1. Why did vertebrates move onto land?

2. What are the challenges of terrestrial life?

3. How did early tetrapods “solve” these problems?

4. Why were/are early tetrapods and modern amphibians

limited to moist environments?

5. What adaptations enabled the reptiles to colonize new

(dry) environments?

Carboniferous Period

Permian Period

Jurassic Period

Stapes/tympanum (early tetrapods)

Note: 3 and 4 are reversed!

Amniota

Monophyletic Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic

Bufonidae Hylidae Ranidae

Anura Many more families!

http://animaldiversity.org/site/topics/frogCalls.html