc th trng v mrng trin vng u tca cng ty.

Trong mt cuc nghin cu v vic ng k ISO 14001 ca cc cng ty, ISO nhn thyli th cnh tranh v p lc t pha khch hng l ng lc quan trng khi cng ty

quyt nh bt u thc hin ISO 14001. Khi mt s i th cnh tranh trong mtngnh cng nghip nhn c chng nhn tham gia ISO 14001, nhng cng ty cha cchng nhn ny r rng th bt li. Tham gia ISO cn gip cho mt cng ty t chctt hn cc hot ng v qun l mi trng.

Nhng thch thc trong thc hin ISO 14001 EMS

Qu trnh phn u t c chng nhn tham gia ISO 14001 c th kh khn v ihi nhiu c gng. Doanh nghip vn phi tip tc cng vic thng ngy trong khiphi c thm nhiu n lc lp k hoch v thc hin ISO 14001 ca gim c v ing nhn vin, nhng ngi m thi gian ca h b lp kn bi cng vic pht sinhhng ngy. Ngun ni lc (v d: nhn s, chuyn mn, thit b, vn v thi gian) c

th l cc yu t khin cho cc t chc phi cn nhc liu c nn theo ui vic ngk ISO 14001. Vic lp k hoch v thc hin n lc ng k ISO ny c th bt cngthng khi c s ng h tch cc ca Ban gim c. Trn thc t nu khng c nhng ling vin, c v t cc nh lnh o th hnh trnh ti ISO 14001 chc s ch l mtth nghim v s bn b v thm ch c th b nh tr.


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Tm tt nhng im c bn

ISO T chc quc t v Chun ho cng b nhng yu cu k thut v tiuchun ca h thng qun l nhm h tr cho thng mi quc t;

ISO bao gm cc c quan Tiu chun Quc gia t 136 nc;

ISO 14000 bao gm cc Tiu chun v h thng qun l mi trng, kim tonmi trng, nhn hiu sinh thi, nh gi hot ng mi trng, v nh gi chutrnh qun l;

ISO 14001 l Tiu chun t nguyn, to ra mt khung tiu chun m da vo EMS c th c nh gi bi mt bn th ba c lp c thm quyn;

Li ch t vic ng k ISO 14001 bao gm:

- Hot ng mi trng c ci thin;

- Tit kim chi ph hot ng;

- Tng cng mi quan h vi cc chnh ph, khch hng, bn cho vay, cngty bo him, cc t chc phi chnh ph, cng ng a phng, v cc bnlin quan khc;

- C cc c hi kinh doanh, u t, th trng mi;

- Tr gip qu trnh ra cc quyt nh lin quan n vn mi trng;

- To nn mi quan tm v khuyn khch cc nhn vin tham gia qun l mitrng.


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nh ngha H thng Qun lMi trng (EMS) ca ISO

14001

L mt phn ca h thng qun

l tng th bao gm c cu t

chc, hot ng lp k hoch,

trch nhim, vic thc hin,

cc th tc , qu trnh v ngun

lc cho s pht trin, thc hin,

xem xt, duy tr v hon thin

cc chnh sch mi trng.

bi 2 . cc yu cu chung ca ISO 14001

C cu ISO 14001

ISO 14001 da trn nguyn tc lin tc hon thinbt u vi vic lp k hoch EMS v pht trinmt chnh sch mi trng, sau thng qua thchin v vn hnh EMS kim tra tnh hiu quv sa cha sai st ca EMS, tin hnh kim tranh k cng tc qun l EMS trn c s tnh nnh ton din v hiu qu thc hin EMS, iuny dn n thit lp nhng mc tiu mi v mtchu k mi li bt u bng vic lp k hoch.Ni cch khc, EMS va c cu trc cht ch v

n khp vi nhau, li va c tnh mm do phttrin v thch ng vi s thay i ca hon cnh.Ni chung mt h thng qun l mi trng(EMS) mun hot ng c hiu qu phi da vonhn lc v cc ngun lc khc.

ISO 14001 gm 17 phn, c gi l cc hp phn, tt c cc hp phn lin quan chtch v ph thuc ln nhau. Trong ISO 14001 khng c mt hp phn no c th tu thc hin hay b qua khng thc hin; tt c u cn thit v quan trng nhnhau.

Nhng hp phn ny ln lt l:

Chnh sch mi trng;

Lp k hoch:

- Cc kha cnh mi trng;

- Php lut v nhng yu cu khc;

- Mc tiu v ch tiu phn u;

- Cc chng trnh qun l mi trng.

Thc hin v vn hnh:- T chc v trch nhim;

- o to, nhn thc v nng lc;

- Truyn thng;

- Ti liu EMS;


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- Kim sot ti liu;

- Kim sot hot ng;

- phng v i ph vi trng hp khn cp.

Hot ng kim tra v hiu chnh:

- Quan trc v o lng;

- Hnh ng khng tun th, hiu chnh v ngn nga;

- Cc h s;

- Kim ton EMS.

R sot cng tc qun l.

ISO 14001 tm tt nhng ni dung c bnHnh trnh t nhng tng n hot ng c th v ng k thnh cng ISO 14001 lkhng my kh khn, nhng n thc s yu cu trng tm, c hng dn v quan trngnht l s cam kt.

i vi hu ht cc t chc, yu cu u tin l phi xc nh cc kha cnh mitrng, ISO 14001 a ra cc iu khon cho tt c cc hot ng, sn phm, hay dchv ca t chc c th gy tc ng n mi trng. Bc tip theo l nh gi nhngnguy c c lin quan n mi trng t mi kha cnh v xc nh nhng u tin hngu. Yu cu khc ca ISO 14001 l cc t chc tham gia phi nm vng tt c lut lv quy tc lin quan ti hot ng mi trng v phi tun th theo cc lut l ny.

Tip theo, t chc phi thit lp mc tiu v ch tiu ci thin hot ng mitrng. Nhng mc tiu v ch tiu ny cn nu r nhng kha cnh mi trng quantrng nht lin quan n hot ng ca t chc da vo kt qu nh gi ri ro, nhngyu cu php lut ph hp, v cn nhc kin ca cc nhm quan tm (nh cc nhmcng ng a phng, chnh ph, t chc phi chnh ph, v cc bn lin quan khc).Mt k hoch hnh ng, c gi l mt chng trnh qun l mi trng trong ISO14001, phi c xy dng hng cho t chc t c mc tiu v cc ch tiu ra, ng thi t c cc yu cu ca tiu chun ISO - l lin tc ci thin EMSv cc hot ng mi trng.

Song song vi cc hot ng trn, ban lnh o ca t chc cn pht trin v a vothc hin mt chnh sch mi trng p ng cc tiu chun ISO 14001 v chnh schny chnh l nn tng cho EMS. Chnh sch ny phi ph hp vi vn ho, c im,gi tr v mc tiu ca t chc, v m bo tun theo cc quy nh ca ISO 14001.

Cc hot ng c cp trn c xem l mt phn ca qu trnh lp k hochISO 14001. Giai on tip theo ca qu trnh ny l thc hin cc yu cu trong Tiuchun ISO, mc d trn thc t mt s hot ng tip theo ny s chng cho vi cc


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bc trc . thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng (ngha l c thit k t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu c a ra trong chnh sch mi trng ca tchc), tt c nhn vin trong t chc phi c giao trch nhim r rng v phi bnhim mt i din qun l mi trng lm cu ni vi ban lnh o cao nht ca tchc. Cn phi nh gi v p ng nhu cu tng cng nhn thc v o to; xem xt

cc knh thng tin trong v ngoi t chc; v thc hin t liu ho cc th tc hotng c bn.

kt thc giai on thc hin, mt t chc phi m bo s dng cc cng c kimsot hiu qu ngn chn nhim cc cng c ny phi kim sot c c mt kthut v quy trnh thc hin v t chc phi trin khai mt k hoch hnh ng iph vi nhng tnh hung bt ng.

Mt yu cu khc ca ISO 14001 l hnh ng hiu chnh v kim tra tip din, baogm quan trc v o lng nhng yu t mi trng quan trng, ghi chp kt qu, vphi hiu chnh v phn ng kp thi vi nhng bin c xy ra. Phi kim ton thngxuyn EMS m bo vic tun th ton din tiu chun ISO 14001.

Cui cng, ban lnh o t chc, vi cam kt lin tc ci thin hot ng mi trng,phi lun theo di v thm nh EMS, ch yu da vo cc bo co kim ton v thngtin t i din qun l mi trng. Khi cn thit, ban gim c iu hnh phi thay itrng tm v nhng u tin ca EMS, v m bo ngun lc ph hp thc hinnhng thay i .

Mt EMS c th c tnh phi hp khi c tch hp vi cc yu t khc ca h thngqun l ca t chc, nh kim sot cht lng, ti chnh, v lp k hoch kinh doanhchin lc. Thc t, mc tiu c bn ca ISO 14001 l thc y cc t chc t nhngquyt nh lin quan ti mi trng c tm quan trng tng ng vi cc trchnhim qun l khc. Mt t chc c th quyt nh thc hin ISO 14001 EMS trnphm vi ton n v kinh doanh, trong mt iu kin n l, hoc mt khu vc vnhnh n l, min sao n l mt n v c lp.

Thc hin nh gi ban u mt EMS

Mi t chc u t nhiu xy dng mt h thng qun l mi trng, nhng nidung ca cc hot ng qun l mi trng ny thng rt n gin v s si. Bcu tin khi lp k hoch thc hin ISO 14001 EMS l nh gi nhng g mt t chc c lin quan n qun l mi trng. Qu trnh ny, gi l nh gi ban u, cm t trong ISO 14004 EMS - Nhng hng dn tng quan v Nguyn l, Hthng, v K thut p dng, bao gm nhng nhim v sau:

1. Xem xt cc yu cu trong lut php v quy nh lin quan n hot ng mitrng. S xem xt ny khng ch dng li vic xem xt cc lut kim sot trctip nhim v mi trng i vi ti sn, giao thng, vn chuyn hng ho, sinhthi b bin, sc kho, v cc o lut v quy nh khc;


15/84



2. nh gi hot ng mi trng hin ti da trn c s cc yu cu php l v quynh xc nh trn, cc b lut ch o v cc vn bn h ng dn khc linquan ti t chc, bao gm cc chnh sch ni b ca cng ty, v cc th tc;

3. Xc nh xem cc hot ng, cc sn phm, v cc dch v do t chc m nhim

c gy nh hng ti mi trng, v/ hoc to ra nhng ri ro php l khng;4. Xc nh cc chnh sch v th tc ca cc dch v bn ngoi, cc i tc hp ng

v cc nh cung cp, v xem xt liu h c gy ra cc tr ngi php l v mitrng lm nh hng n t chc hay khng;

5. nh gi xu hng v kt qu ca cc s kin mi trng v nhng tht bi xtxao, cc hot ng iu tra gim st, v hiu qu ca cc phng php hiu chnhv ngn nga;

6. Nm bt c kin cc nhm quan tm (v d: cc bn lin quan, c nhn, nhm,cc hip hi c mi quan tm chnh ng v hot ng mi trng ca t chc);

7. nh gi h thng qun l ni b ang c p dng xem phng thc qun l toiu kin hay ngn cn hot ng mi trng;

8. Thc hin phn tch chnh lch, tc l so snh nhng g hin ti ang din ra vnhng yu cu ca ISO 14001;

9. Xem xt cc yu cu chun mc m cc t chc khc hot ng trong cng lnhvc kinh doanh t c v c t nhng ngnh khc, ngha l cn phi hc hi tnhng ci tt hn;

10.Xy dng cc k hoch hnh ng t c cc chun mc ra, bao gm xydng lch trnh, phn cng trch nhim, phn tch ngun lc cn thit, v chun b

phn thng cho vic hon thnh nhim v.

Mt s im quan trng ca ISO 14001

Lin tc hon thin l mt khu hiu ca ISO 14001, chng hn nhngn chn nhim (khc vi vic khc phc nhim sau khi xy ra);

Cc nh qun l cao nht phi th hin vai tr lnh o trong vic lp k hoch vthc hin ISO 14001 EMS. Ch ku gi v c v thi cha , h phi ni i ivi lm;

Ngoi ra, hot ng mi tr

ng cng nh

thnh cng ca EMS thc s l trchnhim ca MI NGI. V vy, nhn thc ng n, o to y , cc k nngngh nghip v kin thc cng l nhng yu t quan trng cho mt EMS hiu qu;

Tt c cc thnh phn trong ISO 14001 l cha kho cho thnh cng ca EMS. MtEMS vi ch mt yu t b b st hay khng tiu chun cng ging nh mt contu b thng mt l di mt nc. Sm mun con tu cng s chm. Ch khi tt


16/84



c cc thnh phn ca Tiu chun ISO c thc hin tt th c h thng mi hotng mt cch hiu qu;

Khi ISO 14001 EMS c thc hin, mi ch l im khi u. Khng c libc hay ngng li, phi lun to ra nhng bc tin khi hnh ng.

Tm tt cc im c bn

Mc tiu ca ISO 14001 l lin tc hon thin cng tc qun l mi tr ng thngqua mt chu k bao gm: xy dng chnh sch, lp k hoch, thc hin v vnhnh, kim tra v khc phc, v r sot li cng tc qun l;

Tt c cc thnh phn ca Tiu chun ISO u quan trng i vi mt EMS hiuqu;

Mt s ch ct li ca ISO 140001 l;

Ngn chn nhim;

Mi ngi chia s trch nhim trong cng tc qun l v hot ng mi trng;

Ban lnh o phi i u bng vic th hin mnh l nhng tm gng tiu biu.

Trc khi cp ng k ISO 14001 cho mt t chc, phi tin hnh nh gi ban utnh trng hin ti ca H thng qun l mi trng (EMS) ca t chc v sosnh vi yu cu ca Tiu chun ISO.


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Bi 3 - 4.2 chnh sch mi trng

Mc ch v nhng c trng c bn ca mt chnh sch mitrng

Chnh sch mi trng l nn tng cho mt h thng qun l mi trng ca mt tchc. m bo thc hin ISO 14001, mi quyt nh v hnh ng ca t chc phinht qun vi cc cam kt thc hin ISO trong chnh sch mi trng. Vic thc hinEMS ca t chc phi c nh gi bi c quan cp ng k ISO v n v kim tonth ba c lp da vo nhng ni dung ca chnh sch mi trng.

CHNH SCH MI TRng ISO 14001 4.2:

Ban lnh o phi xy dng cc chnh sch mi trng cho t chc v m bo rngcc chnh sch ny:

ph hp vi bn cht, quy m, v nhng tc ng ln mi trng ca cc hot ng,sn phm, hay dch v;

c cc cam kt lin tc ci thin v ngn chn nhim;

c cc cam kt tun th cc iu lut v quy nh v mi trng lin quan, vnhng yu cu khc m t chc ng k;

a ra khun kh cho vic thit lp v nh gi cc mc tiu v ch tiu v mitrng;

c t liu ho, thc hin, duy tr, v thng tin ti tt c cc nhn vin;

phi cng khai.

Mt chnh sch mi trng cn phn nh tm nhn, thi , mc ch, gi tr, v li chca t chc trn c s bo v mi trng. Ban lnh o nn n lc ht sc cho vichoch nh v trin khai chnh sch mi trng, bi v chnh sch ny tr thnh mtquy tc hot ng m t chc da vo tn ti v vn hnh. Chnh sch cn ctnh thc tin v c tc dng ng vin, lm nn tng v ng hng cho vic a ra

cc chnh sch v hot ng k thut v kinh doanh ca t chc, ng thi khuynkhch ng vin ton b nhn vin trong t chc tham gia hot ng mi trng.

Gii thch chnh sch mi trng ISO 14001

Tiu chun ISO 14001 nh r mt s yu cu i vi ni dung, ngha, vic trin khaiv thc hin mt chnh sch v mi trng:


18/84



1. Ban lnh o c trch nhim i vi vic hoch nh chnh sch mi trng ca tchc. Khi xem xt mt chnh sch mi trng mi c son tho, ti thiu h phinghin cu k lng, thng qua v cam kt tun theo. Thng thng mt s nh

qun l trong t chc s chun b d tho cc chnh sch, sau chuyn cho ccnh qun l cp cao hn xem xt v chnh sa. Tuy nhin trch nhim cui cng ban hnh mt chnh sch thuc v nhm cc nh lnh o cp cao nht ca tchc.

2. Chnh sch phi bao trm mi hot ng ca t chc, bao gm mua nguyn liuth, vn chuyn nguyn liu, ng gi v vn chuyn sn phm, cng nh cc hotng sn xut c th gy tc ng ti mi trng;

3. Chnh sch phi gm ba cam kt quan trng l nhng yu cu thit yu ca ISO14001:

(i)

Cam kt lin tc ci thin EMS v hot ng mi tr

ng;(ii) Cam kt ngn chn nhim (ngha l thc hin mi bin php thch hp

trnh gy ra hay t nht l gim thiu nhim);

(iii) Cam kt tun th iu lut v quy nh tng ng v mi trng, v cc yucu khc m t chc ng k. iu ny c ngha l t chc phi camkt p ng cc tiu chun mi trng c quy nh trong php lut cp a phng, vng v quc gia. Ngoi ra, t chc cng phi cam kt tunth cc quy nh khng c trong lut, nh nhng cam kt v mi trng xutpht do l thnh vin ca cc hip hi cng nghip, hip c vi chnh phhoc nhng bn lin quan khc, v chnh sch v th tc trong ni b cng

ty.4. Chnh sch phi a ra ng hng v khun kh t c nhng tin b bng

cch xy dng cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng mi ph hp hn trong qu trnhthc hin v duy tr EMS.

5. Phi t liu ho chnh sch, iu ny c ISO ni r l bng vn bn, v cngvic ny phi c thc hin hng ngy khi vn hnh EMS;

6. Chnh sch phi c duy tr, theo cch din t ca ISO, ngha l lun c cpnht, v phi ph hp vi cc hot ng v iu kin hin ti;

7. Chnh sch phi c ph bin ti tt c nhn vin. iu ny ch nhng n lc

tch cc, v c mc ch ca t chc, ng u l ban lnh o, m bo tt cnhn vin bit n, hiu, mua c phn, v tun theo cc nguyn tc, ni dung, vcam kt trong chnh sch. C th s dng cc phng php v k thut khc nhau ph bin ni b cc chnh sch mi trng v cc nguyn l c bn m da vo cc chnh sch c thit lp;

8. Chnh sch phi cng khai, tc l d dng tip cn c khi mi thnh vin x himun tham kho. ISO 14001 khng yu cu t chc phi tch cc cng khai chnh


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20/84



Tm tt cc im c bn

Chnh sch mi trng ca mt t chc l nn tng cho EMS; n l mt c s davo nh hng v hiu chnh tt c cc quyt nh v hot ng ca doanh

nghip; Mt chnh sch mi trng phi chuyn ti c thng tin v gi tr v cam kt ca

mt t chc lin quan ti hot ng mi trng;

Mt chnh sch cn r rng, ngn gn, thc t v c tc dng khuyn khch, phnnh c nguyn tc, gi tr v nh hng v mi trng ca t chc;

Chnh sch mi trng cn c b sung bn cnh cc chnh sch khc ca t chc,nh chnh sch v cht lng, sc kho v an ton, v cc nguyn tc kinh doanh cbn;

Phm vi ca chnh sch phi bao trm tt c cc lnh vc hot ng ca t chc, tcung cp nguyn liu th n thnh phm hay dch v cui cng;

Chnh sch phi c ban lnh o ph chun v ng h, h chnh l nhng ngilun i u trong cc hot ng v mi trng;

Chnh sch phi lun c cp nht;

Mi nhn vin phi nhn thc v hiu c r rng ni dung v ngha ca chnhsch mi trng;

tng cng nhn thc v chnh sch ny, cn phi ph bin rng ri trong tchc, v cng khai vi bn ngoi khi c yu cu, hoc tt hn l nn t nguyn phcp ra bn ngoi.


21/84



bi 4 - 4.3.1 cc kha cnh mi trng

nh ngha ca ISO 14001 v cc kha cnh v tc ng mitrng

Kha cnh mi trng

Theo ngn ng ca ISO 14001, mt kha cnh mi trng l bt k mt c trng noca cc hot ng, sn phm, hay dch v ca mt t chc c th tng tc vi mitrng, hay ni cch khc, c th gy ra tc ng ti mi trng. Hot ng l nhngg t chc thc hin trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh; sn phm l kt qu ca qutrnh ch bin sn xut ca doanh nghip; dch v l cc hot ng c tin hnh h tr cho hot ng sn xut. Mt tc ng ti mi trng c th l c li hoc c hi.

Mt kha cnh mi trng quan trng l mt kha cnh gy ra tc ng mi trng mtcch ng k, hoc c tim nng gy ra tc ng ng k. ng kl mt thut ngtng i, v n c xc nh da vo vic nh gi tng i ri ro ca cc hotng, sn phm hoc dch v. Cc v d v kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng mitrng tim n i lin vi chng c lit k trong bng di y.

Tc ng ti mi trng bao gm cc nh hng ln khng kh, nc (nc mt vnc ngm), t, thc vt, ng vt, cng ng dn c a phng, phong tc vn hotruyn thng, gi tr thm m, hot ng gii tr, v s tng tc gia cc yu t ny.Cc tc ng c th xy ra theo ma, theo khu vc, vng, hay ton cu (v d: nhhng ca ma axit, cc cht ph hu tng ozn, cc tc ng xung h lu sng MCng).

ISO 14001 4.3.1 _ Cc kha cnh mi trng ni rng:

T chc s thit lp v duy tr mt/nhiu th tc xc nh cc kha cnh mi trngca cc hot ng, sn phm hay dch v m t chc c th kim sot v c th c nhhng xc nh hot ng, sn phm hay dch v no trong s c hay c th cnhng tc ng ng k ti mi trng. T chc s m bo rng cc kha cnh mitrng lin quan n nhng tc ng ng k ny phi c xt ti khi thit lp ccmc tiu v mi trng. T chc lun m bo thng tin ny c cp nht.

Xc nh cc kha cnh v cc tc ng n mi trng

Khi xc nh v nh gi mc quan trng ca cc kha cnh mi trng, phi xemxt tt c cc thnh phn trong b my hot ng ca t chc, khng ch l cc hotng sn xut trc tip.


22/84



V d, hu ht cc tin nghi lm vic nh vn phng, cng tin, v ni xe, tt c uc th gy ra nhng tc ng ti mi trng do hot ng x l hay thi ph liu. anguyn liu th ti ni sn xut v vn chuyn sn phm, cht thi ra khi ni sn xutu phi c tnh n khi xc nh cc kha cnh v cc tc ng ti mi trng. Khocha nhin liu v ho cht; cc hot ng th nghim; mua v lu kho; bo dng (v

d: hn, sa cha xe, xy dng, sn...); nghin cu v thit k k thut; dch v an ninhv bo v; i ph vi cc trng hp khn cp (v d: chy, r kh, thin tai); hay cchon cnh bt trc khc, v d trong qu trnh khi ng hay tt my; v cc hot nglin quan ti nh cung cp v i tc u c cc kha cnh mi tr ng vi cc tc ngthc t hay tim n ti mi trng.

C th s dng cc k thut khc nhau lp mt danh sch tng hp cc kha cnh vtc ng ti mi trng ca mt phng tin sn xut no . Thng thng tt nht lmi mi ngi cng nhiu lnh vc hot ng tham gia cng tt a ra cc sngkin trong giai on lp k hoch ban u. Ngay c nhng c nhn khng lin quannhiu n sn xut c th ng gp nhng xut hu ch, m c th nhng ngi

c coi l chuyn gia khng ti. Mt ma trn cc kha cnh v tc ng c thc thit lp bao trm ton b cc hot ng, sn phm, v dch v ca mt phngtin sn xut.

Ti sao phi xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng

Xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng l mt trong nhng nhim v phi thc hin utin khi lp k hoch EMS, bi v tm ra phng php kim sot cc kha cnh quantrng nht l trng tm c bn trong giai on u ca cng vic. ISO 14001 yu cu tchc phi trin khai cc mc tiu hot ng mi trng nhm a ra cc kha cnh chyu, t thit lp mt ma trn c tnh h thng v ton din bao gm cc khacnh mi trng, v sau xc nh cc kha cnh cn u tin; y l nhng bc utin cn thit t c mc ch. Cc cng c kim sot hot ng, nh thit b, bodng, quy trnh lm vic v cc k thut cng ngh lm gim nhim, phi c tptrung vo cc kha cnh c nguy c ri ro cao nht (tc l quan trng nht). Cng tco to nhn s vi mc tiu nng cao kin thc v k nng cn thit cho vic kimsot hiu qu cc qu trnh sn xut v a ra cc quyt nh lin quan ti cc lnh vcch cht ph thuc vo vic xc nh chnh xc cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng.

Gii thch cc thut ng trong ISO 14001

Gii thiu mt vi thut ng c s dng ph bin trong Tiu chun ISO 14001:

Thit lp theo ngn ng ISO c ngha l pht trin, thc hin, to dng;

Duy tr l m bo cp nht, hp l v chnh xc;

Th tc l mt dy cc hot ng cn thit hon thnh nhim v mt cch hiuqu v nht qun. Mt s th tc ISO 14001 phi c lp thnh t liu;

Lp t liu ngha l c ghi chp trn giy hay ghi di dng file in t.


23/84



Ngoi ra, cc kha cnh mi trng m mt t chc cn c bit quan tm l nhngkha cnh m t chc ny c nh hng ti v c th kim sot c. iu ny ch cchot ng m cng tc qun l cng ty tc ng ti bng cch ny hay cch khc. Vd cng tc qun l c kh nng kim sot i vi:

Thit k sn phm v cc quy trnh;

La chn thit b v ni lp t;

Ngun nguyn liu th;

Cht thi ra mi trng;

La chn i tc v cc nh cung cp ;

Hot ng lm gim ph thi.

Cng tc qun l c th khng kim sot c trc tip, nhng c th gy nh hngti cc hot ng nh:

Vic s dng nhiu hn cc nguyn vt liu khng gy tc hi cho mi trng;

S lng bao gi s dng cho thnh phm, v cho nguyn liu u vo;

Yu cu cc ca hng ly li cc cng-ten-n rng ti s dng hoc ti ch.

Kha cnh mi trng Tc ng mi trngKhai thc g trong rng Mt ni c tr cho ng vt hoang d v lm mt a

dng sinh hcMt kh nng hp th CO2

Gia tng xi mn v lng ng bn ct

nh hng ti cc dng chy c c sinh sngMt cng ng dn chay cc di sn

Nhng nh hng v nhn quan thm m

Nc thi t nh my sn xutgiy

nh hng ca cht rn khng tan, BOD, v cc hocht c hi ti cht lng nc v vic s dngnc.

Kh thi t xe c Gim cht lng khng kh do cht thi dng ht nh

CO, PAHDu loang t kho cha v ngdn

nhim tKh nng gy nhim mt t v mt nc

C hi ti ng vt hoang d


24/84


25/84



thng cc kha cnh mi trng ca t chc v cc tc ng tim tng v thc t cachng.

Tm tt cc im c bn Mt t chc nn c mt th tc mang tnh h thng xc nh cc kha cnh v

tc ng mi trng t tt c cc hot ng, sn phm, dch v ca t chc vthng tin ny phi c cp nht;

Cc kha cnh mi trng phi bao trm cc iu kin hot ng bnh thng vbt thng (nh thi im bt u v chm dt); cc tnh hung khn cp; tt c ccthnh phn cu thnh cc hot ng, bao gm cc dch v h tr , duy tr, v lukho, chuyn giao, v vn chuyn vt liu; v cc tc ng ph t cc hot ngtrc ;

Cc tc ng mi trng c th bao gm cc nh hng ti khng kh, nc, t,con ngi, ng vt, cc gi tr vn ho v thm m;

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng l cc kha cnh gy ra cc tc ng mitrng quan trng;

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng phi c t chc xc nh da vo mt quytrnh c h thng v lgc hp l;

Mt cng thc nh gi mc quan trng ca mt kha cnh da trn nguy c riro ti mi trng l:

Ri ro = Xc sutxHu qu

Cc kha cnh mi trng phi c nh gi cho mi thay i i vi cc qutrnh, cc sn phm, vic lp t, nguyn liu, hoc ph liu;

Mc d khng c ch r trong Tiu chun ISO 14001, thng tin v cc kha cnhmi trng cng cc tc ng v mc quan trng ca chng cn phi c tliu ho, v tt nht l di dng ma trn.


26/84



bi 5 - 4.3.2 cc yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc

Ti sao cc yu cu php l li quan trng

Mt trong cc cam kt c bn mt t chc phi a vo trong chnh sch mi trng lphi tun th cc iu lut v cc quy nh lin quan. m bo cho vic tun th,iu kin tin quyt l phi nhn thc c cc ngha v php l v cc quy nh.Ngoi ra, lut nh v cc yu cu lin quan phi c xem xt v phn tch khi t chcthit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng. Bn cnh cc chi tit c th trong ISO14001, khng tun th php lut, d c hay v tnh, u gy tn km cho t chc cv thi gian v tin bc, mt kh nng sn xut, mt nim tin ca khch hng, danhting v cc quan h x hi khc. Ni cch khc, tun th php lut v cc quy nh vmi trng l mt vic ng lm.

Cc yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc bao gm nhng g

Cc yu cu php l

Bao gm:

Cc iu lut v quy nh ca quc gia, khu vc/ tnh v ca chnh quyn aphng lin quan n cc vn mi trng v sinh thi;

Cc giy php hot ng, cc ph chun ca chnh ph;

Cc tiu chun v thng l quc t (V d: Hip nh Kyoto v kh nh knh; Cng

c Montreal v cc cht ph hu tng ozn; Cng c Basel v bun bn cc chtthi nguy him ton cu; Cng c a dng sinh hc; Cng c v bun bn ccloi ng vt qu him);

Cc ngha v php l i vi hp ng trong t chc l mt bn k kt.

Cc yu cu khc

Bao gm :

Cc chnh sch v cc cam kt v mi trng ca hip hi ngnh m t chc lthnh vin;

Cc b lut thc hin ca cc ngnh m t chc c lin quan (v d: giy v btgiy, khai m, kh du, ho cht hay sn xut dc phm);

Cc hip nh khng c tnh php l k kt vi chnh ph v cng ng dn c;

Cc hip nh tun th t nguyn vi nhn dn a phng v cc t chc phi chnhph (NGO);


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Cc chnh sch v th tc ni b, k c ca cng ty m.

Theo di v duy tr nhn thc v cc yu cu php l

Theo di cc yu cu php l

C nhiu cch nm bt v m bo thc hin cc yu cu v php l v cc yu cukhc. Nhn vin phng php ch ca t chc c th h tr nhim v ny, v d bngcch nghin cu cc vn bn php lut c ban hnh cp nht thng tin mi nhtv cc iu lut, v nn tham gia vo mt chu trnh xem xt v gp cho cc quynh php l m trc sau cng s c ban hnh. Nn s dng cc dch v ca cc cquan nghin cu php lut nhn c s t vn php lut v cc tham chiu ti cciu lut v quy nh lin quan n hot ng ca t chc.

Cc hip hi ngnh m t chc c t cch thnh vin cng c th l ni cung cpnhng ngun thng tin qu gi v cc iu lut v quy nh hin hnh c tc ng ti

tng loi hot ng c th m h tham gia, v v nhng thay i php lut tr

c mt,sp ban hnh, v ang c xut. Cc c quan Nh nc c th cng b cc thngco v cc b lut mi hoc c k hoch ban hnh, v gii thch cc iu lut v ccquy nh hin hnh. V nhng mi lin h c nhn thng xuyn vi nhng cn b chcht trong cc c quan chnh ph c th gip t chc nhy bn v lng trc cnhng xut sp ti ca chnh ph.

To ra v duy tr nhn thc v php lut trong mt t chc

Khi thit lp c cc knh thng tin v cc yu cu php l v quy nh lin quani vi mi trng, cn phi c cc th tc sp xp cc ti liu, tm tt cc phn ctli theo ngn ng ph thng, v truyn t thng tin ti nhn vin trong t chc, l

nhng ngi cn phi nhn thc v trch nhim ca mnh i vi vic duy tr vic tunth php lut. Thng thng l cc u vin qun tr cao cp, cc trng phng, cnb phng qun l mi trng v cht thi, v c th l cc cn b chuyn/ nhn v t/mua hng, bi dng, hun luyn v cn b phng nhn s.

Cn thc hin vic ng k cc ngha v php l, cng mi quan h vi nhng hotng lin quan, cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng mi trng, khi cc mctiu v ch tiu mi trng c thit lp, vic tun th php lut cng c quan tm.

Tm tt cc im c bn

Chnh sch Mi trng cam kt mt t chc tun th php lut v cc quy nh linquan n mi trng;

Khi thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng, t chc phi xem xt ti lutphp, quy nh v cc yu cu khc lin quan n vic tun th php lut v mitrng;


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Bi vy, t chc phi c mt th tc nhn din, tip cn, v cp nht cc cc yucu php l v lut nh lin quan v mi trng, v cc cam kt khc xut pht tt cch thnh vin trong cc hip hi ca ngnh, cc hip nh vi cc nhm li ch,v cc hp ng c nh hng ti mi trng;

Phi phn cng trch nhim r rng i vi vic duy tr ng k ngha v php lv cc yu cu khc;

Cc iu lut cn c tm tt theo cc thut ng ph thng truyn t ti nhnvin trong t chc m cng vic ca h c th gy tc ng ti mi trng, hoc lnhng c nhn m bng hnh vi hay thiu st ca mnh dn ti vic tun th hay viphm iu lut hay cam kt v mi trng.


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bi 6 - 4.3.3 Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

nh ngha cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

Mc tiu mi trng

Cc mc tiu mi trng l cc mc tiu, thng nh lng c, c t chc t ra tin ti t c cc yu cu ci thin lin tc v ngn chn nhim nh cam kttrong chnh sch mi trng. Khi thch hp, nhim v t c mt mc tiu cchia nh v phn u cho cc phng ban hay cc lnh vc khc nhau ca t chc nhmt c mc tiu mt cch ton din. Mt s v d c th v cc mc tiu mi trng:

Gim thi SO2 t hot ng sn xut xung cn khong 20% vo nm 2003;

Gim l

ng cht thi rn trong t xung 25% trong vng hai nm; Gim nng lng s dng (v d: in, du, than , kh) vi t l 5% mi nm

trong 5 nm ti;

Gim lng nc s dng cho ch bin hay nc lm lnh khong 20% trong hainm vi vic s dng k thut tun hon khp kn hoc cc bin php bo tonkhc;

Gim khi lng thi ca BOD, cc cht rn kh phn hu, kim loi, v cc chthu c kh phn gii khong 5% mi nm trong nm nm ti;

Gim l

ng cht thi t thc n ca c cc tri nui c khong 10% mi nm; Hn ch s dng loi thuc bo v thc vt v thuc dit c trn t nng nghip

khong 5% mi nm cho n khi hon ton khng s dng chng;

Loi b vic s dng cc cht lm ph hu tng ozon trong tt c cc hot ng cacng ty vo khong nm 2005;

Chuyn sang s dng loi sn khng c hi n mi trng vo nm ti;

Thay th cc vt liu th gy c cho c bng cc vt liu khng c vo nm tichnh sau;

Thc hin chng trnh hun luyn nng cao nhn thc php lut ton din ti ccnh qun l cp cao, cc cp trng phng, cc gim st vin, v cc qun c vocui nm. nh gi kh nng nhn thc v lnh hi ca h v cc vn php lut,v cn thay i nhim v cn b nu thy cn thit;

Gim thi cht phng x t cc l phn ng xung 20% vo nm 2003, v tip tcgim khong 10% vo cui nm 2005;


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Vo cui nm ti chnh ti, thit k v th nghim trn th trng loi bao b snphm c th ti s dng;

Ti trng nhng vng rng m hot ng khai thc xy ra cha n mt nm bngcc loi c kh nng to ra a dng sinh hc, gi tr ng vt hoang d, v cc li

ch thng mi;

Ch khai thc g cc khu vc khng c cc loi ng vt c nguy c tuytchng;

Gim tht thot du nhin liu t vic chy trn v r r t cc thng tr v ngng dn du khong 50 thng mt nm;

Gim kh thi hu hnh t xe c v gim lng r r du thu lc ca cc phngtin xung di mt / nm.

ISO 14001 4.3.3 Cc ch tiu v mc tiu ni rng:T chc s thit lp v duy tr cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng c t liu ho mi cp v chc nng tng ng trong t chc. Cc mc tiu v ch tiu phi nhtqun vi chnh sch mi trng, trong c cc cam kt ngn chn nhim.

Khi thit lp v r sot cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng mt t chc s phi cnnhc:

Php lut v cc yu cu khc;

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng;

Cc la chn k thut;

Cc yu cu v ti chnh, hot ng sn xut kinh doanh;

Quan im ca cc nhm li ch.

Cc ch tiu mi trng

Cc ch tiu mi trng l cc yu cu hot ng c th v c th nh tnh c nhmt c mt mc tiu mi trng. Mt mc tiu c th c quy m bao trm ton b tchc hay tng phng ban; cc ch tiu tng ng cng da trn t chc hay phng ban,nhng cng c th c chia nh hn cho tng nhm hay tng c nhn. Khi mt lotcc ch tiu ny c hon thnh th s dn n t c mc tiu ra . V d:

Mc tiu mi trng:

Gim cht thi rn trong t xung 25% vo cui nm 2003.


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Ch tiu mi trng:

Quan trc cc ngun, loi, v s lng cht thi rn trong t t tt c cc lnh vchot ng ca t chc trong vng su thng;

Xc nh c nhng bin php tt nht gim lng cht thi rn vo cui qu Inm 2002;

Thit lp cc mc tiu, ch tiu, v k hoch gim lng cht thi rn i vi milnh vc hot ng vo khong cui qu II nm 2002 nhm t c lng gim25% vo cui nm 2003;

Thc hin cc k hoch vo khong cui qu III nm 2002;

Kim sot s lng, loi, v ngun cht thi rn np vo bi thi t mi lnh vchot ng trong nm ti, thay i cc tc nghip khi cn thit nhm t lng gimnhmong mun;

Xem xt mc tin trin v thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu cho nm 2004 -2005 vo cui qu III nm 2003.

Cc th tc thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

Cng nh cc vn khc trong ISO 14001, s tham gia y ca cc bn lin quanl yu t hng u khi thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng. Ni cch khc,nhng ngi c trch nhim trong vic hon thnh cc mc tiu v ch tiu u c iukin tham gia vo qu trnh thit lp cc mc tiu v ch tiu . Gii php ny gipto ra tnh s hu cho cc mc tiu, v cc mc tiu ny s c cc phng ban v cnhn nhit tnh a vo trong cc nhim v ca h- v h chnh l nhng ngi cnhon thnh chng.

M t chi tit ISO 14001

Tiu chun ISO 14001 quy nh mt s tiu chun cn phi c xem xt khi thit lpcc mc tiu mi trng. C th l:

Chnh sch mi trng cam kt m bo ci thin lin tc, ngn chn nhim, vtun th php lut v cc yu cu khc;

Tp trung kim sot cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng (cc hot ng, snphm, v cc dch v c tc ng ln nht i vi mi trng) bi v lm gim tmquan trng ca cc kha cnh ny (tc l: cc ri ro c lin h vi chng) t ng sh thp mc nh hng;

Cn nhc cc la chn k thut v cc yu cu v ti chnh, hot ng sn xut kinhdoanh; c ngha l cc ch tiu v mc tiu mi trng phi kh thi v mt cngngh, nm trong gii hn ca hn mc ngn sch cho php, v nht qun vi cc


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chin lc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Ni cch khc, cc ch tiu v mc tiuphi thc t v kh thi, khng phi l nhng gic m hay c mun;

Quan im ca cc bn lin quan. Nhng ai c t cch l mt bn lin quan? Btk mt c nhn, nhm ngi, c quan, hay mt cng ng c th b nh hng bi

hay c li ch trong nhng hot ng ca t chc thc hin EMS. Cc bn lin quanc th bao gm :

Cc quan chc nh nc, khu vc/ tnh, v chnh quyn a phng;

Cc i din ca cng ng a phng;

Cc nhm x hi v cc bn lin quan khc;

Cc quan im ca cc bn lin quan cng c vai tr gip cng ty hay t chc a raquyt nh lin quan n vic ph bin rng ri cc kha cnh mi trng.

Thu thp quan im ca cc bn lin quan

Mt s t chc c lp trng th ng i vi vic thu thp quan im ca cc bnlin quan cho rng nu khng nhn c nhng khiu ni t pha cng chng th khngc vn g. ISO 14001 mong rng cc t chc phi ch ng v tch cc thu nhn kin ca cc bn lin quan. i vi nhiu cng ty, kiu tm nhn xa ny nh du sthay i v trit l t quan im i ph sang quan im ch ng v tch cc nhnnhn vn .

Nhiu k thut c s dng thu thp quan im ca cc bn quan tm, nhng nhnchung, cc cuc gp g trc tip c th thu c cc thng tin xc ng v gi tr. Cccuc gp c th di dng phng vn, hi tho nhm, hp cng ng, cc din n m,cc gian trin lm cc khu vc cng cng hoc l bt c m hnh no ph hp vi t

chc v vn ho a phng. Nhng k thut km hiu qu hn (nhng tt hn l khnglm g c) l phng vn qua in thoi hay s dng cc cu hi vit sn. Cc nhnvin ca cng ty tham gia thu thp cc thng tin phn hi cn trnh bo v, gii thchhay bin minh quan im ca cng ty. Do khng c li ch c nhn nn nhm trunglp th ba c th thnh cng hn cc nh qun l hay nhn vin ca t chc trong victhu thp cc thng tin c gi tr v khng thnh kin.

Li ch ca vic ly kin cc bn lin quan

Bng cch tch cc thu ht cc yu t u vo cho cc k hoch EMS t cc bn linquan, mt t chc th hin cam kt ca mnh i vi vic qun l mi trng v mongmun tr thnh cng dn gng mu v c tinh thn hp tc. Tin hnh iu tra nhk ly kin ca cc nhm lin quan to iu kin cho t chc nm bt kp thinhng bin chuyn trong cng ng rng ln hn ni m t chc hot ng v i phkp thi vi nhng thay i v gi tr, nhn thc, v k vng. Kh c th xy ra bngn s phn khng ng ngc nhin no t pha cng ng khi cng ng thng xuync thng bo v trao i thng tin vi t chc thc hin EMS. Quan trng hn cphi nhn thc c tt c cc bn lin quan u mong mun kin ca h c tn


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trng v ting ni ca h c lng nghe. Ni cch khc, mt ln na khng nh victn trng v tch cc thu thp kin ca cc bn lin quan l mt vic nn lm.

Cc ch khc v mc tiu v ch tiu

C mi trng hp khi Tiu chun ISO 14001 quy nh r rng mt th tc, hay ktqu t mt th tc phi c t liu ho hay ghi chp, ngha l n phi di dng vnbn, trn giy hay di dng in t. Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng l mt trongmi trng hp yu cu v ti liu .

Cc mc tiu v ch tiu phi t c trong mt khung thi gian nh sn, ng thii hi t chc phi t ti mt mc hon thin mi trong hot ng ca mnh. Banqun tr c ngha v cung cp cc ngun lc y to iu kin cho nhn vinhon thnh tng mc tiu, m cc mc tiu ny cn c r sot thng xuyn lintc m bo mc u tin v tng thch.

Tm tt cc im c bn

Thit lp v thc hin cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng l bin php c bn m bo ci thin lin tc v ngn chn nhim nh yu cu ca Chnh sch Mitrng ISO 14001 m t chc cam kt thc hin;

m bo tnh hiu qu, cc mc tiu v ch tiu phi c t liu ho, c th, olng c, v kh thi (nhng khng qu d dng), v c cp nht (c ngha lc duy tr);

Cc ch tiu mi trng h tr cho vic hon thnh cc mc tiu bng cch chia nhcc mc tiu thnh cc mc tiu c th hn cho tng phng ban, nhm hay c nhn

t hon thnh mt mc tiu;

Khi thit lp cc ch tiu v mc tiu, cn phi xt n cc yu t sau: cc lut nhv cc yu cu c lin quan; cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng; cc la chn kthut; cc yu cu v kinh doanh, ti chnh v hot ng; v quan im ca cc bnlin quan;

iu tra quan im cc bn lin quan s c li cho vic thu thp kin ca cngchng nhm tr gip cho vic nh hnh cc k hoch, mc tiu v ch tiu qun lmi trng. Chng cng gip ci thin mi quan h vi cng ng a phng hayphm vi rng hn th na.


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bi 7 - 4.3.4 chng trnh qun l mi trng

nh ngha chng trnh qun l mi trng

ISO 14001 s dng thut ngChng trnh qun l mi trng ch k hoch hnhng t c cc ch tiu v mc tiu mi trng. Theo ngn ng kinh doanhthng thng, mt k hoch hnh ng m t:

Lm th no t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu;

Ai c trch nhim t c cc mc tiu - ai s thc hin cng vic ny;

Ai c quyn qun l v gim st cng vic v ai s c tnh l tham gia vo vichon thnh cc mc tiu v cc ch tiu;

Nhim v c th ca tng ng

i l g; H cn nhng ngun lc g (v d: tin bc, thi gian, nhn s, phng tin);

o lng mc tin trin nh th no (Tc l cc ch s thc hin c bn);

Khi no cc nhim v c hon thnh - lch trnh v thi im hon thnh.

Thc hin mt chng trnh qun l mi trng (EMP)

Cc chng trnh qun l mi trng l cc biu v danh sch cc vic thc t cnlm, phn chia nhim v cn hon thnh theo ngy, tun, thng, qu, v i khi l tngnm nhm hon thnh cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng. Chng bao gm vic tr li

cc cu hi ch cht ca ISO 14001 EMS. Mt chng trnh qun l mi trng cnbao gm mt danh sch kim tra i chiu o lng tin trin cng vic.

Mt ln na khng nh vic mi cc bn lin quan tham gia xy dng cc chi tit cachng trnh (k hoch hnh ng) l mt vic m t chc nn lm, va c li vkha cnh chuyn mn, va m bo cc cam kt t tt c nhng ngi tham gia thchin chng trnh.

ISO 14001 4.3.4 CHNG trnh QUn l mi trng ni rng:T chc s thit lp v duy tr cc chng trnh nhm t c cc mc tiu v ch tiumi trng, bao gm:

(a)

nh r trch nhim nhm t

c cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi cp v chcnng ca t chc.(b)Phng tin v thi gian hon thnhNu mt d n lin quan n nhng chin lc pht trin mi, v cc hot ng, dchv hay sn phm mi hoc b bin i, cc chng trnh s c iu chnh phn tngng m bo rng nhng d n nhvy c p dng qun l mi trng.


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c tc dng, EMP cn linh hot, khng nn cng nhc. Chng phi c xem xtthng xuyn v c cp nht (tc l c duy tr - theo ngn ng ca ISO 14001) phn nh s thay i v nhn s, cc u tin, lch trnh, ngn sch v, khi cn thit, lcc ch tiu v mc tiu. iu chnh mt EMP i khi l cn thit khi nguyn liu uvo thay i, hay mt qu trnh sn xut hoc x l cht thi hoc thit b b sa i,

hay bt c ti thi im no c mt s thay i trong mt kha cnh mi trng linquan. Cn phi thng xuyn gim st EMP m bo mc tng thch lin tc.

Cc ch s thc hin c bn (KPI) l nh lng mc tin trin nhm t c ccmc tiu v ch tiu mi trng, v KPI nn c bao gm trong mi Chng trnhQun l Mi trng. Theo ISO 14004 (Hng dn tng quan v cc nguyn l, hthng v h tr k thut cho EMS), KPI cn da trn cc d liu khch quan c tobi cc k thut ng tin cy, v c kim chng bi cc th tc kim tra cht lngv m bo cht lng. Mt s KPI hay c s dng:

Lng nguyn liu c s dng trn mt n v sn xut;

Mc tiu tn nng lng trn mt n v sn xut;

Mc thi cht gy nhim hay lng cht thi c tnh theo hm lng, hay tnglng cht thi trn ngy hay trn mt n v sn xut;

Lng cht thi c x l trn mt n v nguyn liu u vo;

T l gim tng lng cht thi hoc tng loi cht thi c th t tt c cc lnh vchot ng hay t mi lnh vc hot ng ring bit ca t chc;

S v tai nn, rc ri hay nhng tht bi xt sao trong mt khong thi gian nhtnh;

Din tch t dnh ring cho ng vt hoang d, gii tr, hay cc gi tr sinh hckhc;

S lng cy thuc nhiu loi khc nhau c trng ti to rng;

S lng loi ng vt hoang d hay c sng trong khu vc b nh hng bi cccht thi t nh my;

S ln trong nm khng tun th lut php v quy nh;

S nhn vin c o to y , vi kh nng nhn thc tt v cc vn mi

trng.

Lp k hoch ISO 14001 mt bc tranh tng th

Ni tm li, c bn yu t khi lp k hoch ISO 14001 EMS. EMP (hay k hoch hnhng) c thit k nhm t c cc ch tiu v mc tiu mi trng c ra tvic xem xt cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng, php lut v cc yu cu khc, quanim ca cc bn lin quan v cc nhn t khc (v d: k thut, ti chnh, hot ng


36/84



sn xut kinh doanh), tt c u hng ti tun th cc cam kt trong chnh sch mitrng ca t chc.

Tm tt cc im c bn

EMP l cc k hoch hnh ng c th t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu;

EMP nh r trch nhim, lch trnh, v cc ngun lc cn thit (tc l ai thc hin,thc hin nh th no, bao gi);

Cc ch s hot ng c bn (KPI) l cc thc o nh tnh v c th c s dng gim st tin ca EMP hng ti t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu;

EMP phi c chnh sa thng xuyn v c cp nht phn nh c tnhtrng hin thi.


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Ti sao iu ny li quan trng? EMS l tt c v con ngi, v vai tr v trchnhim ca h. l cc c nhn, vi t cch l thnh vin ca mt nhm, l nhngngi bin EMS thnh hin thc v vn hnh EMS mt cch hiu qu. Con ng i phthuy kh nng cao nht khi h c:

Mc tiu v trch nhim r rng;

Quan h bo co v thng tin ln cp trn, xung cp di v ngang cp phi cth hin r rng trong biu t chc; v

c cung cp ngun lc v h tr ng n v mt thi gian, thit b, ngn sch,v hp tc ca cc ng nghip khc.

Trch nhim ca ban qun l

Ban qun tr cao nht c trch nhim:

Xy dng chnh sch mi trng cho t chc; Th hin vai tr lnh o trong vic thc hin cc cam kt ci thin lin tc, ngn

chn nhim, v tun th lut php v quy nh lin quan v mi trng;

Giao cc ngun lc ph hp thc hin v duy tr EMS;

Khen thng cc thnh tch hot ng EMS;

Tin hnh r sot thng xuyn cng tc qun l ca EMS;

a cc nguyn tc v hot ng qun l mi trng vo truyn thng ca t chc.

Cc ngun lc

Nu ch ni nhng li l hay v th hin thin tr khng t c thnh cngtrong vic thc hin EMS. Ban qun l phi giao ph v m bo cc ngun lc y sn c to iu kin cho cc nhn vin trong t chc thc thi nhim v v duy trcc th tc cn thit.

Cc ngun lc bao gm:

Yu t con ngi vi qu trnh o to, kinh nghim, k nng v nng lc ph hp thc thi trch nhim v nhim v ca mnh mt cch c trch nhim v hiu

qu; Thi gian tin hnh lp k hoch, thc hin, v vn hnh EMS, bn cnh cc

nhim v v trch nhim vn phi lm thng xuyn;

H tr ti chnh thch ng - phn b ngn sch - h tr cho d n, ci thin thtc, o to... theo kp cc bc nhk hoch ra;


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Cc cng c - thit b v phng tin t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu mitrng, v duy tr EMS.

ISO 14001 4.4.1 c cu t chc v trch nhim ni rng:Vai tr, trch nhim, v quyn hn cn c xc nh, t liu ho, v ph bin nhm

to iu kin cho cng tc qun l c hiu qu.

Ban qun tr phi cung cp cc ngun lc cn thit thc hin v kim sot h thngqun l mi trng. Cc ngun lc bao gm nhn lc, k nng chuyn mn, cng nghv ngun lc ti chnh.

T chc s c cc i din qun l c th (d h ang m ng bt c trchnhim no) vi vai tr, trch nhim, v quyn hn r rng :

(a) m bo cc yu cu EMS c thit lp, thc hin v duy tr tun theo Tiu chunquc t ISO 14001

(b)bo co vic thc hin EMS ti ban lnh o r sot, v lm c s cho vic ci

thin EMS

Trch nhim ca i din H thng qun l mi trng

Mi t chc khi thc hin EMS tun th cc chi tit ca ISO 14001 phi b nhimmt hay nhiu i din ca h thng qun l mi trng (gi l EMR). Cng vi s htr t cc thnh vin khc trong t chc, nhim v ca EMR l:

a ra hng dn tr gip ban lnh o trong vic lp k hoch, thc hin, duy tr,v hon thin EMS;

Gim st vic thc hin EMS cng nh cc bc tin trin ca n;

Tm ra cc khim khuyt ca EMS v xut cc hnh ng hiu chnh v ngnchn khi cn thit;

Bo co thng xuyn v tin v cc vn trong EMS trc ban lnh o;

xut cc thay i trong EMS vi ban lnh o.

Cc cu thnh ca mt EMS hiu qu

Mc tiu v thng tin k hoch r rng

Nhn s, trch nhim, ngun lc, nng lc lnh o v c cu t chc c sp xphp l

S lnh o quyt on v hiu qu ca ban lnh o v i din qun l mi tr ng

Phn cp lnh o v trch nhim trong c cu t chc hp l, tc l mi ngi trongt chc m bo hon thnh vai tr v trch nhim ca h i vi EMS


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Yu cu v Kh nng, K nng, v T cht ca mt i din H thngqun l mi trng (EMR)

l s kt hp gia kh nng, k nng v tnh cch ca mt c nhn tr thnh mtEMR c nng lc. C nhn c chn phi:

C kin thc v cc vn mi trng ni chung v cc vn mi trng trong tchc ni ring;

Tn tu trong cng tc ci thin mi trng;

c coi trng v c uy tn trong v ngoi t chc;

C tm nhn, kh nng ngoi giao, kin tr, th lc tt, quyn hn, kh nng tchc, v ng lc (cho bn thn v ngi khc).

Tm tt cc im c bn

Cc thnh vin trong t chc ng vai tr quan trng v m nhn trch nhimhon thnh k hoch, thc hin, duy tr v hon thin EMS;

C cu vai tr, trch nhim, v quyn hn phi c xc nh, ph bin, v clnh hi r rng;

Ban lnh o phi l nhng tm gng i tin phong, v m bo cc ngun lc snc v nhn s, thi gian, ti chnh, v trang thit b;

Mt EMR l trng tm ca mt EMS, v phi c quyn hn thch hp, c kinhnghim, kin thc, uy tn, thi gian c nhn v k nng qun l, kh nng tuyn

truyn, v c t cht lnh o, hng dn, khuyn khch cc thnh vin khc trongt chc;

Cc EMR l i din ca ban lnh o i vi cc hot ng EMS hng ngy, v li din ca cc qun c iu hnh, cc gim st vin, v cc nhn vin trc banlnh o.


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ISO 14001 4.4.2 o to, nhnthc v nng lc, ni rng:

T chc s xc nh nhu cu o to.m bo tt c nhn vin m cng vicca h c th gy ra tc ng ng k timi trng c tham d cc kho oto thch hp.

T chc s thit lp v duy tr cc quitrnh m bo cc thnh vin ca tchc hay ngi lm cng cc phngban chc nng v cp lin quan nhnthc c:

(a) tm quan trng ca vic tun th ccth tc v chnh sch v mi trng,v cc yu cu ca EMS;

(b)cc tc ng ng k ti mi trng,thc t hay tim tng, xut pht tcc tc nghip ca h, v ch li cho

mi trng t s ci thin tt hncc hot ng ca chnh bn thn h;

(c) vai tr v trch nhim t cvic tun th chnh sch v cc thtc mi trng v cc yu cu caEMS, k c yu cu v vic chunb v i ph vi cc tnh hung btng;

(d)hu qu c th xy ra nu i trchhng khi cc th tc hot ng c thng nht.

Cc c nhn, m cng vic ca h c thgy ra cc tc ng ng k ti mitrng, s th hin c kh nng camnh nu h c c s gio dc, o tov kinh nghim ph hp.

bi 9 - 4.4.2 o to, nhn thc v nng lc

Mc ch v ch li ca cng tc o to hiu qu

Mc ch chnh ca cng tc o to cp trong ISO 14001 l tng cng nhnthc v nng lc ca nhn vin v kinthc v k nng cn thit tin hnhlp k hoch, thc hin, duy tr, vnhnh, v ci thin EMS.

Cc chng trnh o to thng khngem li kt qu nh mong mun do nhti tr khng xc nh r rng mc ch

o to, hoc thm ch khng bit cliu n c cn thit hay khng. Chngtrnh o to cng c th tht bi bi vkhng c ng h hay khuyn khchtrong vic p dng vo thc t t phacc ngi ph trch, ng nghip, hay tchc p dng vo thc t cng viccc kin thc, k nng, hay cc thao tcmy mc mi m cc hc vin tip thuc. Cng tc o to ch c hiu qukhi kin thc hc vin thu nhn c t

kho o to

c p dng vo thc t,to nn s khc bit trong tc nghip cami c nhn, v c nh hng tch ccti phng ban, phng tin sn xut, vt chc ca c nhn ; nu khng khoo to coi nh lng ph. Tht khngmay iu ny li l kt cc ca rt nhiun lc o to nhn s. Kt qu l tntht to ln v thi gian, cng sc, v tinbc, v lm tng s tht vng v hiuqu ca cng tc o to.

Trong bi ny s khng thc tin nuqu i su nghin cu nh gi nhu cuo to, thit k chng trnh o to,truyn ti, hay nh gi. Nhng phikhng nh rng y l nhng ni dungquan trng ng gp vo mt cng tco to hiu qu v c ngha p dng


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thc tin.

Xc nh nhu cu o to

ISO 14001 ni rng mt t chc phi xc nh c:

Cc hot ng c th c tc ng ng k ti mi trng;

Nhn thc, kin thc, k nng, v nng lc cn thit tin hnh cc hot ngny;

Chng trnh o to cn thit t c yu cu v mc nhn thc, trnh ,k nng v nng lc;

iu ny ng rng cn phi xc nh r nhng kt qu c mong mun t kho oto. Ni cch khc, bt c ai xut tnh cn thit ca mt kho o to cn phi nhr trnh , k nng, nng lc, v/hoc thay i trong thi v cch cx cn thit t mc hot ng mong mun. Chnh lch o to - s khc bit gia tnh trng

hin thi v mc nng lc nh mong mun - phi c b p bi chng trnhging dy hay truyn t kinh nghim ph hp.

C sn cc k thut khc nhau tin hnh nh gi nhu cu o to. V tt hn c lc s tham gia ca c ngi bo tr chng trnh (thng thng l mt i din qunl), v mt s i din hc vin d kin ( tc l nhm mc ch hay ch th ca oto). Theo cch ny, c nhu cu ra (c xc nh bi ngi bo tr), v nhu cung lc (c cc hc vin mong mun) u c th c p ng. Mt trong ccthch thc ch yu i vi ngi thit k kho hc l phi tho mn c hai nhu cu nysau khi chng c xc nh.

Phn tch hot ng (nhim v cng vic)i khi s l c ch khi chia nh cng vic thnh cc trch nhim, hot ng, v nhimv cu thnh nhm xc nh r trnh , k nng, v nng lc c th theo yu cu.Phn tch hot ng, cn gi l phn tch nhim v cng vic, l mt phng phpchia tch mt t chc thnh cc b phn cu thnh. t c tnh hiu qu, bc

Phn tch hot ngcn thit phi c s tham gia y ca nhng ngi m cngvic ca h c phn tch. Qu trnh ny bao gm vic phn tch tng bc mt lotcc nhim v cn thit tin hnh mt mng cng vic no . Cc yu cu phn tchhot ng ca ISO 14001 tp trung vo cc cng vic lin quan n cc kha cnh mitrng quan trng, tc l, c tc ng ti mi trng. V d nhn s trong cc bphn:

Phng ban chu trch nhim x l cht thi;

Bo dng cc thit b m s hng hc ca chng s gy ra cc tc ng ti mitrng;

Thanh tra vic ngn chn r r t cc thng cha cht ho hc, nhin liu, ng dn,van, my bm, v cc vnh lp rp;


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Ly mu mi trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim;

i ph vi tnh trng khn cp;

iu tra cc s c mi trng;

Thc hin cc hot ng hiu chnh v ngn chn;

X l cc vt liu nguy him.

o to, nhn thc v nng lc

o to ch c tc dng khi n ci thin nhn thc, kin thc, v s hiu bit v mitrng, v k nng ca hc vin khi h tr li cng vic ca mnh. Nhn chung, trnthc t nng cao kin thc ph hp, v bit cch p dng kin thc vo thc t, thng thi cng ci thin trnh nhn thc, thc, v kh nng. Ch khi nhn thcc cc thao tc cng vic s dng bo v mi trng, ngi ta mi hnh ng mt

cch c thc v nht qun thc hin cc tc nghip ny. Khi mt ngi nhn thcc ti sao mt th tc li quan trng i vi mi trng n vy, h cng d dngtm huyt thc hin n. Nhn thc l c s ca s nng ng, t gic; bi v mt khicc nhn vin c thc, th khng cn nhiu n s gim st v qun l t pha banlnh o.

Bc tip theo, bn cnh trnh , nhn thc, v s hiu bit, l nng lc - l mt ng ith hin kh nng v c suy xt p dng vo thc t cc phng php v k nnghc c, v lin tc thc hin cng vic ca h theo phng cch tin n mt mc cao hn. Mc tiu cc chng trnh o to lin quan n ISO 14001 l nng caonng lc.

Thit k mt chng trnh o to ISO 14001 EMS

Khi nhu cu o to c xc nh r rng, c th bt u tin hnh thit k mtchng trnh o to ph hp. Cc chng trnh o to xp t hay li thikh c th ph hp khi khng p ng nhu cu c th ca mi nhm mc tiu.

Cc hc vin tng lai nn sm tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin tng kho hc mbo mc ph hp ca ni dung v m hnh ging dy. Cc mc tiu hc tp r rng,ngn gn, v khi c th cc mc tiu nh lng phi c thit lp ring cho mimng o to, bao gm:

Mi hc vin c kh nng lm c g khi kho hc kt thc, chnh l thc omc hon thnh nhim v da vo hot ng;

D kin h s hon thnh nhim v trong iu kin no (tc l vi thng tin c s ,cng c, hay s h tr no);

Cp hot ng, kin thc, k nng, hay nng lc i hi.


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Cn cn thn la chn cc hc vin trong mi chng trnh o to h c kinthc c bn, kinh nghim, v k nng cn thit tn dng cc thng tin mi thu c,v c hi p dng cc k nng, tri thc mi khi h tr li cng vic. Mi c nhn khitham gia vo cc hi tho, nghin cu chuyn , hoc bt k hnh thc o to no mkhng c kin thc trc cng nh khng c ng lc hc tp hay c hi p dng

vo cng vic s lm chm tin kho hc v nh hng cc hc vin khc.

o to ISO 14001 - im ct yu

Nhng yu cu c nh hng n tt c mi ngi

Cc thnh vin trong mt t chc thc hin ISO 14001 EMS phi nhn thc c v ckh nng th hin s hiu bit v:

Chnh sch mi trng, v tt c cc th tc mi trng lin quan n trch nhimcng vic ca h;

Cc yu cu ca EMS, gm c vic i ph vi tnh trng khn cp;

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng v cc tc ng ca chng ti cc lnh vccng vic; cc mc tiu v ch tiu c thit lp gii quyt cc kha cnh ny;

Vai tr v trch nhim ca h trong (a) EMS, (b) t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu,v (c) m bo vic tun th lut php v cc quy nh;

S cn thit lun theo st cc th tc c xc nh mi khi c nguy c xy ratc ng ng k n mi trng;

Yu cu v nng lc ca mt c nhn tham gia vo mt hot ng m hot ngny c th gy tc ng n mi trng.

Yu cu i vi tng vai tr v trch nhim c th

Nhng i tng sau cn c o to t c nhng mc ch c th:

Ban lnh o c vai tr nh ngi gn gi cc chnh sch mi trng (k c victun th php lut); ch o thc hin EMS; ngi cung cp v phn b cc ngunlc; v nh l ngi thm nh tin trong cc bui hp r sot cng tc qun l;

Nhn vin c trch nhim nhn din cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng,cng nh tm quan trng ca chng;

Nhn vin c trch nhim m bo vic tun th lut php;

Nhn vin thc hin sn xut m hot ng ca h c kh nng gy ra tc ng timi trng;

Thnh vin i phn ng nhanh;


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Nhn vin x l vt liu nguy him;

Nhn vin c trch nhim gim st vic tun th cc chnh sch v iu lut mitrng;

Nhn vin x l cht thi;

Nhn vin tham gia xy dng cc vn bn hot ng;

Nhn vin c trch nhim kim sot t liu v cc bn ghi chp;

Thnh vin nhm kim tra ni b;

Cc nhn vin mi v cc nh thu.

Nhn vin c trch nhim phn cng, lp chng trnh, hay thc hin cng tc o tophi tun theo cc th tc m bo:

Cp nht thi gian biu v chng trnh o to v mi trng;

Duy tr vic theo di qu trnh o to mi nhn vin, v kt qu cc bi kim tra nh gi trnh , k nng, hay nng lc (nh l mt bng chng rng kho oto c hon thnh nhmong mun);

Xc nh mc thng xuyn ca cng tc cp nht v ci thin cng tc o to;

m bo rng tt c cc nhn vin mi v cc i tc hp ng c o to nngcao nhn thc v mi trng;

Xc nh r chuyn mn v kinh nghim cn thit cho mi v tr c tc ng n

mi trng;

nh gi hiu qu o to.

nh gi o to

Rt him khi cng tc nh gi hiu qu ca mt chng trnh o to c thc hin;nh gi mt cch ng n th cng him hn. Trong bi ny i su chi tit v ccphng php nh gi s khng mang tnh thc t, nhng ch cn ni rng nu khngtin hnh nh gi t m ngha ca o to bng cch s dng cc phng php khcnhau, th rt c th s lng ph v n lc, thi gian, v chi ph s gp khng bit baonhiu ln.

C th s dng t nht nm mc nh gi. Bt u t mc n gin nht v tthng tin nht, v tin ti mc quan trng v phc tp hn, l:

Tham gia mc tham gia o to ca tng c nhn v nhm;

Phn ng s phn hi ngay lp tc ca cc hc vin ti kho hc, tc l kin ca h v ni dung, cch thc, v ngha ca kho hc i vi h;


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Hc tp Cc hc vin c th nm vng, hiu, v p dng c bao nhiu phnti liu khi kt thc kho hc;

Chuyn giao bao nhiu kin thc, k nng, hnh vi, thi , v nng lc cchuyn ti cng vic hng ngy ca hc vin;

Tc ng nh hng ngn v di hn ca o to ti cc hot ng trngim v hot ng mi trng ca t chc.

Vi bt k mt c gng no, cc nhim v kh khn nht thng ng gi nht. Mcd cc t chc rt t khi nh gi ngha ca cng tc o to ti hot ng ca tchc, mc d y l mc ch cui cng ca cng tc o to nu n mun chngminh ngha ca thi gian, n lc, v tin bc b ra. EMS v hot ng mi tr ngca mt t chc cn tun theo cc bc ny.

Tm tt cc im c bn

ISO 14001 thit lp mt tiu chun cao vi k vng l mt t chc s thc hincng tc o to ph hp pht trin nhn thc v nng lc ca nhn vin thchin tt EMS, v vai tr ca h trong vic ci thin hot ng mi trng v ngnchn nhim;

Phi xc nh c th nhu cu o to i vi tt c nhn vin m cng vic ca hc tc ng ti mi trng, v phi t chc kp cc kho o to khi cn thit;

Mt gii php nh gi nhu cu o to l s dng phn tch hot ng (nhim vcng vic);

Tt c nhn vin, k c cc nhn vin v cc i tc mi, cn c nhn thc v cc

yu cu ca chnh sch mi trng, cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng, cc tcng mi trng thc t v tim tng, cc th tc hot ng thch hp ngn chn nhim, cc yu cu ca EMS, vai tr v trch nhim c th trong EMS;

Ch nhng nhn vin th hin c nng lc mi c php thc hin nhng nhimv c th gy tc ng ti mi trng;

Cc chng trnh o to phi lin tc, v phi c cc kho bi dng cp nht vnng cao k nng, ng vai tr nh l mt ng lc m bo qu trnh ci thin lintc;

Phi lu gi cc bn ghi chp v cc thng tin nh ai c o to v o to v

lnh vc g, v ti cp k nng v nng lc no;

Cc t chc nn u t thi gian v cng sc nh gi chi tit hiu qu ca ccchng trnh o to.


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Bi 10. 4.4.3 ph bin

Bn cht v mc ch ca cng tc ph bin

V bn cht, ph bin c thit k l t c s hiu bit chung v ngha camt thng ip (thng tin, tng, cc kin, cc cm gic) m mi ngi c nhtruyn t chnh xc theo cch m h mun ngi khc nhn c thng ip . Phbin l mt vic lm ch ng, khng phi b ng, trong lin tip c s trao igia cc bn tham gia:

1. Thng ip c chuyn t ngi gi ti ngi nhn;

2. Din gii thng ip t ngi nhn tr li ti ngi gi;

3. Lm sng t t pha ngi gi ti ngi nhn;

4. Din gii li thng ip t ngi nhn tr li ngi gi;5. Xc nhn t ngi gi ti ngi nhn khng nh thng ip c hiu ng,

hay lp li bc 4 cho n khi t c s r rng.

Da trn m t ny, cc loi sau khng phi l hnh thc ph bin bt k vic chngc s dng rt thng xuyn nhmt phng tin ph bin hiu qu: thbo, ccthng bo c a ln bng tin, thin t, thng tin qua in thoi, cc bi phtbiu, bi ging, cc ch dn v thng tin di dng vn bn. Chng l tt c cc phngphp truyn t thng tin, nhng chng khng c s phn hi v cc bc lm sngt cn thit cho mt hnh thc ph bin thc s.

Cc yu cu ISO 14001 i vi cng tc ph bin bn trong vbn ngoi t chc

Ph bin hiu qu l nn tng thit yu ca mt EMS. Ph bin cc thng tin lin quanv EMS c ngha l chia s quyn hn thc hin, duy tr, v ci thin EMS. Nhngnhn vin c kin thc v thng tin c th l nhng thnh vin tch cc ca EMS.Ngc li, khi ph bin khng y v b st cc thng tin s lm gim hiu qu caEMS.

ISO 14001 4.4.3 PH bin ni rng:V kha cnh mi trng v h thng qun l mi trng, t chc s thit lp v duy tr

th tc i vi:(a) ph bin ni b gia cc cp v chc nng trong t chc; v

(b) tip nhn, lp t liu, v phn hi ti vic ph bin lin quan t cc nhm li chbn ngoi.

T chc s cn nhc qu trnh a cc ph bin t bn ngoi vo cc kha cnh mitrng quan trng ca t chc, v ghi li cc quyt nh.


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Ph bin ni b

ISO 14001 yu cu cn c cc th tc c xc nh r rng ph bin v EMS trongv gia cc cp trch nhim, trong v gia cc chc nng khc nhau (cc phngban, cc lnh vc hot ng) trong t chc. C nhiu l do c bn cho vic tin hnh

cc hot ng ph bin ; v d:

Biu th cam kt ca ban qun tr i vi vic bo v mi trng, ngn chn nhim, tun th php lut v cc quy nh, v lin tc hon thin EMS;

Thc y cc nhn vin cng lm tng t;

i ph vi cc vn v kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng ca chng;

Nng cao nhn thc v chnh sch mi trng, cc mc tiu v ch tiu, cc th tcvn hnh, v EMS;

Nng cao s hiu bit ca cc nhm li ch trong v ngoi t chc v EMS v hotng mi trng ca t chc;

Mt s cc yu cu c th v thc t i vi ph bin ni b trong ISO 14001 l:

Chnh sch mi trng;

Yu cu php l v cc yu cu khc;

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng v cc tc ng;

Cc mc tiu v ch tiu v mi trng;

Thay i cc hot ng, sn phm, hay dch v c tc ng ti chng trnh qun lmi trng;

Vai tr v trch nhim trong EMS;

Cc yu cu v o to, nhn thc v nng lc;

Cc th tc kim sot hot ng v ti liu c th c tc ng ti mi trng;

Hot ng chun b v i ph vi tnh trng khn cp;

Cc yu cu v kt qu ca vic gim st v o lng;

S c v mi trng;

Khng tun th lut php v cc quy nh;

Vi phm cc quy nh ca EMS;

Cc hnh ng hiu chnh v ngn chn, v theo di nhm m bo hiu qu;


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Kt qu kim ton mi trng;

Thng tin v EMS ti ban qun tr cao nht;

Kt qu r sot cng tc qun l EMS;

Hiu qu cu EMS.

Ni cch khc, mi yu t ca ISO 14001 u c nhu cu ph bin v cc vn clin quan. C nhiu cch truyn t thng tin v cc ch ny. Nh ng phi lu tt c cc hnh thc sau u khng c coi l ph bin nu khng c vng phn higia ngi nhn v ngi gi xc nhn s hiu bit ng n v thng tin c phbin:

Hin th thng tin trn bng thng bo hay cc yt th khc;

Cc bi bo v thng bo trong bn tin, bng thng bo, v cc bn ghi nh cacng ty;

Thng bo thng qua cc bu kin;

Thng tin ming hay di dng vn bn trong cc cuc hp ca ban qun tr, ccng, v t i;

Thng tin trn mng ni b;

Thin t.

Ph bin vi cc bn quan tm bn ngoi

Theo ISO 14001, mt t chc phi ci m tip nhn cc thng tin v EMS ca h, hocv cc vn mi trng ni chung, t cc c nhn, nhm, c quan, v cc t chckhc bn ngoi. Tt c cc thng tin cn phi c t liu ho (di dng vn bn),c ghi chp (c sp xp i chiu sau ny), v c phn hi kp thi v chnhxc.

Ni cch khc theo ISO 14001, khng mt t chc no bit lp. Tt c phi t nguynchia s thng tin v EMS ca h v cc kha cnh mi trng, khi c yu cu.Nhng cng ty no t nguyn lm iu trc khi cc bn lin quan yu cu s d ckh nng ginh c nim tin v ng h ca cng chng hn. ISO 14001 hng tchc ho nhp mt cch y vi cng ng v cc nn vn ho ni m t chc hot ng.

C th thc hin ph bin ti cc bn quan tm bn ngoi nh:

Cc c nhn;

Nhm dn tc;

Chnh quyn a phng, khu vc/ tnh, quc gia;


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Ngdn, nng dn, ngi khai thc g, cn b lm nghip;

Khch hng;

Nh cung cp thit b, nguyn vt liu, v dch v cho t chc;

Cc nhm cng chng;

i din du lch, khch du lch, nhm gii tr, ch t v ti sn;

Cc hip hi kinh doanh;

Cc t chc mi trng v cc t chc phi chnh ph khc (NGO);

Ging vin v sinh vin cc trng i hc, cao ng, v ph thng;

Cc hip hi mang tnh cng ng;

i din cc hng truyn thng truyn hnh, i, bo;Tt c u ng c t chc phi lu tm nh theo mong mun ca ISO 14001, vc phi c cp nht thng tin thng xuyn v cc vn nh:

Chnh sch mi trng, cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng v cc tc ng, ccch tiu v mc tiu v mi trng;

Hot ng mi trng so vi cc yu cu c quy nh, tc l tnh trng tun thcc yu cu php l;

Cc k hoch chun b v i ph vi cc tnh hung khn cp cho cng ng a

ph

ng; Thit b kim sot nhim mi ti nh my;

Chng trnh o lng v quan trc mi trng;

Nhng ngi lin lc trong mt t chc khi c nhng iu phn nn, iu quantm hoc cht vn.

Ph bin ti cc nhm quan tm bn ngoi thm ch cn c nhiu thch thc hn so viph bin ni b, nhng cc n lc ph bin ra bn ngoi l ng lm v n s em lis tin tng t pha cng chng, t im hnh nh v danh ting cho t chc. C th sdng mt s cch ph bin tin ra bn ngoi nh:

Bo co mi trng thng nin ca t chc;

Bo co trc chnh quyn v vic tun th v cc vn khc;

Bn tin ca cng ty;

Cc bn tin hip hi cng nghip;


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Cc bi bo trn phng tin thng tin v cc cuc phng vn vi nhn vin cngty;

Cc qung co;

Cc chuyn d ngoi, thc a;

Cc cuc hp cng ng;

ng dy nng tip nhn nhng phn nn t cng chng;

Trang web ca t chc ;

Mt ln na cn ch rng cc hnh thc ny khng c coi l ph bin tr khi chai pha gi v nhn u c c hi a ra cc phn hi v m bo c s hiu bitng v thng tin c truyn t. Nu c thc hin ng, ph bin c th l mnhvn tt, ngc li n s l mt cnh ng y gai.

Tm tt cc im c bn

Ph bin l mt qu trnh thng tin hai chiu dn n s hiu bit ln nhau;

Nu vn c chuyn ti khng c hiu bit k lng th ch c s chuynthng tin hay chuyn thng tin sai;

Ph bin ni b hiu qu l hn nn tng ca EMS;

ISO 14001 nhn mnh khuyn khch vic ph bin ra bn ngoi cc kha cnh mitrng quan trng;

T chc thc thi ISO 14001 EMS phi tip nhn, t liu ho, v tr li cc cu hi,cc mi quan tm, v phn nn t pha cc nhm quan tm bn ngoi;

Ph bin EMS ra bn ngoi l mt vic ng lm.


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bi 11 - 4.4.4 tliu ho

Tm tt ISO 14001 4.4.4

Yu t 4.4.4 of ISO 14001 hon ton quan liu; n yu cu t chc cung cp thng tinv c cu ca EMS, v ch ra ni c th tm thy thng tin b sung thch hp.

ISO 14001 4.4.4 EMS tliu ha ni rng:T chc s thit lp v duy tr thng tin, trn giy hay di dng in t, :

(a)m t cc yu t ct li ca h thng qun l v mi tng h gia chng;

(b) a ra hng dn tm cc t liu lin quan.

Cc cp ti liu

Ni chung c bn cp ti liu trong EMS c tha nhn:

1. Ti liu cp cao tuyn b cc cam kt ca t chc. Chnh sch mi trng lti liu Cp 1;

2. Cc th tc ca h thng qun l, m t cc yu t ct li ca EMS, cch thcchng vn hnh, v ngi chu trch nhim i vi mi yu t . Yu t 4.4.4ca ISO 14001 i lin vi cp ti liu ny;

3. Cc th tc vn hnh tiu chun (SOP), lin quan ti ton b t chc hay vinhng phng ban c th;

4. Hng dn cng vic, tc l thng tin chi tit tng bc v cch tin hnh ccnhim v c th hay cc thao tc.

Tm tt cc Th tc ca H thng Qun l ISO 14001

Chnh sch Mi trng

Cng b cam kt ca t chc i vi vic qun l mi trng.

Lp k hoch

Cc kha cnh mi trng nh gi thao tc no c th tc ng ti mi trng, vxc nh cc hot ng, sn phm, hay dch v c tc ng ng k.

Php lut v cc yu cu khc tm kim v duy tr bn tm tt tt c cc lut nhv quy nh lin quan v mi trng, v bt k cc cam kt t nguyn no.


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54/84



R sot cng tc qun l

Ban qun tr cao nht nh k nh gi mc thch hp, chnh xc, v hiu qu caEMS.

Tm tt cc im c bn Cc th tc ca h thng qun l thuc cp th hai trong cc cp t liu ca

EMS, v chng m t cc yu t ct li ca ISO 14001;

ISO 14001 bao gm 17 yu t trong nm phn: Chnh sch, Lp k hoch, Thchin v vn hnh, Hot ng kim tra v hiu chnh, v R sot cng tc qun l;

Mi yu t ca ISO 14001 ph thuc vo 16 yu t cn li; v tt c cc yu t nyu cn thit cho mt EMS hiu qu.


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Cc chi tit ca vic kim sot ti liu

ISO 14001 a ra mt s yu cu chung cho cng tc kim sot ti liu. Cc ti liuphi:

y v sn sng bt c u v khi no m cc nhn vin c trch nhim vnhnh EMS cn n;

R rng, cp nht, v xc nh c (c nh du r rng), ghi ngy thng,lu tr trt t v logic, v c lu tr trong mt khong thi gian nht nh;

Ch nhn vin c thm quyn c pht trin, r sot, chnh sa v thng qua;

Loi b khi chng tr nn li thi;

Lu tr v dn nhn, hoc hu.

Mi trng hp m ISO 14001 qui nh l cc th tc cn c t liu ho l :4.2 Chnh sch mi trng

4.3.3 Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

4.4.1 Vai tr, trch nhim, quyn hn trong EMS

4.4.3 Ph bin ti cc nhm quan tm bn ngoi

4.4.4 Cc yu t ch cht ca EMS

4.4.6 Cc th tc cn thit kim sot hot ng

4.5.1 Quan trc v o lng cc hot ng c tc ng tim tng hay tc ng thcs ng k ti mi trng

4.5.1 Tun th php lut v cc quy nh

4.5.3 Cc h s

4.6 R sot cng tc qun l

Trong thc t, cn thit phi lp thnh t liu trong mt s trng hp khc bao gm:

4.3.1 Ma trn cc kha cnh v tc ng mi trng, v ngha ca chng

4.3.2 ng k cc yu cu lut php v cc yu cu khc

4.3.4 Cc Chng trnh qun l mi trng, hay cc k hoch hnh ng t cmc tiu v ch tiu

4.4.2 Kt qu nh gi nhu cu o to, v cc k hoch o to

4.4.7 K hoch i ph cc trng hp khn cp


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4.5.2 K hoch hot ng hiu chnh v ngn chn s c, v cng tc thc hin

4.5.4 Th tc v kt qu kim ton.

Cc gi thc t v kim sot ti liu

Cng vi tt c cc chi tit m t trn, ISO 14001 khng quy nh cch kim sot tiliu, m quy nh kt qu m cng tc kim sot ti liu cn phi t c. Khng cthi gian i su vo cc chi tit thc t kim sot ti liu trong bi hc ny, m y ch a ra mt s hng dn sau:

Cc ti liu (th tc) nn c mt nh dng tiu chun v s sp xp nhm tc s nht qun v hon thin. Mt th tc lp t liu c th bao gm:

- Tiu , v tc gi hay ngi xng;

- T chc, phng ban hay chc nng;

- Mc ch, quy m, v nh ngha cc thut ng c s dng trong th tc;

- Miu t th tc, bao gm nhng ngi c trch nhim u quyn, gim st, thchin, v thm nh kt qu ca th tc;

- Cc h s, biu mu, cc ti liu c lin quan, v tham chiu ti cc ti liugc;

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5924 Cac He Thong Quan Ly Moi

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