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ENVR 3220 (fall 2015) Energy Resources and Usage

Lecture 1

Sept 4th 2015

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Course Description

• This course provides a non-technical overview of energy resources and their usage with a focus on policy issues and options related to ensuring – adequateadequate future supplies at acceptable prices and – limitinglimiting environmental impacts.

• Environmental impacts will be considered primary with respect to – air pollutionair pollution, but also as appropriate, – climate changeclimate change, with attention to – water quality and quantityquantity impacts, land degradation, – strains on other planetary boundaries planetary boundaries will also be considered.

Energy, Economy and Environment

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Economy

Biosphere

Resources Residuals

Energy Resources Availability

Energy UsageEnvironmental Impacts:Air Pollution or GHG EmissionsAir Pollution or GHG Emissions

Natural ResourcesEconomics

Environmental or Pollution

Economics

Where Do Policy Fit In?

• Act on Limitations of Environmental Impacts

• Act on Stimulating Technologies to Use New or Alternative (Energy) Resources

• It is all about incentives

• ActorsActors

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Energy Systems and Sustainability, 2/E Bob Everett, Godfrey Boyle, Stephen Peake, and Janet Ramage

Renewable EnergyPower for a Sustainable Future3/E Edited by Godfrey Boyle

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Different Energy Topics Discussed in the Book

Figure 14.1

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A Short Chronicle of Some Themes & Technologies To beStudied

Chapters 12, 13

• [12]Costing of Energy– Costs of resources– Physics and costs

of the technologies– Costs of capitals– Operations and

Maintenance (O&M) etc.

• [13]Assessment of Environmental and Health Impacts of Energy Use

• Environmental chemistry

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Both are Frameworks Both are Frameworks for Analysisfor Analysisof Different Energy of Different Energy TechnologiesTechnologies

Expectations

• Some backgrounds in Economics– Time Value of Money– E.g. Discount Rate, Net Present Value (NPVNPV)

• Environmental Externality Externality – Valuation? – The concepts of Private Costs Private Costs vs. Social CostsSocial Costs

• iPRS survey

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Expectations

• Some backgrounds in Environmental Chemistry– Stoichiometry (Quantitative Analysis of Stoichiometry (Quantitative Analysis of

Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels)Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels)– Enthalpy Enthalpy – E.g. Burning of Methane

• iPRS survey

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Expectations • Some backgrounds or interestsinterests in Innovation Studies

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Course Intended Learning Objectives

• Perform energy arithmetic calculations (Energy Units, Prefixes etc.)

• Explain and contrast different primary non-renewable fossil energy resources and associated energy technologies for electricity generation

• Calculate the environmental impacts, local and global, and costs performance of different major energy technologies / systems

• Explain and describe the basic principles and economics of selected renewable energy resources / technologies

• HOT: articulation and synthesis of a sustainable energy system

• Improve Critical Thinking, Team and Communications Skills

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Assessment

• Team• Research Project

– One Mid-term Presentation: 10%

– One Final Research Presentation + Presentation + ReportReport: 20%

• Individual • 2 Homework

Assignments: 20%• Nuclear Debate: 10%• Comprehensive Final

Exam. 30% – Examination format

similar to assignments• Class Participation

(attendance + online) : 10%

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Possible Project Themes

• Exploring Meaning or Perception of a Sustainable Energy System in the Mainstream Media

• Energy and Economy; correlation and causality?• Hidden Costs of Energy, how to quantify them? • Fossil Fuels: Future• Renewable electricity: are they more expensive than fossil fuel-

based electricity?• Conditions for a Nuclear Renaissance?• Electricity Grid and Storage• Energy Efficiency: does the utility support it or against it?• Transition to a Low Carbon Energy System• What is Catastrophic Risks Management in the energy sector?

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Teaching Team

1. Kwok L SHUM1. Sustainable Fossil Fuels

2. Renewable Energy Technologies & Deployment

3. Environmental Economics and Policies

4. Transition Management

5. Urban Sustainability

6. Innovation Management

1. TAs1. Ran DENG

2. Xiaolin XIE

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Lecture 1 (Sept.4th 2015) –

Course Introduction

• Energy Resources and Usage• Energy Systems• Sustainability• Sustainable Energy Systems

– Some attributes

• Recent Global Energy Development

• Introduction to Upcoming Lectures

Systems and Systems Boundary

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Energy, Economy and Environment

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Economy

Biosphere

Resources Residuals

Energy Resources Availability

Energy UsageEnvironmental Impacts:Air Pollution or GHG EmissionsAir Pollution or GHG Emissions

Natural ResourcesEconomics

Environmental or Pollution

Economics

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Global Global Energy Energy AssessmentAssessment20122012

SupplySupply

End useEnd use

2020

Energy System

Coal PowerPlant

Electricity Heater

Warmth in unit

Two Systemic Views of MeetingConsumer Demand for Electricity

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Electricitysupply

ConsumerDemand forElectricity

InvestmentIn addedGenerationAssets

Investment in Demand Management Program;Include customers as part of the System

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Sustainability Review – Brundtland Report 1987: • Report of the World Commission on

Environment and Development on Our Common Future: Concerns, Challenges and Endeavors:

• A re-think of economic growth and environment emphasizing

– Environmental limitations Environmental limitations – Needs of the disadvantagedNeeds of the disadvantaged

• The meaning of Sustainable Development (SD): Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

• Challenges: population (ch.4), food security (ch.5), species and ecosystems (ch.6), energy choices for environment and development (ch.7), industry – doing more with less (ch.8), urban challenges (ch.9)

Gro Harlem Brundtland

Sustainable Development is Our Increasing Understanding of Development

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Growth as Growth as SolutionsSolutions

Chapter 7 of the Brundtland Report

• Energy Choices Energy Choices for Environment and Development– Energy, Economy & Environment– Fossil Fuels: the Continuing Dilemmas– Nuclear Energy: Unsolved Problems (Chernobyl

Disaster)– Wood Fuels: The Vanishing Resources– Renewable Energy: the Untapped Potentials– Energy Efficiency: Maintaining the Momentum

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Key Technologies for Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions IEA Blue Map

Scenario

25IEA – International Energy Agency

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Requirements for a Sustainable Energy System

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Bill

ions

of

Inha

bita

nts

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2000

Evolution of Global Population

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1800

1925

1960

19751987

2000

Dates at which successivePopulation increases of One billion inhabitants haveBeen reached

Bill

ions

of

Inha

bita

nts

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Life Expectancy Levels OFFAt 3 TOE/year/inhabitant

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Warming Limit

• Warming Limit of 2C• Emission Limit? (Climate Model Could

Answer Here)• Globally

– 1/3 of Oil reserves1/3 of Oil reserves– 1/2 of Gas reserves1/2 of Gas reserves– >80% of current Coal reserves>80% of current Coal reserves– Should remain Unused from 2010 – 2050 to

meet this warming limit

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McGlade and Ekins Jan. 2015Nature

Triple Helix of ChallengesChallenges to Sustainable Energy System

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Both Reserves LimitAnd Emissions Limit

I = P*A*TI = Impact

P = Population

A = Affluence

T = ?

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Noted Thought Leaders in Energy

Hans-Josef Fell

• Thomas Friedman• Masayoshi Son• Hans-Josef Fell • Amory Lovins

Prof. Steven Chu (Stanford)

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Sept 15th 2015 (Tue.)4:30pmLTARSVP

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Recent Global Energy Development

• The Clean Power Plan – Cutting Carbon Pollution from Power Plants (August 3August 3rdrd 2015 2015)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8uUKIbaGaI

Recent Global Energy Development

• Japan bets on 'clean coal' to revive Fukushima (2014)

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Recent Global Energy Development

• U.S., China Reach ‘Clean Coal’ Agreement (August August 2525thth 2015 2015)

• The agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and China’s National Energy Administration would allow the two nations to share their results as they refine technologies to capturecapture the greenhouse gases produced from burning coal

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Introduction of Lectures

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Lecture 2 (Sept. 7th 2015) – Primary Energy Resources

World Primary Energy Consumption 2009World Primary Energy Consumption 2009What are Primary Energy Resources? What are Primary Energy Resources?

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Lecture 2 (Cont’d)

• UK Annual Primary Energy: Consumption and Production

Production

Consumption

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Percentage of Different Energy Sources of Total PrimaryEnergy Consumption 1800 - 2000

Lecture 2 (Cont’d)

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• Energy Arithmetic– Units and Conventions

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Primary energy accountingPrimary resource input vs. electrical outputNotional primary energy input (the actualNotional primary energy input (the actualresources input)resources input)

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Lecture 2 (Cont’d) – Units of Measure (Prefixes) used in Energy Systems Studies

Prefix Symbol Factor Example

Micro- μ 10-6 Microns (used in place of “micrometers”) ~

wavelength of visible light

Milli- m 10-3 Milliampere ~ current flow from a single

photovoltaic cell

Kilo- k 103 Kilowatthour ~ unit of sale of electricity to a

residential customer

Mega- M 106 Megawatt ~ maximum power output of the largest

commercial wind turbines

Giga- G 109 Gigawatthour ~ measure of the annual output from a

typical fossil-fuel-powered electric power plant

Tera- T 1012 Terawatt ~ measure of the total rated capacity of all

power plants in the world

Peta- P 1015 Petajoule ~ measure of all the energy used by the

railroads in the United States in 1 year

Exa- E 1018 Exajoule ~ measure of all the energy used by an

entire country in 1 year

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Lecture 2 (Cont’d) – Example of Energy Unit: BTU Measurements and Associated Quantities

Number of BTUs Typical Measurement

Thousand BTUs Output from portable space heater in 1 h

Million BTUs Annual per capita energy consumption of various countries

Billion BTUs Annual energy consumption of an office park in United States

Trillion BTUs Total annual energy consumption of all railroads in United States or

European Union from train and locomotive movements

Quadrillion BTUs (quads) Annual energy consumption of an entire country

British Thermal Units – BTU ~ 1’055 JBillion = 1’000 MillionBillion = 1’000 Million

Lecture 3 (Sept. 11th) – Forms of Energy and Energy Use: Currency Model of Energy ConversionCurrency Model of Energy Conversion

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Lecture 3 (Sept. 11th) – Forms of Energy and Energy Use: Currency Model of Energy ConversionCurrency Model of Energy Conversion

Coal PowerPlant

Electricity Heater

Warmth in unit

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Global Energy Assessment2012

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Lectures 4 – 5 (Sept. 14th, 18th 2015) – A Short Chronicle of Energy in the 20th Century (1900 – 2000)• The Rise of a High Energy Civilization The Rise of a High Energy Civilization

– Unprecedented growth in energy consumption• Energy Sources Energy Sources

– Availability of fossil fuels (reserve/production ratio) – Coal’s dominance and retreat– Dependence on Hydrocarbons– Non fossils (biomasses, hydro and geothermal etc.)

• Conversion TechnologiesConversion Technologies– Industrial Revolution – Improving the nineteenth-century techniques– New prime mover(s) (gas turbines), 1930s -1950s– Rocket engines (~ 2.6GW in 150 seconds) – Nuclear fission

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Lectures 4 – 5 – A Short Chronicle of Energy in the 20th Century (Cont’d)

• Changing Energy UsesChanging Energy Uses– Structural transformations (household level: 500W 5KW

30KW )– Embodied energies in the agricultural sector: nitrogenous

fertilizers, equipment and machinery• Energy & Economy (national level) Energy & Economy (national level)

– Energy Consumption and GDP – Evolution of Energy Intensity– Energy price and its real costs (Energy costs are not obvious)

• Energy and the Environment Energy and the Environment – Local and regional impacts

• Acid rains, petrochemical smog etc. – Global impacts

• Climate change• Global nitrogen cycle

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Lectures 4 – 5 – A Short Chronicle of Energy in the 20th Century (Cont’d)

• Social Consequences Social Consequences & the Century’s Legacies– Energy use and quality of life– ‘Inverted EmphasisInverted Emphasis, in dealing with energy needs– Inefficiency in consumerist societies vs. improving the

conversion efficiency of conversion process

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Lectures 4 – 5 (Cont’d) • Energy and Economy• Energy Intensity Energy Intensity and

Economic Growth – a general pattern– First rising– Then peaking– Eventually declining

• Energy and Economy• Pollution and economic growth • Environmental Kuznets CurveEnvironmental Kuznets Curve

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Lectures 4 – 5 (Cont’d)

GDP Energy ?Energy GDP ? Energy GDP ?

Energy and Economy: The Causality IssueEnergy and Economy: The Causality Issue

Changing Patterns of Energy Use

• Read Chapter 1

• P. 30 – 32

• Be Ready to Discuss the Chronicle and Changing Patterns During Class

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Lectures 6 – 7 (Sept. 21st,25th) – Quantitative & Economic Frameworks for Energy Studies

• Costing EnergyCosting Energy– Levelized Cost of Electricity Levelized Cost of Electricity (per unit of Electricity) – combine

all cost factors into a cost per unit per annum measure

• Discounted Cash Flow Discounted Cash Flow – Financial analysis of energy technologies organized as projects– Financial characteristics of different energy technologies

• Real-world Complications of Energy Costs Real-world Complications of Energy Costs – Subsidies – Externality costs etc. – Market collusion etc. (more like price than costs)

• Monopoly vs. Competitive Markets

PoliticsPolitics

EnvironmentEnvironment

Market structure and behaviorsMarket structure and behaviors

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Lectures 6 – 7 (Sept. 21st,25th) (Cont’d)

• Other Analytical Tools and Methodologies:

– Systems Analysis Systems Analysis

– Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

– Constrained Optimization Constrained Optimization

– Equi-Marginal Principle Equi-Marginal Principle

– across technologies

– across time (two periods dynamic model)

– Learning Curve Learning Curve

• Distributed Generation DG

– Logistic CurveLogistic Curve (optional)

• Technology Diffusion

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Graphical Illustration of Constrained Optimization:

Allocation of Power Production Over Two Generators

Environmental Impacts

of Energy

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Kaya Identity Kaya Identity – Values for Selection of Countries, 2004

P GDP/P E/GDP CO2/E CO2

(million) ($1000/person) (GJ/$1000GDP) (tonnes/GJ)

(million

tonne)

China 1298.8 $1,725 28.05 0.075 4,707

Germany 82.4 $34,031 5.53 0.056 862

India 1065.1 $740 20.65 0.068 1,113

Japan 127.3 $35,998 5.21 0.053 1,262

United States 293.0 $42,846 8.44 0.056 5,912

Kaya Identity I = P*A*TEKC Environmental Kuznets CurveEnvironmental Kuznets Curve

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Introduction to Climate Change Model

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From From carbon carbon dioxide dioxide emissionemissions tos toglobal global temperattemperature ure increase, increase, what is what is in-in-betweenbetween? ?

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Integrated Assessment of GHG Related Damage: Framework to Calculate the

Social Cost of Carbon

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Lectures 6 – 7 (Sept. 21st, 25th) – Environmental Frameworks of Energy Use (GHG Emissions)• Environmental and Health

Impacts of Energy Use• Impact Assessment

(Natural Systems)– Climate sensitivity of

GHG under concern• Impact Valuation (Human

Systems)– Discount rate– Equity issues etc.

IntegratedAssessmentModel

Marginal (social) Cost of Carbon Dioxide or other GHGs

Efficient levelof emission, Economics ofPollution Abatement

Environmental Policy Loop

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Lecture 8 (Oct. 2nd 2015) – Heat to Motive Power

• Heat Engines: Principles and Metrics

• Heat to Motive Power

• Principles of Heat Engine

• Carnot’s Law and Engine

• The Laws of Thermodynamics– QuantityQuantity and QualityQuality of

Energy

• The Boiler and Furnace Innovation and Evolution Innovation and Evolution trajectory trajectory

Lecture 9 (Oct. 5th 2015) – Fossil Fuel : Coal

• Coal: Geology (video)• Reserves, Resources and Production (How much coal do we have?)

– McKelvey Diagram McKelvey Diagram (the two axis of McKelvey Diagram) • Coal and its nature – Proximate analysisProximate analysis• Getting the Heat from Coal (Chemical Energy as Heat)• The Technology of Combustion

– Power Station Boilers – Innovation and Evolution

• Combustion Process and Products– Flue Gases– Ash

• Conversion Technology and Electricity Generation– Coal Power Plant

• Quantitative Analysis of the Environmental Impacts• Other Uses of Coal

– Coal to oil– Coal to gas– The future of coal

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Heat EngineHeat Engine

Pulverized Coal

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Lecture 10 (Oct. 9th 2015) – Fossil Fuel : Oil

• Oil: Geology (video)• Reserves, Resources and Production (How much

oil do we have?)– Peak Oil and Hubbert Curve

• Combustion Technologies and Innovation– Oil fired boiler and furnace (External

Combustion)– Petrol and Diesel Engine (Internal Combustion)

• Quantitative Analysis of the Environmental impacts

• Topics on Future of Oil– Coal to Liquid (CTL) technology– Unconventional Oil – Keystone Pipeline (US)

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Lecture 11 (Oct. 12th 2015) – Fossil Fuel : Gas

• Gas: Geology• Reserves, Resources and Production

(How much Gas do we have?)– Are we running out of Gas?

• Peak Gas and Hubbert Curve • Consumption (transition from town gas

to natural gas) • Combustion Technologies and

Innovation– Gas fired boiler and furnace

(External)– Gas turbine (Internal)

• Conversion Technology and Electricity Generation – CC (Combined Cycle)GTCC (Combined Cycle)GT, IGCCIGCC

(see Fukushima slide) • Quantitative Analysis of the

Environmental impacts • Unconventional Gas

Gas fired boiler and furnace

Gas Turbine (GT)

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Lecture 11 (Cont’d) – Combined Cycle Configuration

Combined Cycle Animation

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACombined_cycle_animation.ogv

Lecture 12 (Oct. 16th 2015) Course Interim Interim ReviewReview & Look AheadLook Ahead

Fossil Track: Fossil Track: Fuel switchingCleaning up fossil fuels

End of Pipe vs. Combustion Innovation

Carbon Capture Sequestration (CCS)

– Direct vs. Indirect

Geo-engineering

– Carbon Dioxide Removal

Carbon Conversion

Towards Sustainable fossilSustainable fossil?

– Do you think Fossil Could be Made Sustainable??

• Non Fossil Track:Non Fossil Track:• Developing Renewable

Energy? Fuel Cell Fuel Cell – an enabling technology

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Oct. 19th, 23rd 2015Mid Term Presentation

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Lectures 13 (Oct. 26th 2015) – Electricity

• Electricity as a form of Energy (what are others?) • Electricity as a Secondary Energy ResourceSecondary Energy Resource• Transmission and Distribution (T&D)

– Coal by WireCoal by Wire• At 275KV, it was able to carry six times the power of a

132KV line

• Paradigmatic Speaking:

– Centralized Generation vs. Embedded (distributed) Centralized Generation vs. Embedded (distributed) generation generation

• Grid SmartGrid Smart

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Lecture 13 (Cont’d) – Combined Heat and Power (CHP) – Why is This an Electricity Topic?

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Lecture 14 (Oct.30th 2015) – Electricity End Use

• Revisiting the ‘Inverted EmphasisInverted Emphasis, • Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

– The Fifth Fuel • Rebound EffectsRebound Effects• Demand Side Management (DSM) Demand Side Management (DSM) • The Emergence of Energy Services

Companies ESCOESCO and its business model

Industry Engagement

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Lecture 15 (Nov. 2nd 2015) – Guest Lecture

• Searching for New Directions:• A Study of Hong Kong Electricity Market• By Prashant Bhaskar Vaze or Representative of

Consumer Council

Field Trip: CLP Black Point Power Station Nov. 7th 2015 (Sat.)

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Strategic PlanningIn CLP

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Nuclear (1) – Trivia

• Nuclear• Trivia: how many nuclear reactors in the world?

: US – 104, Korea – 21, India – 20, China – 13• % of nuclear power or electricity

– France: 75% – US: 20% – Japan:30%– Germany: 30% – China: 1.82%– World average is 13.8%

• For China to reach world’s average, China needs to build 50 reactors of 100MW

• Among the 65 new sites under construction now, 27 are in China

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Nuclear (2) – Physics

• Elementary principle of radioactivity

• Fission chain reaction• Thermal fission reactor

– Fuel, moderator, coolant, control system

• Thermal efficiency • Fission reactor type

– PWRs– BWRs

• Other technologies– Fuel conversion technologies– Fast neutron reactors– Fusion

• Life cycle perspective• Nuclear fuel cycles

– Mining and extraction– Enrichment and fuel

fabrication– Spent fuel– Reprocessing

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Nuclear (3) – Societal Issues

• Generation cost structure and reduction• Reasons for the decline in reactor construction• Favorable vs. unfavorable pressures• Peak Uranium and solutions to fuel limitation• Nuclear power and safety• Waste disposal and decommissioning

– Waste and the nuclear fuel cycle– Open vs. Closed cycle

• The future of nuclear power

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Pressures on the Nuclear Industry

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Debate onNuclear Energy

Date: TBANov. 6th or 99thth

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http://www.ted.com/talks/debate_does_the_world_need_nuclear_energy

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Lectures 16 – 17 (Nov. 13th, Nov. 16th) – Selected Renewable Energy Technologies

• Renewable Energies • The Energy Conversion

Chain• ManufacturedManufactured Energy

– Costs Learning coefficient– Levelized Costs

• Learning Learning system system (boundary)– Grid Parity

• Network Effects Network Effects (Discussion)

• Life Cycle Analysis Life Cycle Analysis of selected renewable energies

• Towards a Clean Clean Technology FrameworkTechnology Framework

The various forms of renewable energy depend primarily on incomingSolar irradiation

Solar Resources

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Lecture 18 (Nov. 20th) – Towards a Sustainable Energy Future – A Wedged ApproachA Wedged ApproachKey technologies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions IEA Blue Map Scenario

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Lecture 18 (Nov. 20th) – Towards a Sustainable Energy Future: Sustainable Fossils (link with Lecture 12) and Integration with Renewables

Nov. 23rd, 27th, 30th Final Presentation

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Final In-Class Written Exam.

Date: TBA

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