Properties of Minerals S E C T I O N 4 - 1. Objectives What are the characteristics of a mineral?...
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Transcript of Properties of Minerals S E C T I O N 4 - 1. Objectives What are the characteristics of a mineral?...
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Properties of MineralsS E C T I O N 4 - 1
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Objectives
•What are the characteristics of a mineral?
•How are minerals identified?
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•A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
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•For a substance to be considered a mineral, it must have all five of these characteristics.
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•Geologists have identified more than 3,000 different minerals.
•Of these, only about 100 are common.
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•About 20 minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.
•These minerals are known as rock forming minerals.
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1 - Natural•To be classified as a mineral, a substance
must occur naturally in Earth’s crust.
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2 - Inorganic•A mineral must also be inorganic. •This means that the mineral cannot arise
from materials that were once part of a living thing.
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3 - Solid•A mineral is always a solid, with a definite
volume and shape.
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4 - crystal•The particles of a mineral line up in a
pattern that repeats over and over again.
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•The repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles forms a solid called a crystal.
•All minerals have a characteristic crystal structure.
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5 – definite chemical composition•A mineral has a definite chemical
composition—it always contains certain elements in definite amounts.
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•An element is a substance composed of a single kind of atom.
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•The vast majority of minerals are compounds.
•In a compound, two or more elements are combined so that the elements no longer have distinct properties.
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•Some elements occur in nature in a pure form.
• These, such as silver and gold, are considered to be minerals.
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•Each mineral has its own specific properties that can be used to identify it.
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•The Mohs hardness scale ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest.
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•The color of a mineral can be used to identify minerals that always have their own characteristic color.
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•The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder.
•Even though the color of a mineral may vary, its streak does not.
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•Another simple test is a mineral’s luster, the term used to describe how a mineral reflects light from its surface.
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•Each mineral has a characteristic density. •No matter what the size of a mineral
sample, thedensity of that mineral always remains the same.
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•The crystals of each mineral grow to form that mineral’s particular crystal shape.
•Geologists classify these shapes into six groups according to the number and angle of the faces.
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•The way a mineral breaks apart can help to identify it.
•A mineral that splits easily along flat surfaces has the property called cleavage.
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•Most minerals do not split apart evenly.
•Instead they have a property called fracture.
•Fracture describes how a mineral looks when it breaks apart.
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•Some minerals can be identified by special properties.
•Minerals that glow under ultraviolet light have a property known as fluorescence.
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•Magnetism occurs naturally in a few minerals, such as magnetite.
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•Uraninite and a few other minerals are radioactive.
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•Calcite gives off carbon dioxide when a drop of vinegar is placed on it.
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•A few minerals, such as quartz, have electrical properties.
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End