11. Cultural Adjustment
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Transcript of 11. Cultural Adjustment
CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT
Parlindungan Pardede
Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta
CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE SHOCK
ADJUSTMENT PROCESS
RE-ENTRY PROCESS
INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS
CULTURAL DISLOCATION
OVERCOMING CULTURE SHOCK
CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT
CULTURE SHOCK
• CS is a psychological disorientation that most people experience when living in a culture markedly different from one’s own
• CS is a result of total immersion in a new culture.
• CS happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad where they became anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand people’s behavior in daily life
Symptoms of Cultural Shock
1) Sadness, loneliness, melancholy 2) Preoccupation with health 3) Aches, pains, and allergies 4) Insomnia, desire to sleep too much
or too little 5) Changes in temperament,
depression, feeling vulnerable, feeling powerless
6) Anger, irritability, resentment, unwillingness to interact with others
7) Identifying with the old culture or idealizing the old country
8) Loss of identity
9) Trying too hard to absorb everything in the new culture or country
10) Unable to solve simple problems 11) Lack of confidence 12) Feelings of inadequacy or
insecurity 13) Developing stereotypes about
the new culture 14) Developing obsessions such as
over-cleanliness 15) Longing for family 16) Feelings of being lost,
overlooked, exploited or abused
ADJUSTMENT PROCESS
(1)Honeym
oon period
(2)Culture Shock
(4)Mental
Isolation
(3)Initial
Adjustment
(1)Honeymoon
period(5)
Acceptance & Integration
RE-ENTRY PROCESS
(1)Honeym
oon period
(2)Return anxiety
(4)Re-entry shock
(3)Return
Honeymoon
(1)Acceptance & integration
(5)Re-integration
INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS
Elmer (2002)
CULTURAL DISLOCATIONS
• The reaction someone makes in a cross-cultural encounter determines the result he gets.
• A positive reaction—characterized with openness, acceptance & trust— & produce rapport and understanding.
• A negative reaction—characterized with suspicion, fear, prejudice—& produce alienation and isolation.
• The outcomes a cross-cultural encounter can be of three types:
1) The encapsulators, i.e. people who keep on avoiding or fighting the second culture by trying to creating a ‘small exclusive world’ based on their first or original culture.
2) The cosmopolitan, which refers to people who adjust to both the first (original) and the second culture as well.
3) The absconder, i.e. people who adjust to the second culture and “ignore” their first (original) culture. To get more complete description, look at the following diagram.
REACTION
REACTION
Differences that cause disorientation
Differences that cause disorientation
Toilets—ClimateFood—Water Heat—Illness
Toilets—ClimateFood—Water Heat—Illness
Roads—ShopsDriving—Money Markets—Transportation
Roads—ShopsDriving—Money Markets—Transportation
Etiquette—CustomHabit—Belief Language—TraitsReligion
Etiquette—CustomHabit—Belief Language—TraitsReligion
FLIGHT:RejectionRetreatismInsulationRegression
FIGHT:HostilityAnger“Shock”DisgustDisapproval
Optimism, Empathy, Positive Outlook. Interest, Acceptance, Curiosity, Cross-Cultural EducationCross-Cultural Contact
Goes ‘native’, Falls in love with the new
culture,Adopts life-style, food,
dress, speech, etc.May take up citizen-ship
in local countryMay marry a local person
THE ENCAPSULATOR· avoid or fight the local
(second) culture· build ‘Little Batak’, ‘Little
China’, etc.· Minimum contact with
local people
THE ABSCONDER· Adjust to local (second) culture· Minimum contact with original
culture· Maximum contact with local
people
THE COSMOPOLITAN· Adjust to both local (second)
and original cultures· Aloof in both worlds· About equal contact with both
OVERCOMING CULTURE-SHOCK
1) Open your mind
2) Participate 3) Talk about it4) Be in contact 5) Be Humorous