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Buddha Dharma Sangha Japanese Religion

Life of the BuddhaSiddharth Gautam

Prophesized to be the most powerful of all kings or a teacherfor the whole world.King Shuddhodhana preferred the world-conqueror. Built aparadise where Siddharth was isolated.Best of everything; food, teachers, entertainment

Fell in love; married Yashodhara; son Rahul.



Wanted to see the world.Shuddhodhana cleansed the city; Channa accompaniedSiddharth.Saw something awful! An old man.Saw something awful! A sick man.Saw something awful! A dead man.

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Siddharth couldnt stop thinking of the old, the sick, the dead.Saw men who looked harmonious.Sdhus, Channa informed him. Seeking the meaning of life;seeking to get past the suffering.


Sdhu

Sadhu Varanasi by Pierre-Emmanuel Boiton (cc by-sa-3.0)http://j.mp/T2L8Oy
http://j.mp/T2L8Oyhttp://j.mp/T2L8Oy

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Sdhus

Three saddhus at Kathmandu Durbar Squareby Markus Koljonen (cc by-sa-3.0)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg



Realizes he must get out, become a sramana .Leaves the palace at night.Leaves hear and clothing; becomes a sanyasin.Goes to all large educational institutiones. Masters all classicalschools of philosophy.Ends up a strict ascetic in the forest together with vedisciples.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/File:Three_saddhus_at_Kathmandu_Durbar_Square.jpg

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Ascetic Bodhisatta Gotama with the Group of Five, photo of wall painting by Sacca (public domain)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg



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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_00014.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg

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Realizes asceticism isnt the answer. Leaves the ve disciples.Tries to wash up, is taken by the river.Crawls ashore at Gaya, lies down under a tree.The girl Sujata gives him food.Siddharth decides to sit by the tree until he understands thesource of suffering.

Mara tries to lure him with family; with his own daughtersLust, Pleasure and Passion.Eventually Buddha realizes the four noble truths .


Life of the BuddhaGautama Buddha

Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Victory Over Mara, from Sanskrit Astasahasrika Prajpramit Stra,700-1100CE (Nalanda, Bihar, India) via Asia Society (public domain)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Victory_Over_Mara.jpeg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Victory_Over_Mara.jpeghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Victory_Over_Mara.jpeg

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DharmaDharmachakra

An early Buddhist symbol isthe wheel .Commonly represented with eightspokes; then symbol for theEight-fold Path.The Wheel of Dharm(a) or The Wheel of the Law..

Based on Buddha-Footprint, by PHG (public domain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg


Akusala-mla

Nibbna literally means to cool byblowing out.

Whats cooled, are the hot kleshas (mental hindrances).

The three poisons; trivisa (Mahyan).The three unhealthy roots;akusala-mla (Theravda).

Not included dueto copyright.

The cycle of Dependent Origination. Wall painting from the monastery of Likir, Ladakh. (Photo by MartinBrauen.) In The World of Buddhism by Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich (ed.) (Thames & Hudson, London:

2007), pp29. (all rights reserved)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg

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Akusala-mla

The three poisons:

passion hatred delusionattachment aversion ignorancerag dvesa moha rooster snake pig

Three positive roots:non-greed non-hate wisdom

Not included dueto copyright.

The cycle of Dependent Origination. Wall painting from the monastery of Likir, Ladakh. (Photo by MartinBrauen.) In The World of Buddhism by H. Bechert and R. Gombrich (ed.) (Thames & Hudson, London: 2007),

pp29. (all rights reserved)


DharmaThe Four Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths1 There is suffering.2 The cause of suffering is the thirst for pleasure.3 To stop suffering, the thirst for pleasure must be quenched.4 The thirst for pleasure can be quenched by following the

Eight-fold Path.

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DharmaThe Eight-fold Path

Sun Dial Sun Temple, photo by Chaitanya.krishnan (cc by-sa-3.0)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_dial_-_Sun_Temple.jpg


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_dial_-_Sun_Temple.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_dial_-_Sun_Temple.jpg

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1 Right View2 Right Intention



3 Right Speech4 Right Action5 Right Livelihood

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6 Right Effort7 Right Mindfulness8 Right Concentration



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Prattyasamutpda

Not included due to copyright.

The cycle of Dependent Origination. Wall painting from the monastery of Likir, Ladakh.Photo by Martin Brauen. (all rights reserved)

In The World of Buddhism by H. Bechert and R. Gombrich (ed.) (Thames & Hudson, London: 2007), pp29.
http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-4015156204

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Prattyasamutpda

Not included due to copyright.

The cycle of Dependent Origination. Wall painting from the monastery of Likir, Ladakh.Photo by Martin Brauen. (all rights reserved)

In The World of Buddhism by H. Bechert and R. Gombrich (ed.) (Thames & Hudson, London: 2007), pp29.


Prattyasamutpda

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6 domains of Kmaloka


Cosmology

Three realms:

Kmaloka World of the senses.Rpaloka World of forms.Arupaloka World of formlessness.

All realms consists of separate parts.Kmaloka consists of six domains:

Less pleasant: ghosts, animals, hells.More pleasant: humans, gods, asuras.These can in turn consist of different layers.In 400CE a view had developed, containing 31 possible birthsin Kmaloka.

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Cosmology

All six domains of Kmaloka are temporary. All includingthe gods are ruled by karma and samsara .The world of forms and formlessness (i) are inhabited bydevas ; (ii) can be reached through meditation.

Siddhartha Gautamas early shramana -teachers could reach tothe second-highest and highest spheres of Arupaloka .


Prattyasamutpda12 Nidnas

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Co-dependent origination.

12 links that together form sasraEach step leads to the next.Break any chain, and youre free!



12 links that together form sasraEach step leads to the next.A B

If 1 then always 2 .If 7 then always 8 .

Break any chain, and be free! A B

Remove 1 and 2 wont occur.Remove 7 and 8 wont occur.

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1 Avidya ignorance.2 Samskara formations

(mental). Thoughtpatterns.

3 Vijnana consciousness.4 Nma-rpa name och

form.5 Sad-yatana six senses

(eye, ear, nose, tongue,body, thoughts).

6 Sparsa contact.

(consciousness +sense-form + object.)

7 Vedan feeling(good/bad/neutral).

8 Trishna desire.9 Updan to attach,

cling to.10 Bhava to become.11 Jti birth.12 Jar-marana old age

and death.


Prattyasamutpda

past 1. Ignorance2. Formations

now

The current composed of

3. Consciousness4. Name and form5. Six senses6. Contact7. Feeling

Results of the now8. Desire9. Attachment10. Becoming

future 11. Birth12. Old age and Death

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Paths of Karma and Dharma

Two different levels of practicing Buddhism.Path of Karma (laity)

Earning merit (punya) through good deeds.

Path of Dharma (sangha)Follow the vinaya (monastic code).

Higher philosophies and spiritual practices.Both groups take refuge in the three jewels.


Rules of the Laymen (5) and Monks (10)

DasasilaPanchasila

Ahimsa, non-violence.Not to lie.Not to steal.Not to use substanceswhich causeheadlessness.No sensualmisconduct.

Not to eat at improper hours.Not to dance, sing not toseduce.Not to decorate oneself not toseduce.Not to have a large, soft bed.

Not to handle gold or silver.To the right: additional rules, followed by monks, always, and by laymenon special occasions. There are 227253 rules in total for bhikus,290354 for bhikus.

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LaityMerits and virtues

Five Merits1 Faith in the three jewels.2 Sila, following the ve

precepts (panchasila).3 Listening to the preaching

of Dharma.4 Dana, giving; helping

others.5 Wisdom, practicing the

Dharma.

Four Virtues1 Dana (giving)2 Loving speech3 Benecial acts

4 Working together


LaityGoals and deeds

Four desired things1 Wealth through legal means2 Good reputation3 Long life4 Birth in heaven

Four good deeds for dana 1 Family; friends.2 Safety from worldly dangers.3 Offerings on behalf of family,

friends, gods and ghosts.4 Supporting worthy religious

persons.

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SanghaTheravada

Most of Theravada is found at Sri Lanka, east India,Thailand, parts of Vietnam and Cambodia.The individuals own effort is greatly emphasized.

The individual does everything. Has to do everything.But theres the refuge of the three jewels.Sometimes, you can even hear of divine powers within thesangha.

Aniconic, early on but there are images.Sometimes its said that only a monk can attainenlightenment, but it should rather be seen that its relativelyeasier to follow the eight-fold path for a bhiku/bhiku. Itsmore difficult but possible! livingin the world.


SanghaMahayana

The concept of boddhisatva is of great importance.There are boddhisattvas in Theravada as well. But they arentfocused on in the same extent as in Mahayana.

Emphasizes everyones ability to achieve Nirvana.Were all connected in dharmakaya , in Buddh(a)s eternalbeing.Sometimes you hear of extatic descriptions of Nirvana, asopposed to Theravad(a)s negative depictions. These aremisunderstandings.

The same Nirvana in both, which cant be put in words.Some heavenlike descriptions are actually about, for instance,Amithabas Pure Land but that is just a pre-stage toNirvana, another realm, not Nirvana itself.

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Japanese ReligionA diverse unity

Japanese religion is a concept. The entity Japanese religionconsists of several, different religions:

(i) Folkreligion(ii) Shinto(iii) Buddhism(iv) Daoism(v) Konfucianism

These form a unity in Japan.

The various traditions have had an impact on each other both before and after entering Japan.In Kyoto, there are about 3 000 Buddhist temples, and 1 500Shinto shrines. The religions live in symbiosis. In Japan,theyve come to complement each other.



Common TraitsMan, the divine, and nature on the same level Not a hierarchical

order between the three.The importance of family If the family isnt well, then neither is

the individual. (As below, so above.)Focus on purication, rites and amulets A direct import from

India.

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Common TraitsLocal festivals Villages and neighbourhoods meet the divine in

their own way.Religion is a part of everyday life Even though it might be

difficult to discern for a Westerner. Its there. Pervadingeverything.

The connection between religion and nation The nation beingprotected by the belief and belief supporting the nation.


Daoism

Summarized in one word: harmony .To achieve harmony.When everything is in balance, anything is possible.

Laozi, 600BCE. Old master.Dao the way.

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Daoism

Many different schools and traditions.Easy to pick and choose.

Ancestors; divination; excorcism; immortality; wealth.Action through non-action. (Effortless doing.)Simplicity.Spontaneity.

Harmony between micro and macro; the individual and thecosmos.Compassion; moderation; humility (three treasures).


Confucianism

Philosophy on the social order.

Confucius (551478BCE).

GuidelinesRen Obligation of altruism towards others in the

community.Yi Obligation of righteousness; to do whats good.Li Obligation to act according to the norms of the

community.

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Confucianism

Few would consider themselves confucian.But confucianism has been a great inuence.Humanism.

Man makes himself.By his own effort, man can be(come) other; better.One must be the ruler of oneself. Basic necessity foraccomplishing anything.

All should strive to be the perfect human.Saint + scholar + gentleman.


Japanese ReligionHistory

Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism all came to Japan viaChina. Later, there was direct contact with Indian Buddhists.Commonly, the route went through Korea.Buddhism has been in Japan since ca. 500CE.

First followed by the court, later by the people.With Buddhism came writing.

Before Buddhisms entry, Shinto had not been organized. Butas a result of Buddhisms arrival, Shinto had to develop alarger degree of order.

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Japanese ReligionHistory

The AinuThe rst people of Japan?800BCE.Farming of rice increases.

The Bear Hunt. Burial customs. Fertility rites.


Japanese ReligionShinto

Predates Buddhism, but is formed as a result of Buddhismsentry into Japan.

The concept of Shinto wasnt there before there hadntbeen any need.

Kami is a central term. It is an hierophany , a manifestation of the divine.

A divine presence.Can be a place, an animal, a man anything which manifeststhe holy.In Shinto, one looks for, appreciates, and lives with kami.Kami is everywhere. Man, the divine and nature are one.

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Japanese ReligionShinto

The earliest writings are Kojiki and Nihongi .Written after the entry of Buddhism.Chinese, Daoistic cosmology.Myth of Amaterasu , the Sun Goddess, coming to earth and theemperial familys descent from her.

The Emperial family are at the top of a hierarchy.The rites are their responsibility. Maintaining the presence of kami.

The priesthood are middle-hands between the emperor andthe people.

Makes sure rituals are performed.They are hierophants they bring the people into thepresence of the holy. They help people nd nature, nd thesacred, nd kami .


Japanese ReligionBuddhism

Buddhism came to Japan somewhere around 400600CE,from Korea.Gautam Buddh was declared a kami early on.The Japanese quickly adopted Buddhist rites of burial andcommemoration. (Which Buddhism in turn had inherited fromHinduism.)Mantras against illness and the like became popular.

Buddhism became the state-religion in about 710CE.

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Japanese ReligionBuddhism

During the Kamakura-period (11851333) Buddhism became

more widely popular.Three new, Buddhist movements: Jodo, Nichiren and Zen.

Jodo Pure land. Amida, having compassion for everyone.Devotion is at the centre and nembutso , arepetitive chant of the name of Amida.

Nichiren More academic Buddhism. Lotus Sutra. CriticizedJodo of being too simple. Enlightenment demandseffort but Amida is the path.

Zen Enlightenment through meditation.During a lecture, Buddha didnt talk. He held up awhite lotus-ower. All disciples waited for words except Kashyap, who smiled.

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