2014_Contructing_Environments_Journal_699137
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W01M1: Introduction to Materials
- Strength : e.g. Steel > timber
- Stiffness
- Shape : mono-dimensional/bi-dimensional/tri-dimensional
- Behaviours : isotropic or anisotropic
- Economy : price + availability
- Sustainability
W01S1: Load Path Diagram
Applied load: Dead load + Live load
Load path diagram shows how a load is transferred down to the ground.
- Loads take the most direct routes
to the ground
- They go in both directions
- For every force there is a reaction
force to keep the structure stable.
- Reaction forces are equal but
opposite direction to the applied
load.
W01: “Walking the Constructed City” –Dr Margaret Grose
Melbourne
-Bluestone/Basalt cobblepaths formed from
volcanoes in Victoria.
-Dark colouring of the city due to
dominance of basalt.
-Wheel ruts from 19th century cartwheels.
‘Bubble marks’ from lava flow.
-St. Paul’s Cathedral: basalt foundation but
mostly sandstone.
-Interchange between clean and rough
bluestones showing a change in road level
over time.
Sydney
-Abundance of sandstone structures due to high
numbers of sandstone quarries.
-Light colouring of the city due to sandstones.
Perth
-Clay, bricks and limestone.
Week 1
W01: Tutorial
Universal Column: Universal Beam:
Two types of mass construction:
Small module Large Module
-uses mud/clay (adobe, bricks, concrete blocks) -uses mostly precast concrete
-alignment of bricks makes bonds and allows for creating shapes and patterns.
**
*
*: http://www.stegbar.com.au/~/media/Images/Stegbar/about%20windows%20and%20doors/brick_std.gif
**: http://www.recoore.com/hardware/images/detailed/1/Concrete_Block-02137484473251f2773c06bdf.jpg
Bricks
-made off-site through baking clay in
moulds
-pressed brick: variations in colour due to
spread of heat
-extruded bricks: wire cut bricks, more
uniform in shape and colour
-slow process in making and requires
expensive labour for laying
-length is 10mm more than double the
width to allow for mortar.
Concrete Blocks
-precast
-quicker in manufacture and laying
-can be manufactured at the same time
along with other processes
-harder to make shapes and patterns in
buildings
Scales
1:1000 – used to pin point location on maps
1:500 – ditto
1:100 – plans, elevation, section
1:50
1:20> – construction details
W01: Ching Reading
Static Loads
Applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peek unit without fluctuating rapidly in
magnitude and position.
Live loads compromise any moving or moveable loads on a structure.
E.g.: occupancy loads, snow loads, rain loads, impact loads
Dynamic Loads
Applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of
application.
Wind load:
- May cause long, thin structures or membrane structures to flutter.
- Requires measure to prevent sliding, uplifting and overturning
Earthquake load (due to seismic force)
Forces
A force is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body. It is
considered a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction.
Collinear forces occur along a straight line and the vector sum is the sum of magnitudes.
Concurrent forces have lines of action intersecting at a common point, the vector sum is
equivalent to the application of the vectors of the several forces.
Non-concurrent forces have lines of action that do note intersect at a common point, the
vector sum of which is a single force that would cause the same translation and rotation of a
body as the set of original forces.
To the side is a photograph of the model my
group pieced together in week 1 studio. It is a
mass construction building model aimed to
extend vertically as tall as possible. It is based
on the concept of modern skyscrapers with a
larger, solid base to lower the centre of gravity
allowing for the tower on top to extend tall.
Two types of material are used in making this
model, rectangular MDF blocks and rectangular
bricks. The bricks are used in higher levels of
the base to apply compression onto the lighter
blocks below and keep them in place.
http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/130124160413-skyscraper-hotels-baiyoke-bangkok-horizontal-gallery.jpg
This is a photo of
Bayoke Sky Hotel in
Bangkok, Thailand.
The shape of our
structure greatly
resembles this
modern skyscraper
where the base is
strongly reinforced
for the tower to
stand tall.
Week 1 Studio Activity
The upper layers of the
structure is built with a
3x3 block alignment facing
different directions so that
the blocks create a bond in
between and the path of
load is not simply going
directly downwards.
The above sketch shows the main load
path of the tower into the ground. The
blocks along the middle of the building are
essential in the transfer of load while the
blocks unmarked are the ones that do
little to support the structure and, as later
proven, can be removed without causing
the structure to collapse.
Week 1 Studio Activity
The two photos above are examples of work done by other groups. Both models have a similar difference to my
group’s tower being that the general shape of is circular. These structures have thinner walls surrounding the
space as opposed to thicker walls as my group employed. While this limits the ability for the structure to sustain
great height, it certainly allows for making shapes and patterns. (curved walls)
Week 1 Studio Activity
W02S1: Structural Systems
Solid Systems Surface Systems Skeletal Systems
-compression -‘shell’ structure -frame structure
Membrane Systems Hybrid Systems
-covers large areas cheaply and efficiently
-less used in built structures
W02: Structural Joints
Roller Joints – only resist vertical forces
Pin Joints – can resist horizontal and vertical forces
Fixed Joints – resist horizontal, vertical and rotational forces.
W02: “Column and Wall, Point and Plane” – Dr Alex Selenitsch
Column and wall
Point and plane – starts with a point, then becoming a line, the line further extending into a
plane, the plane folding and bending to become a volume.
Differences: column and wall have a clear demonstration of structure and construction while
in point and plane it is sometimes unsure what is structure or simply spatial division.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/d/de/Al-
Azhar_Mosque,_Cairo,_Egypt8.j
pg
Week 2
W02: Tutorial
(Material) Concrete = cement + water + fine aggregate + course aggregate
Compared to: Mortar = cement + water + fine aggregate
Base metal – aluminium/bauxite
Non-base metal – alloys (e.g. bronze = copper+zinc)
W02: Ching Reading
Structural System
Superstructure: vertical extension of a building above the foundation
Columns, beams, and loadbearing walls support floor and roof structures.
Substructures: underlying structure forming the foundation of a building.
Enclosure System
Roof and exterior walls shelter interior spaces from inclement weather and control moisture,
heat and air flow.
Dampen noise and provide security and privacy.
Doors provide physical access.
Windows provide access to light, air and views.
Interior walls and partitions subdivide the interior of the building into spatial units.
Mechanical Systems
Water supply, sewage disposal and electrical systems.
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems.
Vertical transport systems.
Fire-fighting systems.
Waste disposal and recycling systems.
FACTORS
Performance Requirements
Aesthetic Qualities
Regulatory Constraints
Economic Considerations
Environmental Impact
Construction Practices
Week 2 Studio Activity
This week’s studio activity requires us to build a structure out of thin,
long balsa strips. The objective was to build a stable tower as high as
possible within the given resources. My group’s plan was to create a
triangular prism-shaped tower that extends vertically upwards. The
photos (left) show the process in the making of this structure. By first
creating an equilateral triangular base, vertical columns are added to
each of the edges which connect to a second triangular plane and so
forth. The building of this tower employs the frame system learned in
the E-learning materials in week 2. As the tower’s body is mainly hollow,
diagonal bearings are included to help resist external forces as
discussed in the previous week. In this context, the main problem is the
wind force (disregarding possible occurrence of collusions) which might
cause the structure to collapse.
Activity Overview
Single bracings are placed in different
directions at each side due to limited
resources. As a result, in each section, one
edge gets the most support; one edge
receives medium support while the last
gets least support. This pattern rotates for
each of the four sections so that each side
would receive some extent of support
against wind forces. It is proven at the end
that this method works well as the
structure is able to withstand light forces
acting from each direction.
Week 2 Studio Activity
This is a frame structure
made out of balsa strips
connected together by
tape. The area size of the
tower is uniform vertically
through the body of the
structure, only decreasing
to a tip point at the very
top. The equilateral
triangular shape of the
tower helps place the
centre of in the middle of
the horizontal plane so
that all sides are equally
resistant to overturning
forces. Due to the
structure bring hollow
within the frame, bracings
are included on each side
to help withstand forces.
Structure Overview
The width of each side is half the height
of the section. The diagonal bracing is
slightly longer than the height.
At each of
the four
sections that
made up the
main body of
the tower,
bracings are
placed in
different
directions.
After the main body of the tower is done,
a final addition to the top of the structure
is a pyramid tip with a long vertical pole
extending out to reinforce the height.