Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Congress of Vienna’s Main Objectives

Congress of Vienna’s Main Objectives

e Presided by Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria– Great Britain, Austria, Prussia & Russia

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. Principle of Legitimacy

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

e Presided by Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria– Great Britain, Austria, Prussia & Russia

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. Principle of Legitimacy

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Conservatism

The great powers were concerned with containing revolution.They believed in the philosophy of conservatism.

Based on tradition and in value of social stabilityHated revolutionUnwilling to allow individual rights or representative governments

19th Century Conservatism19th Century Conservatism

Maintain balance of power Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria & later France agreed to meet in the future.Conference would take steps to maintain peace in Europe Concert of EuropeAdopted Principle of Intervention great powers had right to send armies into countries threatened by revolution to restore order

Britain argued that Concert of Europe should not interfere in internal affairs of other countries

Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensatione Coalition forces would occupy France for

3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

V The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna (1)Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Changes Made at Vienna (2)Changes Made at Vienna (2)V Norway and Sweden were joined.V The neutrality of Switzerland was

guaranteed.V Britain was given Cape Colony, South

Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.

V The slave trade was condemned (at British urging).

V Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Liberalism belief people should be as free as possible from government restrainto Bill of Rightso Religious tolerationo Constitutional governmento Suffrage only to property owning

males -not democracyo Feared mob rule

Forces of Change (1)Forces of Change (1)

Nationalismthe unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbolso Not popular until French Revolutiono Threat to existing political ordero At first, closely linked to liberalismo No state should attempt to rule another

state

Forces of Change (2)Forces of Change (2)

Revolutions

of 1848

Revolutions

of 1848

France overthrow of King Charles X; established constitutional monarchy (1830)Belgium rebelled against Dutch Republic; created independent state (1830)Poland attempted to rebel against Russia; unsuccessful (1830)Italy attempted to rebel against Austria; unsuccessful (1830)

Revolutionary Outbursts in 19th C.

Revolutionary Outbursts in 19th C.

Causeso Severe economic hardships of the

lower classeso Middle class wanted suffrage rights

Revolutions of 1848FranceRevolutions of 1848France

Effectso Louis Philippe overthrowno Universal male suffrage grantedo Set up national workshops gave jobs but emptied treasuryo New constitution sets up 2nd Republic under Charles Louis

Napoleon (Louis-Napoleon)

Causeso Leaders promised constitutions, free

press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms did not actually do any

o Frankfurt Assembly formed to bring liberal reforms failed

o Frederick William IV of Prussia refused to take throne so no leader to enforce rules

Revolutions of 1848German States

Revolutions of 1848German States

Effectso The unification of Germany would wait!

Revolutions of 1848Central Europe

Revolutions of 1848Central EuropeCauses

o Austria was a multinational state different peoples (Germans, Czechs, Magyars (Hungary), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and Italians one Austrian Hapsburg ruler presiding

o Germans played leading role despite not being majority

Revolutions of 1848Central Europe

Revolutions of 1848Central EuropeEffects

o Prince Klemens von Metternich ousted!o Revolutionary forces seized Vienna demanded liberal constitutiono Hungary got its own legislatureo Bohemia Austrian army crushed Czech rebellion with help of Russian army

Revolutions in Austrian Empire had failed!

Revolutions of 1848Italian States

Revolutions of 1848Italian StatesCauses

o Congress of Vienna set up 9 Italian States under various control

o Lombardy & Venetia under Austrian Empire.

o All wanted autonomy so they could unite Italy rebellions against Austrian Empire largely failed

Effectso The unification of Italy would wait!

National Unification & Nationalism

National Unification & Nationalism

Causeso Russia (wanted warm water ports in

Balkans) vs. Ottoman Empire (authority in Balkans weakening as empire in decline) over Balkan Territories

o Other Europeans feared Russia would be a threat if they had Balkans

Crimean War CausesCrimean War Causes

Crimean War of 1853-1856Crimean War of 1853-1856

• Russia

{Needed warm water port & claimed duty to protect Christians in Ottoman EMipre}

• Ottoman Turks

• Great Britain

• France

Crimean War of 1853-1856Crimean War of 1853-1856

Balkans

Effectso Poorly planned & poorly foughto Heavy losses made Russian seek peaceo Treaty of Paris 1856 Moldavia & Walachia

protected by Great Powers

Crimean War Effects & ImpactCrimean War Effects & Impact

Impacto Destroyed Concert of Europeo Great Powers now enemies (Austria did not support

Russia)o Russia withdrew from world events for 20 yearso Austria had no friends among great powers

ReunificationReunification

The Italian Peninsula The Italian Peninsula

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

1850, Austria still dominant power in Northern ItalyNorthern Italyo Piedmont, ruled by King Victor Emmanuel

II & Camillo di Cavor (prime minister)o Joined forces with France’s Louis-Napoleono Provoked a war with Austria in 1859o Peace settlement gave Nice & Savoy to

France in return for military supporto Lombardy went to Piedmont; Austria

controlled Venetia

Italian Unification-NorthItalian Unification-North

French Bourbon monarchy controlled the Kingdom of Two SiciliesSouthern Italyo Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army of

Red Shirts gained control of Kingdom of Two Sicilies

o Garibaldi turned control over to Victor Emmanuel II of the North

Italian Unification-SouthItalian Unification-South

• Venetia still controlled by Austria• Rome was under control of Pope Pius IX

– Pope was afraid to give up land, feared he would lose power

• Italy gained Venetia through alliance with Prussia in Austro-Prussian War 1866

• Rome was annexed in 1870 Franco-Prussian War when French troops withdrew Rome became capital of united Italy

Italian Unification-Venetia & Rome

Italian Unification-Venetia & Rome

German Unification Key Players

German Unification Key Players

Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

German ConfederationGerman Confederation

After failed attempts, Germans looked to PrussiaPrussia known for its militarism under King William IOtto von Bismarck was appointed prime minister to help military causes.

German ConfederationGerman Confederation

Defeated Denmark with Austrian help 1864Gained control of Schleswig & HolsteinProvoked war with Austria in 1866Convinced Catholic Southern German States to form alliance with Northern Protestant German States for protection against FranceFranco-Prussian War over empty throne of Spain 1870 captured French army & Napoleon III

Bismarck’s War PoliciesBismarck’s War Policies

Treaty of Versailles 1871o France to pay $5 Billion Francs ($1

Billion today standards)o France gives up Alsace & Lorraine

The Road to UnificationThe Road to Unification

Unified at lasto William I of Prussia proclaimed Kaiser of

Second German Reich (Empire) first was Charlemagne

o Strongest power on European continent

Avoided revolution in 1840s:o Gave industrial middle class suffrageo Continued economic growth

increased wageso Queen Victoria’s long reign

Irish nationalist movement demanding rights caused friction.

Reform in Great BritainReform in Great Britain

Louis-Napoleon asked for plebiscite popular vote 97% voted yes to monarchy & Empire took title of Emperor Napoleon III Second Empire begano Authoritarian ruleo Few rights for individuals ineffective

Parliament

Liberalized his regimeo Gave legislature more powero After defeat at Franco-Prussian War in

1870; Second Empire fell.

Reform in FranceReform in France

Too many different ethnic groups wanting independenceConcessions (compromise) made to Hungarians in 1866o Compromise of 1867dual monarchy Austria-

Hungaryo Each had own constitutiono Own legislatureo Own bureaucracyo Own capital cities (ViennaAustria;

BudapestHungary)o Common army

Common financial systemo Common foreign policyo One leader, Francis Joseph

Reform in the Austrian EmpireReform in the Austrian Empire

Early 19th c. still rural; still divine right monarchy (Romanov’s); still authoritariano Soldiers; secret police; repression; censorship

Crimean War defeat humiliation forced reforms under Czar Alexander IIo Emancipation edict freed serfs—own

property, marry, lando Emancipation led to more problems than

solutionso Group of radicals assassinated Alexander II.o Son, Alexander III turned against reforms and

reinstituted authoritarian practices.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia