26 nov16 management_of_large_irrigation_systems_for_enhancing_water_productivity
26 nov16 issues_and_challenges_in_water_productivity_for_sustainable_agricultural_growth_in_india
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Transcript of 26 nov16 issues_and_challenges_in_water_productivity_for_sustainable_agricultural_growth_in_india
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEEDepartment of Water Resources Development & Management
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN INDIASUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN INDIA
M L KansalJPSS Chair Professor
November 2016
Sustainable Development
• According to Bruntland Commissionreport (1987), sustainabledevelopment is that developmentwhich meet the needs of presentwithout compromising the ability off i h i
Social
future generations to meet theirown needs.
• In order to have sustainabled l i h ld b b d
Sustainability
Bearable Equitable
development, it should be based onequitable, bearable, and viableconsiderations. Thus, sustainabledevelopment related to the three
Environmental EconomicViable
development related to the threemajor sectors – Economic,Environmental, and the Socialconsiderations.
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considerations.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as transforming ourworld: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of seventeen aspirational"Global Goals" on sustainable development issues as mentioned below. It incorporatesGlobal Goals on sustainable development issues as mentioned below. It incorporatesthe issues of land development along with human development in terms of education,public health, and the general standard of living.
3Source:http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
Sustainability
Social Progress
Stakeholder Involvement Social Equity
Employment Generation g p yand Capacity Building Cultural Heritage
Economic Development
Microeconomic Efficiency
Regional Economy
InfrastructureSustainability
Infrastructure
Environmental P t ti
Biodiversity
Water and Land ResourcesProtection
Visual Impact and Noise Pollution
Sustainable Technology Transfer
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Sustainable Technologies
Technology TransferInnovation
Sustainability Principles in Agriculture
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Contd …
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India’s Water Resources – at a glance
• Population of India is 1.27billion (2013)
• Geographical area of India isabout 3.29 X 106 km2
( h l )(7th largest)
• Average annual precipitation= 1190 mm [Varies from 100 to12000 mm] (Cv= 15‐70)
• Total Rainfall hours is about 100.
• Nearly 80% of the annualrainfall takes place in only 3 to 4months
• Number of rainy days in a yearabout 80.
• The average annualprecipitation received in India is4,000 km3
• Average Water Resources isabout 1500 (m3/person/year) asabout 1500 (m /person/year) asper (International standard)critical condition is 1700(m3/person/year)
• Availability between 1000‐1400BCM
• Highly Uneven in Space and Time• Brahmaputra ‐ Barak ‐ Ganga System accounts for about 60% of total surface water
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BCM
• Total Water Requirements (F+DW+I+ENV+N+Losses) = 1180 BCM
resources• Western and Southern regions experience severe deficit in water availability• Thus, water storage is required to meet the various demands in space and time.
Per Capita Water Availability in India
• Water availability isdecreasing and waterrequirements areincreasing, it is likely tocreate a serious problemtowards the food and watertowards the food and watersecurity in the country.
• Without a majortechnological innovationtechnological innovation,and irrigation watermanagement there is littlehope of meeting the ever‐increasing water demands.
• There is a need to yield“more crop per drop” of
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water.
Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
• WUE is a dimensionless ratio of total amount of water used to the total amount ofwater applied.
• It is the % of water supplied to the plant that is effectively taken up by the plant,% pp p y p y p ,i.e., that was not lost to drainage, bare soil evaporation or interception.Mathematically,
Ef= Vu/Vehwhere,
Ef = Efficiency, dimensionlessVu= Volume utilised, m3; andVe = volume extracted from the supply source, m3e
• The various types of water efficiency (used in irrigation area) are storage efficiency,conveyance efficiency, and field application efficiency etc.
• Its value varies between 0 and 1 or between 0 and 100 as a percentage.• Raising irrigation water efficiency means shifting from less efficient flood or furrow• Raising irrigation water efficiency means shifting from less efficient flood or furrow
system to overhead sprinklers or drip irrigation.• It is estimated that switching from flood or furrow to low pressure sprinkler systems
reduces water use by an estimated 30 %, while to drip irrigation may cut water use
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to 50 %.
Water Productivity (WP)
• WP is the net return for a unit of water used. It defines the ratio of net benefits
from crop, forestry, fishery, livestock and mixed agricultural systems to the amount
of water consumed to produce these benefits It can be ‘physical’ (like ‘more cropof water consumed to produce these benefits. It can be ‘physical’ (like ‘more crop
per drop’ or ‘value’ (‘economic’) based.
• WP is generally defined as crop yield per cubic metre of water consumption
including ‘green’ water (effective rainfall) for rain‐fed areas and both ‘green’ and
‘blue’ water for irrigated areas.
• It is used to describe better the ratio between the quantity of a product (biomass or
yield) and the amount of water depleted/ diverted. It may vary with the objectives
and domain of the interest of the studyand domain of the interest of the study.
• Thus, WUE and WP have different meaning and are interlinked. In order to increase
WP we need to increase WUE but not the other way around
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• In other words, higher WP means either same production from less water resources
or higher production from the same water resources.
WP Gains using Drip over Conventional Irrigation in India
CropYield increase
(%)
Decline inwater application (%)
WP Gain
(%)Bananas 52 45 173Cabbage 2 60 150Cabbage (evapotranspiration) 54 40 157Cotton 27 53 169Cotton 25 60 212Cotton (evapo‐transpiration) 35 15 55Cotton 10 15 27Grapes 23 48 134Okra (evapotranspiration) 72 40 142Potatoes 46 0 46Sugarcane 6 60 163Sugarcane 20 30 70Sugarcane 29 47 143Sugarcane 33 65 280Sugarcane 23 44 121Sweet potatoes 39 60 243Tomatoes 5 27 44
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Tomatoes 50 39 145(Source :Molden et al. (2007)
WP from a unit of water for selected commodities
Product
Water productivityKilograms Dollars Protein Calories
(per cubic meter) (per cubic meter) (grams per cubic meter) (per cubic meter)
C lCerealWheat ($0.2 per kilogram) 0.2–1.2 0.04–0.30 50–150 660–4000Rice ($0.31 per kilogram) 0.15–1.6 0.05–0.18 12–50 500–2000Maize ($0.11 per kilogram) 0.30–2.00 0.03–0.22 30–200 1000–7000LegumesLegumesLentils ($0.3 per kilogram) 0.3–1.0 0.09–0.30 90–150 1060–3500Fava beans ($0.3 per kilogram) 0.3–0.8 0.09–0.24 100–150 1260–3360Groundnut ($0.8 per kilogram) 0.1–0.4 0.08–0.32 30–120 800–3200VegetablesVegetablesPotato ($0.1 per kilogram) 3–7 0.3–0.7 50–120 3000–7000Tomato ($0.15 per kilogram) 5–20 0.75–3.0 50–200 1000–4000Onion ($0.1 per kilogram) 3–10 0.3–1.0 20–67 1200–4000FruitsFruitsApples ($0.8 per kilogram) 1.0–5.0 0.8–4.0 Negligible 520–2600Olives ($1.0 per kilogram) 1.0–3.0 1.0–3.0 10–30 1150–3450Dates ($2.0 per kilogram) 0.4–0.8 0.8–1.6 8–16 1120–2240Others
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Beef ($3.0 per kilogram) 0.03–0.1 0.09–0.3 10–30 60–210Fish (aqua culture ) 0.05‐1.0 0.07–1.35 17–340 85–1750
(Source :Molden et al. (2010a)
Factor Affecting Sustainable Agriculture
Mechanization level Use of green manure
Integrated management
Crop species type Application of
Irrigation Soil factors
Using minimum tillage Using animal waste as Nitrogen consumption
Replacing crop products
Mechanization level g gof the field
Use of fallow system Agronomic factors Economic factors
fertilizers
The use of cover crops Change of irrigation
methods Application of
Integrated pest management
Nutrient management
Soil conservation Tillage perpendicular to
the slope Using crop rotationWater resources
Amount of fertilizers consumption
pppesticides
Following cultivate alternation
Maintenance of cultivate production residues
management
Positive effects on sustainability
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Negative effects on sustainability
Factors Boosting WP and Reducing Losses
Factors boosting biomass Factors affecting Loss reduction
• Genetic Enhancement • Natural resource managementGenetic Enhancement Natural resource management (land, soil and water)
• Fertilization • Change of Irrigation method
• Pest & Disease control • Crop planning
• Weed Control • Use of fallow system
• Crop growth in humid and cooler season
• Proper sequencing of water deficit
• Priming or soaking of seed • Manipulation of seedling agePriming or soaking of seed Manipulation of seedling age
• Application of organic matter, farmyard manure and bio‐fertilizer
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Challenges to Sustainable Agricultural Growth
To integrate the natural processes into agricultural production processes, soensuring profitable and efficient food production.
Th th f i i i ti f th f t l d bl i t The pathway for minimization of the use of external and non‐renewable inputsdamaging the environment.
Improvement in the welfare and quality of life of farm animals.
To get full participation of farmers and other rural people in all processes of To get full participation of farmers and other rural people in all processes ofproblem analysis, and technology development, adaptation and extension leadingto an increase in local self‐reliance and social capital
To enhance both the quality and quantity of wildlife, water, landscape and otherq y q y , , ppublic goods of the countryside
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Pathways to attain higher Irrigation WP
Exchange transpired water for CO2 more effectively in
producing biomass
High WP
Transpire most of the supplied
water
Convert most of the biomass
into grain
g
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Three pathways to attain highest irrigation water productivity.
Conclusion
• Improving agricultural water productivity in India is important for meeting therequirements of ‘Food Security’ for the ever‐increasing population.
• There are many ways to improve the irrigation water productivity However theseThere are many ways to improve the irrigation water productivity. However, theseoption(s) vary from place to place, state to state and also depend on social andeconomic conditions of the farmers.
• Non‐structural measures like agronomic management people’s participation etcNon structural measures like agronomic management, people s participation, etc.help in improving WP.
• Environmental protection measures enhance the WP by way of reducing waterlosses.losses.
• An important and promising area of innovation is biotechnology, which isundergoing a revolution. New high yielding plants, that are more environment‐friendly and more drought‐ tolerant will help us in improving WP. Seeds of newfriendly and more drought tolerant will help us in improving WP. Seeds of newvariety coupled with agronomic techniques suitable to smallholding farmers willhelp in yielding “more crop per drop” of water.
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