11 Loznjak Dizdar

8/13/2019 11 Loznjak Dizdar

1/6

283

In the latest volume of Prhistorische Bronzefunde(PBF)/Abteilung XI, Rastko Vasi presents neck-laces1from the central Balkans. In the introductorychapters, Vasi covers the research history of theclosed units from which necklaces originated in theterritories of todays Vojvodina, Serbia, Kosovo andMacedonia, wherein most finds came from hoards.In this volume, 235 necklaces from local and for-

eign museums are analyzed, and Vasi points outthe possibility that individual finds from private col-lections were not covered in the analysis. Te analy-

U novome svesku XI. razreda PrhistorischeBronzefunde (PBF) Rastko Vasi predstavlja ogrli-ce1sa sredinjega Balkana. U uvodnim poglavljimaautor se osvre na povijest istraivanja zatvorenihcjelina iz kojih potjeu ogrlice na podrujima da-nanje Vojvodine, Srbije, Kosova i Makedonije,pri emu veina nalaza dolazi iz ostava. U ovomesvesku obraeno je 235 ogrlica iz domaih i stra-

nih muzeja, a autor napominje kako je mogue dapojedinani nalazi iz privatnih zbirki nisu obuhva-eni analizom. Obraene su ogrlice iz bronanoga istarijega eljeznog doba.

Daria LONJAK DIZDAR

RASTKO VASI, DIE HALSRINGE IM ZENTRAL BALKAN,PRHISTORISCHE BRONZEFUNDE, ABTEILUNG XI, BAND

7, STUTTGART, 2010, 70 STR., 44 TABLE

RASTKO VASI, DIE HALSRINGE IM ZENTRAL BALKAN,PRHISTORISCHE BRONZEFUNDE, ABTEILUNG XI, BAND

7, STUTTGART, 2010, 70 PP, 44 PLATES

Recenzija / Review

Primljeno / Received: 22. 2. 2012.Prihvaeno / Accepted: 6. 3. 2012.

Daria Lonjak DizdarInstitut za arheologiju

Ljudevita Gaja 32HR-10000 Zagreb

[email protected]

1 U njemakome jeziku razlikuje se Halsring (ogrlica u oblikuobrua odHalsketteogrlica ili lani). U arheolokoj struci vrlose esto za ogrlicu u obliku obrua upotrebljava termin torkvesprema latinskome torquis, -i ili torques, -is(usp. M. Divkovi,Latinsko-hrvatski rjenik za kole, Zagreb, 1991). Kako su u raz-doblju bronanoga i eljeznoga doba postojali obrui za vrat,lijevani ili nainjeni od bronane ice, i ogrlice od razliitih per-

lica, karika i sl., terminoloki valja razluiti koji je tip ogrlicabio predmet prouavanja u ovome svesku PBF-a. Budui da uhrvatskome jeziku nema dobre razlikovne rijei, upotrebljavatu termin torkves.

1 In the German language, a distinction is drawn between Hal-sring(a neck-ring shaped like a band fromHalskettenecklace orchain). In the archaeological profession it is quite common torefer to the banded neck-piece as a torc (torq), based on the Lat-in torquis, -ior torques, --is(cf. M. Divkovi,Latinsko-hrvatskirjenik za kole, Zagreb, 1991). Since there were neck-rings dur-ing the Bronze and Iron Ages, forged and rendered in bronzewire, and necklaces consisting of various beads, links, etc., a ter-

minological distinction should be made as to the type of neck-piece which is the topic of study in this volume of PBF. Sincethere are no adequate distinguishing words in the Croatian lan-guage (nor in English for that matter), I shall use the term torc.


2/6

284

Daria LONJAK DIZDAR RASTKO VASI, DIE HALSRINGE IM ZENTRAL BALKAN, PRHISTORISCHE...Opusc. archaeol. 36, 283288, 2012.

U dijelu koji se odnosni na kronologiju R. Vasi dono-sni pregled kulturnih grupa usporedno s modificira-nom relativnom kronologijom prema P. Reineckeu.

U tome pregledu kultura osvre se i na uestalost na-laza ogrlica u pojedinome razdoblju, kao i na vanijezatvorene cjeline koje su vane kronoloke odred-nice za same ogrlice. o potpoglavlje opremljeno jesinkronom tablicom relativnih kronolokih stupnje-

va prema P. Reineckeu za kasno bronano doba, doksu za starije eljezno doba koriteni horizonti koje

je definirao sam autor (1977). Na tome su mjestuprikazani i horizonti ostava, zatim kulturne grupe uVojvodini, Srbiji, Makedoniji i na Kosovu kroz itavobronano i starije eljezno doba te sinkrona egejskakronologija za navedena razdoblja.

Slijedi katalog nalaza s bogatim uvodnim komenta-rima za svaki pojedinani tip ogrlica i s najvani-

jim cjelinama u kojima se pojavljuju, a zatim dolazepojedinani navodi s katalokim podacima koji suproireni podacima o ostalim nalazima iz iste cjeli-ne ako se radi o grobu ili o ostavi. Iza svakoga tipanalazi se dio o funkciji i kronologiji pojedinanihtipova torkvesa prema uobiajenome konceptu uediciji PBF. U poglavlju o funkciji odreenih tipo-

va ogrlica (torkvesa) autor se osvrnuo na okolnostinalaza na pojedinim grobljima i regijama u kojima

se odreeni tip pojavljuje te tako podcrtao njihovumoguu ulogu i funkciju oznake drutvenoga statu-sa, odnosno prestinoga dobra u nekim zajednica-

sis encompasses necklaces dating to the Bronze andEarly Iron Ages.

In the section dealing with chronology, Vasi pro-vides an overview of culture groups parallel to themodified relative chronology modelled after P.Reinecke. In this overview of culture, he also dealswith the frequency of neck-piece finds in specificperiods, as well as the more important closed unitswhich are vital chronological determinants for theneck-pieces. Tis chapter is supplemented with asynchronous table of relative chronological stages,after Reinecke, for the late Bronze Age, while ho-rizons defined by Vasi himself (1977) are usedfor the earlier Iron Age. Te horizons for hoardsare also shown at this point, followed by the cul-ture groups in Vojvodina, Serbia, Macedonia andKosovo throughout the entire Bronze and Early

Iron Age, as well as a synchronous Aegean chronol-ogy for these periods.

Tis is followed by a catalogue of finds with richintroductory comments for each individual neck-piece type and with the most important units inwhich they appear, and individual citations withcatalogue information enhanced by data on otherfinds from the same unit if it pertains to a grave orhoard. After each type, there is a section on the func-tion and chronology of individual torc types basedon the customary concept in the PBF edition. In thechapter on the function of specific neck-piece (torc)

types, Vasi referred to the find circumstances at in-dividual graves and regions in which a specific typeappeared, thus underlining their possible role andfunction as social status markers, i.e., as prestigeitems in certain communities. In his chronologicalconsiderations, Vasi specifies a broader culturaland chronological framework for each type, and helinked individual closed units into the chronologicalsystem by means of other chronologically sensitivefinds (pins, fibulae). Vasi did not encounter anydifficulties in accomplishing this demanding task,for this is already the fourth volume he has written

for the esteemed PBF editions (1994; 1999; 2003).In the breakdown of the body of artefacts, Vasiadhered to the typological features of individualtorcs. Tey are essentially divided into smooth andtwisted torcs. Among the smooth ones, which aredivided into adorned and unadorned, several sub-types are distinguished in each group.

Smooth, unadorned torcs with eye-holes at theends, which were widespread throughout Europe,appeared in the central Balkans from the Early toLate Bronze Age. Vasi engages in a discussion of the

function of torc types based on graves goods in, forexample, in Mokrin and Mojsinje and in hoards (pp.13-14). With reference to other types of unadorned


3/6

285

Daria LONJAK DIZDAR RASTKO VASI, DIE HALSRINGE IM ZENTRAL BALK AN, PRHISTORISCHE...Opusc. archaeol. 36, 283288, 2012

ma. Kod kronolokih razmatranja autor je za svakitip iznio iri kulturoloki i kronoloki okvir te jekroz druge kronoloki osjetljivije nalaze (igle, fibu-le) pojedine zatvorene cjeline povezao u kronolokisustav. R. Vasiu nije bilo teko ispuniti taj zahtjevnizadatak jer je ovo ve etvrti svezak koji je napisao

za prestinu ediciju PBF (1994; 1999; 2003).Pri razdiobi korpusa nalaza autor se drao tipolo-kih karakteristika pojedinih torkvesa. U osnovi supodijeljeni na glatke i tordirane torkvese. Meuglatkim torkvesima, koji su podijeljeni na ukraene ineukraene, u svakoj se skupini razlikuje jo po ne-koliko podvrsta.

Glatki neukraeni torkvesi s uicom na krajevima,koji su raireni po itavoj Europi, na sredinjemuse Balkanu pojavljuju od ranoga do kasnoga bron-anog doba. Autor se upustio u raspravu o funkciji

tih tipova torkvesa na osnovi nalaza u grobovimanaprimjer u Mokrinu i Mojsinju te u ostavama (str.1314). U vezi s drugim tipovima neukraenih tor-kvesa primjeuje se da su se upotrebljavali u kra-emu razdoblju i da su regionalni (npr. torkvesi sD-presjekom i odrezanim krajevima ili torkvesi saspiralama na krajevima; str. 1820). Glatki ukraenitorkvesi mnogobrojni su na podruju koje obuhva-a ovaj svezak PBF-a. Razmatra se i njihova funk-cija, a kako su svi pronaeni u enskim grobovima,nesumnjivo se radi o enskome nakitu. Meutimautor ne odbacuje mogunost da su takvi torkve-

si, esti u kasnobronanodobnim ostavama, imalifunkciju sirovine. Pojavljuju se od srednjega dobapa sve do kasnoga bronanog doba, odnosno pre-ma srpskoj kronologiji do ranoga eljeznog doba;najmlai primjerci potjeu iz ostave Brza Palankadatirane u stupanj Ha B1 (str. 28). Meu torkvesi-ma koji su ukraeni urezivanjem izdvojeni su ra-zliiti motivi ukraavanja koje je R. Vasi uspjenokronoloki razdvojio, prije svega prema nalazimaigala u zatvorenim cjelinama u kojima su zabilje-eni takvi torkvesi. Njihova rasprostranjenost nasrednjemu Balkanu proiruje se s jedne strane uPosavinu i Podunavlje u Hrvatskoj, a s druge straneu ransilvaniju. Upravo je zbog toga vano da se tajtip razlui od ostalih, a odreene se varijacije ukrasamogu izdvojiti kao regionalna obiljeja (str. 31). Uztaj rasprostranjeni tip izdvojena su i dva rjea tipaukraenih glatkih torkvesa.

Potom slijede vrlo esti tordirani torkvesi koji suobiljeili razdoblje od stupnja Br C do stupnja HaC1 na iremu europskom prostoru. Meu tordira-nim torkvesima R. Vasi razlikuje one s uicom ione koji su ukraeni imitacijom tordiranja. orkvesi

s uicom podijeljeni su na one bez glatke zavrnezone i one s glatkom zavrnom zonom prije uicete je meu njima uoena i kronoloka razlika. Dok

torcs, it can be noted that they were used over ashorter period and that they are regional (e.g. torcswith D cross-section and severed ends or torcs withspirals at their ends; pp. 18-20). Smooth adornedtorcs are numerous in the territory encompassed bythis volume of PBF. Teir function is also consid-

ered, and since all of them were found in womensgraves, they without doubt served as womens jewel-lery. However, Vasi does not discard the possibilitythat such torcs, frequent in late Bronze Age hoards,served as a raw material. Tey appeared from theMiddle until the Late Bronze Age or, according tothe Serbian chronology, to the Early Iron Age; themost recent examples originated from the BrzaPalanka hoard, dated to the Ha B1 phase (p. 28).Among the torcs adorned by engraving, various or-namentation motifs were distinguished which Vasisuccessfully classified chronologically, above allbased on finds of pins in closed units in which suchtorcs were recorded. Teir wide distribution in thecentral Balkans expanded to the Sava River Valleyand Danubian zone in Croatia on one side, and toransylvania on the other. Tis is precisely why it is

vital to distinguish this type from others, and cer-tain variations of ornamentation may be discernedas regional features (p. 31). Besides this widespreadtype, two rarer types of adorned smooth torcs weredescribed.

Next are the very frequent twisted torcs that char-

acterized the period from phases Br C to Ha C1in the wider European zone. Among the twistedtorcs, Vasi distinguished between those with eye-holes and those adorned with imitation twisting.orcs with eye-holes are divided into those withoutsmooth ending zones and those with smooth end-ing zones before the eye-holes, and a chronologi-cal difference between these was observed. Whilethe torcs without smooth ending zones appearedsporadically in the middle-Bronze Age and theEarly Iron Age (Doroslovo, grave 58), twisted torcswith smooth closing ends have been dated fromphase Ha A1 to the Early Iron Age. Due to the highnumber of such torcs in the Drava-Sava interfluve,assumptions of possible workshop centres remainopen (p. 38). Te most numerous are torcs whichimitate the twisted ornamentation, and these wererecorded in the wider territory of Europe from theLate Bronze to Early Iron Age.

At the end, Vasi set aside the regional narrowlydated torques type with -endings. Vasi had al-ready earlier written about this type, widespreadin Srijem, Western Serbia and Kosovo, (Vasi &

Kapuran 2007). orcs with -endings also appearedat sites in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. It is as-sumed that the workshops may have been in Batina


4/6

286


se torkvesi bez glatke zavrne zone pojavljuju spo-radino u srednjemu bronanom dobu i starijemueljeznom dobu (Doroslovo, grob 58), tordirani tor-kvesi s glatkim zavrnim krajevima datiraju se u raz-doblje od stupnja Ha A1 do ranoga eljeznog doba.Zbog brojnosti takvih torkvesa u meurijeju Drave

i Save otvorene su pretpostavke o moguim radi-onikim centrima (str. 38). Najbrojniji su torkvesikoji imaju imitirani tordirani ukras, a zabiljeeni suod kasnoga bronanog do starijega eljeznog dobana iremu prostoru Europe.

Na kraju je autor izdvojio regionalni i usko datiranitip torkvesa s -zavrecima. O tome je tipu, koji jerasprostranjen u Srijemu, zapadnoj i junoj Srbije tena Kosovu, autor ve pisao ranije (Vasi & Kapuran2007). orkvesi s -zavrecima pojavljuju se i nanalazitima u Maarskoj, Rumunjskoj i Slovakoj.

Pretpostavlja se da su radionice mogle biti u Batiniili Dalju, no nisu iskljuene ni transilvanijske radio-nice (str. 46).

Nakon pregleda tipova R. Vasi iskoristio je mo-gunost koju mu je pruio geografski okvir ovogasveska. Naime proveo je analizu antropomorfnihstatua koje su vrlo brojne u srednjemu brona-nom dobu upravo na prostoru donjega Podunavlja.Antropomorfne statue ukraene urezivanjem e-sto ukazuju na funkciju odreenih tipova torkve-sa u nonji (npr. tip sa spiralama na krajevima).Mogunost usporedbe pojedinih tipova torkvesa

s prikazima na antropomorfnim statuama, kojesu nedvojbeno imale kultni karakter, pokazujeda su odreene forme toga nakita zasigurno ima-le i prestino znaenje ceremonijalnih oznaka priobavljanju kulta. Kako se statue datiraju u srednjebronano doba, moe se opaziti geneza odreenihtipova nakita koji su u svakodnevnome ivotu bili

vezani uz ogrlice, a nosili su se i u kasnome brona-nom dobu. Zbog paljevinskoga naina pokapanja ifragmentiranosti nalaza u ostavama starije faze ka-snoga bronanog doba u rijetkim su sluajevima sa-uvani itavi kompleti prsnoga nakita kakvi su se u

odreenim prilikama sigurno nosili na torkvesima.Kao rezultat detaljne tipoloke analize torkvesaprovedene u ovome svesku PBF-a iznimno je va-na spoznaja o regionalnome i kronolokome izdva-

janju triju tipova torkvesa koji su karakteristiniponajprije za prostore Vojvodine, Srbije, Kosova iMakedonije. o su: glatki torkvesi sa zavrnutim kra-

jevima iz srednjega bronanog doba, zatim ukra-eni torkvesi s uicama i ravnim presjekom s krajasrednjega i poetka kasnoga bronanog doba, kao ikarakteristini torkvesi s -krajevima s poetka sta-

rijega eljeznog doba.Kao vrsni tipolog i poznavatelj materijalne kultureirega europskog prostora Rastko Vasi ovim nas

or Dalj, but the possibility of ransylvanian work-shops cannot be excluded either (p. 46).

After an overview of types, Vasi takes advantage ofthe geographic framework afforded by this volume.He conducted an analysis of anthropomorphic stat-ues which were very numerous in the middle BronzeAge precisely in the territory of the Danubes lowercourse. Anthropomorphic statues decorated by en-graving often demonstrated the function of certaintorques types in apparel (e.g. the type with spiralendings). Te possibility of comparing individualtorques types with portrayals on anthropomorphicstatues, which undoubtedly had a cult character,showed that certain forms of this jewellery certainlyhad the prestigious significance of ceremonial sym-bols during cult rites. Since the statues are datedto the Middle Bronze Age, it is possible to observe

the genesis of certain jewellery types which associ-ated with necklaces in everyday life, and which wereworn in the Late Bronze Age. Due to the incinera-tion burial rites and the fragmentary nature of findsin the hoards of the earlier phase of the Late BronzeAge, entire sets of chest jewellery that were certain-ly worn on torcs on certain occasions are only rarelypreserved.

A result of the detailed typological analysis of torcsincluded in this volume of PBF is the exception-ally important contribution to knowledge on theregional and chronological division of the three

torc types typical first and foremost of the territo-ries of Vojvodina, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia.Tese are: smooth torcs with bent ends from themid-Bronze Age, followed by adorned torcs withloop-holes and flat cross-section from the end ofmid- and late Bronze Age, and the typical torcs with-endings from the beginning of the early Iron Age.

As a well-versed typologist and expert on the ma-terial culture of Europe as a whole, with this workRastko Vasi teaches us that the foundation of ar-chaeological work is sound knowledge and dis-

tinction between types in the chronological andgeographic sense. By combining this thoroughknowledge of forms, he managed to compile a de-tailed typology for rather infrequent finds such asneck-pieces. Tis typology is presented at the endin an easy-to-consult table. Te manual is also sup-plemented with distribution maps for each individ-ual type in the relevant area. Tis volume of PBFtherefore constitutes yet another useful manual forarchaeologists studying the Bronze and Iron Ages,for these neck-pieces which are otherwise notchronologically sensitive finds are brought to-

gether in a fascinating manner. Similarly, the anal-ysis has shown that this category of finds may beclassified by a thorough typological/chronological


5/6

287

Daria LONJAK DIZDAR RASTKO VASI, DIE HALSRINGE IM ZENTRAL BALK AN, PRHISTORISCHE...Opusc. archaeol. 36, 283288, 2012

analysis. Tis work is partly typologically linked tothe territory of the Drava-Sava interfluve, wherebyit has particular value for an analysis of torc findsin Croatia.

radom ui da osnovu arheoloke struke predstavljadobro poznavanje i luenje tipova u kronolokome igeografskome smislu. Kombinacijama takva minu-cioznoga poznavanja oblika uspio je razraditi detalj-nu tipologiju za ne tako este nalaze kao to su ogr-lice. a je tipologija predstavljena na kraju sveska u

preglednoj tablici. Prirunik je opremljen i kartamarasprostranjenosti za svaki pojedinani tip na pro-matranome podruju. Zato ovaj svezak PBF-a pred-stavlja jo jedan koristan prirunik za arheologekoji se bave bronanim i eljeznim dobom jer su nazanimljiv nain povezani nalazi ogrlica koje inaenemaju karakteristike kronoloki osjetljivih nalaza.Isto je tako analiza pokazala da se spomenuta ka-tegorija nalaza moe razvrstati temeljitom tipolo-ko-kronolokom analizom. Ovaj se rad djelominotipoloki vee i za sam prostor meurijeja Dravei Save, ime dobiva osobitu vrijednost i za analizunalaza torkvesa iz Hrvatske.


6/6

288


LITERATURA / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vasi 1977 R. Vasi, Te Chronology of the Early Iron Age in Serbia(BAR SS 31), Oxford,1977.

Vasi 1994 R. Vasi, Die Sicheln im Zentralbalkan (Vojvodina, Serbien, Kosovo undMazedonien)(Prhistorische Bronzefunde XVIII/5), Stuttgart, 1994.

Vasi 1999 R. Vasi,Die Fibeln im Zentralbalkan(Prhistorische Bronzefunde XIV/12),Stuttgart, 1999.

Vasi 2003 R. Vasi, Die Nadeln im Zentralbalkan (Prhistorische BronzefundeXIII/11), Stuttgart, 2003.

Vasi & Kapuran 2007 R. Vasi & A. Kapuran, Jo jednom o ostavi iz arengrada,Rad vojvoanskihmuzeja49, Novi Sad, 2007, 3742.

11 Loznjak Dizdar

Documents

Transcript of 11 Loznjak Dizdar