27 nov16 water_and_fertilizer_management_using_micro_irrigation

Water and Fertilizer Management gUsing Micro Irrigation

PROF. K.N.TIWARIAgricultural and Food Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India

Geographical area 329 M ha and 56% area is under agriculture

Net Cultivated area is 172 M ha Net Cultivated area is 172 M ha.

Net Irrigated area is 70 M ha

Estimated potential for MI is 69.5 M hap

Primary sources of irrigation : Surface Water (River, Lake, Ponds etc.)

Ground Water (open well, tube wells, bore wells)

7%

Annual Water Demand by Various Sectors

4%5% 7%

Source: MoA & Task Force Report on MI

84%irrigation domestic industry energy

Potential: Drip: 27.8 M ha Sprinkler: 42.5 M ha

Status in India as on (31.03.2015)

Drip Irrigation: 3.37 M haDrip Irrigation: 3.37 M ha

Sprinkler Irrigation: 4.38 M ha

By converting 1 lakh land area under micro irrigation

Total water saving - 347 M m3/yrg y

Fertilizer saving - Rs. 105 crores

Saving of 271 lakh kWH of energy per year worth Rs.7crores by pumping less water

PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur 3

Source: NCPAH, Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India

IRRIGATION

Methods Of Irrigation

Traditional/ Surface Irrigation Micro Irrigationg

Flood/Basin Furrow Border Strip

g

Drip Sprinklerp p

Government initiatives for promotion of MI1985 NCPA constituted

1986-90 PDCs created

VIII Plan Rs. 250 Crores (2.5 Bn)

IX Plan Rs. 375 Crores (3.75 Bn)

2001 NCPAH reconstituted

2004 National Task Force constituted

2005 onwards Micro irrigation scheme & National Horticulture Mission

2009 N ti l i i Mi i i ti2009 National mission on Micro irrigation

2012-13 NMMI budget Rs. 1500 Crores (15 Bn)

2014 15 PMKSY b d t R 2000 C (20 B )2014-15 PMKSY budget Rs.2000 Crores (20 Bn) Prof. K.N.Tiwari, AgFE Deptt., IIT

Kharagpur

Micro irrigation potential, M ha

SCOPE AND STATUS OF MICROIRRIGATION IN INDIA

Drip Sprinkler TotalCereals ‐ 27.6 27.6Pulses ‐ 7.6 7.6

c o g o po e ,

Oil seeds 3.8 1.1 4.9

Cotton 7.0 1.8 8.8

Vegetables 3.6 2.4 6.0

S i 1 4 1 0 2 4Spices 1.4 1.0 2.4

Flowers ‐ 1.0 1.0

Sugarcane 4.3 ‐ 4.3

Fruits 3.9 ‐ 3.9

Plantation 3.0 ‐ 3.0

Total 27.0 42.5 69.5

Micro Irrigation

Drip Irrigation Sprinkler IrrigationDrip Irrigation p g

Point Source Line Source

Thin-walled drip tape Thick-walled drip

Mini Impact

Micro Sprinkler

Emitters Micro tube

tape Thick walled drip tape

Micro jets & Micro Sprayersp y

Foggers

Misters

MICRO IRRIGATIONMicro-irrigation: “an irrigation methodMicro irrigation: an irrigation methodthat applies water slowly to roots ofplants, by depositing water either on thesoil surface or directly to the root zone,th h t k f l ithrough a network of valves, pipes,tubing, emitters.”

Simcha Blass

Overhead laterals Surface palced laterals Sub surface placed laterals Annular space placedPhoto : PFDC, IIT Kharagpur

Research Achievements Research Achievements –– MI Applications MI Applications

MI in Mango orchard

Integration of MI with rainwaterIntegration of MI with rainwater harvesting

Automated MI systemy

MI in Greenhouse crops

Photos – PFDC, IIT KharagpurPhotos PFDC, IIT Kharagpur Communication

port

Communication lines from sensors

Interfacing unit

Personal Computer

Irrigation pump

From water source

Solenoid valve

Communication line to solenoid

valvesvalves

Sensor

Water requirement of different horticultural crops and their response due to dripirrigation

Crop Water requirement Yield incrementCrop Water requirement(Litres/ Plant/ day)

Yield incrementdue to drip (%)

Mango 16.6 - 47.39 128.00Guava 11.93 - 34.53 164.00Banana 4.0-18.6 39.08Pineapple 1.56 - 5.48 22.81ppSapota 16.30 - 36.77 96.70Litchi 9.30 – 33.21 41.00Cashew nut 8 20 29 77 46 00Cashew nut 8.20 – 29.77 46.00Turmeric 0.08 – 0.46 85.10

Cabbage 1.17-1.66 62.44Cauliflower 0.74-1.35 22.30Tomato 0.89-2.31 44.10Okra 0 60 1 90 54 92

10

Okra 0.60-1.90 54.92Brinjal 0.77-3.39 25.58

Source : PFDC, IIT Kharagpur

FERTIGATION

FERTIGATIONFERTIGATION IS THE APPLICATION OF PLANT NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Chemical FertilizersChemical Fertilizers

THROUGH THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Chemical Fertilizers Chemical Fertilizers Dissolved in Dissolved in

Irrigation SystemIrrigation Systemg yg y

Th l t t i WATERWATERK PThe plant roots receive WATER WATER

+ FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS + FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS at the same time and location N

P

1 December 2016PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur11

WHY FERTIGATIONWhen pressurized irrigation systems are used, fertigation

is not OPTIONAL but ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY

What happens if fertilizers are applied separately from the water?

In drip irrigation only 30% of the soil is wetted by the drippersIn drip irrigation, only ~30% of the soil is wetted by the drippers

Fertilization efficiency decreases because the nutrients will not be

The benefits of irrigation will not be expressed

dissolved in the dry zones where the soil is not wetted

The benefits of irrigation will not be expressed

Therefore, correctly fertigation is the only method


to apply fertilizers to irrigated crops

Nitrogenous Fertilizers

F tili N t t ( % ) S l bilit ( /lit )Fertilizer N content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)

Ammonium sulphate 21 750Urea 46 1100

Ammonium nitrate 34 1920Calcium nitrate 15.5 1290

Potassic Fertilizers

Fertilizer K content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)

P t i l h t 50 110Potassium sulphate 50 110

Potassium chloride 60 340


Potassium nitrate 44 133

Phosphoric Fertilizers

P+C =C l i h h t (i l bl ) P+Ca=Calcium phosphate (insoluble)

Single super Phosphate

P+Ammonium+Magnesium=Magnesium ammonium P+Ammonium+Magnesium=Magnesium ammonium phosphate(Insoluble)

P+Iron=Iron phosphate (insoluble)P Iron Iron phosphate (insoluble)

Even good P sources like poly phosphates gets precipitated if Ca+Mgin water is >50 ppm and Bicarbonate>150ppm. If Bicarbonate content is <100ppm, the Ca+ Mg content can go upto 75ppm

Micronutrient Fertilizers

Fertilizer content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)

Solubor 20 B 220

Copper sulphate 25 Cu 320

Iron sulphate 20 Fe 160

Magnesium sulphate

10 710

A i 54 430Ammonium molybdate

54 430

Zinc sulphate 36 965

Manganese sulphate 27 1050


FERTIGATION METHODSFERTIGATION METHODS

Fertilizer Tank (ByFertilizer Tank (By--Pass System)Pass System) Venturi InjectorVenturi Injector Fertigation pumpFertigation pumpFertilizer Tank (ByFertilizer Tank (By--Pass System)Pass System) Venturi InjectorVenturi Injector Fertigation pumpFertigation pump

Response of Fertigation on Banana

Crop / Variety : Banana Grand NaineCrop / Variety : Banana, Grand Naine

Treatment: 8 Replication: 3 Design: RBD; No. of Plants per Treatment: 15

Yield Response of BananaYield Response of BananaTreatment Yield t ha-1

FC RC

T 62 66 47 50Treatments

T1 62.66 47.50

T2 54.28 45.80

T3 64.49 50.07

T 50 26 42 13

T1– RDF + PMT2 – RDFT3 – 0.8 RDF + PMT4 – 0.8 RDF

T4 50.26 42.13

T5 38.30 40.67

T6 35.12 40.90

T 28 16 39 83

T5– 0.6 RDF + PMT6 – 0.6 RDFT7 – 0.4 RDF + PMT8 – 0.4 RDF

T7 28.16 39.83

T8 24.47 38.57

CD(0.05) 9.27 6.73

18

• Maximum yield : 64.49 t/ha for first crop & 50.07 t/ha for ratoon crop in T3 (0.8 RDF + PM)• Daily WR: WRInitial 3.13 L/d, WRPeak 12.26 L/d Total WR: 1236 mm with drip irrigation alone 1115 mm for drip irrigation with

plastic mulch; Fertilizer : (160:48:240 N:P205:K20 g plant-1) • B.C. ratio : 2.56 - T3 (0.8 RDF + PM); 1.07 – for conventional method; Pay back period : 1 years (0.8 RDF + PM)

Crop / variety : Guava/ Allahabad Safeda

Response of Fertigation on Guava

Treatment: 6; Replication: 3; Design : RBD; No. of Plants per Treatment: 4

Treatments : T1 – RDF, T2 – 0.80 RDF, T3 – 0.60 RDF, T4 – 0.40 RDF, T5 – FCM & T6 – FC

Yield Response of GuavaYield Response of GuavaTreatment Average fruit

weight (g)Average no. of

fruits/plantyield(t/ha)

T1 134 33 439 33 32 37T1 134.33 439.33 32.37T2 147.67 456.67 35.66T3 152.00 382.00 31.25T4 138 67 303 33 27 86T4 138.67 303.33 27.86T5 119.33 324.67 25.30T6 116.67 261.33 22.44

CD(0.05) 18.09 21.64 4.9

• Daily WR: Min - 13.5 L D-1 in winter and Max–26.82 L D-1 in summer season• Total WR: 1126 mm; Fertilizer : Water soluble fertilizer 290:384:290 g/plant N:P2O5:K2O (80 % of RDF)• Maximum yield : 35.66 t/ha in T2 (0.8 RDF + PM) where (State avg. 12.8 t/ha)

19

• B.C. ratio : 2.78 – T2 (0.8 RDF + PM); 1.58 – for conventional method• Pay back period : 3+1 years (0.8 RDF + PM)

Response of Fertigation on Dutch roses under greenhouse and open fieldResponse of Fertigation on Dutch roses under greenhouse and open fieldconditions.

Crop : Dutch Rose (Var First Red Gold Strike) No of treatments : 10Crop : Dutch Rose (Var. First Red, Gold Strike)Crop geometry: 50 cm x 30 cm (RR x PP)

No. of treatments : 10No. of replications : 3

Experimental design: Strip Plot

Treatments :T (F V ) 140% RDF i h Fi R d d h

Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) : 30:60:25 g NPK/plant/year

T1 (F1V1): 140% RDF with First Red under greenhouseT2 (F1V2): 140% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouseT3 (F2V1): 120% RDF with First Red under greenhouseT4 (F2V2): 120% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse4 ( 2 2) gT5 (F3V1): 100% RDF with First Red under greenhouse (Control) T6 (F3V2): 100% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse (Control) T7 (F4V1): 80% RDF with First Red under greenhouseT (F V ) 80% RDF ith G ld St ik d hT8 (F4V2): 80% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouseT9 (Conventional): 100% RDF with First Red in open fieldT10 (Conventional): 100% RDF with Gold Strike in open field

Response of fertigation on Dutch rosesResponse of fertigation on Dutch roses

30

60

70

meter

Height (cm) Shoot length (cm) Flower diameter (cm)No. of shoots/plant No. of flowers/plant No. of petals/flower

Maximum yield (301.2 flowers per m2) under T4 (120 % RDF + Gold strike)

, NO

F,

15

20

25

30

40

50

60

ngth, Flower diam

(cm)

Greater Fertilizer use efficiency (205.7 No. of flowers/ kg fertilizer used/

NO

S,N

OP

0

5

10

0

10

20

1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10

Height, Sho

ot len flowers/ kg fertilizer used/

year)under T4 (120 % RDF + Gold strike)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

Treatments

Fertigation Studies for Vegetable crops

Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research FindingsMalik and Kumar, 1996 • Peas on a sandy loam soil in Himachal Pradesh.

• Drip irrigation level of 75 per cent pan evaporation with 25 kg N ha-1 fertigation bestfor maximizing the water use efficiency and yields of peas.

Dalvi et al., 1999 • Tomato on sandy loam soil., y• The study revealed that drip fertigation at 96% of RDF resulted in higher yield of

tomato.Patel and Rajput, 2002 • Okra at IARI New Delhi

• 40% saving of fertilizer may be achieved, if applied through fertigation withoutaffecting the okra yields.

Singandhupe et al., 2003 • Tomato crop clay loam soils of Rahuri (Maharashtra).• Application of nitrogen through the drip irrigation in ten equal splits at 8-days interval

saved 20-40% nitrogen as compared to the furrow irrigation when nitrogen wasli d i t l litapplied in two equal splits.

• The maximum tomato fruit yield of 35.2 t ha-1 was recorded for 120 kg N ha-1 throughdrip.

• Total nitrogen uptake in drip irrigation was 8-11% higher than that of furrow irrigation.Romic et al 2003 • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L ) in the Vrana Valley (Mediterranean region ofRomic et al., 2003 • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Vrana Valley (Mediterranean region of

Croatia).• Nitrate –N leaching from the root zone of bell pepper control without mulch, with

black polyethylene (PE) mulch and with biodegradable cellulose mulch.• The highest quantities of nitrogen were leached in without mulch (26 kg ha-1)


e g est qua t t es o t oge we e eac ed w t out u c ( 6 g a )treatment following by the treatment with cellulose mulch (18 kg ha-1) and the lowestnitrogen leaching (10 kg ha-1) in the treatment with black PE mulch.

Continued…

Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research FindingsPatel and Rajput, 2006 • Determined the suitable fertigation interval for Onion.

• The highest yield was recorded in daily fertigation, followed by alternate day fertigation,while the lowest yield was obtained in monthly fertigation frequency.

Tolga et. al., 2010 • Broccoli in clay soil of Turkey.• The effect of four nitrogen levels (0 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 250 kg ha-1) was

compared with each treatment.• Broccoli yield and head weight and the maximum Broccoli yield was obtained from the

treatment 150 kg ha-1 N application.B d t l 2011 Diff t N t (200 d 300 k N h 1) d f f ti ti f i (1 2 7 d 14Badr et al, 2011 • Different N rates (200 and 300 kg N ha-1) and four fertigation frequencies (1, 2, 7, and 14

days) on potato crop grown in sandy soils of Egypt.• Total potato yield and yield components were responsive to increase N rate and to decrease

fertigation frequency.• Highest potato yield of 67 75 t ha-1 was recorded in weekly drip fertigation compared to daily• Highest potato yield of 67.75 t ha was recorded in weekly drip fertigation compared to daily

fertigation (65.13 t ha-1) and fertigation once in three days (63.29 t ha-1).Zhang et al., 2011 • Cucumber fruit, in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China.

• Three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1, 300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1).• NUE significantly decreased with the increase in dose of N application.g y pp• The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement nitrogen fertilization.

Krishnamoorthy, 2011 • Turmeric was carried out in clay loamy soils of Coimbatore.• The leaf N and K concentrations were higher with the fertigation treatments irrespective of

the stages compared to fertilizer application in the soil.


• Fertigation using water soluble fertilizers registered higher concentration of leaf NPK thansolid fertilizers.

Fertigation Studies for Field crops

Researchers Research FindingsAujla et al, 2005 • Cotton crop in sandy clay loam texture soils of Syria.

• Increased in cotton yield to 2144 from 1624 kg ha-1 (an increase of 32 per cent)when N applied through drip irrigation system, compared to manualfertilization.

Gurusamy et. al., 2011

• Sugarcane crop in red loam soils of Madurai, Tamil Nadu.• 100 per cent RDF (275:62.5:112.5 kg NPK ha-1) as WSF registered higher cane

and sugar yield but it was comparable with 75 per cent RDF as WSF.g y p p• Surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers recorded lower cane and

sugar yield when compared with fertigation treatments.Kumar et. al., 2011 • Hybrid rice in red loam soils of Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

• Drip fertigation of 100 % RD of P and K (50 % P and K as basal remaining• Drip fertigation of 100 % RD of P and K (50 % P and K as basal, remainingNPK as WSF) enhanced the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield ofhybrid rice.


Fertigation Studies for Fruit crops

Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research FindingsAgarwal et al., 2004 • Pomegranate cultivated in sandy loam soils of Ranchi

• The economic yield of 52.5 q ha-1 and highest benefit cost ratio of 3.21 under 80 per cent offertigation with water soluble fertilizers.

Ravi et. al., 2007 • Arecanut at Vittal, Karnataka.• Fertigation of 75% NPK at 10 days frequency registered maximum yield (4017 kg ha-1).• The yield increase with 75% NPK fertigated at 10 days interval was 100% over control

1(2008 kg ha-1).Rao and Subramanyam, 2009

• Pomegranate was conducted in Shallow red soils of Anantpur district of Andhra Pradesh.50% d d d (250 / l ) f i f i h i l h d i ld i2009 • 50% recommended dose (250 g /plant) of nitrogen at fortnight intervals enhanced yield inpomegranate/tree under low rain fall zone.

• It also saved 50 % nitrogen fertilizers cost and labour cost.

Ashokraja, 2011 • Muscat Grapes on clay loam soils of Coimbatore.• Greater response for enhanced fertilizer dose with Muscat grapes for maximum production.• Maximum Muscat grape fruit yield (27.5 tons/ha) was possible with WSF at 125% dose.

Liang-zhi et. al., 2011 • Sweet orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）in calcareous purple soil in Zhongxian County ofChina.China.

• Fertigation frequencies（4 times/year，10 times/year，16 times/year).• The fertigation treatments showed significant effects on increasing fruit yield with 29.4%–

36.5% more cumulative yield than the control (10 times/year)，• They recommended citrus growing in calcareous purple soil should be fertigated 4 times a


year with drip system.

Continued…Continued…

Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research FindingsKrishnamoorthy and Rajamani, 2013

• Cocoa on silty loam soils of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.• Fertigation with 125% RDF (125:50:175 plant year-1) as water soluble fertilizers through drip

increased all vegetative parameters like trunk girth increment, Canopy spread increment, leaffresh weight and yield of Cocoa.

Husameldin et al., 2013 • Banana main crops cv. Grand Naine (Musa AAA) in clay loam soils of Rahuri (Maharashtra).• 80 per cent of the recommended fertigation dose (160:32:192 N:P:K g plant-1 year-1)

performed well in respect of growth parameters and shortened the total crop duration.• Hence, fertigation with 80 per cent of the recommended dose was found to be optimum and

i leconomical.Upreti , 2013 • Guava crop under drip fertigation and plastic mulc at PFDC, IIT Kharagpur.

• The highest yield, plant height, plant girth, canopy diameter, FUE and net income wereobtained for 80 % of soluble fertilizers applied through with plastic mulch treatment ascompared to other treatment.

Sharma and Mursaleen, 2014

• Guava on silty loam soils of Udaipur, Rajasthan.• 100% (60:30:30 NPK g/plant/year) water soluble fertilizers gave maximum plant height (2.07

m), canopy volume (1.24 m3), girth of primary branches (2.48 cm), leaf area (66.08 cm2),f i di 6 69 ( l ) d 5 97 ( i l) f i i h (182 17 ) i ld/ lfruit diameter 6.69 cm (polar) and 5.97 cm (equatorial), fruit weight (182.17 g), yield/plant(6.59 kg) compare other doses of fertilizers.

Dinesh and Ahmed, 2014

• Almond (Prunus dulcis) on silty loam soils of Srinagar.• The results indicated that the maximum tree height (3.56 m), nut weight (2.73 g), nut yield

(5 98 kg/tree; 6 64 t/ha) and leaf nutrient content (2 38% N; 0 17% P; 1 41% K) were


(5.98 kg/tree; 6.64 t/ha), and leaf nutrient content (2.38% N; 0.17% P; 1.41% K) wererecorded in 75% RDF (247:33:341 NPK) through fertigation.

Adoption of DripWater guzzling crop, rice

Widely spaced Orchards

Widely spaced fruit cropsWidely spaced fruit cropsClosely spaced cereals, wheat

Close spaced row crops Row crops (Vegetables)

Prof. K.N.Tiwari, AgFE Deptt., IIT Kharagpur

Conclusions Micro Irrigation (MI) has great potential in saving water, fertilizers and

energy.

There is a significant increased in the area under micro irrigation in last fewyears and it is likely to increase more area due to implementation of “PerDrop More Crop under PMKSY scheme of Govt. of India.p p

PFDC IIT Kharagpur has conducted experiments on various crops usingmicro irrigation and established water requirement of various cropsmicro irrigation and established water requirement of various crops.

When MI system is used , fertigation is not optional but absolutely necessary.

Fertiliser requièrent of Banana, Guava, Dutch Rose crops has beenexperimentally established by PFDC IIT Kharagpur which can beimplemented for simmilar agro-climatic conditions.


Recommendations

Studies on dynamics of soil-water-plant-nutrients under point source and line source drip emitters need to be conducted experimentally and suitable solute transport models should be developed .

Design of fertigation system for different crops under different soil and agro-climatic conditions.g

Automation of Ferti-irrigation system.

Inclusion of Micro electronics in Academic Curriculum of UG-Agricultural Engineering programmeAgricultural Engineering programme.


27 nov16 water_and_fertilizer_management_using_micro_irrigation

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