Journal Sobre, M., Hart, D. (). Mapping Adaptation. Application-Based Analysis of Cultural...

8/13/2019 Journal Sobre, M., Hart, D. (). Mapping Adaptation. Application-Based Analysis of Cultural Adjustment Models

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Mapping Adaptation

RUNNING HEAD: MAPPING ADAPTATION

Mapping Adaptation:

Application-Based Analysis of !lt!"al Ad#!st$ent Models

Mi"ia$ %o&"e and Dan Ha"t

H!g' Do(ns %c'ool of H!$an o$$!nication

A"i)ona %tate Uni*e"sity

+


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Mapping Adaptation

Int"od!ction

"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation, o" t'e p"ocess &y ('ic' indi*id!als ('o, on "elocating to an

!nfa$ilia" socio-c!lt!"al en*i"on$ent, st"i*e to esta&lis' and $aintain a "elati*ely sta&le,

"ecip"ocal, and f!nctional "elations'ip (it' .t'at/ en*i"on$ent0 12i$, 34456, 'as often &een !sed

inte"c'angea&ly (it' t'e te"$ c!lt!"e s'oc78 !lt!"e s'oc7 is conside"ed &y so$e t'eo"ists to &e a

stage in t'e c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation p"ocess 1see O&e"g, +9 4, and ;ysgaa"d, +9556, and is

defined as pe"ience 'as &een $eas!"ed and analy)ed in a $y"iad

st!dies 1see a$ongst ot'e"s, Adle", +9 5, F!"n'a$ Boc'ne", +9C , Be""y, 3445, ang, Noels,

%a!$!"e, 344 , and 2as'i$a ;o', 344 6 t'e p"esent st!dy ai$s to e>a$ine ('ic'

co$$!nication st"ategies a"e c!""ently !sed to info"$ so#o!"ne"s a&o!t t'e c!lt!"al adaptation and

o" c!lt!"e s'oc7 t'ey (ill enco!nte" d!"ing t'e t"ansition e>pe"ience8

Uni*e"sity st!dy a&"oad offices a"e set !p, in pa"t, to 'elp st!dents p"epa"e fo" t'e so#o!"n

e>pe"ience and to assist inte"national st!dents in t'e t"ansition to t'ei" ne( c!lt!"e8 %t!dy a&"oad

p"ofessionals $!st &e e=!ipped (it' co$$!nication st"ategies t'"o!g' ('ic' to co$$!nicate

(it' st!dents a&o!t c!lt!"e s'oc78 D!e to t'e *e"y nat!"e of psyc'ological st"ess t'at can &e ca!sed

&y c!lt!"e s'oc7, it is "easona&le to posit t'at, if st!dy a&"oad p"ofessionals do not ade=!ately

p"epa"e t'ei" st!dents fo" t'e c!lt!"e s'oc7 li7ely to occ!" d!"ing t'e so#o!"n, t'en t'e st!dents a"e

at "is7 of 'a*ing a negati*e e>pe"ience a&"oad, o" e*en of ending t'ei" so#o!"n &efo"e allo(ing

t'e$sel*es an oppo"t!nity to feel at 'o$e in t'e 'ost c!lt!"e8 it'in p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation

sessions, c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s can e$ploy *a"io!s tec'ni=!es and st"ategies to enco!"age c"oss-

c!lt!"al adaptation and 'elp so#o!"ne"s "ed!ce !nce"tainty and inc"ease agency8 Ho(e*e", as

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Mapping Adaptation

inte"c!lt!"al t"aining is conside"ed a "elati*ely ne( field of st!dy 1;andis, Bennett, Bennett, p8

+6, it is possi&le t'at $any c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s co$$!nicate a&o!t c!lt!"al adaptation (it' little

o" no 7no(ledge of t'e e>tant "esea"c' on t'e s!ect8

T'e p"esent st!dy p"o*ides a c"iti=!e of e>isting $odels of c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation

t'"o!g' o&se"*ations of 'o( t'ese $odels t'eo"ies a"e &eing applied in p"actice &y p"ofessionals

(o"7ing to p"epa"e st!dents fo" t'ei" pending so#o!"n a&"oad8 A "e*ie( of t'e e>isting t'eo"ies

and $odels of c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation is fi"st p"o*ided, as (ell as a s'o"t disc!ssion of anot'e"

potentially "ele*ant t'eo"y fo" co$$!nicating to so#o!"ne"s a&o!t t'e adaptation p"ocess8 Ne>t, a

disc!ssion of t'e st!dy@s $et'ods is offe"ed, incl!ding t'e o&se"*ations of st!dy a&"oado"ientations t'at too7 place at a la"ge, %o!t'(este"n Uni*e"sity in sp"ing, 344 8 Afte" p"esenting

t'e "esea"c' =!estions, t'e "es!lts a"e desc"i&ed and inte"p"eted8 T'e pape" closes (it' a

disc!ssion of possi&le p"actical i$plications of t'e findings of t'is p"eli$ina"y st!dy and offe"s

s!ggestions fo" f!t!"e di"ections of t'e "esea"c'8

!""ent Models of !lt!"al Ad#!st$ent

In t'e lite"at!"e, t'e"e appea"s to &e fo!" o*e""iding t'eo"ies o" $odels of c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation8

T'e follo(ing is a disc!ssion of t'ese fo!" p"e*ailing t'eo"ies, incl!ding a &"ief e*al!ation of t'e

st"engt's and li$itations of eac' t'eo"y8

The U-Curve Model

T'e $ost co$$on t'eo"y of c!lt!"al adaptation is t'e U- !"*e Model 1Hottola, p8 9,

;ysgaa"d, +955, O&e"g, +9 468 T'is $odel (as designed to e>plain t'e e$otional c!"*e t'at

$any so#o!"ne"s e>pe"ience !pon ente"ing into and i$$e"sing t'e$sel*es in a ne( c!lt!"e

1Hottola, p8 C68 T'e $odel &ases itself a"o!nd p"edicta&ilityJ it states t'at t'e so#o!"ne" (ill go

t'"o!g' any('e"e f"o$ t'"ee to fi*e stages of e$otional adaptation t'"o!g'o!t 'is o" 'e" ti$e


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Mapping Adaptation

a&"oad: 1+6 t'e 'oney$oon stage, leading to feelings of initial e!p'o"iaJ 136 c!lt!"e s'oc7,

"es!lting f"o$ feelings of diso"ientationJ 1 6 'ostility to(a"ds t'e 'ost c!lt!"e, leading to feelings

of "esent$entJ 1 6 initial adaptation, leading to a sense of a!tono$y (it'in t'e 'ost c!lt!"eJ and

finally 156 assi$ilation into t'e 'ost c!lt!"e, leading to a sense of &elonging to &ot' t'e 'ost and

'o$e c!lt!"e 1Adle", +9 5J F!"n'a$ Ba!c'ne", +9C J Hottola, 344 J Pede"son, +99568

One st"engt' of t'is $odel is its int!iti*e appealJ it allo(s fo" and e>plains t'e e$otional

!ps and do(ns of i$$e"sion in a co!nt"y fa" f"o$ 'o$e 1 a"d, Boc'ne", F!"n'a$, 344+68 T'e

fl!idity of a $odel t'at can 'a*e stages added and "e$o*ed p"o&a&ly acco!nts fo" $!c' of its !se

today, fo"ty-fi*e yea"s afte" its inception8 Ho(e*e", Hottola notes t'at t'e $odel iety Unce"tainty Manage$ent

Model 1AUM6, ('ic' is info"$ed &y Be"ge" ale&"ese@s 1+9 56 Unce"tainty Red!ction T'eo"y

1URT68 G!dy7!nst 134456 notes t'at !nce"tainty is a cogniti*e p'eno$enon, in ('ic' so#o!"ne"s

feel a lac7 of cont"ol in t'ei" 'ost c!lt!"es d!e to lac7 of p"edicti*e a&ility 1p8 3+68 'en

so#o!"ne"s feel too little a&ility to p"edict o" e>plain t'e &e'a*io" of 'ost nationals, t'ey (ill

e>pe"ience an>iety8 In o"de" to "ed!ce !nce"tainty, $anage an>iety, and adapt effecti*ely, a

so#o!"ne" $!st 'a*e t'e co$$!nicati*e tools to gat'e" info"$ation and na*igate t'e ad#!st$ent


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Mapping Adaptation

p"ocess 1G!dy7!nst, p8 3 68 AUM is also p"edicti*e in nat!"eJ it e>pects t'at t'e so#o!"ne"s $ost

li7ely to adapt (it' t'e least diffic!lty (ill 'a*e a solid sense of self-a(a"eness, adapta&le attit!des

and &e'a*io" and a 'ig' tole"ance fo" a$&ig!ity 1G!dy7!nst, 344568

One st"engt' of AUM is its s!ggestion t'at a ce"tain a$o!nt of !nce"tainty and an>iety a"e

act!ally necessa"y fo" positi*e acc!lt!"ation8 No longe" is ?s'oc7@ concept!ali)ed as a p"o&le$ to

&e c!"ed, &!t as a necessa"y step to(a"ds inte"c!lt!"al co$$!nicati*e co$petence8 Anot'e"

st"engt' AUM is t'at it acco!nts fo" c!lt!"al *a"ia&ilityJ it is designed to &e adapted &ased on t'e

c!lt!"al conte>t of t'e indi*id!al and t'e sit!ation8 Ho(e*e", t'e $odel can &e *ie(ed as o*e"ly

co$ple>, (it' its fo"ty-se*en sepa"ate a>io$s 1G!dy7!nst, 344568 "itics also point o!t t'at t'is$odel espo!ses a pa"tic!la" este"n c!lt!"al &ias8

The Transition Model

T'e T"ansition Model of c!lt!"al adaptation *ie(s c!lt!"al adaptation as a nat!"al p"ocess

t'at e>ists (it'in t'e '!$an e>pe"ience8 Ease of c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation *a"ies depending on t'e

psyc'ological pe"sonality t"aits of t'e indi*id!al, t'!s t'e e>pe"iences and "eactions a"e, "at'e"

t'an p"edicta&le stages, !ni=!e to t'e so#o!"ne" 1Bennett, +99C68 Acco"ding to t'e T"ansition

Model, $ost indi*id!als tend to(a"ds eit'e" a ?fig't@ o" ?flig't@ "esponse to $anaging c"oss-

c!lt!"al adaptation 1o" t'e co$&ination app"oac', noted as ?fle>@ o" ?filte"@, La'a"na, +9C968 T'e

?fig't@ "esponse in*ol*es #!$ping into t'e ne( c!lt!"al sit!ation and &eco$ing as in*ol*ed as

possi&le in o"de" to i$$e"se in t'e ne( c!lt!"eJ t'e ?flig't@ "esponse is c'a"acte"i)ed as 'olding

&ac7 and o&se"*ing to see 'o( t'ings (o"7 &efo"e pl!nging in 1Bennett, +99C68

A st"engt' of t'e T"ansition Model is its s!ggestion t'at &eca!se t'e"e a"e so $any

*a"ia&les at play, c!lt!"al adaptation t"aining s'o!ld &e cate"ed specifically to eac' !ni=!e

so#o!"ne"8 Intellect!al lea"ning tools can &e co$&ined (it' pe"sonality *a"ia&les to c'oose ('at

(ill (o"7 t'e &est fo" eac' indi*id!al in a gi*en sit!ation8 An additional asset is t'e

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Mapping Adaptation

concept!ali)ation of c!lt!"e s'oc7 as a nat!"al psyc'ological p'eno$enon, e*o7ing a feeling t'at

so#o!"ne"s a"e not alone in t'ei" e>pe"iences8 On t'e ot'e" 'and, one nota&le li$itation of t'is

$odel is t'e fact t'at it $ay &e too pe"son-specific to &e applied to la"ge" g"o!p t"aining sessions8

The Communication Systems Model

2i$@s 1344+, 34456 o$$!nication %yste$s Model is t'e fi"st $odel of c"oss-c!lt!"al

adaptation to specifically ta7e co$$!nication into acco!nt in its application8 2i$ asse"ts t'at

adaptation act!ally occ!"s t'"o!g' co$$!nication and t'e &!ilding of social net(o"7s 13445, pp8

3- 6 and t'at c!lt!"al i$$e"sion is gene"ally positi*ely "elated (it' fl!ency in t'e lang!age of

t'e 'ost c!lt!"e 1p8 368 I$$e"sion can &e *ie(ed as a co$&ination of co$$!nicationadapta&ility and inte"action in*ol*e$ent 1 'en, +993, p8 68 T'is $odel $aintains t'at

so#o!"ne"s ac=!i"e 'ost-c!lt!"al p"actices t'"o!g' acc!lt!"ationJ si$!ltaneo!sly, dec!lt!"ation, o"

t'e ?!nlea"ning of so$e of t'e old c!lt!"al ele$ents@ 12i$, 3445, p8 46 occ!"s8 T'"o!g' &ot' of

t'ese p"ocesses, 2i$ s!ggests t'at an adapti*e c'ange to a state of ?$a>i$!$ possi&le

con*e"gence


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Mapping Adaptation

Ot'e" Rele*ant Resea"c'

'ile t'e p"e*io!s fo!" $odels of c!lt!"al adaptation info"$ !s of t'e *a"io!s psyc'osocial

p"ocesses of acc!lt!"ation, adaptation and ad#!st$ent, t'is analysis (ill also &enefit f"o$ a &"ief

t"eat$ent of a "ele*ant $odel of inte"pe"sonal pe"s!asion, t'e E>tended Pa"allel P"ocess Model

1EPPM, itte, +99368 'ile not specific to c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation, EPPM t"eats sit!ations in

('ic' indi*id!als a"e a&o!t to engage in "is7-ta7ing &e'a*io"8

Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s $!st spea7 to so#o!"ne"s in a $anne" t'at &ot' info"$s t'e$ of t'e

adaptation e>pe"ience and pe"s!ades t'e$ to &e a(a"e of t'is p"ocess in o"de" to facilitate an easie"t"ansition8 'en t'e 'eig'tened le*els of e>planato"y !nce"tainty e*ol*e into a pe"cei*ed t'"eat,

t'e le*el of pe"cei*ed efficacy o*e" t'at t'"eat &eco$es c"!cial in $anaging !nce"tainty8

;e*ant'al 1+9 46 designed a dange" fea" cont"ol f"a$e(o"7 t'at encaps!lates t'e cogniti*e and

e$otional "eactions t'at "es!lt f"o$ a fea" appeal8 Indi*id!als c'oose to &e p"oacti*e ('en t'ey

feel t'at t'ey 'a*e cont"ol o*e" t'e dange"8 B!t ('en fea" do$inates dange", indi*id!als a&andon

atte$pts at dange"-cont"ol, and a&andon t'e acti*ity t'at co!ld lead to t'e dange" 1t'is is called

fea"-cont"ol68 In 'e" disc!ssion of EPPM, itte 1+9936 e$p'asi)es t'e alance &et(een fea" and

dange" cont"ol in co$$!nicating a&o!t !nce"tainty8 Acco"ding to EPPM t'e c"itical point is t'e

$o$ent at ('ic' indi*id!als cannot 'andle &eing f"ig'tened of "is7 any$o"e and $o*e f"o$

dange" cont"ol to fea" cont"ol8 T'e 7ey is to const"!ct $essages t'at inc"ease &ot' a(a"eness of

"is7s and efficacy o*e" "is7-cont"ol8

itte 1+99 6 applies t'is $odel to AUM, noting t'at t'e e$otion lying &e'ind an>iety is

fea"8 In applying EPPM to AUM, itte s'o(s t'at pe"cei*ed !nce"tainty and an>iety infl!ence

t'e so#o!"ne" si$ila"ly to t'e (ay t'at .lac7 of/ efficacy and fea" affect t'e cogniti*e encode" 1p8

34 68 In ot'e" (o"ds, so#o!"ne"s $eas!"e an>iety against t'ei" pe"cei*ed cont"ol o*e" !nce"tainty


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Mapping Adaptation

in planning t'ei" so#o!"ns8 T'is application of EPPM to AUM 'as g"eat potential to &enefit c"oss-

c!lt!"al t"aine"s, if t'ey can lea"n to !se it in t'ei" pe"s!asi*e $essages8 Gene"ally spea7ing, it is

necessa"y to instill so$e fea" appeals in $essages to st!dents a&o!t to e$&a"7 on a st!dy a&"oad

so#o!"n, in o"de" to a*oid opti$istic &ias 1 einstein, +9C968 If so#o!"ne"s do not ta7e into acco!nt

t'e c!lt!"al diffe"ences to ('ic' t'ey a"e going to 'a*e to adapt, t'ey (ill &eco$e do!&ly s'oc7ed

&y c!lt!"al diffe"ences8 Messages info"$ing so#o!"ne"s of t'e i$pact of t'ese disc"epancies

s'o!ld inc"ease t'ei" !nce"tainty (it'o!t p!s'ing t'e$ o*e" t'e c"itical point of an>iety8

T'!s, it can &e seen t'at co$$!nication st"ategies a"e of 7ey i$po"tance in t'e

const"!ction and i$pa"ting of t'ese $essages to so#o!"ne"s, pa"tic!la"ly at t'e p"e-depa"t!"e stageof t'e acc!lt!"ation p"ocess8 Eac' of t'e $odels disc!ssed a&o*e posits a diffe"ent $anne" of

app"oac'ing t'e p"e-depa"t!"e t"aining p"ocessJ t'e c'oice of $odel !sed &y t'e t"aine" is

i$po"tant, as t'e"e a"e so $any diffe"ent (ays of e>a$ining and (o"7ing t'"o!g' t'e c'allenges

of t'e adaptation p"ocess8 'ile $!c' lite"at!"e 'as loo7ed at t'e i$pact of t'is p"ocess on

so#o!"ne"s@ psyc'ological, social, co$$!nicati*e, and p'ysical 'ealt' and (ell-&eing 1see, a$ong

ot'e"s: F!"n'a$ Boc'ne", +9C , a"d, 344+, and a"d 2ennedy, 344+6, little "esea"c' 'as

&een cond!cted to e>a$ine ('ic' $odels a"e c!""ently &eing !sed &y t"aine"s, and ('ic' $odels

$ay &e t'e $ost effecti*e in p"epa"ing so#o!"ne"s fo" t'ei" c"oss-c!lt!"al e>pe"ience8 T'e

follo(ing "esea"c' "ep"esents a p"eli$ina"y atte$pt to e>plo"e t'ese t(o iss!es8 T'is st!dy is

intended to &e t'e fi"st in a se"ies t'at e>a$ine c!""ent p"actices and t'eo"ies !sed, conscio!sly and

!nconscio!sly, &y c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s ('en co$$!nicating to st!dents a&o!t adaptation8

Met'od

T'e st!dies disc!ssed in t'e p"eceding section delineate se*e"al t'eo"ies and $odels of c"oss-

c!lt!"al adaptation8 Ho(e*e", it is i$po"tant to no( place a foc!s on ('et'e" o" not t'ose t'eo"ies

C


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Mapping Adaptation

and $odels a"e act!ally &eing applied in p"actice, (it'in t'e field of inte"c!lt!"al t"aining8 T'e

p"esent st!dy see7s to dete"$ine ('at $odels of inte"c!lt!"al adaptation a"e t'e $ost !sef!l to t'e

c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aining p"ocess, &y o&se"*ing 'o( t'e *a"io!s $odels a"e applied in !ractice &y

c!""ent c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s8

Partici!ants

T'e di"ecto" of t'e Inte"national P"og"a$s Office 1IPO6 at a la"ge, %o!t'(este"n p!&lic

!ni*e"sity (as initially app"oac'ed *ia e$ail and info"$ed of t'e st!dy@s p!"pose and $et'ods8

He offe"ed 'is s!ppo"t &y enco!"aging 'is staff to pa"ticipate8 At t'e "esea"c'e"s@ "e=!est, 'e t'en

a""anged a $eeting (it' t'e pa"ticipants and t'e "esea"c'e"s, at ('ic' ti$e all t'e pa"ticipants(e"e "ec"!ited8 No co$pensation (as p"o*ided8 Pa"ticipants (e"e fo!" fe$ale and one $ale st!dy

a&"oad p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s at t'e Inte"national P"og"a$s Office 1IPO6 at a la"ge, %o!t'(este"n

p!&lic !ni*e"sity8 Ages "anged f"o$ 39 to 8 Ti$e e$ployed at t'e IPO "anged f"o$ t(o-and-a-

'alf to fi*e yea"s8 T(o additional session leade"s (e"e p"esent at *a"io!s o&se"*ation sessions and

(e"e t'e"efo"e &"iefed at t'e ti$e of t'e o&se"*ation and incl!ded in t'e analysis8 One is t'e

associate di"ecto" of a national st!dy a&"oad p"og"a$ p"o*ide" 1$ale in 'is $id- 4s6, and t'e ot'e"

is an !nde"g"ad!ate teac'ing assistant ('o 'ad st!died a&"oad in t'e location o&se"*ed 13 -yea"-

old $ale68 To p"otect confidentiality and anony$ity, all pa"ticipant na$es 'a*e &een c'anged8

"esign

T'is st!dy is a p"eli$ina"y analysis, and is co$p"ised of o&se"*ational and inte"*ie( data

collected &y t'e "esea"c'e"s o*e" a pe"iod of fo!" (ee7s8 T'e st!dy is designed to &e pa"t of a

la"ge" se"ies, ('ic' (ill e*ent!ally in*ol*e foc!s g"o!ps of t'e st!dy a&"oad staff, inte"*ie(s (it'

p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s (o"7ing (it' inte"national st!dents co$ing to t'e U%, inte"*ie(s of

st!dents, and inte"*ie(s o&se"*ations of p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s f"o$ o*e"seas p"og"a$s (it'

en"olled A$e"ican st!dents8

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Mapping Adaptation

T'e"e is a significant a$o!nt of "esea"c' o!tlining "eco$$ended st"ategies t'at c"oss-

c!lt!"al t"aine"s $ay !se to p"epa"e so#o!"ne"s fo" c!lt!"e s'oc7, incl!ding so$e st!dies foc!sing

specifically on t'e st!dy a&"oad st!dent so#o!"n 1see ;a B"ac7, +99 , and Ma"tin Ha""ell, +99 68

T'ese st!dies a"e !sef!l, &!t only in as $!c' as c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s a"e a(a"e of t'e "esea"c'

and apply t'e st"ategies in p"actice8 Beca!se it is possi&le t'at $any c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s 'a*e

not, t'e$sel*es, "ecei*ed any t"aining on 'o( to p"epa"e t'ei" so#o!"ne"s, it is c"itical t'at t'e

p"esent line of "esea"c' e>plo"e ('at st"ategies a"e &eing p"acticed &y c!""ent c"oss-c!lt!"al

t"aine"s as (ell as ('at $odels of c"oss-c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent f"a$e t'ei" t"aining8 T'is st!dy see7s

to &egin a ne( line of "esea"c' to esta&lis' a lin7 &et(een st"ategi)ing $odels of appliedco$$!nication (it' t"aditional $odels of ad#!st$ent to "ate effecti*eness of co$$!nicato"s

$essages8 it' t'ese pa"a$ete"s in $ind, t'e follo(ing "esea"c' =!estions 'a*e &een posed:

R +: 'at st"ategies a"e !sed &y p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s to co$$!nicate (it' st!dent

so#o!"ne"s a&o!t t'e c!lt!"al adaptation p"ocess

R 3: Ho( do t'ese st"ategies fit in (it' t'e p"e*ailing $odels of c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent

R : 'ic' of t'e fo!" $odels of c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent a"e t'e $ost !sef!l in

co$$!nicating (it' st!dent so#o!"ne"s a&o!t adaptation to t'ei" 'ost c!lt!"e

R : A"e t'e st"ategies identified &y p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s d!"ing inte"*ie(s act!ally

&eing applied d!"ing t'ei" p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation sessions

Method #ationale

T'is is an e>plo"ato"y st!dy t'at co$&ines t'e =!alitati*e $et'ods of inte"*ie(ing and

pa"ticipant o&se"*ation8 T'e "esea"c'e"s a"e !ns!"e of t'e nat!"e of t'e t"aining and enact$ent of

adaptation t'eo"ies gi*en to t'e st!dy pa"ticipants, as (ell as t'ei" o(n pe"ceptions of 'o( t'ey

co$$!nicate (it' t'ei" st!dents and t'ei" act!al co$$!nication st"ategies, so t'ese =!alitati*e

$et'ods (ill allo( !s to get at &ot' 'o( t'e t"aine"s pe"cei*e t'ei" co$$!nication (it' t'e

+4


11/34

Mapping Adaptation

so#o!"ne"s, and 'o( t'e t"aine"s co$$!nicate in situ 1;indloff Taylo", 344368 By !sing a

co$&ination of inte"*ie(s and pa"ticipant o&se"*ation, (e intend to disco*e" so$e initial

st"ategies, ('ic' (e can t'en co$pa"e (it' st"ategies !sed &y ot'e" t"aine"s at ot'e" !ni*e"sities in

follo(-!p st!dies8 Once ag"ee$ent a$ong t"aine"s in diffe"ent en*i"on$ents 'as &een fo!nd 1if,

indeed, it does e>ist6, (e can pai" =!alitati*e st!dies (it' =!antitati*e (o"7 in o"de" to esta&lis'

patte"ns on a la"ge" scale8

Program Coordinator $ntervie%s

Inte"*ie( data (as collected f"o$ fo!" of t'e fi*e pa"ticipating IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s8

One coo"dinato", en, (as not a*aila&le d!"ing t'e inte"*ie( pe"iod8 T'e inte"*ie(s too7 placeo*e" t'e co!"se of t(o (ee7s and eac' lasted a&o!t one 'o!"8 T'e ti$e and location of t'e

inte"*ie(s (e"e a""anged &ased on t'e ti$e a*aila&ility of eac' p"og"a$ coo"dinato"8 T'e

"esea"c'e"s "eco"ded eac' inte"*ie( on a!dio-tape and notes (e"e $aintained to co$ple$ent t'e

"eco"dings8 T'e inte"*ie(s (e"e se$i-st"!ct!"ed, ens!"ing t'at specific t'e$es (e"e add"essed,

&!t also allo(ing eno!g' fle>i&ility so t'at ot'e" pe"tinent info"$ation $ay e$e"ge8

Once t'e inte"*ie(s (e"e co$pleted, t'e "esea"c'e"s t"ansc"i&ed eac' inte"*ie( in its

enti"ety8 One "esea"c'e" t"ansc"i&ed t(o of t'e fi*e inte"*ie(sJ t'e ot'e" t"ansc"i&ed t'e "e$aining

t'"ee8 Afte" a colla&o"ati*e "e*ie( of t'e t"ansc"iptions, t'e "esea"c'e"s t'en de*eloped a coding

sc'e$e, &ased on se*e"al t'e$es e$e"ging f"o$ t'e "esea"c' =!estions8 T'e follo(ing t'e$es

(e"e gene"ated f"o$ t'e inte"*ie( sessions fo" coding:

T'e$e +a: 'at is t'e "elations'ip &et(een t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s@ o(n education and/or

!ro&essional training and 'o( t'ey co$$!nicate to st!dents a&o!t c!lt!"e s'oc7

T'e$e +&: 'at is t'e "elations'ip &et(een t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s@ !ersonal ex!erience and

'o( t'ey co$$!nicate to st!dents a&o!t c!lt!"e s'oc7

++


12/34

Mapping Adaptation

T'e$e 3: 'at strategies to p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s !se ('en co$$!nicating to st!dents a&o!t

c!lt!"e s'oc7

T'e$e a: Ho( do p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s $anage st!dents@ uncertainty a&o!t going a&"oad

T'e$e &: Ho( do p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s $anage st!dents@ anxiety a&o!t going a&"oad

T'e$e : 'at strategies &or immersion to t'e 'ost c!lt!"e do p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s s!ggest

to st!dents

T'e$e 5: Ho( do p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s desc"i&e culture shoc' to t'ei" st!dents 1e8g8 U-

!"*e, Rolle" oaste"6

T'e$e : Ho( do p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s $anage &ear a!!eals (it' pe"cei*ed efficacyT'e$e : Ho( is t'e !se of any of t'ese st"ategies dependent on t'e coordinators

!erce!tions of t'e st!dents a!dience

Afte" de*eloping a coding sc'e$e &ased on t'e a&o*e t'e$es, t'e "esea"c'e"s t'en

indi*id!ally coded eac' inte"*ie(8 Beca!se t'e inte"*ie(s (e"e coded sepa"ately &y eac'

"esea"c'e", it (as necessa"y to $eas!"e inte"-code" "elia&ility &efo"e $o*ing fo"(a"d in o!"

analysis8 In o"de" to assess inte"-code" "elia&ility, t'e "esea"c'e"s fi"st gene"ated o'en@s 1+9 46

2appa, a $eas!"e designed to indicate t'e deg"ee of ag"ee$ent a$ong t'e t(o code"s not d!e to

c'ance8 Ha*ing gene"ated t'is *al!e, inte"-code" "elia&ility (as t'en coded !sing a fo"$!la

offe"ed &y Pe""ea!lt and ;eig' 1+9C968 T'ese *al!es a"e p"esented in Ta&le +8

Ta le * Cohen s +a!!a and $nter-Coder #elia ility

ProgramCoordinator

Cohen'sKappa

Inter-CoderReliability

Cathy S. 0.52 72%Maggie M. 0.6 !0%Sandy P. 0. 5 6"%Mar# $. 0.5 7 %

+3


13/34

Mapping Adaptation

Based on &enc'$a"7s set &y ;andis and 2oc' 1+9 6 to indicate t'e st"engt' of ag"ee$ent

&et(een code"s, t'e "esea"c'e"s t'en colla&o"ati*ely "ecoded eac' inte"*ie( (it' an initial

o'en@s +a!!a &elo( 8 4 1indicating only $ode"ate inte"-code" "elia&ility68 Once "ecoding

1('e"e necessa"y6 (as co$plete, t'e inte"*ie(s (e"e t'en ente"ed into a sp"eads'eet $at"i>,

allo(ing t'e "esea"c'e"s to note si$ila"ities and diffe"ences ac"oss t'e inte"*ie(s8

Pre-"e!arture ,rientation , servations

O&se"*ational data (as collected d!"ing p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation sessions gi*en &y IPO

p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s p"epa"ing U% st!dents to st!dy a&"oad d!"ing t'e 344 -344 sc'ool yea"8

T'e o&se"*ations eac' lasted f"o$ one to t(o 'o!"s8 %essions fo" o&se"*ation (e"e c'osen &asedon di*e"sity of location and de$og"ap'ics of st!dents attending and (e"e o&se"*ed fo" fo!" o!t of

t'e fi*e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s inte"*ie(ed8 T'e follo(ing site-specific sessions (e"e o&se"*ed 1in

o"de" &y date o&se"*ed6: Alicante, %painJ t'e United 2ingdo$ and I"elandJ %enegalJ A!st"aliaJ

%o!t' 2o"eaJ and Ge"$any8

D!"ing t'e o&se"*ations, t'e "esea"c'e"s $ade notes &ased on a f"a$e(o"7 designed to

foc!s on t'e 7ey t'e$es of t'e st!dyJ 'o(e*e", t'e"e (as a$ple "oo$ fo" dig"essions if t'ey

see$ed i$po"tant and o" "ele*ant8 No $ate"ial (as a!dio-taped d!"ing t'e o&se"*ations8 T'e

o&se"*ations (e"e colla&o"ati*ely coded &y t'e "esea"c'e"s &ased on t'e sa$e t'e$es !sed to code

t'e ea"lie" inte"*ie(s8 In o"de" to &ypass t'e diffic!lty in assessing inte"-code" "elia&ility d!"ing

t'e inte"*ie( p'ase, t'e "esea"c'e"s decided to code t'ese o&se"*ations toget'e", ens!"ing t'e

"elia&ility of t'e coding sc'e$e as applied to t'e o&se"*ations8 T'e coded o&se"*ations (e"e t'en

ente"ed into a sp"eads'eet to allo( t'e "esea"c'e"s to note si$ila"ities and diffe"ences in st"ategies

and content ac"oss t'e *a"io!s 'ost c!lt!"es8 'oosing to o&se"*e sessions &ased on p"og"a$

destination and p"og"a$ coo"dinato" a*aila&ility allo(s fo" t'e "esea"c'e"s to (itness a (ide "ange

of app"oac'es to c!lt!"al adaptation8

+


14/34

Mapping Adaptation

Res!lts

Res!lts (ill &e disc!ssed in o"de" of t'e 'ost co!nt"y foc!s fo" eac' p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation

session, on a contin!!$ f"o$ $ost c!lt!"ally si$ila" to $ost c!lt!"ally diffe"ent to t'e United

%tates, (it' c!lt!"al diffe"ence assessed &y c!lt!"al conte>t 1e8g8 este"ni)ation, conte>t of

co$$!nication, and indi*id!alis$ *s8 collecti*is$6, lang!age diffe"ences 1incl!ding p"opo"tion of

'ost nationals ('o spea7 Englis' p"oficiently6, !ni*e"sity syste$ diffe"ences, adaptation

c'allenges to st!dents, and access to inf"ast"!ct!"e tec'nology s!c' as t'e Inte"net8 As p"og"a$

coo"dinato" "esponsi&ilities a"e &ased on geog"ap'ic "egions, t'is app"oac' allo(s !s to also d"a(

on data coded f"o$ t'e inte"*ie(s to info"$ o!" analysis8 Australia/ e% .ealand

%andy, an IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato", and %cott %8, a *isiting "ep"esentati*e f"o$ an

A!st"alian st!dy a&"oad p"og"a$ p"o*ide", co-facilitated t'is la"gest p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation

session 1fifteen total st!dents (e"e p"esent: se*en $en and eig't (o$en68 T'e st!dent pa"ticipants

appea"ed to "ep"esent ?typical@ A$e"ican !ni*e"sity st!dents: p"i$a"ily of a!casian descent, late

teens to ea"ly 34s, and all &!siness and li&e"al a"ts $a#o"s8 Nea" t'e end of t'e session, t(o past

pa"ticipants of st!dy a&"oad p"og"a$s in A!st"alia, and one *isiting e>c'ange st!dent f"o$

A!st"alia, a""i*ed to ans(e" pa"ticipants@ =!estions8 A &"ief disc!ssion of t'e "es!lts of t'is

o&se"*ation follo(s8

In 'e" inte"*ie(, %andy discloses 'e" e>tensi*e pe"sonal and p"ofessional e>pe"ience,

noting $!ltiple so#o!"ns, inte"ns'ips, and #o&s in inte"national ed!cation8 %'e $entions t'at s'e

t"ies to (al7 st!dents t'"o!g' ('at t'ey a"e a&o!t to do, d"a(ing as $!c' as possi&le on 'e" o(n

e>pe"iences8 To "ed!ce t'ei" an>iety, %andy notes t'at s'e t"ies to "eite"ate to st!dents t'at ?t'ey

a"e not &y t'e$sel*es8@ %'e says t'at s'e enco!"ages a ?fig't@ app"oac' to i$$e"sion &y

s!ggesting t'at st!dents ?&"anc' o!t,@ as (ell as ad*ising st!dents to li$it t'ei" ti$e online and on

+


15/34

Mapping Adaptation

t'e p'one (it' f"iends and fa$ily &ac7 'o$e8 %andy defines c!lt!"e s'oc7 in !sing a ?"olle"

coaste"@ $etap'o", playing on t'e pea7s and *alleys of t'e ad#!st$ent c!"*e in t'e U- and -

!"*e $odels, and says t'at s'e enco!"ages st!dents to stay p'ysically acti*e to 'elp a*oid t'e

sy$pto$s of c!lt!"e s'oc78 To i$p"o*e efficacy, %andy says t'at s'e insists t'at st!dents ta7e

"esponsi&ility fo" t'ei" o(n decisions8 In te"$s of st"ategies, s'e notes t'at t'e c'oice of ad*ising

st"ategy does depend on t'e indi*id!al st!dent8 %ee Appendi> A fo" t'e n!$&e" of ti$es t'e IPO

p"og"a$ coo"dinato" int"od!ced eac' t'e$e into t'e con*e"sation d!"ing t'is and all ot'e"

inte"*ie(s8 To *ie( e>a$ples "ep"esenting t'e coding t'e$es in t'is and e*e"y ot'e" inte"*ie(,

"efe" to Appendi> B8In %andy@s A!st"alia Ne( Lealand o"ientation session, !nce"tainty and an>iety

$anage$ent (e"e not 7ey iss!es8 T'e session foc!sed less on p"o&le$-sol*ing and $o"e on

info"$ati*e co$$!nication8 'ile t'e &!l7 of info"$ation (as designed to "ed!ce !nce"tainty,

st!dents e>'i&ited little an>iety and t'e o"ientation leade"s !sed fe( st"ategies to add"ess it8 %cott

!sed a la"ge a$o!nt of self-disclos!"e, t'o!g' t'e st!dents did not see$ to &e engaged in %cott@s

atte$pts at sto"y-telling and "elating8 I$$e"sion (as enco!"aged, al&eit s!&tlyJ t'e potentiality of

(o"7ing in A!st"alia (as gi*en as a tactic fo" $eeting $o"e A!st"alians of diffe"ent socio-

econo$ic stat!ses8 Bot' %andy and %cott !sed a n!$&e" of fea" appeals to $anage t'e g"o!p,

pa"tic!la"ly "ega"ding financial iss!es and alco'ol cons!$ption8 Efficacy (as enco!"aged t'"o!g'

t'e U-c!"*e and AUM st"ategy of "esea"c'ing t'e co!nt"y &efo"e depa"t!"e8 Finally, $!c'

$ention of t'e negati*e ste"eotypes of A$e"ican st!dents as p"i*ileged (as gi*en, &ot' pe"taining

to c!lt!"e s'oc7 and e>pectancy *iolationsJ st!dents (e"e *e"y fi"$ly told t'at t'ey (o!ld &e seen

as "ep"esentati*es of t'ei" co!nt"ies, and to &e'a*e as s!c'8 In t'e !se of t'ese st"ategies, it see$ed

li7e %andy and %cott (e"e t"ying to inc"ease an>iety in o"de" to enco!"age p"oacti*e "esponses in

+5


16/34

Mapping Adaptation

p"e-depa"t!"e c!lt!"al "esea"c'8 Fo" a $o"e detailed acco!nt of t'e "esea"c' t'e$es "ep"esented in

t'is, and all ot'e" o&se"*ations, "efe"ence Appendi> 8

United +ingdom/$reland

T'e p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation session fo" st!dents p"epa"ing to st!dy a&"oad in t'e United

2ingdo$ and I"eland (as lead &y an IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato", Ma"78 Only t'"ee st!dents

attended t'e session: all fe$ales, "anging in age f"o$ +9 to 3 yea"s old 1t(o (e"e going to

D!&linJ t'e t'i"d (as going to ;ondon68 Helping facilitate t'e session (e"e t(o yo!ng B"itis'

(o$en "ep"esenting a la"ge B"itis' !ni*e"sity, in lie! of "et!"ned p"og"a$ pa"ticipants o" *isiting

e>c'ange st!dents8 %cott %8, t'e *isiting p"og"a$ p"o*ide" "ep"esentati*e, (as also p"esent8D!"ing 'is inte"*ie(, Ma"7 disclosed a n!$&e" of yea"s of p"ofessional inte"national

ed!cation e>pe"ience, in addition to so#o!"ns in Is"ael and F"ance8 'en ad*ising 'is st!dents,

Ma"7 says t'at 'e t"ies to t"eat 'is st!dents as ad!lts, and enco!"ages t'e$ to find t'e ans(e"s to

t'ei" o(n =!estions "at'e" t'an "elying on 'i$8 In o"de" to "ed!ce !nce"tainty, $anage 'is

st!dents@ an>iety, and i$p"o*e t'ei" efficacy, Ma"7 says t'at 'e ad*ises t'e$ to anticipate t'at

?so$et'ing (ill go ("ong@ so t'at t'ey (ill p"epa"ed to ad#!st as necessa"y8 Ma"7 says t'at 'e

enco!"ages st!dents to get in*ol*ed as $!c' as possi&le in acti*ities t'at inte"est t'e$, and to lin7

!p (it' ot'e" st!dents in t'e 'ost en*i"on$ent, t'e"e&y #!$p-sta"ting t'e i$$e"sion p"ocess8

Ma"7 "efe"s to c!lt!"e s'oc7 in "efe"ence to a fi*e stage p"ocess0 and notes t'at 'e e>pe"ienced it

('en feeling 'o$esic7 ('ile on a so#o!"n in Is"ael8 Ma"7 says t'at 'e gene"ally does not engage

in fea" appeals, t'o!g' 'e does occasionally p"esent so$e (o"st-case scena"ios8

In o"de" to "ed!ce !nce"tainty a$ong t'e pa"ticipants in t'e session, %cott %8 ga*e and

al$ost identical p"esentation of diffe"ences in t'e acade$ic syste$ to t'e disc!ssion 'eld in t'e

A!st"alia g"o!p8 Iss!es of A$e"ican st!dents &eing ste"eotyped as spoiled (e"e &"o!g't !p, as (as

t'e need to i$p"o*e efficacy &y lea"ning a&o!t t'e &ot' U% and U2 politics p"io" to depa"t!"e 1in

+


17/34

Mapping Adaptation

o"de" to engage in disc!ssions (it' t'ei" $o"e info"$ed B"itis' co!nte"pa"ts68 In add"essing

c!lt!"e s'oc7, Ma"7 indicated t'at t'o!g' t'e U% and t'e U2 s'a"e a co$$on lang!age, t'ey a"e

distinctly diffe"ent c!lt!"es8 In fact, t'e o*e"confidence of $any so#o!"ne"s in t'e si$ila"ities

&et(een t'e U% and t'e U2 can &ac7fi"e and lead to do!&le s'oc7 1i8e8 t'e !s!al stages of t'e U-

c!"*e $odel &eco$e intensified d!e to feelings of &et"ayal &y t'e 'ost c!lt!"e &eca!se of a lac7 of

pe"cei*ed si$ila"ities68 T'is (o"7ed (ell as one of Ma"7@s fe( fea" appeals8 T'e fe( *isiting

?e>pe"ts@ at t'e session all pointed to c!lt!"al diffe"ences to si$!ltaneo!sly inc"ease pa"ticipants@

!nce"tainty 1to eli$inate opti$istic &ias6 and to sti$!late efficacy to engage in dange" cont"ol8

Alicante S!ainT'e leade" of t'is p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation session (as a fe$ale IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato",

Maggie8 T'e"e (e"e a total of nine st!dents p"esent: si> (o$en and t'"ee $en, all of ('o$

appea"ed to &e fai"ly ?typical@ !ni*e"sity st!dents8 All st!dents p"esent (e"e all p"epa"ing to

pa"ticipate in t'e sa$e p"og"a$, located in Alicante, %pain8 Ages of t'e pa"ticipants "anged f"o$

late teens to ea"ly 34s, and t'e st!dents (e"e p"i$a"ily a!casian &!siness and li&e"al a"ts $a#o"s8

T(o pa"ticipants of t'e sa$e p"og"a$ in Alicante d!"ing t'e p"eceding se$este" #oined t'e session

$id(ay t'"o!g' t'e $eeting to ans(e" pa"ticipants@ =!estions8

;i7e t'e p"e*io!s t(o coo"dinato"s, Maggie also disclosed d!"ing 'e" inte"*ie( a n!$&e" of

yea"s of p"ofessional e>pe"ience in 'e" c!""ent and past positions in inte"national ed!cation8 %'e

ea"ned a g"ad!ate deg"ee in England and 'as also ta!g't Englis' is t'e )ec' Rep!&lic8 'en

cond!cting 'e" p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation sessions, Maggie says t'at s'e t"ies to d"a( on 'e" o(n

e>pe"iences as (ell as t'ose of past pa"ticipants8 %'e feels t'at p"o*iding info"$ation to st!dents

is t'e &est (ay to "ed!ce t'ei" !nce"tainty and an>iety8 Maggie enco!"ages st!dents to !se t'ei"

lang!age s7ills as $!c' as possi&le and to get o!t and $a7e f"iends8 %'e does tend to !se fea"

appeals ('en ad*ising st!dents, noting e>pe"iences li7e getting "o&&ed in a %panis' pa"78

+


18/34

Mapping Adaptation

Maggie@s p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation session (as inte"esting in t'at s'e !sed $o"e fea" appeals

and e>pectancy *iolations t'an t'e ot'e" session leade"s8 I$$e"sion (as enco!"aged, &ot' t'"o!g'

t'e 'ost fa$ily en*i"on$ent, and t'"o!g' intercam io con*e"sation e>c'anges (it' local st!dents8

A lot of ?tit-fo"-tat@ efficacy (as p"o*ided, in a disc!ssion of t'e "e=!i"e$ent fo" st!dents to f!lfill

ce"tain ad$inist"ati*e "esponsi&ilities as pa"ticipants 1e8g8 if t'ey do t'ei" pa"t, IPO (o!ld assist t'e

pa"ticipants to $ane!*e" t'"o!g' logistical "ed-tape so c'a"acte"istic of %panis' &!"ea!c"acy68

'ile a disc!ssion of t'e la&o"io!s *isa application p"ocess "ed!ced pa"ticipants@ !nce"tainty, it

also see$ed to inc"ease an>iety a$ong so$e of t'e pa"ticipants8 Maggie &"o!g't $o"e c!lt!"e-

specific info"$ation to 'e" session t'at did t'e ot'e" coo"dinato"s, in "ega"d to &ot' t'ead$inist"ati*e and c!lt!"al aspects of t'e p"og"a$8 %'e as7ed t'e st!dents =!estions pe"taining to

%panis' c!lt!"e, incl!ding na$ing t'e c!""ent p"esident of %pain and t'e Bas=!e Nationalist Pa"ty

c!""ently in a cease-fi"e (it' %pain8 T'e st!dents@ lac7 of 7no(ledge on &ot' of t'ese topics (as

s7illf!lly t!"ned into &ot' a tool fo" inc"easing an>iety fea" and "ed!cing !nce"tainty inc"easing

efficacy, as Maggie &ot' ill!$inated t'e st!dents@ igno"ance and p"o*ided i$pet!s fo" inc"easing

t'ei" c!lt!"al !nde"standing8

0ermany

T(o leade"s "an t'is p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation session: t'e fi"st IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato",

%andyJ t'e second is an !nde"g"ad!ate teac'ing assistant na$ed %a$, ('o is a past pa"ticipant of a

Ge"$an st!dy a&"oad p"og"a$8 P"esent (e"e eig't $ales and one fe$ale, attending *a"io!s

p"og"a$s in Heidel&e"g and Regens&!"g, Ge"$any8 All of t'e st!dents a"e pa"ticipating in yea"-

long p"og"a$s, "at'e" t'an t'e typical so#o!"n of one se$este"8 Fi*e of t'e pa"ticipants (e"e in

t'ei" late teens to $id 34sJ one (as in 'is ea"ly 4sJ anot'e" st!dent in 'is late 34s (as in a

('eelc'ai"J t'e last (as in 'is late 34s and "an a s$all &!siness o!t of 'is 'o$e in addition to

attending college8 One st!dent@s $ot'e" and g"and$ot'e" attended t'e session (it' t'ei"

+C


19/34

Mapping Adaptation

pa"ticipant8 T'"ee *isiting Ge"$an e>c'ange st!dents a""i*ed 'alf(ay t'"o!g' t'e sessions to

ans(e" pa"ticipants@ =!estions8 %andy (as p"esent at fi"st, &!t t'en left fo" 'alf-an-'o!" to "!n

anot'e" session, lea*ing %a$ to "!n t'e $a#o"ity of t'e session8

In 'is disc!ssion, %a$ !sed a lot of fea" appeals to ('ic' t'e pa"ticipants did not see$ to

"espond *e"y (ell8 %a$ spo7e in a di"ect, lo(-conte>t $anne" and ga*e la"ge a$o!nts of

ad$inist"ati*e info"$ation *e"y =!ic7ly, code-s(itc'ing &et(een Englis' and Ge"$an so often

t'at $any of 'is state$ents (e"e indecip'e"a&le to anyone not p"oficient in t'e lang!age 1e8g8 t'e

"esea"c'e"s68 T'e *ast a$o!nt of info"$ation %a$ co*e"ed on t'e Ge"$any !ni*e"sity syste$

$!st 'a*e "ed!ced !nce"tainty, yet st!dents &egan to appea" inc"easingly conce"ned 1as infe""edf"o$ non*e"&al &e'a*io" s!c' as facial e>p"essions, fidgeting, and 'astily sc"i&&ling notes68 %a$

enco!"aged a ?fig't-o"iented@ i$$e"sion st"ategy, ('ic' see$s to 'a*e se"*ed to c"eate an>iety

('ile not p"o*iding pa"ticipants (it' ade=!ate agency fo" dange" cont"ol8

South +orea

T'e leade" of t'is session (as an IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato", en8 T'e"e (e"e only t'"ee

st!dents p"esent: t(o $ales and one fe$ale, all in t'ei" ea"ly 34s8 All (e"e of Asian descent and

'a*e at least so$e 7no(ledge of t'e lang!age8 T'ey a"e all st!dying at t'e sa$e p"og"a$ in %eo!l,

and all a"e &!siness st!dents co$pleting an IB 1Inte"national B!siness e"tificate68 In addition,

all of t'e pa"ticipants 'a*e $ade at least one p"e*io!s t"ip to t'e p"og"a$ location8

en (as not a*aila&le fo" an inte"*ie( d!"ing t'at p'ase of t'e st!dy, so t'e"e is no data

f"o$ ('ic' to d"a( co$pa"isons (it' t'e o&se"*ations8 Fo" t'is "eason, only a disc!ssion of t'e

"es!lts of t'e o&se"*ation is incl!ded 'e"e8 M!c' of t'is session (as de*oted to "ed!cing an>iety

&y add"essing p"ag$atic iss!es, s!c' as ea"ning !ni*e"sity c"edits, "egist"ation conce"ns, and

'o!sing iss!es in %eo!l8 ;ess ti$e (as spent on c!lt!"al diffe"ences t'an in ot'e" session, as en

ass!$ed t'at t'e st!dents (e"e al"eady fa$ilia" (it' 2o"ean c!lt!"e8 Ho(e*e", en also pointed

+9


20/34

Mapping Adaptation

o!t t'at loo7ing 2o"ean $ig't $a7e t'e st!dents pa"tic!la"ly s!scepti&le to t'e sy$pto$s of

c!lt!"e s'oc78 Beca!se ot'e"s $ay (ant to t"eat t'e$ li7e locals, t'e st!dents $ig't anticipate a

?do!&le@ feeling of c!lt!"e s'oc7 as t'ey $ay feel t'at t'ei" identities a"e displacedJ t'ey a"e

neit'e" so#o!"ne"s no" locals8 Fea" appeals (e"e la"gely li$ited to logistical iss!es, s!c' as

o&taining a *isa and "egiste"ing fo" classes8 en enco!"aged efficacy &y ass!"ing st!dents t'at t'ey

(e"e fa"t'e" a'ead in t'ei" application "egist"ation p"ocesses t'an is typical, and t'at t'ey s'o!ld

'a*e little p"o&le$ acco$plis'ing t'ei" p"e-depa"t!"e goals8

Senegal

en also led t'is s$allest o&se"*ed session despite ne*e" 'a*ing &een to %enegal no"(o"7ed (it' t'is pa"tic!la" st!dy a&"oad p"og"a$ in t'e past8 Only t(o st!dent pa"ticipants (e"e

p"esent at t'e session8 Bot' (e"e fe$ales in t'ei" t'i"d and fo!"t' yea" of !nde"g"ad!ate st!dy,

"especti*ely8 One (as of Asian descentJ t'e ot'e" (as a!casian8 Bot' (e"e at least pa"tially

fl!ent in F"enc'8 Eac' p"ofessed an inte"est in a ca"ee" in glo&al st!dies and se"*ice8 As no ot'e"

st!dents 'a*e pa"ticipated in t'is p"og"a$, t'e"e (e"e no past pa"ticipants to assist t'e session8

T'e %enegal session (as inte"esting d!e to its al$ost total lac7 of fea" appealsJ indeed, t'e

session placed a p"i$a"y foc!s on p"o&le$ sol*ing and "ed!cing !nce"tainty and an>iety8 en

i$$ediately disclosed 'e" lac7 of 7no(ledge a&o!t t'e location and c!lt!"e, &!t "eass!"ed t'e

st!dents se*e"al ti$es d!"ing t'e session t'at t'e IPO (as a*aila&le to t'e$ ('ene*e" needed8

T"a*el ins!"ance and i$$!ni)ations (e"e disc!ssed at lengt', &!t en (as ca"ef!l to stay a(ay

f"o$ t'e potential t"a!$atic e>pe"iences t'at co!ld necessitate one o" &ot'8 Unce"tainty a&o!t t'e

safety of t'e 'o$estay en*i"on$ent led to an>iety a$ong so$e of t'e pa"ticipants, so en spent

so$e ti$e add"essing t'is iss!e8 en disc!ssed t'e sc"eening and e*al!ation p"oced!"e in place to

ens!"e a safe en*i"on$ent, and noted t'at fa$ilies in Af"ica often t"eat t'ei" g!ests as t'ey do t'ei"

o(n c'ild"en8 T'is, along (it' disc!ssions of t'e $o"e ci"c!la" ?Af"ica ti$e@ and t'e po(e"

34


21/34

Mapping Adaptation

st"!ct!"es in place in t'e %enegalese !ni*e"sity syste$, se"*ed to inc"ease t'e st!dents@ a&ility to

e>plain and p"edict &e'a*io" in t'e 'ost c!lt!"e8

Gene"al Disc!ssion

F"o$ t'e a&o*e analysis, so$e inte"esting o*e"all concl!sions can &e d"a(n8 T'e p"og"a$

coo"dinato"s !se a co$&ination of t'ei" o(n past e>pe"iences, self-disclos!"e, non*e"&al

co$$!nication, and fea" efficacy appeals to co$$!nicate (it' st!dents a&o!t adaptation8

%t"ategies "anged f"o$ p"o&le$-sol*ing tec'ni=!es to di"ect, info"$ational co$$!nication to

=!estion and ans(e" sessions8 o$$!nication app"oac' *a"ied &y t"aine" pe"sonality, t'e a$o!ntof ad$inist"ati*e iss!es to &e co*e"ed, p"og"a$ location, and t'e a$o!nt of c!lt!"al 7no(ledge

&ot' t'e st!dents and t'e p"og"a$ leade"s 'ad of t'e 'ost c!lt!"e8 It is easy to see t'at so$e

$odels of c!lt!"al adaptation a"e !sed $o"e t'an ot'e"s, and so$e inte"esting st"ategies e$e"ged8

'ile t'e U- !"*e Model is t'e $ost (idely 7no(n in t'e field of c!lt!"al adaptation, it is

t'e least !sed in t'e o"ientations o&se"*ed8 Occasionally it is "efe""ed to &y one of t'e session

leade"s 1fo" e>a$ple, do!&le s'oc7 in t'e U2 and t'e potential 'eadac'es of t'e %enegalese

st!dents6, &!t at no point d!"ing t'e o&se"*ations did t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s o" ot'e" ?e>pe"ts@

tal7 a&o!t t'e fi*e stages of c!lt!"e s'oc78 T'ese "es!lts indicate t'at it is eit'e" not "ele*ant, o!t-

of-date, o" too linea" to &e info"$ati*e a&o!t t'e adaptation p"ocess8

Bennett@s 1+99C6 T"ansition Model of c!lt!"al adaptation (as !sef!l in d"a(ing so$e

concl!sions ac"oss sessions8 T'e (ay t'at t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s tailo"ed t'ei" o"ientations to

t'e n!$&e" and type of st!dents definitely spea7s to a $odel t'at *a"ies depending on t'e

psyc'ological pe"sonality t"aits of t'e indi*id!al8 T'e tendency to enco!"age fig't *e"s!s flig't

definitely see$ed to depend on c!lt!"e, p"og"a$, and t'e st!dent, sit!ation, and coo"dinato" in

=!estion8 Fo" e>a$ple, %a$ 'ig'ly enco!"aged a fig't "esponse in te"$s of i$$e"sion in

3+


22/34

Mapping Adaptation

Ge"$any, and en also $entioned t'e necessity of a fig't "esponse in %enegal in te"$s of

'o$estays and necessa"y i$$e"sion8 Ho(e*e", %andy and Ma"7 &ot' enco!"aged $o"e of a flig't

"esponse in A!st"alia and t'e U2, "especti*ely8 T'is co!ld &e d!e to p"e*io!sly $entioned iss!e

of opti$istic &ias in'e"ent in A$e"ican st!dents c'oosing to st!dy in Englis'-spea7ing co!nt"ies8

Finally, t'e c"isis of identity t'at is t"eated t'"o!g' t'e T"ansition Model can &e seen in t'e

o"ientations to %o!t' 2o"ea and t'e U2, in ('ic' st!dents a"e (a"ned t'at t'ey $ay &e p!lled in

too $any di"ections at once, (it' t'e possi&ility of inco$pati&ility &et(een 'o$e and 'ost c!lt!"al

identities8 Bot' t'e U2 and %o!t' 2o"ea sessions (e"e =!ite s$all as (ell, allo(ing fo" t'e

indi*id!al attention "e=!i"ed fo" t'e T"ansition Model to &e enacted82i$@s 1+9 , 344+, 34456 o$$!nication %yste$s Model (as !sed &y all of t'e p"og"a$

coo"dinato"s to enco!"age i$$e"sion (it' 'ost c!lt!"es and nationals8 In pa"tic!la", Maggie tal7ed

a&o!t &ot' t'e 'ost fa$ilies and t'e intercam ios as act!al tools in place in t'e p"og"a$s to

enco!"age i$$e"sion8 Additionally, t'e p"e-se$este" lang!age p"og"a$ offe"ed in Ge"$any (as a

*al!a&le te"$ fo" i$p"o*ing co$$!nication (it' 'ost nationals8 T'is $ay &e anot'e" "eason t'at

t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s fo" Englis'-spea7ing co!nt"ies (a"ned against opti$istic &ias: ('ile

ling!istic fl!ency is t'e 7ey to o$$!nication %yste$s, it is i$pe"ati*e t'at t'e so#o!"ne"

!nde"stands c!lt!"al diffe"ences e$&edded in ling!istic syste$s8 It is also i$po"tant to "e$e$&e"

t'at c!lt!"al adaptation $ay not &e positi*ely "elated to le*el of i$$e"sion8 T'e 'ig' le*el of

i$$e"sion in %enegalese c!lt!"e can potentially lead to c!lt!"al o*e"-sat!"ation, ('ic' can &e

e>plained t'"o!g' t'e o$$!nication %yste$s Model8

O*e"all, AUM e$e"ged as t'e $ost !sef!l fo" t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s 1G!dy7!nst,

+99C6, pa"tic!la"ly ('en co$&ined (it' itte@s 1+99 6 e>tension to EPPM8 In t'e o"ientations to

A!st"alia, t'e U2, %pain, and Ge"$any, t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s disc!ssed t'e possi&le

ste"eotypes of A$e"icansJ t'is s'o!ld gi*e t'e st!dents t'e a&ility to p"edict and e>plain &e'a*io",

33


23/34

Mapping Adaptation

as (ell as t'e agency to co!nte"act t'ose ste"eotypes (it' positi*e c!lt!"al info"$ation8 Also, in

lea"ning a&o!t diffe"ences in t'e ed!cational syste$s and teac'ing styles of 'ost c!lt!"es, st!dents

a"e "ecei*ing info"$ation t'at can 'elp t'e$ to e>plain potential e>pectancy *iolations8 T'e

constant e$p'asis on inc"easing 7no(ledge of t'e 'ost c!lt!"es and A$e"ican politics and fo"eign

policy p"io" to depa"t!"e inc"eases efficacy8 A(a"eness t'at 'ost nationals $ay (ant to engage in

de&ate can 'elp st!dents to e>plain &e'a*io" (it'o!t feeling attac7ed8 T'is co$$!nication !"ges

st!dents to o&tain info"$ation on t'ei" o(n to facilitate t'ei" acc!lt!"ation8

In $o*ing t'e agency of c!lt!"al adaptation f"o$ t'e IPO p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s to t'e

st!dents, t'e co$&ination of AUM and EPPM allo(s st!dents to &e infl!enced to engage in dange"cont"ol "at'e" t'an fea" cont"ol8 'en co$$!nicating to st!dents a&o!t potential "is7s to t'ei"

so#o!"n, f"o$ &eing $!gged &y gypsies to &eing ste"eotyped as igno"ant o" p"i*ileged, t'e p"og"a$

coo"dinato"s (e"e constantly p"o*iding st"ategies to inc"ease efficacy o*e" "is7-cont"ol8 Fo"

e>a$ple, Maggie !sed EPPM to enco!"age p"oacti*e st"ategies t'"o!g' a co$petent !se of fea"

appeals to a*oid co$placency8 %'e inc"eased an>iety t'"o!g' ca!tions of negati*e o!tco$es in t'e

follo(ing t'"ee a"eas: fail!"e to o&tain a *isa, lac7 of 7no(ledge of %pain@s politics, and nai*ety

of t'e st"ategies of petty t'ie*es8 %'e t'en co!nte"ed t'is an>iety (it' easy efficacy st"ategies li7e

p"epa"ing t'e t"ip to ;A, listing (e&sites fo" %panis' c!lt!"al info"$ation, and 7eeping a c"edit

ca"d in an !n!s!al location8 T'e o!tco$e of t'is session (as an ent'!siastic g"o!p of st!dents

('o a"e a(a"e of t'e "is7s of t'ei" so#o!"n &!t ('o 'a*e agency in place to co!nte"act t'e$8

en, on t'e ot'e" 'and, st"essed efficacy fi"st ('en leading t'e %enegal session8 T'e"e (as

eno!g' e>planato"y !nce"tainty p"esent in &ot' t'e st!dents and t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato" to

potentially $o*e past t'e c"itical point into co$plete lac7 of agency, ca!sing t'e st!dents to

(it'd"a( co$pletely f"o$ t'e p"og"a$ 1eit'e" of t'ei" o(n acco"d o" t'ei" pa"ents68 In t'is

sit!ation, 'o(e*e", en c'ose to dec"ease !nce"tainty (it' as $!c' info"$ation as possi&le, and

3


24/34

Mapping Adaptation

a*oid an>iety &y gi*ing t'e st!dents st"ategies fo" dealing (it' st"ess, e>planations fo"

p'ysiological "eactions, and t'e s!ppo"t syste$ of t'e IPO8 T'e o!tco$e of 'e" session (as

st!dents a"$ed (it' agency and st"ategies fo" cont"olling dange" on se*e"al diffe"ent le*els,

inc"easing t'ei" efficacy t'"o!g' info"$ation and $essage-f"a$ing8

oncl!sion

T'e"e a"e se*e"al e>citing i$plications e$e"ging f"o$ t'is p"eli$ina"y analysis8 T'e p"esent st!dy

(ill assist in t'e application of $odels of adaptation to t'e conte>t of st!dents a&o!t to so#o!"n

a&"oad8 F"o$ t'is point of *ie(, so$e of t'e aspects of t'e $odels see$ to &e $o"e easilyapplica&le to inte"c!lt!"al t"aining t'an ot'e"s8 'ile t'e U- !"*e Model p"o*ides an easy-to-

decip'e", linea" st"!ct!"e, it is not act!ally &eing !sed as $!c' as its "ep!tation $ay i$ply8 It is

t'e $odel t'at t'e $ost p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s in t'is p"eli$ina"y st!dy 'a*e &een t"ained in, and

yet, t'e"e a"e *e"y fe( "efe"ences to t'e U-c!"*e $odel in t'e act!al o&se"*ations of t'e t"aining

sessions8 T'is $ay &e d!e to t'e lac7 of "ele*ance of t'e t'eo"y to t'e $o"e p"ag$atic info"$ation

disc!ssed at $ost of t'e sessions, o" pe"'aps (e can 'ypot'esi)e t'at t'e U-c!"*e $odel is too

!nidi$ensional, gi*ing "elati*ely fe( st"ategies fo" 'andling t'e psyc'ological "is7s in'e"ent in t'e

p"ocess t'at $ay not &e applica&le to t'e gene"al so#o!"ne"8 F!"t'e", $any of t'e aspects of t'e U-

c!"*e $odel a"e inco"po"ated (it'in t'e ot'e" $odels, &!t in "ic'e", $o"e "ealistic (ays8 F!t!"e

"esea"c' co!ld foc!s $o"e on t'e indi*id!al aspects of t'e U-c!"*e $odel, in o"de" to e>a$ine in

$o"e detail 'o( t'ey a"e lin7ed (it' t'e ot'e" $odels8

T'e T"ansition Model, on t'e ot'e" 'and, is !nde"app"eciated in its applica&ility to specific

st!dents and specific sit!ations8 T'is $odel allo(s fo" $o"e idiosync"atic fl!idity in so#o!"ne"

"esponse to psyc'ological adapti*e p"ess!"esJ 'o(e*e", t'e identity c"ises i$plied in t'is $odel

$ay &e $o"e applica&le in sit!ations in ('ic' so#o!"ne"s a"e t"a*eling to $o"e c!lt!"ally

3


25/34

Mapping Adaptation

c'allenging locations8 Pe"'aps t'is is e*idenced &y t'e inc"eased !se of t'is $odel in t'e %enegal

and %o!t' 2o"ea o"ientation sessions8 Additionally, t'e T"ansition Model ta7es $o"e ti$e to enactJ

t'is ti$e is not gene"ally a*aila&le in t'e sessions coo"dinated &y t'e Inte"national P"og"a$s

Office8 Pe"'aps t'is $ay e>plain ('y t'e sessions (it' fe(e" st!dents p"esent (e"e t'e ones to

&enefit f"o$ t'is $odel8 I$plications fo" f!t!"e "esea"c' 'e"e incl!de a co$pa"ati*e st!dy of

so#o!"ne" locations to disce"n ('et'e" t'e T"ansition Model is o&se"*ed $o"e a$ong s$alle"

g"o!ps and o" $o"e c!lt!"ally e>otic locations8

Mean('ile t'e o$$!nication %yste$s Model s'ifts iss!es of c!lt!"al adaptation to(a"ds

a co$$!nicati*e sp'e"e, ('ic' is 'ig'ly !sef!l as $any st!dy a&"oad st!dents a"e e$&a"7ing onlang!age i$$e"sion p"og"a$s8 T'is $odel is pa"tic!la"ly "ele*ant fo" c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s 1e8g8

t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s in t'is st!dy6, as t'is $odel can &e !sed to p"epa"e st!dents fo" &ot'

long-te"$ and s'o"t-te"$ so#o!"ns, allo(s fo" psyc'ological fle>i&ility, and can &e applied to

*a"ied 'ost en*i"on$ents8 Pe"'aps t'is $o"e !ni*e"sal "ele*ance to t'e st!dent so#o!"ne" e>plains

('y all t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s o&se"*ed in t'e st!dy !sed t'is $odel to enco!"age st!dent

i$$e"sion in t'ei" 'ost c!lt!"e8

T'e $ost significant cont"i&!tion of t'is p"eli$ina"y st!dy is disco*e"ing, in p"actice,

c!""ent c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s ta7ing a co$&ined app"oac' to p"epa"ing st!dents fo" c"oss-c!lt!"al

adaptation t'at co!ples AUM (it' itte@s 1+9936 EPPM st"ategy8 By co$&ining t'ese t(o

t'eo"etical $odels, c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aine"s a"e a&le to p"o*ide st!dents p"epa"ing fo" a so#o!"n

a&"oad (it' c!lt!"ally "ele*ant info"$ation, ('ile si$!ltaneo!sly con*eying to t'e$ a sense of

cont"ol o*e" t'ei" o(n sit!ations8 It is not eno!g' fo" t"aine"s to si$ply p"esent to t'ei" so#o!"ne"s

a $odel of c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptationJ one $!st also con*ey t'e info"$ation to pa"ticipants in a

$eaningf!l (ay8 F!t!"e "esea"c' in t'is a"ea $!st contin!e to e>plo"e t'e !tility of t'is

co$&ination of AUM and EPPM8 It is i$po"tant t'at f!t!"e "esea"c' e>a$ines ('et'e" ot'e"

35


26/34

Mapping Adaptation

p"ofessionals in si$ila" positions at diffe"ent !ni*e"sities p"epa"e t'ei" st!dents in a si$ila"

$anne", (it' si$ila" st"ategies8 It is also i$po"tant t'at f!t!"e "esea"c' see7s e*idence t'at t'is

t"aining st"ategy is, in fact, !sef!l to t'e st!dent so#o!"ne"s ta7ing pa"t in t'e t"aining8 If contin!ed

s!ppo"t is fo!nd lin7ing t'e application of EPPM to t'e AUM $odel, it (ill &eco$e i$pe"ati*e to

de*elop ne( $et'ods and $ate"ials fo" p"epa"ing &ot' t'e t"aine"s and t'e t"ainees fo" t'e c"oss-

c!lt!"al t"aining p"ocess8 T'is info"$ation (ill assist p"ofessionals, ('o (o!ld not 'a*e ot'e"(ise

"ecei*ed t"aining on 'o( to p"epa"e st!dents fo" c!lt!"e s'oc7, to i$p"o*e t'ei" st"ategies fo"

p"epa"ing t'ei" st!dents fo" citi)ens'ip in an inc"easingly inte"c!lt!"al (o"ld8

;i$itations

T'e ai$ of t'is st!dy 'as &een to p"o*ide an analysis of t'e co$$!nication st"ategies !sed in

p"actice &y st!dy a&"oad ad*iso"s ('en p"epa"ing st!dent so#o!"ne"s fo" c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation8

It is i$po"tant to note t'at t'is pape" "ep"esents only a p"eli$ina"y analysis of a $!ltifaceted

const"!ct, and t'e"efo"e 'as se*e"al li$itations8 To &egin (it', t'e o&se"*ations (e"e cond!cted

d!"ing p"e-depa"t!"e o"ientation sessions, a ti$e set aside p"i$a"ily to add"ess ad$inist"ati*e

conce"ns of t'e IPO staff and st!dy a&"oad candidates p"io" to depa"t!"e8 T'!s, t'e"e (as not a

la"ge ti$e allot$ent fo" c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptation t"aining8 %econd, as t'e p"og"a$ coo"dinato"s

a"e not dealing (it' st!dents c!""ently st!dying a&"oad, t'ey co!ld only gi*e p"eli$ina"y o"

'ypot'etical info"$ation &ased on t'ei" o(n and ot'e" st!dents@ past e>pe"iences, "at'e" t'an

assisting (it' iss!es as t'ey occ!"8 T'i"d, t'e o&se"*ations (e"e cond!cted (it' si> leade"s, &!t

only fo!" (e"e IPO staff $e$&e"s8 'ile %cott 'as "!n o"ientation sessions in t'e past, %a$ 'as

neit'e" (o"7ed no" &een t"ained in t'e field of inte"national ed!cation8 T'is $ay 'a*e s7e(ed t'e

data a &it, as neit'e" %cott no" %a$ (e"e t"aditional IPO e$ployees (it' t'e sa$e e>pe"ience as

Maggie, Ma"7, %andy, and en8

3


27/34

Mapping Adaptation

Appendi> A: F"e=!ency of T'e$es in Inte"*ie(s

a b 2 &a &b 5 6 7Cathy S. 7 ! 5 6 6 ! 5 5Maggie M. 7 0 2 5 5Sandy P. 2 & 5 5 & 7Mar# $. ! 6 & & & & 6 &

3


28/34

Mapping Adaptation

Appendi> B: 2ey E>a$ples of T'e$es in Inte"*ie(s a b 2 &a &b 5 6 7

Cathy

I ame o(t hereto do my)ra ti (m *orand then itt(rned into a*(ll-time +ob

I s)ent asemester in,eeds and then

ent on a st(dyabroad )rogramto rondale

I don/t ant tobore them ithmy stories b(tI/ll gi1e theme am)les

Ma#e s(re yo(read the handboo#and *ollo thesedire tions

3e try tored( e theiran iety bytelling them asm( h as)ossible abo(tthe )rogram

I al ays en o(ragest(dents to at h*ilms *rom that

o(ntry and readthe onlinene s)a)ers

I o(ld des ribe(lt(re sho # as all

o* the e )erien ethat a )erson hasli1ing in another

(lt(re

4isa stat(slegal stat(s asa st(dent in a*oreign o(ntry

It de)ends on hore e)ti1e theyseem to be

I don/t #no i*e/1e all been

ed( ated inross- (lt(ral

training

I as in thePea e Cor)s*or 2 years inSlo1a#ia

8hese host*amilies are (sed tohosting st(dents

9o( ha1e toma#e s(re to*ollo () on thisand that

I ha1e had st(dentshere they/1e

str( # me asneeding more hel)

I ase )erien ingas)e ts o*

(lt(re sho #e1en as I asgetting ready tolea1e the

o(ntry

Maggie

I ent to the:; and did myMasters ininternationalrelations

I ne1er asable to st(dyabroad as an(ndergrad(ate

I try to gi1ethem somee am)les o* thee )erien esthat I had

1ery st(dent isdi**erent

I ent to theC?e h Re)(blito tea h>nglish

*ter Igrad(ated *rom

ollege the gi*tto mysel* asthat I tra1eledo1erseas

3e (se the)ast)arti i)ants

9o(/re going toneed to ma#esome *riends

It's great to hearthat 'I don/t anna

ome home' - that/sone o* the laststages

9o( learn todisting(ish bet eendi**erent ty)es o*st(dents b(t theyall sho(ld ha1e thesame ty)e o*orientation

I or#ed atanother )la ethat did st(dyabroad *orabo(t 2 years

Sandy

I did aninternshi) in

theInternational>d( ation@**i e at my

ollege

I st(diedAerman in high

s hool and dida &- ee#e hange)rogram to

(stria

I try to (setea hablemoments

9o( al# themthro(gh hatthey're going to do

I try to almtheir *ears byreiterating thatthey/re not bythemsel1es

Bran h o(t and getto #no )eo)le*rom the host

(lt(re

8he roller oaster/sthe *irst thing thatomes to mind

b a(se that/s hatI as told

9o( need tota#eres)onsibility*or yo(rde isions

9o( noti e that

there/s a di**eren ein the ty)es o*st(dents related tothe )rograms they

hoose

I or#ed *or a)ri1ate st(dyabroad )ro1iderin Boston and

as an intern in (stralia

In ollege Is)ent onesemester inAermany andanother inS otland

3e at hed a4 that a

st(dent hadmade *rom a)ast 1oyage

:se yo(r o ne )erien es

on/t stay in yo(rroom= don/t s)endtoo m( h time onthe internet or onthe )hone ith)eo)le ba # home

It's +(st #ind o* ane tension o* the :or the 3 on e)ts

it is im)ortant*or yo( to still*ollo thro(gh

It/s om)letelyde)endent on theassistan e that thest(dent needs

hat their om*ortle1el is et .

8he one lass Ihad oninternationaled( ation didn/treally deal ithst(dentorientation

I* yo(/re ha1ing(lt(re sho #

iss(es thene er ise ill hel)

ith yo(r sense o*ell-being.

Mar#

I at hed asmy assistantdire tor led asession onada)tationon e or t i ebe*ore I too#o1er

3hen I as inhigh s hool I

ent on ane hange)rogram toDran e

I try to treat myst(dents asad(lts I try toreason iththem as ad(lts

8hro(gho(t thisentire )ro essyo(/re going to *eela lot o* (n ertaintyabo(t a lot o*things

I tried to get herinto somethings that

o(ld li*t hers)irits *o (sher energy on)ositi1e thingsand red( e heran iety

o hat yo( ando to get in1ol1edas m( h as)ossible

3hat e o(ld tal#abo(t is basi allythis 5 stage)ro ess

I do try to)resent some

orst ases enarios

8here/s lots o* red*lags ith ertainty)es o* st(dents

I or#ed *or &E2 years *or a

st(dy abroad)rogram)ro1ider

3hen I as inollege I s)ent

a semester inIsrael

I don/t (s(allygi1e themans ers to a loto* F(estions

I try to ad1ise themahead to e )e tthat something isgoing to go rong

))roa h thest(dent that sitsne t to yo( and as#to +oin their st(dygro()

I had (lt(re sho #in the sense that Igot a littlehomesi #

I try to ma#ethem *ind theans ers to the)roblems

3C


29/34

Mapping Adaptation

Appendi> : 2ey E>a$ples of T'e$es in O&se"*ations a b 2 &a &b 5 6

(straliaEGe Healand

SandyJ

St(dents didnot seem to beengaged inattem)ts atstory-telling andrelating

ire tomm(ni ation

style

Do (s ondi**eren es ina ademisystems

In*ormed st(dents o* a2 -ho(r hotlinea1ailable *or )roblemsthey might en o(nter

(stralians areneither di**i (lt tomeet nor (lt(rallydissimilar tothemsel1es

St(dents ill beseen asre)resentati1eso* their

o(ntries sobeha1e as s( h

Be )re)ared todo yo(rresear h

Gegati1estereoty)es o*

meri anst(dents as')ri1ileged'

on't s)end toom( h money ortime drin#ingal ohol

:nited;ingdomEIreland Mar#J

,aid ba #reass(ring style

Do (s ondi**eren es ina ademisystems

is (ssion o* moneysa*ety trans)ortationet .

8a#e the initiati1eto get o(t and meetBrits

Brit sho #' - li*e inBritain is m( hmore di**erent thane )e ted

1oid being thestereoty)i al

meri an

3ear similarlothes so that

yo( don't stando(t

Be a are o*(lt(ral

di**eren es

li anteS)ain

MaggieJ

ire t style*o (sing)rimarily on *eara))eals

Pre)are asm( h as)ossible be*oreyo(r tri)

Do (s on *irst ste)sa*ter arri1al

Stay ith a host*amily

1oid gettingi)ed o(t *rom

medi al bills

Sharesin*ormation on)ro esses that

a(se(n ertainty e.g.1isasJ

$omestay *amilies anbe hanged in ase o*)roblems

Ma#e *riends ithlo als

4isa )ro essill be

e tremelydi**i (lt

m)hasi?esim)ortan e o*mandatory on-site orientation

39


30/34

Mapping Adaptation

Refe"ences

Adle", P8 %8 1+9 56 T'e t"ansitional e>pe"ience: An alte"nati*e *ie( of c!lt!"e s'oc7, 1ournalo& 2umanistic Psychology , +5, + -3 8

Ande"son, ;8 E8 1+99 68 A Ne( ;oo7 at an Old oncept: "oss- !lt!"al Adaptation8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations 3 1 6, 39 - 3C8

Bennett, 8 M8 1+9 6 T"ansition s'oc7: P!tting c!lt!"e s'oc7 in pe"specti*e, $nternational and $ntercultural Communication Annual , 5-538

Bennett, 8 M8 1+9C 68 Modes of c"oss-c!lt!"al t"aining: oncept!ali)ing c"oss-c!lt!"al t"ainingas ed!cation8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations 4 136, ++ -+ 8

Bennett, 8 M8 1+99C68 T"ansition %'oc7: P!tting !lt!"e %'oc7 in Pe"specti*e8 In M8 8 Bennett1Ed86 5asic Conce!ts o& $ntercultural Communication* Selected #eadings 8 a"$o!t',Maine: Inte"c!lt!"al 1pp8 3+5Q33 68

Be"ge", 8 ala&"ese, R8, 1+9 568 %o$e e>plo"ations in initial inte"action and &eyond: To(a"da de*elop$ental t'eo"y of inte"pe"sonal co$$!nication8 2uman Communication

#esearch , 99-++38

Be""y, 8 8 1344568 Acc!lt!"ation: ;i*ing s!ccessf!lly in t(o c!lt!"es8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations 67 1 6, 9 - +38

B!"goon, 828 1+9 C68 A co$$!nication $odel of pe"sonal space *iolation: E>plication and aninitial test8 2uman Communication #esearch 8 , +39-+ 38

'en, G8M8 1+99368 o$$!nication adapta&ility and inte"action in*ol*e$ent as p"edicto"s ofc"oss-c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent 9 Communication #esearch #e!orts 7 - +8

'en, G8 M8 1+99568 Diffe"ences in self-disclos!"e patte"ns a$ong A$e"icans *e"s!s 'inese8 1ournal o& Cross-Cultural Psychology 6: , C -9+8

o'en 8 1+9 468 A coefficient of ag"ee$ent fo" no$inal scales8 Educational and Psychological Measurement , - 8

F!"n'a$, A8 %8 Boc'ne"8 1+9C 6 Culture shoc'* Psychological reactions to un&amiliarenvironments9 Ne( o"7: Met'!en8

G"o*e, 8 ;8 I8 To"&io"n8 1+9C56 Ne( concept!ali)ation of inte"c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent and t'e

4


31/34

Mapping Adaptation

goal of t"aining8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations 9 136, 345-3 8

G!dy7!nst, 8 B8 1+99568 An>iety !nce"tainty $anage$ent 1AUM6 t'eo"y: !""ent stat!s8 InR8;8 ise$an 1Ed86, $ntercultural Communication Theory9 Ne(&!"y Pa"7,

a: %age 1pp8 C-5C68

G!dy7!nst, 8 B8 1+99C68 Applying an>iety !nce"tainty $anage$ent 1AUM6 t'eo"y tointe"c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent t"aining8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations 66 136,33 -3548

G!dy7!nst, 8 B8 1344568 An an>iety !nce"tainty $anage$ent 1AUM6 t'eo"y ofst"ange"s@ inte"c!lt!"al ad#!st$ent8 Theori;ing a out $ntercultural Communication 8T'o!sand Oa7s, A: %age 1pp8 +9- 5 68

Hottola, Pet"i 1344 6 !lt!"e onf!sion8 Inte"c!lt!"al adaptation in to!"is$8 Annals o& Tourism #esearch < 136, - 8

2as'$ina, E8%8 ;o', E8 1344 68 Inte"national st!dents@ acc!lt!"ation: Effects of inte"national,conational, and local ties and need fo" clos!"e8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations


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Mapping Adaptation

;ysgaa"d, %8 1+95568 Ad#!st$ent in a fo"eign society: No"(egian F!l&"ig't G"anteesKisiting T'e United %tates in $nternational Social Science 5ulletin : 5-5+8

Ma"tin, 8N8 Ha""ell, T8 1+99 68 Re-ent"y t"aining fo" inte"c!lt!"al so#o!"ne"s8 In D8 ;andis R8%8 B'agat 1Eds86, 2and oo' o& $ntercultural Training 6 nd Ed9 T'o!sand Oa7s, A:

%age 1pp8 4 - 3 68

Ma"tin, 8 N8 Na7aya$a, T8 28 1344 68 $ntercultural Communication in onte>ts 1 "d ed868Boston: McG"a( Hill8

Ne!liep, 8 8, Ryan, D8 8 1+99C68 T'e infl!ence of inte"c!lt!"al co$$!nication app"e'ensionand socio-co$$!nicati*e o"ientation on !nce"tainty "ed!ction d!"ing initial c"oss-c!lt!"al inte"action8 Communication >uarterly 8: , CC-+448

O&e"g, 28 1+9 468 !lt!"e s'oc7: Ad#!st$ents to ne( c!lt!"al en*i"on$ents8 Practical Anthro!ologist ? + -+C38 )).

O@By"ne, D8, Ha"ding, P8, M!""ay, 8 1344 68 @onely Planet Australia 8 Kicto"ia: ;onelyPlanet P!&lications, ;td8

Pede"son, P8 1+99568The ive Stages o& Culture Shoc' 8 estpo"t, T: G"een(ood P"ess8

Pe""ea!lt, 8D8 n"8 ;eig', ;8E8 1+9C968 Relia&ility of no$inal data &ased on =!alitati*e #!dge$ents8 1ournal o& Mar'eting #esearch 6: , + 5-+ C8

Ro'"lic', B8, Ma"tin, 8 1+99+68 Host co!nt"y and "eent"y ad#!st$ent ofst!dent so#o!"ne"s8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations +5, + -+C38

Ros7os-E(oldsen, D8, !, H8 8, R'odes, N8 1344 68 Fea" appeal $essages effect accessi&ilityof attit!des to(a"d t'e t'"eat and adapti*e &e'a*io"s8 Communication Monogra!hs ? ,

9- 99

%tone-Feinstein, B8 E8, a"d, 8 1+99468 ;oneliness and psyc'ological ad#!st$ent ofso#o!"ne"s: Ne( pe"specti*es on c!lt!"e s'oc78 In D8 M8 Deals, D8 M!n"o, ;8 Mann1Eds86 2eterogeneity in cross-cultural !sychology9 ;isse, T'e Net'e"lands:%(ets Leitlinge" 1pp8 5 - 5 68

al$sley, 8 1+9C 68 B"iti-t'in7, A$e"i-t'in78 Ne( o"7, N : Peng!in Boo7s8

a"d, 8, Boc'ne", %8, F!"n'a$, A8 1344+68 The Psychology o& Culture Shoc' 8 ;ondon:Ro!tledge8

a"d, 8 1344+68 T'e A, B, s of acc!lt!"ation8 In D8 Mats!$oto 1Ed86, 2and oo' o& Culture and Psychology9 Ne( o"7: O>fo"d Uni*e"sity P"ess 1pp8 ++- 68

a"d, 8, 2ennedy, A8 1344+68 oping (it' c"oss-c!lt!"al t"ansition8 1ournal o& Cross-Cultural Psychology


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Mapping Adaptation

einstein, N8D8 1+9C968 Opti$istic &iases a&o!t pe"sonal "is7s8 Science 68: , +3 3-+3 8

itte, 28 1+99368 P!tting t'e fea" &ac7 into fea" appeals: T'e e>tended pa"allel p"ocess

$odel8 Communication Monogra!hs , =7, 39- 98

itte, 28 1+99 68 A t'eo"y of cognition and negati*e affect: E>tending G!dy7!nst and Ha$$e" st'eo"y of !nce"tainty and an>iety 9 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations ? ,+9 -3+ 8

ang, R8P8 8, Noels, 28A8, %a!$!"e, 28D8 1344 68 M!ltiple "o!tes to c"oss-c!lt!"al adaptationfo" inte"national st!dents: Mapping t'e pat's &et(een self-const"!als, Englis' lang!ageconfidence, and ad#!st$ent8 $nternational 1ournal o& $ntercultural #elations


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