Name:

Biochemistry, Scientific Method & Intro to Biology NotesName ___________________________________________assign.#____

Slide #

2. What is Biology? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Botany: _______________. Zoology:_________________. What makes something alive?_________

_____________________________________________________________________________4. Characteristics of living things :

1.  Made up of _________________. -__________________ or ________________.2.  Can ______________________.3.  __________________ and _______________________.4.  Obtain & use material for ___________________. ( ______________________)5.  Maintain a ________________ _______________ environment. (________________)

5. 6. Based on a universal genetic code. (_____________________) 7. Change over time (________________________)

7. Reproduction : 2 types: ________________________, AND ____________________________

8. Metabolism: -Sum of all of the ____________

______________ in the body.-______________ and ____________ up.

9. Universal Genetic Material: -____________.-Information __________________ from ______________________ to __________________.

11. What are living things made of?13. All living things contain the element _________________.

Organization of living things:15.

4 Macromolecules of Life:16.

17- 31

1

Formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a _______ _____________.

It is very ______________ in ____________; less so in animals.

Formation of new individuals from the fusion of gametes.

____________ ______________

CarbohydratesAlso known as ____________.2 Major Function:Provide _______________- to living cells. _______________Source of energy.Structural Componentscell ___________.Contain the element ____,_____,_____.

Vocab Check:

Monomer= ____________________Polymer: ____________________

28.• Carbohydrates store

_____________in their chemical bonds.

• Your body breaks down the sugars to get ___________.

31-37

On your own from your book:

Scientific Method Notes:

2

Monosaccharidesone sugar unitsimple sugars

Glucose- _________ make during photosynthesis

Galactose-milkRibose-______

Disacchridestwo sugar unit

complex sugarsSucrose-Table Sugar

Plants transport sugar

PolysaccharidesMany sugars

complex sugarsGlycogen-

functions as a fuel store in ______________. -Large amounts are stored in liver & muscle

Starch-plants _______ sugars in this formCellulose-Plant _______ walls

Lipids________-term Energy ______________

More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates.

Contain the element _____,______,______.Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes. They are _______________ in water due to the

nonpolarity of the molecules. Make good cell ___________________.

Cells use lipids for:Long-term energy storage. Cushions & Insulation.Protective coatings &

_______________________.Cell membranes

(Phospholipids).Examples: _________,

_________,_____________

Structure____________ is stored in the C-H bonds!

Phospholipids & Membrane StructureCell Membranes are made out of ______________ Saturated Fat

-No double bonds, so they

lay flat."the ___________"

-Solid at room Temperature

Unsaturated Fat-Double bonds, so they DO NOT lay

flat."the _______ guys"!

-Liquid at room Temperature

Carbs. Main Idea:

Lipids. Main Ideas:

OBSERVATIONS/PROBLEM: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.

1. OBSERVATION using __________ to gather information

2. STATE THE PROBLEM or QUESTION3. FORM A HYPOTHESIS

possible ____________ – must be TESTABLE!!4. EXPERIMENT – test the hypothesisRULES of an experiment: #1. An experiment usually contains _____ ______________.

(1) Independent Variable (manipulated) What the experimenter...YOU... ___________.

(2) Dependent Variable (responding) ___________ because the IV changes.

#2. All experiments need a control. The control group is used to _____________the

experimental results to. The experimental group(s) are identical to the control,

except for the ___________________ being changed.

5. ANALYZE THE DATA Quantitative data – ______________ Qualitative data - ____________________

6. DRAW CONCLUSIONS Data from the experiment can _____________ or ____________

____________________________.

Vocab:An inference is an __________________ _____________ based on ___________ and not directly on observation.

How are THEORIES formed? Scientific Theories are based on knowledge gained from many experiments. NOT A GUESS!!

Scientific Method PRACTICE :

Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of

the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower.

Identify the-1. Control Group

2. Experimental Group

3. Independent Variable

4. Dependent Variable

5. What should Homer's conclusion be?

6. Why is a control group needed?

3

Good experiments only test ONE variable at a time, so you know what caused the change!_____________ are variables that remain the same in the experimental and control group. They _____________.

Independent variable? ___________________ ____________________________________Dependent variable? _____________________ ____________________________________

Uncovered jar Covered jars

CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Krusty was told that a certain itching powder was the newest best thing on the market, it even claims to cause 50% longer lasting itches. Interested in this product, he buys the itching powder and compares it to his usual product. One test subject (A) is sprinkled with the original itching powder, and another test subject (B) was sprinkled with the Experimental

itching powder. Subject A reported having itches for 30 minutes. Subject B reported to have itches for 45 minutes.

Identify the-7. Control Group

8. Independent Variable

9. Dependent Variable

10. What should Krusty's conclusion be?

Krusty Krabs Breath MintsMr. Krabs created a secret ingredient for a breath mint that he thinks will “cure” the bad breath people get from eating crabby patties at the Krusty Krab. He asked 100 customers with a history of bad breath to try his new breath mint. He had fifty customers (Group A) eat a breath mint after they finished eating a crabby patty. The other fifty (Group B) also received a breath mint after they finished the sandwich, however, it was just a regular breath mint and did not have the secret ingredient. Both groups were told that they were getting the breath mint that would cure their bad breath. Two hours after eating the crabby patties, thirty customers in Group A and ten customers in Group B reported having better breath than they normally had after eating crabby patties. 1. Which people are in the control group?

2. Which people are in the experimental group?

3. What is the independent variable?

4. What is the dependent variable?

41-54

4

Proteins

Functions• ________________ molecules

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen

• _______________molecules• Iron stored in the liver in a

protein complex• Mechanical _________ & structure

• Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain collagen

• Hormones • __________________

• Speed up chemical reactions• Helps control metabolism.

• _____________System• Antibodies in the immune

system

Elements:

Structure• Made of small units called _________ __________.

•• _________ naturally occurring amino acids

• Building blocks of ___________________.• Bonds that holds Amino Acids together is called a _____________ Bond

• Function of a protein depends on its AA sequence, __________ and its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule.

• Denaturing Proteins • When pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, proteins may ____________ & lose its conformation and _____ longer function.

Enzymes:Enzymes _______ ____ chemical reaction. These reaction would take place anyway…enzymes just___________ them up!

How do ENZYMES work?The enzyme attaches to one or more of the _________

in a reaction. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as

the ______________. The part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches

to the enzyme is called the _____________ _______. The shape of the active site ________ fits the shape of

the substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key. In this way only the correct substrate binds to the enzyme.

Enzymes are ________ permanently _________________ or used up in reactions

Enzymes work by __________________ the amount of _____________required for the reaction to proceed.

Proteins Main Idea:

37-40

Review:

Macromolecule Major Functions Structure( What is it made of? Parts?)) Examples

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

5

How do you speed up enzymes?_______ ________________ of the enzyme._____________ up the enzyme!

Don’t warm it too much or it may __________________ and stop working.

Enzymes work best at a certain __________ and ___.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids are complex macro-molecules that ____________

_____________ information in cells in the form of a code. Elements: _____,_____, ______, ______,______

2 Types:1. DNA

o (deoxyribonucleic acid) – ____________ strand of genetic information.

2. RNA o (ribonucleic acid) – ___________

strand copy of DNA used to build proteins.

Function:_________ AND __________ genetic information

Structure:

• Nucleotides (monomers) have 3 parts:

1.____________2.____________3.____________

DNA

Nucleic Acids. Main

Idea:

What are the functions of enzymes?

Proteins

On your own from your book:

Organic Macromolecule Marketing CampaignIntroduction :

Nutritional bars have become very popular in our health conscience society. Advertising states that these bars provide many nutritional benefits such as energy and protein. You have been approached by a local health food store that wants you to create an advertisement campaign for a nutritional bar that will target specific consumers.

Essential Question : How do organic macromolecules found in nutritional bars help maintain homeostasis?Georgia performance Standard:

SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.

c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

Product:1. You will draw an audience from the “hat.” This will determine how you will market your bar.2. Analyze the four nutritional bar labels provided by your teacher. 3. Research the function of each of the macromolecules listed in the nutritional bars. It will be

helpful in your marketing campaign. 4. Know who your target consumer is going to be, develop a campaign to sell this bar to them.

Why should they buy it?5. Create a marketing campaign for your nutritional bar concept. Include the name of your bar, the

design of the packaging, the consumer, the macromolecule you are specifically using in your bar and why.

6. You will pitch your campaign to the class. Your Notes:

My audience: _____________________________Which “nutrient” would they most be interested in? ____________________

Why? What would it do for them? ______________________________________________Are there any other functions for this “nutrient” (macromolecule)? _____________________ __________________________________________________________________________Why would they not be as interested in the other 2 major macromolecules? (Hint: List functions of those. Are they looking for a bar with those functions?)1-________________________________________________________________________2-________________________________________________________________________

My bar’s name______________________________________________________________Why my group chose this bar? _________________________________________________

Nutritional Bar Campaign Rubric

6

Vocabulary Quiz #2: on ____________

NucleotideRibonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic AcidNucleic AcidScientific method

ConstantControlAnalyze

ObservationExperimentDependent VariableIndependent Variable

Vocabulary Quiz #1: on ________CarbohydrateLipidMetabolismHypothesisHomeostasis

ProteinEnzymeAmino AcidActivation EnergyPeptide BondMonomerPolymer

Name:

10 points 8 points 7 points 5 points 4 pointsFunctions of macromolecules

Demonstrates complete knowledge of the functions of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Demonstrates complete knowledge of at least 2 of the macromolecules and limited knowledge of the other.

Demonstrates complete knowledge of only 1 macromolecule and limited knowledge of the others.

Demonstrates limited knowledge of 3 macromolecules.

1 or more of the macromolecules are missing.

Marketing campaign

Marketing campaign is very convincing and directly and completely addresses the target customer.

Marketing campaign directly and completely addresses the target customer but is not very convincing.

Marketing campaign addresses the target customer directly but lacks detail and is not convincing.

Marketing campaign does not address the target customer directly and is lacking in detail.

Marketing campaign is incomplete.

Testing for Carbohydrates and Lipids LabTesting for Lipids:

Brown Paper TestCertain kinds of paper readily absorb lipids and can be used to test for the presence of lipids. 

1. Place a drop of vegetable oil on a piece of the brown paper that has been provided for this exercise.

2. Place a drop of water on another piece of brown paper. 3. Observe the paper after 10 minutes and again 30 minutes after the start of the experiment.

← START THE CARBOHYDRATE PART BELOW WHILE YOU WAIT.4. Record your results in data table #3.5. While you are waiting, go ahead and do the rest of the lab.

Testing for Carbohydrates:Benedict's Test for Sugars

*Benedict's reagent is used as a simple test for sugars.Test:

1. Number three clean test tubes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and add the following to the correct test tube.← Substances ← #1- 10 drops of sugar solution← #2- 10 drops of honey solution← #3- 10 drops of corn starch solution← #4- 10 drops of water← #5- 10 drops of Oat Meal solution←

2. Add 5 drops of Benedict’s solution to each test tube. CAUTION: If you spill Benedict’s solutions, clean it up with a wet paper towel and tell your teacher

3. Place the test tubes in the hot water bath for about 5 minutes. ** (While you wait, go ahead and do the “Starch Test” below)4. Use a test tube clamp to remove the tubes from the hot water bath.5. Observe any color changes in the solutions. 6. Record your results in data table #1. 7. Clean your test tubes out with soapy water and a test tube brush. Turn them upside down to

dry.Starch TestIodine solution (IKI) reacts with starch to produce a dark purple or black color. 

1. Use the small white well plates. Use a wax marker to mark 5 wells-1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 2. Use the substances list above, except only place 2 drops in each well. (for example: put 2

drops of sugar solution in well #1)3. Add one drop of IKI solution to each well and note the color change.4. Record your results in data table #1.

7

5. Obtain a slice of Potato. Place it in a clean well and add one drop of IKI. Record your results in data table #2.

6. Clean your well plate with soapy water and a test tube brush.

Data Tables:#1

Test Tube #

Substance tested(What is it?)

What did it do in Benedicts?

(turn orange stay blue?)

What did it do in Iodine?

(turn purple or stay brown?)

Type of Carbohydrate (Mono-, Di-, or Poly?)

(you need to check your controls for this)

12345

#2

Potato Do potatoes contain a starch? How do you know?

#310 minute observation

(What does it look like?)30 minute observation

(What does it look like?)Does the sample contain lipids?

Vegetable oilWater

Questions:1. What elements make up all carbohydrates? _____________________________2. List three examples of carbohydrates?

1-________________________________________________________2-________________________________________________________3-________________________________________________________

3. What are the top two major functions of carbohydrates? Give an example of each.1-_______________________________________ ex________________________

2-_______________________________________ ex________________________

4. When testing for a carbohydrate, a student obtains the following result: Benedicts-no color change, IKI- purple. What type of sugar is it? ________________________________

5. Why would the potato contain starch?

6. What elements make up all lipids? 7. What are the 2 main parts of a lipid molecule? _____________________ and _________________________

8. List three examples of lipids? _____________________, _____________________, ___________________

9. What are three major functions of lipids? ________________________________, _____________________________, __________________________________

8

10. Why did we use water in the #4 test tube in the carbohydrates lab?

Enzyme LabWhat would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical? You might think that they would die. In fact, your cells are always making poisonous chemicals. They do not die because your cells use enzymes to break down these poisonous chemicals into harmless substances. Enzymes are critical to life processes. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions that would otherwise happen more slowly. The enzyme is not altered by the reaction. You have hundreds of different enzymes in each of your cells. Each of these enzymes is responsible for one particular reaction that occurs in the cell.The enzyme Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms. It accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Procedure:

I. Enzyme Activity1. Add a small piece of room temperature potato into a clean test tube. Place 2 ml of the 3% hydrogen peroxide

solution into the test tube. Observe the bubbles; what gas is being released? __________________ Record you bubble observation in DATA TABLE 1 below.

READ THIS BEFORE RECORDING DATA**Throughout this investigation you will estimate the rate of the reaction (how rapidly the solution bubbles) on a scale of 0-5 (0=no reaction,…5= very fast). Assume that the reaction in above proceeded at a rate of "4". Record that speed in DATA TABLE 1 .**

DATA TABLE 1

Enzyme Activity Observations of the Reaction (Scale from 0-5)

Enzyme Activity (from step 2)Potato + hydrogen peroxide

II. Temperature1. Obtain a small piece of potato that has been in the freezer and place it in a clean test tube. Quickly add 2 ml

of the 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the test tube. Observe the bubbles. Record your observations in DATA TABLE 2.

2. Obtain a small piece of potato that has been boiled and place it in a clean test tube. Quickly add 2 ml of the 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the test tube. Observe the bubbles and record your observations in DATA TABLE 2. Clean out your test tubes.

DATA TABLE 2

Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Observations of the Reaction(Scale from 0-5)

Potato from freezerBoiled potato

Does temperature affect enzyme activity? Explain. _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

III. pH 1. Obtain a small piece of potato that

has been soaking in acid and place it in a clean test tube. Add 2 ml of the 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the test tube. Observe the bubbles. Record your observations in DATA TABLE 3. Clean out your test tubes. ***CAUTION: Use forceps to remove the potato. Do not get any of the liquid on you.

DATA TABLE 3Effects of pH Enzyme Activity

Observations of the Reaction(Scale from 0-5)

Potato in Acid

9

2H2O2   2H2O + O2

Name:

How did soaking the potato in acid affect the activity of the enzyme? Explain. _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Post Lab Questions:1. What is the major function of enzymes in living organisms?

2. Explain the general effects of the following on enzyme activity (How does it affect enzyme activity?):a. Temperature ( if I increase it or decrease it):__________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________b. enzyme concentration ( if I add more enzymes) :________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________c. pH:_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Different enzymes work better under different conditions. Where in a human body might it be beneficial to have enzymes that work well in very acidic environments?

4. Label the graph below. Use the following words: Reaction with an enzyme, Reaction without an enzyme, energy required with an enzyme, energy required without an enzyme.

ENZYMES: What you should…..Know:

o Vocabulary: activation energy, enzyme, substrate complex, active site, substrate, lock-and-key, reactants, products, rate, catalyst, protein, denature

Understand:o Enzymes affect chemical reactions by:

o changing activation energyo speed of reaction

o All organisms require enzymes for metabolic activity.o Enzymes have industrial and home applications.

Be able to do:o Identify factors that affect enzymes activity.o Analyze and predict outcomes of enzyme dependent reactions.o Create and interpret graphs of enzyme activity.o Model lock-and-key mechanism. o Compare reactions rates (speed/activation energy) with and with out enzymes present.

Carbohydrates and Proteins Cut Outs Cut out the sugar molecules on the other piece of paper. Obtain a sheet of colored paper and divide it into 4 semi-equal squares. Use your book and other Biology books located in the classroom to help you do the following: Do what is asked below for each square. For squares 13, give at least one food where it could be found and label it as

a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.Square 1) Create a single glucose molecule. (label it)Square 2) Create one starch molecule and one sucrose molecule. (label them)Square 3) Answer the following questions about carbohydrates:

1) What are 2 major functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?10

Enzymes have five special features in common:

1. They do not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. **They just make the processes take place faster!2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions.3. The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction.4. Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate.5. They work best at certain temperatures and pH.

2) How does your body get energy from complex carbohydrates like starch?3) What three elements are found in all carbohydrates?4) If cellulose is a carbohydrate, then why are Humans not able to use it for an energy source?

Square 4) Amino Acids Cut OutsConstruct the 3 following Proteins. Glue the proteins in square #4 on your paper.1- His-Met-Lys-Met 2- Pro-Val-GluA-AspA 3- Cys-Ser-Gly-Try-AlaWrite the answers to the questions in square #4:

1. What are proteins made of?2. How are the proteins above the same, and how are they different?3. What does your body use proteins for? (give 3 examples)

1 3

2 4

11