SPANISH 19th SPANISH 19th CENTURYCENTURY

Guardia civil charge(during a demonstration in

Barcelona)By Ramón Casas

1902

Time line 1Time line 1

Time line 2Time line 2

SUMMARYSUMMARY In the course of the 19th Century, feudal structures (Ancien régime) In the course of the 19th Century, feudal structures (Ancien régime)

disappeared and a new liberal system was established: different disappeared and a new liberal system was established: different constitutions will set up people’s sovereignty, separation of powers and civil constitutions will set up people’s sovereignty, separation of powers and civil rights, with the universal male franchise since 1890 definitely.rights, with the universal male franchise since 1890 definitely.

Population grew from 10 until 17 millions of inhabitants, but death rate Population grew from 10 until 17 millions of inhabitants, but death rate remained high till last third of the century (30,4 %o). Coastal and remained high till last third of the century (30,4 %o). Coastal and industrializing regions received population, inland Spain followed industrializing regions received population, inland Spain followed depopulating (rural exodus).depopulating (rural exodus).

Economy suffered transformations, but not so many as in the powerful Economy suffered transformations, but not so many as in the powerful countries: industrialization will be localized (Basque Country, Catalonia, countries: industrialization will be localized (Basque Country, Catalonia, Madrid) and transport system, a disaster; agriculture won’t be transformed.Madrid) and transport system, a disaster; agriculture won’t be transformed.

As a consequence, still a society of poor peasants and landowners, with a As a consequence, still a society of poor peasants and landowners, with a weak bourgeoisie and not many workers.weak bourgeoisie and not many workers.

Reasons for the backwardness of the country:Reasons for the backwardness of the country: Political instability: French invasion, three civil wars, military coups, six kings, four Political instability: French invasion, three civil wars, military coups, six kings, four

Republic presidents, five constitutions (and three more in rough!).Republic presidents, five constitutions (and three more in rough!). Colonial empire was lost (no money, no trade, no raw materials…).Colonial empire was lost (no money, no trade, no raw materials…). Science and inventions were disregarded, illiteracy was general and clerical Science and inventions were disregarded, illiteracy was general and clerical

obscurantism dominated the culture.obscurantism dominated the culture.

CHARLES IVCHARLES IV(1788-1808)(1788-1808)

He stopped enlightened reforms He stopped enlightened reforms because the danger of the because the danger of the French Revolution.French Revolution.

His prime minister, Manuel His prime minister, Manuel Godoy, will be allied of Godoy, will be allied of Napoleon, that wanted the Napoleon, that wanted the Spanish fleet to join the French Spanish fleet to join the French against England. Both were against England. Both were defeated in TRAFALGAR, a defeated in TRAFALGAR, a disaster for the links with the disaster for the links with the American empire.American empire.

By the Treaty of Fontainebleau By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), Spain and France agree (1807), Spain and France agree on invading Portugal (English on invading Portugal (English allied), but French army allied), but French army occupied Spain and Spanish occupied Spain and Spanish people rose up (MOTÍN DE people rose up (MOTÍN DE ARANJUEZ, 1808).ARANJUEZ, 1808).

King deposed Godoy and King deposed Godoy and abdicated in favor of Ferdinandabdicated in favor of Ferdinand

Joseph I BonaparteJoseph I Bonaparte(1808-1813)(1808-1813)

Being confronted Charles and Ferdinand, Being confronted Charles and Ferdinand, Napoleon called them to Bayonne Napoleon called them to Bayonne (France) and got Spanish crown in favor (France) and got Spanish crown in favor of his brother, Joseph.of his brother, Joseph.

But Spanih people neither accepted the But Spanih people neither accepted the foreign king nor the invader army and foreign king nor the invader army and rose up (Madrid, MAY 2, 1808).rose up (Madrid, MAY 2, 1808).

Independence war started.Independence war started. Joseph I was a reformer supported by Joseph I was a reformer supported by

moderate liberals (afrancesados). moderate liberals (afrancesados). Spain had the first “constitution” Spain had the first “constitution”

(Bayonne Statute, 1808): in fact, a royal (Bayonne Statute, 1808): in fact, a royal charter without people’s sovereignty.charter without people’s sovereignty.

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND SPANISH LIBERAL INDEPENDENCE WAR AND SPANISH LIBERAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

French invasion led Spanish people to fight. Every province organized a French invasion led Spanish people to fight. Every province organized a Defense Board (Junta), because Joseph I was not accepted. Regular army Defense Board (Junta), because Joseph I was not accepted. Regular army got English help and also people made up guerrillas.got English help and also people made up guerrillas.

The war was bloody and Napoleon wasted his best troops in it.The war was bloody and Napoleon wasted his best troops in it. The Central Supreme Board (Junta Suprema Central) assumed the power The Central Supreme Board (Junta Suprema Central) assumed the power

and called the parliament in Cadiz, that French army hadn’t been able to and called the parliament in Cadiz, that French army hadn’t been able to occupy.occupy.

The CORTES DE CÁDIZ represent the starting point of our bourgeois The CORTES DE CÁDIZ represent the starting point of our bourgeois revolution, because coming deputies were mainly reformer and liberal.revolution, because coming deputies were mainly reformer and liberal.

They approved They approved 1812 Constitution1812 Constitution to abolish Ancien Régime: People’s sovereignty, separation ofeople’s sovereignty, separation of powers and civil rightspowers and civil rights, even the right to vote for all men aged 25 or more, and the freedom of printing. Feudal manors, guilds and Inquisition were abolished.

¡VIVA LA PEPA!

FERDINAND VII, THE DESIREDFERDINAND VII, THE DESIRED(1814-1833)(1814-1833)

He was a disaster for the country.He was a disaster for the country. His reign had three periods:His reign had three periods:

- A) 1814-1820, as an absolute king, he abolished the A) 1814-1820, as an absolute king, he abolished the constitution, created the police and persecuted liberals. constitution, created the police and persecuted liberals. Spain begins to have exiled people.Spain begins to have exiled people.

- B) 1820-1823: a coup d’état led by general Riego restored B) 1820-1823: a coup d’état led by general Riego restored the constitution. He was a comander in the hardly joined the constitution. He was a comander in the hardly joined army to fight against American liberal creoles, ready to army to fight against American liberal creoles, ready to board in Seville. Ferdinand swears the constitution. He lies board in Seville. Ferdinand swears the constitution. He lies and calls the Holy Alliance for help. The French 100.000 and calls the Holy Alliance for help. The French 100.000 Saint Louis’ sons invade Spain.Saint Louis’ sons invade Spain.

- C) 1823-1833 (The Ominous Decade), again as absolute C) 1823-1833 (The Ominous Decade), again as absolute king. Spain loses the empire, where liberal and nationalist king. Spain loses the empire, where liberal and nationalist revolution wins. The state is in bankruptcy.revolution wins. The state is in bankruptcy.

- At the end, he had to abolish Salic Law bacause he only At the end, he had to abolish Salic Law bacause he only had two daughters. His brother Charles didn’t accept it and had two daughters. His brother Charles didn’t accept it and the First Carlist War starts (1833-1839).the First Carlist War starts (1833-1839).

Riego

Bolívar

San Martín

The Desired

His four wife, Mª Christina

ISABELLA II (1833-1868)ISABELLA II (1833-1868) Because she was three year old, her mother first Because she was three year old, her mother first

and later general Espartero were regents.and later general Espartero were regents. The Carlist were absolutist, so the queen (her The Carlist were absolutist, so the queen (her

mother) looked for the liberal support. Carlist mother) looked for the liberal support. Carlist were stronger in the North (here, peasants were were stronger in the North (here, peasants were landowners and very traditionalist), but at the landowners and very traditionalist), but at the end they were defeated.end they were defeated.

In politics, a liberal system was established, but In politics, a liberal system was established, but very unstable because liberals will be divided in very unstable because liberals will be divided in two parties, and both will like to impose their two parties, and both will like to impose their constitution: Moderate party (high bourgeoisie) constitution: Moderate party (high bourgeoisie) and Progressive party (urban middle class, and Progressive party (urban middle class, craftsmen).craftsmen).

Government got money nationalizing and selling Government got money nationalizing and selling uncultivated lands from monasteries and councils uncultivated lands from monasteries and councils (DESAMORTIZACIÓN by Mendizábal and Madoz (DESAMORTIZACIÓN by Mendizábal and Madoz progressive ministers). So, bourgeoisie became progressive ministers). So, bourgeoisie became landowner and peasants remained poor.landowner and peasants remained poor.

It was also the time of first industrialization, very It was also the time of first industrialization, very located in Basque Country, Catalonia and Madrid. located in Basque Country, Catalonia and Madrid. The railroad started (Barcelona-Mataró) The railroad started (Barcelona-Mataró) surrounded by speculation and dirty business.surrounded by speculation and dirty business.

Educational situation was pathetic: 6000 villages Educational situation was pathetic: 6000 villages without school, 10 universities with no more than without school, 10 universities with no more than 6200 students in total and 56 public libraries. 6200 students in total and 56 public libraries.

19th CENTURY’S 19th CENTURY’S POLITICAL POLITICAL GROUPSGROUPS

THE REVOLUTIONARY SIX-YEAR PERIOD (1868-1874)THE REVOLUTIONARY SIX-YEAR PERIOD (1868-1874)

Scandals, corruption, lovers… brought the queen into discredit. Scandals, corruption, lovers… brought the queen into discredit. Finally, 1868 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION sent her to exile.Finally, 1868 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION sent her to exile.

Progressive, democrat, radical and republican parties will rule the Progressive, democrat, radical and republican parties will rule the country in the middle of division.country in the middle of division.

First, the regent Serrano and the parliament looked for a king and First, the regent Serrano and the parliament looked for a king and Amadeo of Savoy was elected. Prime minister Prim was killed, Amadeo of Savoy was elected. Prime minister Prim was killed, carlists came into war again (the third time). The king resigned.carlists came into war again (the third time). The king resigned.

REPUBLIC was proclaimed. A new constitution would try to REPUBLIC was proclaimed. A new constitution would try to organize Spain as a federal state, but republicans were divided organize Spain as a federal state, but republicans were divided and they had no time: eleven months and four presidents, a war, and they had no time: eleven months and four presidents, a war, cities that declared their independence…cities that declared their independence…

General Pavía staged a coup and the army will restore the General Pavía staged a coup and the army will restore the Bourbons to the throne.Bourbons to the throne.

General Serrano (Regent)

General Prim(Prime minister)Amadeo I Pt. Figueras Pt. Pi y Margall President Salmerón Pt. Castelar

ALFONSO XII (dead in 1885) AND MARIA ALFONSO XII (dead in 1885) AND MARIA CHRISTINACHRISTINA

THE RESTORATION (1874-1902)THE RESTORATION (1874-1902)

Bourbon’s monarchy restoration was due to a Bourbon’s monarchy restoration was due to a double action, military (a coup of General Martínez double action, military (a coup of General Martínez Campos) and political: CÁNOVAS (moderate, onward Campos) and political: CÁNOVAS (moderate, onward conservative) reached an agreement with SAGASTA conservative) reached an agreement with SAGASTA (progressive, onward liberal) to share the power by (progressive, onward liberal) to share the power by turn and to approve a moderate and ambiguous turn and to approve a moderate and ambiguous Constitution (1876).Constitution (1876).

Liberals will develop conservative policies, e.g. Liberals will develop conservative policies, e.g. universal male franchise.universal male franchise.

All the elections will be rigged.All the elections will be rigged. Other instruments to get the power controlled: the Other instruments to get the power controlled: the

army, the Church, the local political bosses army, the Church, the local political bosses (caciques).(caciques).

Main problems: excluded parties (democrat, Main problems: excluded parties (democrat, republican), Catalonia and Basque Country’s republican), Catalonia and Basque Country’s nationalism (Basque Country lost its charters due to nationalism (Basque Country lost its charters due to carlist defeat), labor movement (PSOE was founded carlist defeat), labor movement (PSOE was founded in 1879) and the END OF COLONIAL EMPIRE: war in 1879) and the END OF COLONIAL EMPIRE: war with USA for Cuba (1898).with USA for Cuba (1898).

Cánovas Sagasta

ALFONSO XIII AND PRIMO DE RIVERA’S ALFONSO XIII AND PRIMO DE RIVERA’S DICTATORSHIP (1902-1931)DICTATORSHIP (1902-1931)

1898 was a total disaster: economically, morally… Spain 1898 was a total disaster: economically, morally… Spain was the first European country losing its empire!was the first European country losing its empire!

Parties’ turn in power remained until 1917 with two new Parties’ turn in power remained until 1917 with two new leaders, Maura (conservative) and Canalejas (liberal). Some leaders, Maura (conservative) and Canalejas (liberal). Some weak reforms were adopted.weak reforms were adopted.

Barcelona’s Tragic Week (1909) was a people’s revolt Barcelona’s Tragic Week (1909) was a people’s revolt against compulsory mobilization of reservists to go to war in against compulsory mobilization of reservists to go to war in Morocco (a new colony). Maura’s government crashed it Morocco (a new colony). Maura’s government crashed it with army.with army.

1917, a triple crisis: military (officers wanted higher wages), 1917, a triple crisis: military (officers wanted higher wages), political (Catalan parliamentaries wanted autonomy) and political (Catalan parliamentaries wanted autonomy) and social (general strike because prices’ increasing).social (general strike because prices’ increasing).

A lot of strikes and Annual Disaster (1921, a battle with A lot of strikes and Annual Disaster (1921, a battle with 10.000 casualties in Morocco) led general PRIMO DE RIVERA 10.000 casualties in Morocco) led general PRIMO DE RIVERA to stage a coup (1923). The king accepted it.to stage a coup (1923). The king accepted it.

DICTATORSHIP (1923-1930) made public works (reservoirs, DICTATORSHIP (1923-1930) made public works (reservoirs, roads…), but 1929 economic crisis affected the country, roads…), but 1929 economic crisis affected the country, getting the conflicts worse. As a consequence, the getting the conflicts worse. As a consequence, the dictatorship’s failure will be the monarchy’s end. dictatorship’s failure will be the monarchy’s end.

General Primo de RiveraOrtega y Gasset: “Delenda est monarchia”