100年度計畫...

100

10106

99~101 100

500

GPS

(DFN_NET )

U Cu Fe

Eh(pe)-pH

Cs Se

(

)

/ ( i)

(i i )

ABSTRACT

This Annual Report 2011 reports on the TPC s achievements in

implementing the Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal Program Pla n. This

report presents Disposal Environment Investigat ion, Development

of Disposal Technologies, and Performance Assessment of Spent

Nuclear Fuel Disposal in consistence with the requirements of the

program plan for the 2010 to 2012 period .

The main achievements of the Disposal Environment

Invest igation include dril l ing of f irst 500 -meter-dril led-core borehole

in the eastern Taiwan granitic bodies as well as conducting

Magnetotellurics (MT) geophysical survey around the planned area for

the Geological Tunnel Laboratory in H-area for underground

information about water conductive structures. Moreover, this project

f irstly sets up microseismic network and continuous GPS monitoring

stations around the target granitic bodies to monitor long-term

seismicity, uplift or subsidence by crustal movement. Furthermore,

downhole mult i-packer pressure monitoring for groundwater also has

been kept for long-term hydraulic characterization in three deep

boreholes in western offshore islands.

On the Development of D isposal Technologies, signif icant

technical achievements in 201 1 include: laboratory-scale rock testing

on thermal properties by conducting thermal measurements in a

granitic block associated with back-f i l led bentonite for further

numerical s imulations; discrete fractural network modeling ( i .e.

DFN_Net) based on in-situ fracture measurement from a tunnel of the

western offshore is lands; for geochemical evolutionary modeling based

on hydrogeochemical data of the western offshore islands, this year

the Eh-pH diagrams of U, Cu and Fe have been carried out to

evaluating stable condition of HLW geological repository ; and

laboratory nuclide transportation and retardation testing for

determination of diffusion coefficient factors in different

aerobic/anaerobic environments.

In the buffer/backfi l l material propert ies research, it describes

the features of bentonite as a candidate material for the buffer

including physical properties, mineral composition, etc. , in order to

understand the material composition and prop erties, and to explore

the thermal properties and hydraul ic properties, to understand

features of bentonite under different design (such as density, water

content, etc.), to facil itate subsequent disposal of the reference

design engineering barrier.

The work of sub-item two is delegated to study performance /

safety assessment for the variational scenario. The scopes of sub -item

two include (1) Analysis and systematic description of research results

about crust uplift, surface erosion, cl imate change, sea l evel change,

tsunami and other environmental factors in Taiwan , (2) Analysis of

environmental factors in the past, recent and future trends, as a

comprehensive analysis of the disposal s ites for possible future

changes in ambient conditions and formed a ba sis for impact.

Earthquake damage to underground constructions is either caused

by shaking or displacement on old faults. The study conduct s case

studies related to seismic activies, understanding of seismic activity on

the damage of underground constructi ons.

In the performance assessment study, it includes overview of

current status of international Thermo -Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical

Coupling (THMC) project for spent nuclear fuel, and analyze the space

and time scale evolution affected by possible individua l thermal,

hydraulic, mechanical, chemical and its coupling interactions for space

scale and time scale to support the research of radionuclides migration

behavior simulat ions in the near -field.

i

...................................................................................................................... i

................................................................................................................... ii

................................................................................................................... v

1 ........................................................................................................... 1-1

2 .................................................................................................... 2-1

3 ............................................................................................ 3-1

3.1. ......................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1. ............................................................. 3-1

3.1.2. ...............................................................3-14

3.1.3. .......................3-32

3.2. ...............................................................................3-42

3.2.1. ...................................................................................3-42

3.2.2. .......................................................3-46

3.2.3. ...........................................3-52

3.2.4. ...................................3-52

3.2.5. .......................................................3-63

3.3. ...............................................................3-76

3.3.1. ...........................................3-76

3.3.2. .............3-106

4 ........................................................................................................... 4-1

5 .................................................................................................... 5-1

ii

3-11 ............................................................... 3-5

3-21 ....................................................... 3-6

3-3 1 75.6-78m

............................................................................................................................. 3-8

3-41125-127m ........... 3-8

3-51212-214m ........... 3-9

3-61242.6-244m ........ 3-9

3-7 1 268.7-271m

......................................................................................................................3-10

3-8 1 334-346.5m

......................................................................................................................3-10

3-9 ...............................................3-12

3-10 .....................................................3-12

3-11 S-1 .........................................3-13

3-12K .......................................................................3-18

3-13K() .................3-19

3-14DFN_NET ..................................................................3-20

3-15 .........3-21

3-16 .............3-22

3-17 .....................................3-27

3-1844 .........................3-28

3-1954 .........................3-29

3-2054 .3-30

3-2164 .........................3-31

3-22 .............................................3-34

3-23P-S- ...........................................................3-34

3-24 .............................3-35

3-25 .............................................3-36

3-26GPSHGC1MP1MP2 ...............3-39

3-27GPSHGC2MP1MP2 ...............3-39

3-28GPSHGC3MP1MP2 ...............3-40

3-29GPSHGC1 ..........................................................3-40

3-30GPSHGC2 ..........................................................3-41

3-31GPSHGC3 ..........................................................3-41

iii

3-32- ....................................................3-44

3-33 .........................................................................3-44

3-34 .....................................................................................3-45

3-35 .............................................................................3-45

3-36Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-49

3-37Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-50

3-38Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-51

3-39Cs (10E-3M) ..................................3-56

3-40Cs (10E-8M) ..................................3-57

3-41Se (10E-3M) .................................3-58

3-42Se (10E-8M) .................................3-59

3-43Se (10E-3M) .................................3-60

3-44Se (10E-8M) .................................3-61

3-45 .................................................3-62

3-46 .........................................................3-62

3-47GMZ-16 ....................3-68

3-48 .....................................3-68

3-49Kunigel V1 ................................3-69

3-50MX-80 ......................................3-69

3-51 .....................................3-72

3-52 .........................................3-72

3-53 .....................................3-73

3-54Kunigel V1 ....................................3-73

3-55Kunigel V1 ................................3-74

3-56- ................................................3-75

3-57 .........................................................................3-78

3-58 .....................................................................3-79

3-59 .....................................................................................3-83

3-601970-1999 ........................................................3-84

3-61(5 Myr) .........................3-85

3-62 .....................................................3-95

3-63 .....................................................3-96

3-641906418 .........................................................3-101

3-651906418 .............................................3-101

3-661952 ...........................................................3-102

3-67 ...........................................................................3-102

3-681976 ...................................3-105

3-691976650 m .........................3-105

iv

3-70/ ......................3-111

3-71(0100) .3-112

3-72-() ............................3-123

3-73 ...........................3-130

3-74-- .............3-131

v

3-1 ...................................................................3-23

3-2 ...........................................................................3-23

3-3DFN ................................................................3-23

3-4456 .................................3-26

3-5(%) ......................................................................3-66

3-6 ...................................................................3-67

3-7 ...............................................................................................3-80

3-8/ ..........................................................3-81

3-9 ...........................................................3-88

3-10IPCC ..................................3-90

3-11 .................................3-90

3-12 .................................................3-90

3-1315 .....................................................................3-91

3-1415 .........................................3-91

3-15 .............3-97

3-16DECOVALEX-THMC(2003~) ....3-108

3-17 ...............................................................3-112

3-18Debye-Hckel .............................3-117

3-19 ...........................................................................3-117

1-1

1

(2006 7 )

(2006 7 ) 2005~2017

2009

( SNFD2009

) 2017

( SNFD2017 )

2009

(

SNFD2009 )

2010 7

SNFD2009

2010 2011 1

SNFD2009

1-2

500 / 16 km

6 3000 m / / /

SNFD2009

106 SNFD2017

SNFD2017 (1)

(2) (3)

(1)

(2)

SNFD2017

2-1

2

(2005~2017)

2017

2017 (~2013)

(~2015)

/

(~2017)

99~101

(1)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(3)

2-2

(a)

(b)

106

100

(100 )

3-1

3

3.1.

(SNFD2009 )

3.1.1.

500 m HQ

(1)

P6L

HQ (Open Hole) 60m

3-2

100 8 500 m

(Borehole

Camera)

(a)

29.8 m

( 3-1)

(

3-1 a,c)

( 3-1 c)

(b)

75.6-78 m 125-127 m 212-214 m 242.6-244 m

3-3

268.7-271 m 334-346.5 m ( 3-2)

( i ) 75.6-78 m

30 ( 60 )

80 30 ( 3-3)

( i i ) 125-127 m

45-80 50-80

( 3-4)

( i i i) 212-214 m

40-60

( 3-5)

( iv) 242.6-244 m

45-90 30-60

30 40-60 (

3-6)

(v) 268.7-271 m 3

60 (

3-7)

(vi) 334-346.5 m

337.5-342.5 m 344-346 m

345 m

70 60-70

3-4

15

60-70 ( 3-8)

3-5

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3-11

(a)56-60m()(b)152-156m(

)(c)300-304m()(d)456-460m()

3-6

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

3-21

(a)76-80m(b)124-128m(c)212-216m(d)240-244m

(e)268-272m

3-7

(f)

(g)

(h)

3-2( ) 1

(f)336-340m(g)340-344m(h)344-348m

3-8

Ground CircleDiagram

Rose Diagram

3-3 1 75.6-78m

(0-3030-6060-90

)


Rose Diagram

3-41125-127m

(0-3030-6060-90

)

3-9


Rose Diagram

3-51212-214m

(0-3030-6060-90

)


Rose Diagram

3-61242.6-244m

(0-3030-6060-90

)

3-10


Rose Diagram

3-7 1 268.7-271m

(0-3030-6060-90

)


Rose Diagram

3-8 1 334-346.5m

(0-3030-6060-90

)

3-11

(2)

3-9

3-10

(

)

Ex Ey

( Hx Hy)

20 cm

(Hz)

/

S1 3-11

(101 )

L1 L2 S1

( 3-9 )

3

3-12

3-9

W S N E

MTUEW

S

N

Hx

Hy

Hz

GPS

Ground

12V

+-

N

3-10

3-13

SW NE

19

238

Ohm-m

3-11 S-1

3-14

3.1.2.

99~101

K

(1)

(DFN_NET )

(a)

3-12

( , )(dip

direction, dip angle) (315 , 82) (34 ,

85) (284 , 19)DFN

(Trace)

(Priest, 1993a)

94-97

K

KMBH01-02-04

(b) DFN_NET

3-15

3-12

3-13

3-1 3-2

(

2008)

(Priest, 1993a)

(Probability Density Funct ion)

(DFN) ( DFN_NET

) 3-14

(Empirical Cumulated

Distribution Function ECDF)DFNDFN_NET

(Marked Point Process,

MPP)

(Cluster) DFN_NET

DFN 3-15(b)

3-16(b)

3-3

(Parent-daughter)

(Bil laux et al . , 1989; Xu and Dowd, 2010)

3-16

(Poisson

point process) (Xu and Dowd, 2010)

DFN_NET

50%DFN_NET

DFN

3-15(a) 3-16(a)

(Edge Effect)

(Xu and Dowd, 2010)

x- y- z-

50x50x10m

DFN ( )

3-15

3-15(a) 3-15(b)

3-12

3

66%

3-17

DFN

3-16 3-15 3-16

(c)

97-99

(permeabil ity) (Porosity)

(100 ) K

DFN_NET

DFN (101 )

DFN_NET (Global Optimization)

(

)DFN_NET

DFN

DFN_OPT

3-18

3-12K

3-19

3-13K()

3-20

DFN

No

No

Yes

Yes

DFN

Yes

No

Yes Yes

NoNo

DFN

Yes

1

1 No

3-14DFN_NET

3-21

(a)

(b)

3-15

3-22

(a)

(b)

3-16

3-23

3-1

+

1 (315, 82) 42 1.641 0.982 l = 0.303, l = 0.712

2 ( 34, 85) 38 1.597 0.886 l = , l = 0.490

3 (284, 19) 25 1.970 0.978 l = 0.413, l = 0.423

+

3-2

1 (315, 82) 0.792. 0.842 s = -0.759, s =1.224

2 ( 34, 85) 0.694 0.538 s = -0.658, s =0.861

3 (284, 19) 0.567 0.663 s = -1.285, s =1.030

3-3DFN

1 2 3

(315, 82) ( 34, 85) (284, 19)

(#/m3) 0.032082 0.040726 0.011002

+ D = -0.2945

D = 0.5027

D = -0.2357

D = 0.3039

D = -0.5558

D = 0.4041 +

3-24

(2)

99~101 ( 3-17)

4 5 6

( 3-4

)

(a) 4

2011 03 22 2012 03 29

12 3-18 4

6

(b) 5

2011 01 13 6 2011 05 05

12 3-19 5

2 ( 200-300 m)

2011 3 14 93.10 m

89.6 m (2011 3 22 ) 3.5 m

2011 3 11 1:46 9.0

(Mw=9.0)

2011

03 22 ( 11 )

1 m 2011 04 10 311

30 5

2011 12 20 2012 03 29

( 3-20)

(c) 6

3-25

2011 03 22 6 2012 03 29

12 3-21 6

0.1m

4 6

5

5

311 4 6

3-26

3-4456

(m)

(m) *

4 000100 33.713-66.287 101 /

4 100200 -66.287-166.287 15 /

4 200300 -166.287-266.287 10 /

4 300400 -266.287-366.287 102 /

4 400560 -366.287-466.287 471 /

5 000100 22.173-77.827 41 /

5 100200 -77.827-177.827 19 /

5 200300 -177.827-277.827 48 /

5 300400 -277.827-377.827 12

5 400500 -377.827-477.827 25

6 000100 32.722-67.278 41 /

6 100200 -67.278-167.278 126 /

6 200300 -167.278-267.278 84 /

6 300400 -267.278-367.278 117 /

6 400500 -367.278-467.278 124 /

*()()/()

/()

3-27

3-17

4INW/PS9805

INW/PS9805

3-28

3-1844

2011032220120329

3-29

3-1954

2011011320110505311

3-30

3-2054

2011122020120329

3-31

3-2164

2011032220120329

3-32

3.1.3.

GPS

(1)

99~101 3

(Shyu et al., 2005)

( 3-22)

3 4

4

11 (Near-field Earthquake)

3-33

100

P S 10

(Seismic Analysis Code SAC)

P S

( 3-23)

(Lee and Lahr, 1972) (HYPO 71)

2-6 7-8

9 11

3-24

( 3-25) M L1.2-2.75

2-19 km

3-34

()

km

km km

km

km

km

3-22

(1970-2002)

7

3-23P-S-

3-35

3-24

2011/07/11(ABC)(D)

3-36

3-25

ML1.2-2.75

3-37

3-25()

20km

3-38

(2) GPS

(Global Positioning System, GPS)

GPS

1-2cm

99~101GPS

GPS

GPS

GPS ( HGC1

HGC2 HGC3 )

GPS ( GPS )

GPS

30 GPS

( 1994)

5.0mm+1.0ppm GPS 8

( 4 ) 3 ( )

100 8GPS

MP1MP2 0.2-0.5m

( 3-26 3-28) GPS

Bernese 5.0

( 3-29 3-31) GPS

(N E) 0.2 0.5cm

(h) 1-2cm

GPS

3-39

HGC1 MP1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

1

(

)

HGC1 MP2

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

2

(

)

HGC1 MP2

3-26GPSHGC1MP1MP2

HGC2 MP1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

1

(

)

HGC2 MP1

HGC2 MP2

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

2

(

)

3-27GPSHGC2MP1MP2

3-40

HGC3 MP1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

1

(

)

HGC3 MP1

HGC3 MP2

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18

(//)

M

P

2

(

)

HGC3 MP2

3-28GPSHGC3MP1MP2

320325.10

320325.15

320325.20

320325.25

320325.30

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m

)

(m)

2692081.40

2692081.45

2692081.50

2692081.55

2692081.60

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m

)

128.45

128.50

128.55

128.60

128.65

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

3-29GPSHGC1

3-41

2684590.50

2684590.55

2684590.60

2684590.65

2684590.70

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m

)

47.80

47.85

47.90

47.95

48.00

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m)

325307.20

325307.25

325307.30

325307.35

325307.40

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m

)

3-30GPSHGC2

2682282.15

2682282.20

2682282.25

2682282.30

2011/08/05 2011/08/10 2011/08/15 2011/08/20 2011/08/25 2011/08/30 2011/09/04 2011/09/09

(//)

/

/

/

/

2011/08/05 2011/08/10 2011/08/15 2011/08/20 2011/08/25 2011/08/30 2011/09/04 2011/09/09

(//)

63.40

63.45

63.50

63.55

63.60

11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09

(//)

(m

)

(m)

(m

)

3-31GPSHGC3

3-42

3.2.

3.2.1.

(

) ( )

( 3-32)

(1)

MX-80

( 2.7 g/cm3 12%)

3-33 70 mm 30 mm

6 5 12

mm 6

3-32 SR-97 H3 FEBEX

(Dry Density) 1.59 1.8 g/cm3

5

1.6 g/cm3

(2)

50x50x25 cm

( 3-34) 70 mm

3-43

( 4

3 mm 10 cm)

5 cm 10 cm

20 cm

(3)

6

3-35

3-44

3-32-

3-33

3-45

3-34

3-35

3-46

3.2.2.

(Eh) (pH)

2008

U Cu Fe

Eh(pe)-pH

Eh(pe)-pH Pourbaix (Pourbaix, 1974)

( )

Eh pH

Cu( ) Fe( )

U( )

( 300-500 m)

Cu Fe U Eh(pe)-pH

GWB (Geochemist s Workbench

Version 8.0)

thermo.com.V8.R6+.dat EQ3/6 (Version

8.0) (data0.cmp)

Cu Fe U 1.0E-06 M pH( ) 0-14

pe( ) -16.9-+16.9

1atm

300-500 m

( Kmi) (C Cl S F Si N P)

3-47

( Sea)

Cu FeU

25 80

25 Eh(pe)-pH

80 KBS-3

(SKBF/KBS 1983)

pH=4

pH ( 2011) pH=13

(Ca)

( NaOH KOH) pH

(SKB, 2002 2009 2010)

(1) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-36)

pH=4-13 Cu ( C o p p e r )

Cu ( C o p p e r )

Cu ( C o p p er )

(2) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-37)

pH=4-13Fe ( I ro n )

Fe ( I ro n ) ( ) (

Fe+ 2) Fe ( I ro n )

Fe ( I r o n )

( )

(3) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-38)

pH=4-13 UO2 ( U ra n i n i te )

UO2 ( U ra n i n i t e )

3-49

()

()

(300-500m) ()

()(300-500m)

3-36Eh(pe)-pH

3-50

() (300-500m) ()

() ()(300-500m)

3-37Eh(pe)-pH

3-51

4

() (300-500m) ()

() ()(300-500m)

3-38Eh(pe)-pH

3-52

3.2.3.

2002

( ) 400 D

6 ( ) (H-area Tunnel

Laboratory, HTL)

(2018~2028 )

101 3 20

3.2.4.

(1)

Cs Se

Cs Se 10E-3M 10E-8M 10E-3M

3-53

(Heterogeneity)

(Homogeneity)

10E-8M

3-39 3-44 Cs Se

(2)

(a)

10E-9 m2/s x2=2Dt ( x

D t )

1 mm

2 mm 3 mm 5 mm

3-54

( )

3-45 3-46

(b)

(Active Transport)

( ) (25cm x 25cm x

25cm)

(Computer Topography, CT) CT

CT

3-55

CT

CT

K

Migration 11

3-56

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4006.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

100

150

200

250

300

-2

0

2

4

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

pH

time (h)

pH

Cs 10E-3 M, aerobic

Eh (m

V)

Eh

Kd (m

L/g)

Kd

Kd = -2.489 exp(-0.017t) + 2.489

3-39Cs (10E-3M)

3-57

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

140

160

180

200

0

100

200

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

time (h)

pH

Cs 10E-8 M, aerobic

Eh

(mV

)

Eh

Kd

(mL/

g)

Kd

Kd = -116 exp(-0.018t) + 116.076

3-40Cs (10E-8M)

3-58

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

100

150

200

250

300-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

time (h)

pH

Se 10E-3 M, aerobic

Eh

(mV

)

Eh

Kd

(mL/

g)

Kd

Kd = -1.156 exp(-0.019t) + 1.156

3-41Se (10E-3M)

3-59

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

100

150

200

250

300-2

0

2

4

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

time (h)

pH

Se 10E-8 M, aerobic

Eh

(mV

)

Eh

Kd

(mL/

g)

Kd

Kd = -3.33 exp(-0.016t) + 3.33

3-42Se (10E-8M)

3-60

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

-300

-280

-260

-240

-220

-200

-2

0

2

4

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

time (h)

pH

Se 10E-3 M, Anaerobic

Eh

(mV

)

Eh

Kd

(mL/

g)

Kd

Kd = -0.399 exp(-0.024t) + 0.399

3-43Se (10E-3M)

3-61

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

-300

-280

-260

-240

-220

-200

-2

0

2

4

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

time (h)

pH

Se 10E-8 M, Anaerobic

Eh

(m

V)

Eh

Kd

(m

L/g

)

Kd

Kd = -1.966 exp(-0.021t) + 1.966

3-44Se (10E-8M)

3-62

3-45

3-46

3-63

3.2.5.

3.2.5.1.

(bentonite)

(1)

TOT

10

(Fukue et al. , 1995)

(2)

(3) 80 ~ 120 meq / 100 g

(cation exchange capacity, CEC ) (Fukue et

al., 1995) Cs+

Na+ (Shibutani et al ., 1992)

Kunigel V1 Kunipia F MX-80 Montigel

Avonseal

3-64

3.2.5.2.

3-5

(Montmoril lonite)

3-6 Kunigel V1 Zhisin(

) 50%

3.2.5.3.

3-6

2.6~2.8 (Liquid Limit, LL)

67%

90 %

(Plastic Limit, PL)

MX-80

(Plasticity Index, PI)

35

Kunigel V1 Kunipa FMX-80Avonseal

MontigelGMZ-16

3.2.5.4.

DRP-1 Shotherm-D2

( 2010)

18~22%

3-47

3-65

18% 120 MPa

(Thermal Characteristics)

(2003) (2004) (2009) (Heat Probe

Method) 3-48

(Dry Density) (Water Content)

(Thermal Conductivity)

Kunigel V1

1.8 Mg/m3 30%

1.6 Mg/m 3

(Suzuki and Taniguchi, 1999) 3-49

Kunigel V1

0.45~2.00 W/mK

(Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste

Management Company, SKB)MX-80

(B rgesson et al. , 1994)

0.8

3-50 MX-80

0.6~1.3 W/mK

3-66

3-5(%)

Kunigel V1(1,2)

Kunipia F(1,2)

MX-80(3) Montigel

(3) Avonseal

(3) GMZ(4)

(Zhisin)(5)

46-49 98-99 75 66 79 75.4 14

/

29-38

3-67

3-6

Kunigel V1(1,2,3)

Kunipia F(1,2)

MX-80(4) Montige

l(4) Avonsea

l(4) GMZ-16(

5,6)

(Zhisin) (7)

Specific gravity

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7

LL (%) 416 993 400 140 257 99.8 67

PL (%) 21 42 70 50 49 41 18

PI 395 951 330 90 208 58.8 49

Montomorillon

it (%) 46-49 98-99 75 66 79 80 2.3

CEC (meg/ 100 g)

52 1117 79 62 82 83.4 70

Leach cation (meg/ 100 g)

Na+ 54.6 114.9 56 1.8 46.5 1.6 23.1

K+ 1.3 1.1 2.3 0.2 0.7 0.34 1.4

Ca2+ 41.9 20.6 30.1 37.6 39.5 52.92 38.7

Mg2+ 6.6 2.6 15.6 22.4 7 27.86 6.8

Na+/Ca2+ ratio

1.3 5.58 1.86 0.05 1.18 0.03 0.6

1Ishikawa et al., 19902Ito et al, 19933Suzuki and Fujita,

1999a4Lajudie et al., 199652004a62004b

7Chuang et al., 2010

3-68

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

(MPa)

(W/mK)

18%

20%

22%

3-47GMZ-16

(2010)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Water content (%)

Th

erm

al

con

du

ctiv

ity

(W

/m*K

)

14 15 16 17 18

r d (kN/m3)

3-48

Chuang et al. (2010)

3-69

3-49Kunigel V1

Suzuki and Taniguchi (1999)

3-50MX-80

Suzuki and Taniguchi (1999)

3-70

3.2.5.5.

(2008)

1.5~1.7 Mg/m 3 25~80

(hydraul ic conductivity)

3-51

1.7 Mg/m3

25 80

1.7 Mg/m 3

Pusch and Weston(2003)

(Ca-type bentonite) 1.6 Mg/m3

(2008) (Vapour Equil ibrium Technique )

(soil suction) Fredlund

and Xing model(Fredlund and Xing, 1994; Fredlund et al ., 1994)

( 0 1 ) - (soil-water

characteristic curve, SWCC) (Unsaturated

hydraulic conductivity)

3-52 -

Fredlund and Xing model

- 25 40

40 60 3-53

Fredlund and Xing model

Kunigel V1

(Japanese Geotechnical Society

Standard) JGS T 331 50

mm 10 mm Kunigel V1 30 %

3-71

1.6 Mg/m3 1.8 Mg/m3

3-54 Kunigel V1

1.6 Mg/m3

1.8 Mg/m3

Kunigel V1 -

(Suzuki and Fujita, 1999) 3-55

3-56 Kunigel V1 MX-80

Kunipa F 30% Kunigel V1 -

Kunipa F MX-80

Kunigel V1

3-72

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Temperature ()

Hy

dra

uli

c co

nd

uct

ivit

y (

10

-10 m

/sec

)

1.5

1.6

1.7

r d (Mg/m3)

3-51

(2008)

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Degree of saturation

Su

ctio

n (

kP

a)

25 25

40 40

60 60

Zhisin Clay

measured simulated

3-52

(2008)

3-73

1.E-10

1.E-08

1.E-06

1.E-04

1.E-02

1.E+00

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Degree of Saturation

Rel

ati

ve c

oeff

icie

nt

of

per

mea

bil

ity

BH bentonite

Zhisin clay

3-53

(2008)

3-54Kunigel V1

JNC (2000)

3-74

(a) Kunigel V1

(b) 30%Kunigel V1

3-55Kunigel V1

Suzuki and Fujita (1999)

3-75

3-56-

JNC (2000)

3-76

3.3.

3.3.1.

10

3.3.1.1. /

/

/

3-77

(2009)

/

3.3.1.1.1. /

( 3-57)

( 3-7)

(

3-7)

3,000

7

/

3-8

/ 1990

GPS

GPS ( )

(2002) 1993~1999

3-78

3-8

5 mm/yr

-10~-70 mm/yr

KuoEn Ching et al.(2011) 199

GPS 2000 2008

( 3-58) 0.2 ~ 18.5

mm/yr

3-57

(2001)

3-79

3-58

KuoEn Ching et al. (2011)

S01R

3-80

3-7

Eon

Era

Period

Epoch

(

)

Phanerozoic

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Holocene 0.01

Pleistocene 1.6

Tertiary

Piocene 5.3

Miocene 23.7

Oligocene 36.6

Eocene 57.8

Paleocene 66.4

Mesozoic

Creaceous

144

Jurassic 208

Triassic 245

Paleozoic

Permian

286

Carboniferous 360

Devonian 408

Silurian 438

Ordovician 505

Cambrian 570

Cryptozoic 4600

(1991)(2009)

3-81

3-8/

/(-)

mm/yr

5 (1985)

10.72.2 0.58~0.128 (1982)

8.91.9 (1982)

5.00.4 Lin (1999)

5.00.7 9,000 (1977)

2 1,500~5,500 (1977)

5.3 5,500~8,500 (1977)

1~2 (2005)

3~4 (2005)

5~10 (2005)

-10 (2005)

-5 ~ -6 (2005)

-1 ~ -2 (2005)

(

)

-3 ~ -4 (2005)

5 1993~1999 (2002)

5 1993~1999 (2002)

-10 ~ -70 1993~1999 (2002)

-10 1993~1999 (2002)

(2009)

3-82

3.3.1.1.2.

(1985)

( 3-59)

3 mm/yr ( ) 5.5

mm/yrDadson et al. (2003) 30 (1970~1999)

( 3-60) 500 m

6 mm/yr

( 5 Ma)

3~6 mm/yr ( 3-61)

5.5~6 mm/yr

4

2500mm

921

3.9mm/yr 921 2

( 2003)

Siame, L. L. et al. (2011)

(suspended sediment load) 50

5~7 mm/yr

(2009) (topographic steady state)

3-83

3-59

(1985)(2009)

3-84

3-601970-1999

Dadson et al. (2003)

400 km2

3-85

3-61(5 Myr)

Dadson et al. (2003)

mm/yr

3-86

3.3.1.2.

/ /

/ /

/ / /

(2009)

3.3.1.2.1.

1.8

(Last Glacial Maximum, LGM)

1

( 3-7)

1~2

Bard et al.(1996) 6,000

( ) 55 m

2,000

1.7

850 m 6

1,000 mm 1.3~1

1.1~1

3-87

1

~

9,500~4,000 9,500~8,500

7,000~5,000

2.4 m 2,000

1~2

Church et al . (2001) 2

120 m

2~1.4

6 m 1.4~0.6

10 m 6,000

0.3~0.5 m

(2005)

20,000 ( )

1.1~1

13 mm/yr 10,000~6,500 8~9

mm/yr 6,500

3.3.1.2.2.

IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) 2007

20

1.2~2.2 mm/yr

1.5 mm/yr

(2000)

18

(2002)

20 1.5 mm/yr

3-88

( 3-9)

Tseng Yu-Heng et al .(2010) 1961-2003

2.4 mm/yr

1.8 mm/yr 1993-2003

5.7mm/yr 3.1 mm/yr

48

1.9

mm/yr 2.0 mm/yr

2.0 mm/yr

(1.5 mm/yr) 0.5 mm/yr

3-9

-1.1 -0.3 0.7 1.2 -7.1 0 0.5

mm/yr (2002)(2009)

3-89

3.3.1.2.3.

IPCC

( 3-10)

( / )

(2002) 200 (

99%) 3-11

( ) (2002)

60~99%

3-12

Moren Passe(1999)

15 (2002)

3-13

(Liew et al.,

1999) (LGM)(

22,000~19,000 )

Moren Passe (1999)

(2002)

130 m(Yokoyama et al., 2000;

CLIMAP, 1981) ( 10 )

130 m

10 132 12

6.6 ( 3-14)

3-90

3-10IPCC

A1FI

A1T

A1B

A2

B1 A1

B2

(IPCC, 2007)

3-11

1990 2025 2050 2075 2100 2150 2200

0 14 26 46 76 188 374

0 17 31 52 85 201 391

0 20 37 61 96 217 412

0 22 40 65 101 225 422

0 -7 -10 -5 10 92 248

0 18 33 55 88 206 397

0 20 36 59 94 214 408

cm (2002)(2009)

99%()

3-12

(%) 1990 2025 2050 2075 2100 2150 2200

60 0 8 16 25 34 59 86

70 0 10 18 27 39 70 106

80 0 11 20 32 47 85 133

90 0 13 25 39 58 111 181

95 0 15 29 45 68 139 238

97.5 0 18 33 52 80 171 303

99 0 20 36 59 94 214 408

cm (2002)(2009)

60~99%

3-91

3-1315

(kyr)

0~5

5~30

8 20~30 kyr

30~40 1

40~70

60 kyr10

70~80 5

80~110

100 kyr12

110~130

130~150

(Moren and Passe, 19992002)(2009)

3-1415

0.5 2.8 4 6.6 8 10 12 13 15

(m) -22 -88 -11 -110 -55 -132 6.6 -5.5 -99

(2002)(2009)

10%

3-92

3.3.1.3.

2011 3 11

9.0

10

10

12

50 ( 2011)

(2005) 20

1960 66

30 1964

15 1993 8 8

29 1998

1986 11 15

( 121.8 23.9 ) 7.8 13.9

2

1994 9 16

147 6.4 45.1 38

2002 7.1

20 2006 12 26

3-93

7.1 40

( 2011)

(2005)

(

3-62)

1000

50 6.5

(2011)

1771 85.4

3-94

USGS 1000

(100 8 19

) 8.2

10 15 (

3-63)

( 3-15)

(Yap)

2000 8.7

3

3-95

3-62

(2005)

3-96

3-63

(100819)

8.2

3-97

3-15

(Mw)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

T1 () 8.1 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.5

T2 (1) 8.2 0.8 0.7 10.0 1.1

T3 (2) 8.4 0.6 0.7 9.5 0.7

T4 (3) 8.6 0.3 0.6 5.0 0.5

T5 (4) 8.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1

T6 (1) 8.5 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.1

T7 (2) 8.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.9

T8 () 8.7 2.6 2.5 6.4 3.4

T9 (1) 8.6 0.8 0.8 1.6 0.9

T10 (2) 8.8 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.5

T11 (3) 8.7 0.7 1.1 2.0 1.2

T12 (4) 8.8 0.8 0.8 2.8 1.4

T13 (-

1) 8.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.8

T14 (-

2) 8.7 0.6 0.7 1.4 0.8

T15 () 8.8 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3

T16 (1) 8.7 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3

T17 (2) 8.7 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5

T18 (3) 8.5 2.8 2.3 2.5 3.3

T19 () 7.6 0.3 0.3 2.7 0.3

T20 (1) 7.5 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.5

T21 (2) 7.2 0.7 0.8 0.0 1.6

T22 (1+2) 7.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 1.2

(100819)

3-98

3.3.1.4. \

/

/

JNC(2000)

100

/

(perturbation scenario)

3.3.1.5.

3.3.1.5.1.

3-99

(1)

(2) (Magnitude) (Local

Magnitude) (Surface Wave) (Body Wave)

(Seismic Moment)

(3)

Iwasaki (1977)

1.5 3.5

Owen(1982)

Pratt (1982)

100 m 25 cm 500 m

1976

800 (Wang, 1985)

3.3.1.5.2.

(R shoff, 1989)

1906 8.3

3-64 3-65

Stevens(1977)

213

m 1.8 km (San Andreas fault)

3-100

1.37 m

206 m

1.07 km

1930 7.3

140 m

(Tanna fault) 160 m

2.29 m 55%

1952 (Kern Country) 7.6

3-66

(White Wolf fault)

3-67 45~70

m 12~24 in 213 m

61 m

3-101

3-641906418

(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1906_04_18.php)

3-651906418

(http://geology.com/earthquake/california.shtml)

3-102

3-661952

(http://geology.com/earthquake/california.shtml)

3-67

(http://geology.com/earthquake/california)

3-103

3.3.1.5.3.

0.2-0.5 g

0.5 g

1964 8.5 Matanuska

1970 7.7 16

MM=VII~VII I(Modified Mercal l i (

4~5 )

1976 5.0~5.5

Welkom 6 km

2 km 10 cm

1976 7.8

12~16 km 11600 3.0~6.0

7.0

(PRC)

3-68

30 m

230~450 m

3-69 650 m

650 m PRC=VII( 4~5

)

PRC=VIII~IX( 5~6 )

3-104

Bezrodny(1999) Krugobaikalskaya

Baikal Kultuk 85 km 38

4

7.0 5 5.0~6.0

70 km

0.01~0.1 mm

( 70~1000 m3/hr)

3.3.1.5.4.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

3-105

3-681976

Wang (1985)

3-691976650 m

3-106

3.3.2.

2017

3.3.2.1.

(Evolution) (

2002)

(

) (Thermal, T)

(Hydraul ic/Hydro, H) (Mechanical, M) (Chemical , C)

(Coupled Process)

1970

CHEMVAL (VALidation and verif ication of geoCHEMical

models project)DECOVALEX (DEvelopment of COupled models and

3-107

their VALidat ion against EXper iments in nuclear waste isolat ion)

( ) CHEMVAL

(VTT, 1999) CHEMVAL (1991-1994)

(species) -

(HC)

(1994-1997) NaOH (quartz)

Ca2 +/Na+

(clayey water) (pyrite)

DECOVALEX (DEvelopment of COupled models and their

VALidation against EXperiments in nuclear waste isolation)

1992 (Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate,

SKI)

(1992-1995)

(THM) (Bench-Mark Test, BMT) (HM)

(THM) (Test Case, TC) (J ing et al. , 1995; Tsang et

al., 2009) KBS-3

(1995-2000) 2

(Tsang et al ., 2009) (Task)

Task A SellafieldNirex

Task B Kamaishi

Task C

3-108

Task D (THM)

(2000-2003) (Tsang et al. , 2005;

Tsang et al. , 2009) Task A ENRESAGrimsel

(Ful l-Scale

Engineered Barriers Experiment in Crystall ine Host Rock, FEBEX) Task

B (Drift Scale Test, DST)

Task C

(BMT) Task D (THM)

(THM) DECOVALEX

2003

(DECOVALEX-THMC) (Birkholzer et al., 2005a;

Birkholzer et al ., 2005b; Birkhol zer et al ., 2005c; Tsang et al ., 2009)

3-16

3-16DECOVALEX-THMC(2003~)

Task A Shield

Task B sp HRL

Task C Tournemire

Task D 1.

2. JNC

-

Task E Shield

(Tsang et al., 2009)

3-109

3.3.2.2.

( )

100 100

130 140

( g m - 3) (m3

yr - 1)

(advection)

(dispersion) (retardation)

( Eh pH

)

( )

AB A B

3.3.2.2.1.

(

) ( )

3-110

( ) ( )

TqcTKt

Tc fHs

(3 .3-1)

T (K) sc fc

( J m - 3 K - 1) HK - ( J m- 1

s - 1 K - 1) q (m s - 1 )

( , Fourier's

law) (convective)

(advective f lux)

(decay heat)

40

( 2009) (CDBS)

( 2002 2003)

/ ( Watts/canister) ( yr) (

3-70) BWR PWR (order)

/

3-111

3-70/

(1) (TH )

( )

(Buoyancy Effects) 3-71

(0 100 )

(White, 1974)

(Dispersion) (Dispersion Coefficient)

(Molecular Diffusion Coefficient, Dw)

(Frick, 1996) 3-17

( )

3-112

3-71(0100)

3-17

() Dw/D25

5 0.55

10 0.65

15 0.75

20 0.87

25 1.00

35 1.28

50 1.76

70 2.54

D2525 Dw

(2) (TM )

E(T) (T) (VTT, 1999)

(Uniaxial Stress)

= T (3.3-2)

3-113

(Linear Thermal Expansion

Coefficient, - 1) /

(Free Displacement)

(T)

=E T (3.3-3)

(Plane Stress) 0x 0y

0z

Tv

Ex

1 (3.3-4)

Tv

Ey

1 (3.3-5)

(Poissons Rat io) E /

(Jaeger and Cook, 1984)

/

( )

(Plasticity)

(3) (T C )

10

(Arrhenius)

k 25

3-114

15.298

11exp25

TR

Ekk a

(3.3-6)

Ea (Act ivation Energy, kJ mol- 1) 25k 25

( s - 1) R

( kJ mol - 1 K - 1) T (K)

(Activity Coefficients) (Electrostat ic Potentials)

(Heat Capacity) (Enthalpy)

(Formation)

STHKRTG ln (3.3-7)

K G

( kJ mol - 1)H (Enthalpy, kJ mol - 1)

S (Entropy, kJ mol - 1 K - 1)

(Helgeson,

1969)

T

PfTf dTCHH15.298

15.298,, (3.3-8)

T T

PfTf dT

T

C

T

dHSS

15.298 15.298

15.298,, (3.3-9)

3-115

Cp ( kJ mol - 1 K - 1) (f ,T) 298.15

298.15 K Cp

i

( )

G.N. Lewis M. Randall

( Ionic Strength)

2

2

1ii zC

(3.3-10)

C i ( )Z i

(Extended Debye-Hckel Equation)

i

ii

dB

zA

1log

2

(3.3-11)

A B 25

A=0.5091 B=0.3286108

3-116

3-18 3-19 d i

Li+ < Na+

< K+ < Rb + Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+

=0.01

=0.8 =0.05 (

2001 2011)

(2002)

( Debye-Hckel Davies

Debye-H ckel Pitzer )

( )

Arrhenius

3-117

3-18Debye-Hckel

(C) A B

0 0.4883 0.3241108

15 0.5002 0.3267108

25 0.5091 0.3286108

40 0.5241 0.3318108

55 0.5410 0.3353108

70 0.5599 0.3392108

(2001)

3-19

di () 1 =10-8 cm

1 2 3

3

K+ Br-Cl-ClO3

-

ClO4-CN-F-HS-

I-MnO4-NH4

+

NO2-NO3

-OH-

4

Na+ CH3COO

-HCO3-

H2PO4-HSO3

-

CrO4-2HPO4

-2

SO4-2

PO4-3

5

Ba+2Cd+2Hg+2

Pb+2 CO3

-2S-2SO3-2

6 Li+ Ca+2Cu+2Fe+2

Zn+2

8 Mg+2

9 H+ Al+3Cr+3Fe+3

(2001)

3-118

3.3.2.2.2.

( 2008)

CKSCx

CV

x

CD

t

S

t

Cbiobwpb

2

2

(3.3-12)

C ( kg m - 3) S

( kg g - 1) Dp ( m2

s - 1) Vw ( m s - 1) b

(apparent density kg m - 3)

( s - 1) Kb io ( s- 1) x

( m) t ( s) (3.3-12)

S=f(C))(Cf

t

S

(3.3-12)

2

2

2

2

2

2

)(1 x

C

R

D

x

C

Cf

D

x

CD

t

C

d

p

b

p

a

(3.3-13)

(Rd , retardation factor)

3-119

)(1R d

Cfb (3.3-14)

(3.3-14) f ' (C) Kd = S/C

f '(C)

dbK1R d (3.3-15)

dR

dR 1000

1/1000 dR 1

/

(

2009)

(1) (H T )

(Darcy

Model)

(2) (HM )

( )

3-120

(3) (H C )

(Hydraulic Conductivity) 10 - 1 4 m s - 1

(SKB, 1999; SKB, 2006)

3.3.2.2.3.

(Mechanics) (

) (static

equil ibrium) (strain compatibil ity)

(stresses) (strain) (constitutive)

(elasticity)

(l inearly elastic)

(Hookes law)

]][[][ S (3.3-16)

Txzyzxyzyx ] [][ T

xzyzxyzyx ] [][ zyx x, y,

z zyx x, y, z ( N m

- 2)

xzyzxy x, y, z (shear strain) xzyzxy (N m- 2)

(shear strain) [S] (N m - 2) - 1

-

3-72 (Dolbow, 2010; Hibbeler,

2010)

3-121

(1) (elast ic region) (proportional l imit)

=EE (elast ic modulus)

(Youngs modulus ) (elast ic l imit)

(plastic deformation)

(2) (yielding)

(3) (strain hardening)

(ult imate)

(4) (necking) (1) (3)

(

)

(in-situ stresses) (displacement)

(magnitude)

(Excavation

Damaged Zone EDZ) (Disturbed Rock Zone, DRZ)

DECOVALEX-THMC

(SKI, 2007)

/

(

2009 2010)

( 2006 2011)

(THM) (20032004

2008 2008 2010)

3-122

(1) (M T )

/

(2) (MH )

/

(SKI, 2007)

(3) (M C )

/

/

3-123

3-72-()

3.3.2.2.4.

/

/

( pH Eh )

(complexing l igands) (competing)

(adsorption)

(ion-exchange)

-

(species)

(

3-124

) / (

) (homogeneous aqueous

phase) / (heterogeneous)

i iR (mol m- 3 s - 1 )

- (precipitation-dissolution, min) (surface

complexation, sclx) (ion-exchange, ex)

(biological transformation, bio)

(redox, red) (complexation, clx) ( 3-73)

hommin clxiredihetbio

iexi

slcxiii RRRRRRR (3.3-17)

(aq) (reversible)

aqiR (irreversible)

miniR

min

i

aq

ii RRR (3.3-18)

iR

-

(1)

(act ivity) (

Eh pH )

3-125

(fugacity)

(ionic strength)

(ionic atmosphere)

Debye-H ckel

(activity)

(activity coefficient)

ia

ia = [C] X i (3.3-19)

aA + bB

cC + dD

bB

aA

dD

cC

bB

aA

dD

cC

bB

aA

dD

cC K

BA

DC

aa

aaK

][][

][][

(3.3-20)

K

(Gibbs free energy) K

K

3-126

K

1( ) K

= K ( 2011)

(solubil ity

product, Ksp)

(AB

A BAB(s)A(aq) + B(aq))

]][[][][][

][][BABA

AB

BA

a

aaK BA

AB

BA

AB

BAsp

(3.3-21)

1

(

1)

1

(2)

( ion exchange)

(Stumm,

1992) (specif ic surface area)

(montmori l lonite clays) (micas)

(mole fraction)

3-127

(cation exchange capacity, CEC)

(sorption site surface density)

(selectivity coefficients) /

(binding constants/equilibrium constants)

(anion)

(3)

( )

( kJ mol - 1)

(Coulombic)

Coulchemsorb GGG (3.3-22)

(isotherm)

Langmuir Freundlich

(constants capacitance) (diffuse double layer, DDL)

Stern

(a) ( Inner Helmholtz Plane, IHP, C 1)

3-128

(b) (Outer Helmholtz Plane, OHP, C 2)

OHP

(c) (Diffusion layer, C 3)

- - ( 3-74)

(4)

dK (13 kgm )

dK

(3.3-23)

aK (23 mm )

aK

(3.3-24)

(t imescale)

dK

(aff inity)

pH

3-129

(mechanisms)

(mobil ity)

(f itt ing)

dK -

(1) (C T )

( )

(2) (CH )

/

(3) (CM )

/

3-130

(Stress Corrosion)

3-73

3-131

3-74--

3-132

3.3.2.3.

(1) (THC)

(2) (TMC) (Transformation)

/

(3) (THM) /

(4) (HMC)

(5) (THMC) (Thermal and Hydraulic

Loading) / /

DECOVALEX 11

(THM)

DECOVALEX ( LBNL

BGR CAS

JAEA ) (THM)

3-133

( 2003 2004 2008

2008 2010)

TOUGH-FLAC3D -

- (Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical)

5 10 50 100

- -

FEM - - (THM) FEM

- (TM) FEM FETM

FEM FGWFS

0.5 -

- TOUGH-FLAC3D

10

100 400

/

3.3.2.1 3.3.2.3 THMC

THMC DECOVALEX

TH THM

THM

THMC

Eh pH

3-134

/ Eh-pH /

101

Eh pH

3.3.2.4.

(

)

(1)

(2)

(3)

-

3-135

(4)

( )

(Birkholzer et al, 2005b)

(THM) 5 10

50 100 100

( ) 94 61

10 (

)

100

100

( )

100

(SKB, 2006 2008 2008 2010)

4-1

4

99~101 100

500

GPS

(DFN_NET )

U Cu Fe

Eh(pe)-pH

Cs Se

( Kunigel V1 Kunipa F

MX-80 Avonseal)

4-2

-

/ -10~+5 mm/yr

10 -1000~+500 m

15

10 132m 12

6.6m

8.2

( ) 10

( ) 3.4

/

( )

4-3

(THM) 100

5-1

5

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(1991)

(2008) -

(2009)

(2009)

(2009)

(2011) 2011

(2010) - -

SNFD-INER-90-591

(2005) 24 1

( )

(2004)

5-9

(2011)

http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=27055

(2008)

(2005) 20 24 1 (

)

(2004) - -

(2008) - -

(2002) GPS 2002

63-82

(2002) - - -

42 39-48

(2003)

7-1-7-9

(2008) - -

(1984)

3 127-140

(1977)

2 57-70

(2008)

144

(2002)

- -

SNFD-ERL-90-167

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(2001)

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(2004a)

p.334-339.

(2004b)

/

p.329-333.

(2003)

(2002)

SNFD-INER-90-506

(2003) SNFD-INER-90-532

(2002) /

SNFD-NTU-90-512

(2000)

(1982)

(2008) 129

(1/3)

NSC 97-2221-E-007-063-MY3

(2001)

(2003) - -

5-11

(2005)

2005

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