100
10106
99~101 100
500
GPS
(DFN_NET )
U Cu Fe
Eh(pe)-pH
Cs Se
(
)
/ ( i)
(i i )
ABSTRACT
This Annual Report 2011 reports on the TPC s achievements in
implementing the Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal Program Pla n. This
report presents Disposal Environment Investigat ion, Development
of Disposal Technologies, and Performance Assessment of Spent
Nuclear Fuel Disposal in consistence with the requirements of the
program plan for the 2010 to 2012 period .
The main achievements of the Disposal Environment
Invest igation include dril l ing of f irst 500 -meter-dril led-core borehole
in the eastern Taiwan granitic bodies as well as conducting
Magnetotellurics (MT) geophysical survey around the planned area for
the Geological Tunnel Laboratory in H-area for underground
information about water conductive structures. Moreover, this project
f irstly sets up microseismic network and continuous GPS monitoring
stations around the target granitic bodies to monitor long-term
seismicity, uplift or subsidence by crustal movement. Furthermore,
downhole mult i-packer pressure monitoring for groundwater also has
been kept for long-term hydraulic characterization in three deep
boreholes in western offshore islands.
On the Development of D isposal Technologies, signif icant
technical achievements in 201 1 include: laboratory-scale rock testing
on thermal properties by conducting thermal measurements in a
granitic block associated with back-f i l led bentonite for further
numerical s imulations; discrete fractural network modeling ( i .e.
DFN_Net) based on in-situ fracture measurement from a tunnel of the
western offshore is lands; for geochemical evolutionary modeling based
on hydrogeochemical data of the western offshore islands, this year
the Eh-pH diagrams of U, Cu and Fe have been carried out to
evaluating stable condition of HLW geological repository ; and
laboratory nuclide transportation and retardation testing for
determination of diffusion coefficient factors in different
aerobic/anaerobic environments.
In the buffer/backfi l l material propert ies research, it describes
the features of bentonite as a candidate material for the buffer
including physical properties, mineral composition, etc. , in order to
understand the material composition and prop erties, and to explore
the thermal properties and hydraul ic properties, to understand
features of bentonite under different design (such as density, water
content, etc.), to facil itate subsequent disposal of the reference
design engineering barrier.
The work of sub-item two is delegated to study performance /
safety assessment for the variational scenario. The scopes of sub -item
two include (1) Analysis and systematic description of research results
about crust uplift, surface erosion, cl imate change, sea l evel change,
tsunami and other environmental factors in Taiwan , (2) Analysis of
environmental factors in the past, recent and future trends, as a
comprehensive analysis of the disposal s ites for possible future
changes in ambient conditions and formed a ba sis for impact.
Earthquake damage to underground constructions is either caused
by shaking or displacement on old faults. The study conduct s case
studies related to seismic activies, understanding of seismic activity on
the damage of underground constructi ons.
In the performance assessment study, it includes overview of
current status of international Thermo -Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical
Coupling (THMC) project for spent nuclear fuel, and analyze the space
and time scale evolution affected by possible individua l thermal,
hydraulic, mechanical, chemical and its coupling interactions for space
scale and time scale to support the research of radionuclides migration
behavior simulat ions in the near -field.
i
...................................................................................................................... i
................................................................................................................... ii
................................................................................................................... v
1 ........................................................................................................... 1-1
2 .................................................................................................... 2-1
3 ............................................................................................ 3-1
3.1. ......................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1. ............................................................. 3-1
3.1.2. ...............................................................3-14
3.1.3. .......................3-32
3.2. ...............................................................................3-42
3.2.1. ...................................................................................3-42
3.2.2. .......................................................3-46
3.2.3. ...........................................3-52
3.2.4. ...................................3-52
3.2.5. .......................................................3-63
3.3. ...............................................................3-76
3.3.1. ...........................................3-76
3.3.2. .............3-106
4 ........................................................................................................... 4-1
5 .................................................................................................... 5-1
ii
3-11 ............................................................... 3-5
3-21 ....................................................... 3-6
3-3 1 75.6-78m
............................................................................................................................. 3-8
3-41125-127m ........... 3-8
3-51212-214m ........... 3-9
3-61242.6-244m ........ 3-9
3-7 1 268.7-271m
......................................................................................................................3-10
3-8 1 334-346.5m
......................................................................................................................3-10
3-9 ...............................................3-12
3-10 .....................................................3-12
3-11 S-1 .........................................3-13
3-12K .......................................................................3-18
3-13K() .................3-19
3-14DFN_NET ..................................................................3-20
3-15 .........3-21
3-16 .............3-22
3-17 .....................................3-27
3-1844 .........................3-28
3-1954 .........................3-29
3-2054 .3-30
3-2164 .........................3-31
3-22 .............................................3-34
3-23P-S- ...........................................................3-34
3-24 .............................3-35
3-25 .............................................3-36
3-26GPSHGC1MP1MP2 ...............3-39
3-27GPSHGC2MP1MP2 ...............3-39
3-28GPSHGC3MP1MP2 ...............3-40
3-29GPSHGC1 ..........................................................3-40
3-30GPSHGC2 ..........................................................3-41
3-31GPSHGC3 ..........................................................3-41
iii
3-32- ....................................................3-44
3-33 .........................................................................3-44
3-34 .....................................................................................3-45
3-35 .............................................................................3-45
3-36Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-49
3-37Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-50
3-38Eh(pe)-pH .................................................3-51
3-39Cs (10E-3M) ..................................3-56
3-40Cs (10E-8M) ..................................3-57
3-41Se (10E-3M) .................................3-58
3-42Se (10E-8M) .................................3-59
3-43Se (10E-3M) .................................3-60
3-44Se (10E-8M) .................................3-61
3-45 .................................................3-62
3-46 .........................................................3-62
3-47GMZ-16 ....................3-68
3-48 .....................................3-68
3-49Kunigel V1 ................................3-69
3-50MX-80 ......................................3-69
3-51 .....................................3-72
3-52 .........................................3-72
3-53 .....................................3-73
3-54Kunigel V1 ....................................3-73
3-55Kunigel V1 ................................3-74
3-56- ................................................3-75
3-57 .........................................................................3-78
3-58 .....................................................................3-79
3-59 .....................................................................................3-83
3-601970-1999 ........................................................3-84
3-61(5 Myr) .........................3-85
3-62 .....................................................3-95
3-63 .....................................................3-96
3-641906418 .........................................................3-101
3-651906418 .............................................3-101
3-661952 ...........................................................3-102
3-67 ...........................................................................3-102
3-681976 ...................................3-105
3-691976650 m .........................3-105
iv
3-70/ ......................3-111
3-71(0100) .3-112
3-72-() ............................3-123
3-73 ...........................3-130
3-74-- .............3-131
v
3-1 ...................................................................3-23
3-2 ...........................................................................3-23
3-3DFN ................................................................3-23
3-4456 .................................3-26
3-5(%) ......................................................................3-66
3-6 ...................................................................3-67
3-7 ...............................................................................................3-80
3-8/ ..........................................................3-81
3-9 ...........................................................3-88
3-10IPCC ..................................3-90
3-11 .................................3-90
3-12 .................................................3-90
3-1315 .....................................................................3-91
3-1415 .........................................3-91
3-15 .............3-97
3-16DECOVALEX-THMC(2003~) ....3-108
3-17 ...............................................................3-112
3-18Debye-Hckel .............................3-117
3-19 ...........................................................................3-117
1-1
1
(2006 7 )
(2006 7 ) 2005~2017
2009
( SNFD2009
) 2017
( SNFD2017 )
2009
(
SNFD2009 )
2010 7
SNFD2009
2010 2011 1
SNFD2009
1-2
500 / 16 km
6 3000 m / / /
SNFD2009
106 SNFD2017
SNFD2017 (1)
(2) (3)
(1)
(2)
SNFD2017
2-1
2
(2005~2017)
2017
2017 (~2013)
(~2015)
/
(~2017)
99~101
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(3)
2-2
(a)
(b)
106
100
(100 )
3-1
3
3.1.
(SNFD2009 )
3.1.1.
500 m HQ
(1)
P6L
HQ (Open Hole) 60m
3-2
100 8 500 m
(Borehole
Camera)
(a)
29.8 m
( 3-1)
(
3-1 a,c)
( 3-1 c)
(b)
75.6-78 m 125-127 m 212-214 m 242.6-244 m
3-3
268.7-271 m 334-346.5 m ( 3-2)
( i ) 75.6-78 m
30 ( 60 )
80 30 ( 3-3)
( i i ) 125-127 m
45-80 50-80
( 3-4)
( i i i) 212-214 m
40-60
( 3-5)
( iv) 242.6-244 m
45-90 30-60
30 40-60 (
3-6)
(v) 268.7-271 m 3
60 (
3-7)
(vi) 334-346.5 m
337.5-342.5 m 344-346 m
345 m
70 60-70
3-4
15
60-70 ( 3-8)
3-5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3-11
(a)56-60m()(b)152-156m(
)(c)300-304m()(d)456-460m()
3-6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3-21
(a)76-80m(b)124-128m(c)212-216m(d)240-244m
(e)268-272m
3-7
(f)
(g)
(h)
3-2( ) 1
(f)336-340m(g)340-344m(h)344-348m
3-8
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-3 1 75.6-78m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-41125-127m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
3-9
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-51212-214m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-61242.6-244m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
3-10
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-7 1 268.7-271m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
Ground CircleDiagram
Rose Diagram
3-8 1 334-346.5m
(0-3030-6060-90
)
3-11
(2)
3-9
3-10
(
)
Ex Ey
( Hx Hy)
20 cm
(Hz)
/
S1 3-11
(101 )
L1 L2 S1
( 3-9 )
3
3-12
3-9
W S N E
MTUEW
S
N
Hx
Hy
Hz
GPS
Ground
12V
+-
N
3-10
3-13
SW NE
19
238
Ohm-m
3-11 S-1
3-14
3.1.2.
99~101
K
(1)
(DFN_NET )
(a)
3-12
( , )(dip
direction, dip angle) (315 , 82) (34 ,
85) (284 , 19)DFN
(Trace)
(Priest, 1993a)
94-97
K
KMBH01-02-04
(b) DFN_NET
3-15
3-12
3-13
3-1 3-2
(
2008)
(Priest, 1993a)
(Probability Density Funct ion)
(DFN) ( DFN_NET
) 3-14
(Empirical Cumulated
Distribution Function ECDF)DFNDFN_NET
(Marked Point Process,
MPP)
(Cluster) DFN_NET
DFN 3-15(b)
3-16(b)
3-3
(Parent-daughter)
(Bil laux et al . , 1989; Xu and Dowd, 2010)
3-16
(Poisson
point process) (Xu and Dowd, 2010)
DFN_NET
50%DFN_NET
DFN
3-15(a) 3-16(a)
(Edge Effect)
(Xu and Dowd, 2010)
x- y- z-
50x50x10m
DFN ( )
3-15
3-15(a) 3-15(b)
3-12
3
66%
3-17
DFN
3-16 3-15 3-16
(c)
97-99
(permeabil ity) (Porosity)
(100 ) K
DFN_NET
DFN (101 )
DFN_NET (Global Optimization)
(
)DFN_NET
DFN
DFN_OPT
3-18
3-12K
3-19
3-13K()
3-20
DFN
No
No
Yes
Yes
DFN
Yes
No
Yes Yes
NoNo
DFN
Yes
1
1 No
3-14DFN_NET
3-21
(a)
(b)
3-15
3-22
(a)
(b)
3-16
3-23
3-1
+
1 (315, 82) 42 1.641 0.982 l = 0.303, l = 0.712
2 ( 34, 85) 38 1.597 0.886 l = , l = 0.490
3 (284, 19) 25 1.970 0.978 l = 0.413, l = 0.423
+
3-2
1 (315, 82) 0.792. 0.842 s = -0.759, s =1.224
2 ( 34, 85) 0.694 0.538 s = -0.658, s =0.861
3 (284, 19) 0.567 0.663 s = -1.285, s =1.030
3-3DFN
1 2 3
(315, 82) ( 34, 85) (284, 19)
(#/m3) 0.032082 0.040726 0.011002
+ D = -0.2945
D = 0.5027
D = -0.2357
D = 0.3039
D = -0.5558
D = 0.4041 +
3-24
(2)
99~101 ( 3-17)
4 5 6
( 3-4
)
(a) 4
2011 03 22 2012 03 29
12 3-18 4
6
(b) 5
2011 01 13 6 2011 05 05
12 3-19 5
2 ( 200-300 m)
2011 3 14 93.10 m
89.6 m (2011 3 22 ) 3.5 m
2011 3 11 1:46 9.0
(Mw=9.0)
2011
03 22 ( 11 )
1 m 2011 04 10 311
30 5
2011 12 20 2012 03 29
( 3-20)
(c) 6
3-25
2011 03 22 6 2012 03 29
12 3-21 6
0.1m
4 6
5
5
311 4 6
3-26
3-4456
(m)
(m) *
4 000100 33.713-66.287 101 /
4 100200 -66.287-166.287 15 /
4 200300 -166.287-266.287 10 /
4 300400 -266.287-366.287 102 /
4 400560 -366.287-466.287 471 /
5 000100 22.173-77.827 41 /
5 100200 -77.827-177.827 19 /
5 200300 -177.827-277.827 48 /
5 300400 -277.827-377.827 12
5 400500 -377.827-477.827 25
6 000100 32.722-67.278 41 /
6 100200 -67.278-167.278 126 /
6 200300 -167.278-267.278 84 /
6 300400 -267.278-367.278 117 /
6 400500 -367.278-467.278 124 /
*()()/()
/()
3-27
3-17
4INW/PS9805
INW/PS9805
3-28
3-1844
2011032220120329
3-29
3-1954
2011011320110505311
3-30
3-2054
2011122020120329
3-31
3-2164
2011032220120329
3-32
3.1.3.
GPS
(1)
99~101 3
(Shyu et al., 2005)
( 3-22)
3 4
4
11 (Near-field Earthquake)
3-33
100
P S 10
(Seismic Analysis Code SAC)
P S
( 3-23)
(Lee and Lahr, 1972) (HYPO 71)
2-6 7-8
9 11
3-24
( 3-25) M L1.2-2.75
2-19 km
3-34
()
km
km km
km
km
km
3-22
(1970-2002)
7
3-23P-S-
3-35
3-24
2011/07/11(ABC)(D)
3-36
3-25
ML1.2-2.75
3-37
3-25()
20km
3-38
(2) GPS
(Global Positioning System, GPS)
GPS
1-2cm
99~101GPS
GPS
GPS
GPS ( HGC1
HGC2 HGC3 )
GPS ( GPS )
GPS
30 GPS
( 1994)
5.0mm+1.0ppm GPS 8
( 4 ) 3 ( )
100 8GPS
MP1MP2 0.2-0.5m
( 3-26 3-28) GPS
Bernese 5.0
( 3-29 3-31) GPS
(N E) 0.2 0.5cm
(h) 1-2cm
GPS
3-39
HGC1 MP1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
1
(
)
HGC1 MP2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
2
(
)
HGC1 MP2
3-26GPSHGC1MP1MP2
HGC2 MP1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
1
(
)
HGC2 MP1
HGC2 MP2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
2
(
)
3-27GPSHGC2MP1MP2
3-40
HGC3 MP1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
1
(
)
HGC3 MP1
HGC3 MP2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
11/08/07 11/08/14 11/08/21 11/08/28 11/09/04 11/09/11 11/09/18
(//)
M
P
2
(
)
HGC3 MP2
3-28GPSHGC3MP1MP2
320325.10
320325.15
320325.20
320325.25
320325.30
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m
)
(m)
2692081.40
2692081.45
2692081.50
2692081.55
2692081.60
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m
)
128.45
128.50
128.55
128.60
128.65
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
3-29GPSHGC1
3-41
2684590.50
2684590.55
2684590.60
2684590.65
2684590.70
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m
)
47.80
47.85
47.90
47.95
48.00
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m)
325307.20
325307.25
325307.30
325307.35
325307.40
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m
)
3-30GPSHGC2
2682282.15
2682282.20
2682282.25
2682282.30
2011/08/05 2011/08/10 2011/08/15 2011/08/20 2011/08/25 2011/08/30 2011/09/04 2011/09/09
(//)
/
/
/
/
2011/08/05 2011/08/10 2011/08/15 2011/08/20 2011/08/25 2011/08/30 2011/09/04 2011/09/09
(//)
63.40
63.45
63.50
63.55
63.60
11/08/05 11/08/10 11/08/15 11/08/20 11/08/25 11/08/30 11/09/04 11/09/09
(//)
(m
)
(m)
(m
)
3-31GPSHGC3
3-42
3.2.
3.2.1.
(
) ( )
( 3-32)
(1)
MX-80
( 2.7 g/cm3 12%)
3-33 70 mm 30 mm
6 5 12
mm 6
3-32 SR-97 H3 FEBEX
(Dry Density) 1.59 1.8 g/cm3
5
1.6 g/cm3
(2)
50x50x25 cm
( 3-34) 70 mm
3-43
( 4
3 mm 10 cm)
5 cm 10 cm
20 cm
(3)
6
3-35
3-44
3-32-
3-33
3-45
3-34
3-35
3-46
3.2.2.
(Eh) (pH)
2008
U Cu Fe
Eh(pe)-pH
Eh(pe)-pH Pourbaix (Pourbaix, 1974)
( )
Eh pH
Cu( ) Fe( )
U( )
( 300-500 m)
Cu Fe U Eh(pe)-pH
GWB (Geochemist s Workbench
Version 8.0)
thermo.com.V8.R6+.dat EQ3/6 (Version
8.0) (data0.cmp)
Cu Fe U 1.0E-06 M pH( ) 0-14
pe( ) -16.9-+16.9
1atm
300-500 m
( Kmi) (C Cl S F Si N P)
3-47
( Sea)
Cu FeU
25 80
25 Eh(pe)-pH
80 KBS-3
(SKBF/KBS 1983)
pH=4
pH ( 2011) pH=13
(Ca)
( NaOH KOH) pH
(SKB, 2002 2009 2010)
(1) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-36)
pH=4-13 Cu ( C o p p e r )
Cu ( C o p p e r )
Cu ( C o p p er )
(2) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-37)
pH=4-13Fe ( I ro n )
Fe ( I ro n ) ( ) (
Fe+ 2) Fe ( I ro n )
Fe ( I r o n )
( )
(3) Eh(pe)-pH ( 3-38)
pH=4-13 UO2 ( U ra n i n i te )
UO2 ( U ra n i n i t e )
3-48
3-49
()
()
(300-500m) ()
()(300-500m)
3-36Eh(pe)-pH
3-50
() (300-500m) ()
() ()(300-500m)
3-37Eh(pe)-pH
3-51
4
() (300-500m) ()
() ()(300-500m)
3-38Eh(pe)-pH
3-52
3.2.3.
2002
( ) 400 D
6 ( ) (H-area Tunnel
Laboratory, HTL)
(2018~2028 )
101 3 20
3.2.4.
(1)
Cs Se
Cs Se 10E-3M 10E-8M 10E-3M
3-53
(Heterogeneity)
(Homogeneity)
10E-8M
3-39 3-44 Cs Se
(2)
(a)
10E-9 m2/s x2=2Dt ( x
D t )
1 mm
2 mm 3 mm 5 mm
3-54
( )
3-45 3-46
(b)
(Active Transport)
( ) (25cm x 25cm x
25cm)
(Computer Topography, CT) CT
CT
3-55
CT
CT
K
Migration 11
3-56
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4006.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
100
150
200
250
300
-2
0
2
4
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
pH
time (h)
pH
Cs 10E-3 M, aerobic
Eh (m
V)
Eh
Kd (m
L/g)
Kd
Kd = -2.489 exp(-0.017t) + 2.489
3-39Cs (10E-3M)
3-57
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
140
160
180
200
0
100
200
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
pH
time (h)
pH
Cs 10E-8 M, aerobic
Eh
(mV
)
Eh
Kd
(mL/
g)
Kd
Kd = -116 exp(-0.018t) + 116.076
3-40Cs (10E-8M)
3-58
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
100
150
200
250
300-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
pH
time (h)
pH
Se 10E-3 M, aerobic
Eh
(mV
)
Eh
Kd
(mL/
g)
Kd
Kd = -1.156 exp(-0.019t) + 1.156
3-41Se (10E-3M)
3-59
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
100
150
200
250
300-2
0
2
4
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
pH
time (h)
pH
Se 10E-8 M, aerobic
Eh
(mV
)
Eh
Kd
(mL/
g)
Kd
Kd = -3.33 exp(-0.016t) + 3.33
3-42Se (10E-8M)
3-60
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-2
0
2
4
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
pH
time (h)
pH
Se 10E-3 M, Anaerobic
Eh
(mV
)
Eh
Kd
(mL/
g)
Kd
Kd = -0.399 exp(-0.024t) + 0.399
3-43Se (10E-3M)
3-61
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3506.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-2
0
2
4
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
pH
time (h)
pH
Se 10E-8 M, Anaerobic
Eh
(m
V)
Eh
Kd
(m
L/g
)
Kd
Kd = -1.966 exp(-0.021t) + 1.966
3-44Se (10E-8M)
3-62
3-45
3-46
3-63
3.2.5.
3.2.5.1.
(bentonite)
(1)
TOT
10
(Fukue et al. , 1995)
(2)
(3) 80 ~ 120 meq / 100 g
(cation exchange capacity, CEC ) (Fukue et
al., 1995) Cs+
Na+ (Shibutani et al ., 1992)
Kunigel V1 Kunipia F MX-80 Montigel
Avonseal
3-64
3.2.5.2.
3-5
(Montmoril lonite)
3-6 Kunigel V1 Zhisin(
) 50%
3.2.5.3.
3-6
2.6~2.8 (Liquid Limit, LL)
67%
90 %
(Plastic Limit, PL)
MX-80
(Plasticity Index, PI)
35
Kunigel V1 Kunipa FMX-80Avonseal
MontigelGMZ-16
3.2.5.4.
DRP-1 Shotherm-D2
( 2010)
18~22%
3-47
3-65
18% 120 MPa
(Thermal Characteristics)
(2003) (2004) (2009) (Heat Probe
Method) 3-48
(Dry Density) (Water Content)
(Thermal Conductivity)
Kunigel V1
1.8 Mg/m3 30%
1.6 Mg/m 3
(Suzuki and Taniguchi, 1999) 3-49
Kunigel V1
0.45~2.00 W/mK
(Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste
Management Company, SKB)MX-80
(B rgesson et al. , 1994)
0.8
3-50 MX-80
0.6~1.3 W/mK
3-66
3-5(%)
Kunigel V1(1,2)
Kunipia F(1,2)
MX-80(3) Montigel
(3) Avonseal
(3) GMZ(4)
(Zhisin)(5)
46-49 98-99 75 66 79 75.4 14
/
29-38
3-67
3-6
Kunigel V1(1,2,3)
Kunipia F(1,2)
MX-80(4) Montige
l(4) Avonsea
l(4) GMZ-16(
5,6)
(Zhisin) (7)
Specific gravity
2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7
LL (%) 416 993 400 140 257 99.8 67
PL (%) 21 42 70 50 49 41 18
PI 395 951 330 90 208 58.8 49
Montomorillon
it (%) 46-49 98-99 75 66 79 80 2.3
CEC (meg/ 100 g)
52 1117 79 62 82 83.4 70
Leach cation (meg/ 100 g)
Na+ 54.6 114.9 56 1.8 46.5 1.6 23.1
K+ 1.3 1.1 2.3 0.2 0.7 0.34 1.4
Ca2+ 41.9 20.6 30.1 37.6 39.5 52.92 38.7
Mg2+ 6.6 2.6 15.6 22.4 7 27.86 6.8
Na+/Ca2+ ratio
1.3 5.58 1.86 0.05 1.18 0.03 0.6
1Ishikawa et al., 19902Ito et al, 19933Suzuki and Fujita,
1999a4Lajudie et al., 199652004a62004b
7Chuang et al., 2010
3-68
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
70 80 90 100 110 120 130
(MPa)
(W/mK)
18%
20%
22%
3-47GMZ-16
(2010)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Water content (%)
Th
erm
al
con
du
ctiv
ity
(W
/m*K
)
14 15 16 17 18
r d (kN/m3)
3-48
Chuang et al. (2010)
3-69
3-49Kunigel V1
Suzuki and Taniguchi (1999)
3-50MX-80
Suzuki and Taniguchi (1999)
3-70
3.2.5.5.
(2008)
1.5~1.7 Mg/m 3 25~80
(hydraul ic conductivity)
3-51
1.7 Mg/m3
25 80
1.7 Mg/m 3
Pusch and Weston(2003)
(Ca-type bentonite) 1.6 Mg/m3
(2008) (Vapour Equil ibrium Technique )
(soil suction) Fredlund
and Xing model(Fredlund and Xing, 1994; Fredlund et al ., 1994)
( 0 1 ) - (soil-water
characteristic curve, SWCC) (Unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity)
3-52 -
Fredlund and Xing model
- 25 40
40 60 3-53
Fredlund and Xing model
Kunigel V1
(Japanese Geotechnical Society
Standard) JGS T 331 50
mm 10 mm Kunigel V1 30 %
3-71
1.6 Mg/m3 1.8 Mg/m3
3-54 Kunigel V1
1.6 Mg/m3
1.8 Mg/m3
Kunigel V1 -
(Suzuki and Fujita, 1999) 3-55
3-56 Kunigel V1 MX-80
Kunipa F 30% Kunigel V1 -
Kunipa F MX-80
Kunigel V1
3-72
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature ()
Hy
dra
uli
c co
nd
uct
ivit
y (
10
-10 m
/sec
)
1.5
1.6
1.7
r d (Mg/m3)
3-51
(2008)
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of saturation
Su
ctio
n (
kP
a)
25 25
40 40
60 60
Zhisin Clay
measured simulated
3-52
(2008)
3-73
1.E-10
1.E-08
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-02
1.E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Saturation
Rel
ati
ve c
oeff
icie
nt
of
per
mea
bil
ity
BH bentonite
Zhisin clay
3-53
(2008)
3-54Kunigel V1
JNC (2000)
3-74
(a) Kunigel V1
(b) 30%Kunigel V1
3-55Kunigel V1
Suzuki and Fujita (1999)
3-75
3-56-
JNC (2000)
3-76
3.3.
3.3.1.
10
3.3.1.1. /
/
/
3-77
(2009)
/
3.3.1.1.1. /
( 3-57)
( 3-7)
(
3-7)
3,000
7
/
3-8
/ 1990
GPS
GPS ( )
(2002) 1993~1999
3-78
3-8
5 mm/yr
-10~-70 mm/yr
KuoEn Ching et al.(2011) 199
GPS 2000 2008
( 3-58) 0.2 ~ 18.5
mm/yr
3-57
(2001)
3-79
3-58
KuoEn Ching et al. (2011)
S01R
3-80
3-7
Eon
Era
Period
Epoch
(
)
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic
Quaternary
Holocene 0.01
Pleistocene 1.6
Tertiary
Piocene 5.3
Miocene 23.7
Oligocene 36.6
Eocene 57.8
Paleocene 66.4
Mesozoic
Creaceous
144
Jurassic 208
Triassic 245
Paleozoic
Permian
286
Carboniferous 360
Devonian 408
Silurian 438
Ordovician 505
Cambrian 570
Cryptozoic 4600
(1991)(2009)
3-81
3-8/
/(-)
mm/yr
5 (1985)
10.72.2 0.58~0.128 (1982)
8.91.9 (1982)
5.00.4 Lin (1999)
5.00.7 9,000 (1977)
2 1,500~5,500 (1977)
5.3 5,500~8,500 (1977)
1~2 (2005)
3~4 (2005)
5~10 (2005)
-10 (2005)
-5 ~ -6 (2005)
-1 ~ -2 (2005)
(
)
-3 ~ -4 (2005)
5 1993~1999 (2002)
5 1993~1999 (2002)
-10 ~ -70 1993~1999 (2002)
-10 1993~1999 (2002)
(2009)
3-82
3.3.1.1.2.
(1985)
( 3-59)
3 mm/yr ( ) 5.5
mm/yrDadson et al. (2003) 30 (1970~1999)
( 3-60) 500 m
6 mm/yr
( 5 Ma)
3~6 mm/yr ( 3-61)
5.5~6 mm/yr
4
2500mm
921
3.9mm/yr 921 2
( 2003)
Siame, L. L. et al. (2011)
(suspended sediment load) 50
5~7 mm/yr
(2009) (topographic steady state)
3-83
3-59
(1985)(2009)
3-84
3-601970-1999
Dadson et al. (2003)
400 km2
3-85
3-61(5 Myr)
Dadson et al. (2003)
mm/yr
3-86
3.3.1.2.
/ /
/ /
/ / /
(2009)
3.3.1.2.1.
1.8
(Last Glacial Maximum, LGM)
1
( 3-7)
1~2
Bard et al.(1996) 6,000
( ) 55 m
2,000
1.7
850 m 6
1,000 mm 1.3~1
1.1~1
3-87
1
~
9,500~4,000 9,500~8,500
7,000~5,000
2.4 m 2,000
1~2
Church et al . (2001) 2
120 m
2~1.4
6 m 1.4~0.6
10 m 6,000
0.3~0.5 m
(2005)
20,000 ( )
1.1~1
13 mm/yr 10,000~6,500 8~9
mm/yr 6,500
3.3.1.2.2.
IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) 2007
20
1.2~2.2 mm/yr
1.5 mm/yr
(2000)
18
(2002)
20 1.5 mm/yr
3-88
( 3-9)
Tseng Yu-Heng et al .(2010) 1961-2003
2.4 mm/yr
1.8 mm/yr 1993-2003
5.7mm/yr 3.1 mm/yr
48
1.9
mm/yr 2.0 mm/yr
2.0 mm/yr
(1.5 mm/yr) 0.5 mm/yr
3-9
-1.1 -0.3 0.7 1.2 -7.1 0 0.5
mm/yr (2002)(2009)
3-89
3.3.1.2.3.
IPCC
( 3-10)
( / )
(2002) 200 (
99%) 3-11
( ) (2002)
60~99%
3-12
Moren Passe(1999)
15 (2002)
3-13
(Liew et al.,
1999) (LGM)(
22,000~19,000 )
Moren Passe (1999)
(2002)
130 m(Yokoyama et al., 2000;
CLIMAP, 1981) ( 10 )
130 m
10 132 12
6.6 ( 3-14)
3-90
3-10IPCC
A1FI
A1T
A1B
A2
B1 A1
B2
(IPCC, 2007)
3-11
1990 2025 2050 2075 2100 2150 2200
0 14 26 46 76 188 374
0 17 31 52 85 201 391
0 20 37 61 96 217 412
0 22 40 65 101 225 422
0 -7 -10 -5 10 92 248
0 18 33 55 88 206 397
0 20 36 59 94 214 408
cm (2002)(2009)
99%()
3-12
(%) 1990 2025 2050 2075 2100 2150 2200
60 0 8 16 25 34 59 86
70 0 10 18 27 39 70 106
80 0 11 20 32 47 85 133
90 0 13 25 39 58 111 181
95 0 15 29 45 68 139 238
97.5 0 18 33 52 80 171 303
99 0 20 36 59 94 214 408
cm (2002)(2009)
60~99%
3-91
3-1315
(kyr)
0~5
5~30
8 20~30 kyr
30~40 1
40~70
60 kyr10
70~80 5
80~110
100 kyr12
110~130
130~150
(Moren and Passe, 19992002)(2009)
3-1415
0.5 2.8 4 6.6 8 10 12 13 15
(m) -22 -88 -11 -110 -55 -132 6.6 -5.5 -99
(2002)(2009)
10%
3-92
3.3.1.3.
2011 3 11
9.0
10
10
12
50 ( 2011)
(2005) 20
1960 66
30 1964
15 1993 8 8
29 1998
1986 11 15
( 121.8 23.9 ) 7.8 13.9
2
1994 9 16
147 6.4 45.1 38
2002 7.1
20 2006 12 26
3-93
7.1 40
( 2011)
(2005)
(
3-62)
1000
50 6.5
(2011)
1771 85.4
3-94
USGS 1000
(100 8 19
) 8.2
10 15 (
3-63)
( 3-15)
(Yap)
2000 8.7
3
3-95
3-62
(2005)
3-96
3-63
(100819)
8.2
3-97
3-15
(Mw)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
T1 () 8.1 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.5
T2 (1) 8.2 0.8 0.7 10.0 1.1
T3 (2) 8.4 0.6 0.7 9.5 0.7
T4 (3) 8.6 0.3 0.6 5.0 0.5
T5 (4) 8.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1
T6 (1) 8.5 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.1
T7 (2) 8.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.9
T8 () 8.7 2.6 2.5 6.4 3.4
T9 (1) 8.6 0.8 0.8 1.6 0.9
T10 (2) 8.8 1.2 1.2 2.0 1.5
T11 (3) 8.7 0.7 1.1 2.0 1.2
T12 (4) 8.8 0.8 0.8 2.8 1.4
T13 (-
1) 8.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.8
T14 (-
2) 8.7 0.6 0.7 1.4 0.8
T15 () 8.8 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3
T16 (1) 8.7 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3
T17 (2) 8.7 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5
T18 (3) 8.5 2.8 2.3 2.5 3.3
T19 () 7.6 0.3 0.3 2.7 0.3
T20 (1) 7.5 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.5
T21 (2) 7.2 0.7 0.8 0.0 1.6
T22 (1+2) 7.8 1.7 1.4 0.0 1.2
(100819)
3-98
3.3.1.4. \
/
/
JNC(2000)
100
/
(perturbation scenario)
3.3.1.5.
3.3.1.5.1.
3-99
(1)
(2) (Magnitude) (Local
Magnitude) (Surface Wave) (Body Wave)
(Seismic Moment)
(3)
Iwasaki (1977)
1.5 3.5
Owen(1982)
Pratt (1982)
100 m 25 cm 500 m
1976
800 (Wang, 1985)
3.3.1.5.2.
(R shoff, 1989)
1906 8.3
3-64 3-65
Stevens(1977)
213
m 1.8 km (San Andreas fault)
3-100
1.37 m
206 m
1.07 km
1930 7.3
140 m
(Tanna fault) 160 m
2.29 m 55%
1952 (Kern Country) 7.6
3-66
(White Wolf fault)
3-67 45~70
m 12~24 in 213 m
61 m
3-101
3-641906418
(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1906_04_18.php)
3-651906418
(http://geology.com/earthquake/california.shtml)
3-102
3-661952
(http://geology.com/earthquake/california.shtml)
3-67
(http://geology.com/earthquake/california)
3-103
3.3.1.5.3.
0.2-0.5 g
0.5 g
1964 8.5 Matanuska
1970 7.7 16
MM=VII~VII I(Modified Mercal l i (
4~5 )
1976 5.0~5.5
Welkom 6 km
2 km 10 cm
1976 7.8
12~16 km 11600 3.0~6.0
7.0
(PRC)
3-68
30 m
230~450 m
3-69 650 m
650 m PRC=VII( 4~5
)
PRC=VIII~IX( 5~6 )
3-104
Bezrodny(1999) Krugobaikalskaya
Baikal Kultuk 85 km 38
4
7.0 5 5.0~6.0
70 km
0.01~0.1 mm
( 70~1000 m3/hr)
3.3.1.5.4.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3-105
3-681976
Wang (1985)
3-691976650 m
3-106
3.3.2.
2017
3.3.2.1.
(Evolution) (
2002)
(
) (Thermal, T)
(Hydraul ic/Hydro, H) (Mechanical, M) (Chemical , C)
(Coupled Process)
1970
CHEMVAL (VALidation and verif ication of geoCHEMical
models project)DECOVALEX (DEvelopment of COupled models and
3-107
their VALidat ion against EXper iments in nuclear waste isolat ion)
( ) CHEMVAL
(VTT, 1999) CHEMVAL (1991-1994)
(species) -
(HC)
(1994-1997) NaOH (quartz)
Ca2 +/Na+
(clayey water) (pyrite)
DECOVALEX (DEvelopment of COupled models and their
VALidation against EXperiments in nuclear waste isolation)
1992 (Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate,
SKI)
(1992-1995)
(THM) (Bench-Mark Test, BMT) (HM)
(THM) (Test Case, TC) (J ing et al. , 1995; Tsang et
al., 2009) KBS-3
(1995-2000) 2
(Tsang et al ., 2009) (Task)
Task A SellafieldNirex
Task B Kamaishi
Task C
3-108
Task D (THM)
(2000-2003) (Tsang et al. , 2005;
Tsang et al. , 2009) Task A ENRESAGrimsel
(Ful l-Scale
Engineered Barriers Experiment in Crystall ine Host Rock, FEBEX) Task
B (Drift Scale Test, DST)
Task C
(BMT) Task D (THM)
(THM) DECOVALEX
2003
(DECOVALEX-THMC) (Birkholzer et al., 2005a;
Birkholzer et al ., 2005b; Birkhol zer et al ., 2005c; Tsang et al ., 2009)
3-16
3-16DECOVALEX-THMC(2003~)
Task A Shield
Task B sp HRL
Task C Tournemire
Task D 1.
2. JNC
-
Task E Shield
(Tsang et al., 2009)
3-109
3.3.2.2.
( )
100 100
130 140
( g m - 3) (m3
yr - 1)
(advection)
(dispersion) (retardation)
( Eh pH
)
( )
AB A B
3.3.2.2.1.
(
) ( )
3-110
( ) ( )
TqcTKt
Tc fHs
(3 .3-1)
T (K) sc fc
( J m - 3 K - 1) HK - ( J m- 1
s - 1 K - 1) q (m s - 1 )
( , Fourier's
law) (convective)
(advective f lux)
(decay heat)
40
( 2009) (CDBS)
( 2002 2003)
/ ( Watts/canister) ( yr) (
3-70) BWR PWR (order)
/
3-111
3-70/
(1) (TH )
( )
(Buoyancy Effects) 3-71
(0 100 )
(White, 1974)
(Dispersion) (Dispersion Coefficient)
(Molecular Diffusion Coefficient, Dw)
(Frick, 1996) 3-17
( )
3-112
3-71(0100)
3-17
() Dw/D25
5 0.55
10 0.65
15 0.75
20 0.87
25 1.00
35 1.28
50 1.76
70 2.54
D2525 Dw
(2) (TM )
E(T) (T) (VTT, 1999)
(Uniaxial Stress)
= T (3.3-2)
3-113
(Linear Thermal Expansion
Coefficient, - 1) /
(Free Displacement)
(T)
=E T (3.3-3)
(Plane Stress) 0x 0y
0z
Tv
Ex
1 (3.3-4)
Tv
Ey
1 (3.3-5)
(Poissons Rat io) E /
(Jaeger and Cook, 1984)
/
( )
(Plasticity)
(3) (T C )
10
(Arrhenius)
k 25
3-114
15.298
11exp25
TR
Ekk a
(3.3-6)
Ea (Act ivation Energy, kJ mol- 1) 25k 25
( s - 1) R
( kJ mol - 1 K - 1) T (K)
(Activity Coefficients) (Electrostat ic Potentials)
(Heat Capacity) (Enthalpy)
(Formation)
STHKRTG ln (3.3-7)
K G
( kJ mol - 1)H (Enthalpy, kJ mol - 1)
S (Entropy, kJ mol - 1 K - 1)
(Helgeson,
1969)
T
PfTf dTCHH15.298
15.298,, (3.3-8)
T T
PfTf dT
T
C
T
dHSS
15.298 15.298
15.298,, (3.3-9)
3-115
Cp ( kJ mol - 1 K - 1) (f ,T) 298.15
298.15 K Cp
i
( )
G.N. Lewis M. Randall
( Ionic Strength)
2
2
1ii zC
(3.3-10)
C i ( )Z i
(Extended Debye-Hckel Equation)
i
ii
dB
zA
1log
2
(3.3-11)
A B 25
A=0.5091 B=0.3286108
3-116
3-18 3-19 d i
Li+ < Na+
< K+ < Rb + Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+
=0.01
=0.8 =0.05 (
2001 2011)
(2002)
( Debye-Hckel Davies
Debye-H ckel Pitzer )
( )
Arrhenius
3-117
3-18Debye-Hckel
(C) A B
0 0.4883 0.3241108
15 0.5002 0.3267108
25 0.5091 0.3286108
40 0.5241 0.3318108
55 0.5410 0.3353108
70 0.5599 0.3392108
(2001)
3-19
di () 1 =10-8 cm
1 2 3
3
K+ Br-Cl-ClO3
-
ClO4-CN-F-HS-
I-MnO4-NH4
+
NO2-NO3
-OH-
4
Na+ CH3COO
-HCO3-
H2PO4-HSO3
-
CrO4-2HPO4
-2
SO4-2
PO4-3
5
Ba+2Cd+2Hg+2
Pb+2 CO3
-2S-2SO3-2
6 Li+ Ca+2Cu+2Fe+2
Zn+2
8 Mg+2
9 H+ Al+3Cr+3Fe+3
(2001)
3-118
3.3.2.2.2.
( 2008)
CKSCx
CV
x
CD
t
S
t
Cbiobwpb
2
2
(3.3-12)
C ( kg m - 3) S
( kg g - 1) Dp ( m2
s - 1) Vw ( m s - 1) b
(apparent density kg m - 3)
( s - 1) Kb io ( s- 1) x
( m) t ( s) (3.3-12)
S=f(C))(Cf
t
S
(3.3-12)
2
2
2
2
2
2
)(1 x
C
R
D
x
C
Cf
D
x
CD
t
C
d
p
b
p
a
(3.3-13)
(Rd , retardation factor)
3-119
)(1R d
Cfb (3.3-14)
(3.3-14) f ' (C) Kd = S/C
f '(C)
dbK1R d (3.3-15)
dR
dR 1000
1/1000 dR 1
/
(
2009)
(1) (H T )
(Darcy
Model)
(2) (HM )
( )
3-120
(3) (H C )
(Hydraulic Conductivity) 10 - 1 4 m s - 1
(SKB, 1999; SKB, 2006)
3.3.2.2.3.
(Mechanics) (
) (static
equil ibrium) (strain compatibil ity)
(stresses) (strain) (constitutive)
(elasticity)
(l inearly elastic)
(Hookes law)
]][[][ S (3.3-16)
Txzyzxyzyx ] [][ T
xzyzxyzyx ] [][ zyx x, y,
z zyx x, y, z ( N m
- 2)
xzyzxy x, y, z (shear strain) xzyzxy (N m- 2)
(shear strain) [S] (N m - 2) - 1
-
3-72 (Dolbow, 2010; Hibbeler,
2010)
3-121
(1) (elast ic region) (proportional l imit)
=EE (elast ic modulus)
(Youngs modulus ) (elast ic l imit)
(plastic deformation)
(2) (yielding)
(3) (strain hardening)
(ult imate)
(4) (necking) (1) (3)
(
)
(in-situ stresses) (displacement)
(magnitude)
(Excavation
Damaged Zone EDZ) (Disturbed Rock Zone, DRZ)
DECOVALEX-THMC
(SKI, 2007)
/
(
2009 2010)
( 2006 2011)
(THM) (20032004
2008 2008 2010)
3-122
(1) (M T )
/
(2) (MH )
/
(SKI, 2007)
(3) (M C )
/
/
3-123
3-72-()
3.3.2.2.4.
/
/
( pH Eh )
(complexing l igands) (competing)
(adsorption)
(ion-exchange)
-
(species)
(
3-124
) / (
) (homogeneous aqueous
phase) / (heterogeneous)
i iR (mol m- 3 s - 1 )
- (precipitation-dissolution, min) (surface
complexation, sclx) (ion-exchange, ex)
(biological transformation, bio)
(redox, red) (complexation, clx) ( 3-73)
hommin clxiredihetbio
iexi
slcxiii RRRRRRR (3.3-17)
(aq) (reversible)
aqiR (irreversible)
miniR
min
i
aq
ii RRR (3.3-18)
iR
-
(1)
(act ivity) (
Eh pH )
3-125
(fugacity)
(ionic strength)
(ionic atmosphere)
Debye-H ckel
(activity)
(activity coefficient)
ia
ia = [C] X i (3.3-19)
aA + bB
cC + dD
bB
aA
dD
cC
bB
aA
dD
cC
bB
aA
dD
cC K
BA
DC
aa
aaK
][][
][][
(3.3-20)
K
(Gibbs free energy) K
K
3-126
K
1( ) K
= K ( 2011)
(solubil ity
product, Ksp)
(AB
A BAB(s)A(aq) + B(aq))
]][[][][][
][][BABA
AB
BA
a
aaK BA
AB
BA
AB
BAsp
(3.3-21)
1
(
1)
1
(2)
( ion exchange)
(Stumm,
1992) (specif ic surface area)
(montmori l lonite clays) (micas)
(mole fraction)
3-127
(cation exchange capacity, CEC)
(sorption site surface density)
(selectivity coefficients) /
(binding constants/equilibrium constants)
(anion)
(3)
( )
( kJ mol - 1)
(Coulombic)
Coulchemsorb GGG (3.3-22)
(isotherm)
Langmuir Freundlich
(constants capacitance) (diffuse double layer, DDL)
Stern
(a) ( Inner Helmholtz Plane, IHP, C 1)
3-128
(b) (Outer Helmholtz Plane, OHP, C 2)
OHP
(c) (Diffusion layer, C 3)
- - ( 3-74)
(4)
dK (13 kgm )
dK
(3.3-23)
aK (23 mm )
aK
(3.3-24)
(t imescale)
dK
(aff inity)
pH
3-129
(mechanisms)
(mobil ity)
(f itt ing)
dK -
(1) (C T )
( )
(2) (CH )
/
(3) (CM )
/
3-130
(Stress Corrosion)
3-73
3-131
3-74--
3-132
3.3.2.3.
(1) (THC)
(2) (TMC) (Transformation)
/
(3) (THM) /
(4) (HMC)
(5) (THMC) (Thermal and Hydraulic
Loading) / /
DECOVALEX 11
(THM)
DECOVALEX ( LBNL
BGR CAS
JAEA ) (THM)
3-133
( 2003 2004 2008
2008 2010)
TOUGH-FLAC3D -
- (Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical)
5 10 50 100
- -
FEM - - (THM) FEM
- (TM) FEM FETM
FEM FGWFS
0.5 -
- TOUGH-FLAC3D
10
100 400
/
3.3.2.1 3.3.2.3 THMC
THMC DECOVALEX
TH THM
THM
THMC
Eh pH
3-134
/ Eh-pH /
101
Eh pH
3.3.2.4.
(
)
(1)
(2)
(3)
-
3-135
(4)
( )
(Birkholzer et al, 2005b)
(THM) 5 10
50 100 100
( ) 94 61
10 (
)
100
100
( )
100
(SKB, 2006 2008 2008 2010)
4-1
4
99~101 100
500
GPS
(DFN_NET )
U Cu Fe
Eh(pe)-pH
Cs Se
( Kunigel V1 Kunipa F
MX-80 Avonseal)
4-2
-
/ -10~+5 mm/yr
10 -1000~+500 m
15
10 132m 12
6.6m
8.2
( ) 10
( ) 3.4
/
( )
4-3
(THM) 100
5-1
5
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(2008) -
(2009)
(2009)
(2009)
(2011) 2011
(2010) - -
SNFD-INER-90-591
(2005) 24 1
( )
(2004)
5-9
(2011)
http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=27055
(2008)
(2005) 20 24 1 (
)
(2004) - -
(2008) - -
(2002) GPS 2002
63-82
(2002) - - -
42 39-48
(2003)
7-1-7-9
(2008) - -
(1984)
3 127-140
(1977)
2 57-70
(2008)
144
(2002)
- -
SNFD-ERL-90-167
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(1982)
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