5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals Objectives: 1)Identify the characteristics of minerals,...
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![Page 1: 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals Objectives: 1)Identify the characteristics of minerals, 2)Explain how minerals form. 3)List the physical characteristics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062907/5a4d1b8e7f8b9ab0599c053d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
5.2 Composition and Structure of MineralsObjectives:1) Identify the characteristics of minerals,2) Explain how minerals form.3) List the physical characteristics of minerals that
are influenced by their crystalline structure.
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What is a Mineral?• Mineral: has 5
characteristics• Occurs naturally• Solid• Definite chemical
composition• Atoms are arranged in
an orderly pattern• Inorganic (never alive)
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What is a Mineral? Cont’d• 8 elements make up
98.5% of the Earth’s crust
• Most common minerals• Oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
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What is a Mineral? Cont’d
• More than 90% of the minerals in Earth’s crust are compounds containing oxygen and silicon
• Most minerals are compounds
• Native elements: minerals made of single elements• Silver, copper, sulfur, diamond
• Rocks: mixtures of minerals
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How Minerals Form• 4 ways to create
minerals• Magma • Heat• Pressure• Chemical action
• Creating crystals lab
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Structure of Minerals
• Crystal: a regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called crystal faces
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Crystal Structure• The arrangement of ions, molecules, or atoms in
any mineral determines the shape of the crystal• Each type of mineral has its own crystal form
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Crystal Structure Cont’d• The angle at which crystal faces meet is a
characteristic for each type of mineral• Used to help identify the mineral
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Crystal Structure Cont’d• If space is limited when a mineral is forming, there may
not be enough room for crystal faces to develop fully, or “grow”• The mineral fills the available space• Still crystalline, but faces are not visible
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Crystal Structure Cont’d
• Crystals have 6 basic types of shapes• Crystallographic axes: Imaginary lines used to
distinguish the 7 systems of crystal shapes• Each axis passes through the center of the crystal
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Silicates• Silicates: minerals that
are compounds including silicon and oxygen• May also contain 1 or
more metallic elements• Few do not contain metal
• >90% of the minerals in Earth’s crust
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Silicates Cont’d• Silica tetrahedron:
the basic building block of a silicate• 4 oxygen atoms packed
closely around a silicon atom• Named for its shape
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Crystal Structure and Physical Properties• Minerals are solid b/c
of crystalline structures
• Atoms, ion, and molecules are closely packed by strong chemical bonds
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Crystal Structure and Physical Properties Cont’d
• High temperatures breaks the bonds and causes minerals to melt then to vaporize• The temperatures at which
a mineral melts and vaporizes are characteristic of the mineral• Can sometimes identify a
mineral
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Crystal Structure and Physical Properties Cont’d
• Cleavage: tendency to split along definite planes
• Splits along weak bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules of the mineral
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Crystal Structure and Physical Properties Cont’d• Hardness of a mineral
depends on the arrangement of its ions, atoms, or molecules and on the strength of the chemical bonds between them
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Crystal Structure and Physical Properties Cont’d
• Density depends on the masses of the atoms in the mineral but also on how they are arranged
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5.2 Exit Ticket• Answer the following
questions.• Use complete
sentences.• You may NOT use
your book. You MAY use your notes.
• This is a quiz grade.
1) Identify the characteristics of minerals,
2) Explain how minerals form.
3) List the physical characteristics of minerals that are influenced by their crystalline structure.