12.2 OBJECTIVES:

• Summarize economic problems in the South.• Identify the differences among members of the Republican party in the South.• List efforts of former slaves to improve their lives• Describe changes in the Southern economy

REPUBLICANS IN THE SOUTH

Made up of:Scalawags:

Carpetbaggers:

Freedmen:

What were the differences?Were these positive or negative names?

Southern conditions•Land and homes were destroyed

•20% of white males were killed in war Many more were maimed

•In one county of Alabama, wealth per capita among whites dropped from $18,000 in 1860 to about $3,000 in 1870

Southern Counter-Reaction•New Southern govts pass Black Codes

•Racial politics enforced (segregation)

•Race riots & lynchings

•KKK, vigilante “justice”

•Sharecropping instituted

•Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of Freedmen

NEW FREEDOMS BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES

Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunsetVagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not

working – could be fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s laborLabor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for

a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned

Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

FREEDOM TO OWN LAND

FREEDOM TO LEARN

FREEDOM TO WORSHIP

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

Ku Klux Klan meetingIn this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)

Ku Klux Klan meeting

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Black sharecropping family in front of their cabinSharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. (Library of Congress)

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin

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SHARECROPPING = system of farming in which a farmer tends some portion of a planter’s land and receives a share of the crop at harvest time as payment.

SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT

Map: The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881

The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881The transformation of the Barrow plantation in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, illustrates the striking changes in southern agriculture during Reconstruction. Before the Civil War, about 135 slaves worked on the plantation, supervised by an overseer and a slave foreman. After the war, the former slaves who remained on the plantation signed labor contracts with owner David Crenshaw Barrow. Supervised by a hired foreman, the freedmen grew cotton for wages in competing squads, but they disliked the new arrangement. In the late 1860s, Barrow subdivided his land into tenant farms of twenty-five to thirty acres, and freedmen moved their households from the old slave quarters to their own farms. By 1881, 161 tenants lived on the Barrow plantation, at least half of them children. One out of four families was named Barrow.

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TERMS• Scalawag

• Carpetbagger

• Hiram Revels

• Sharecropping

• Tenant farming

• Summarize economic problems in the South.

• Identify the differences among members of the Republican party in the South.

• List efforts of former slaves to improve their lives

• Describe changes in the Southern economy