ZOOLOGYBIO 141Dr. Sumithran

http://people.eku.edu/sumithrans/Zoo/Home.html

IntroductionWhat is life?

IntroductionDifficult to defineTherefore discuss properties of living systems

Properties of Living Systems1) Chemical UniquenessMade up of large moleculesMACROMOLECULESFour categoriesNucleic AcidsProteinsCarbohydratesLipids

Properties of Living Systems2) Complexity and Hierarchical OrganizationOne level builds on previous levelMacromoleculesCellsTissueOrgansOrgan system etcEmergent Characteristics Unique characteristics that appear at a given level of organization

Properties of Living Systems3) ReproductionReplacement of individuals in a populationTypes of ReproductionAsexualSexual

Properties of Living Systems4) Possession of a Genetic ProgramFaithful transmission of traits HeredityInformation contained in GenesSpecifically encoded in the DNA

Properties of Living Systems5) MetabolismComplex chemical processes that go on in cells provide energyTwo processesAnabolism Building up reactionsCatabolism Breaking down reactions

Properties of Living Systems6) Growth / DevelopmentChanges that take place during the life of an organismMetamorphosis The transformation that take place in post-embryonic stages

Properties of Living Systems7) Environmental InteractionEcology Study of interactions between organisms and their environmentOrganisms responding to stimuli from environmentIRRITABILITY

IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Charles DarwinGalapagos Islands1859 Published The Origin of SpeciesMajor obstacle Heredity not understood5 major theories

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION1) Perpetual ChangeLiving world is neither constant nor cyclic instead is constantly changingFossil Evidence99% of species that once lived on the planet now extinct

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION2) Common DescentAll forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineagesPHYLOGENYDNA studies Provide evidence

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION3) Multiplication of Speciesnew species are produced by the splitting and transformation of older onesProcess known as Speciation

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION4) GradualismLarge differences that characterize different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes over a period of time Did not take place overnight but over geological time

DARWINS THEORY OF EVOLUTION5) Natural SelectionExplains why organisms are constructed the way they are To meet the demands of their environment

CLASSIFICATION Developed by Linnaeus

Categories of Animal ClassificationKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataClass - MammaliaOrder - PrimatesFamily - HominidaeGenus - HomoSpecies - sapiens

The End

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