Vertebrates Notes

7/26/2019 Vertebrates Notes

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Vertebrates

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

10:56 AM

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&is' li(ard mammal )ro! and bird

Vertebrates c'aracteristics

*e'ali(ation very ronounced

Very distinct brain re!ion + cordinates nervous activity

*omle sensory system

Most invertebrate don-t 'ave t'ese

Vertebre t'emselves


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*raium, s"ull and veterbal collum + vertebra

*olum relaces notoc'ord as main ais o) t'e body and main structural suort

Notoc'ord doesn-t become colum

Vetebral colum ne. )eature

Vetebral colum encloses t'e dorsal 'ollo. nerve cord + sinal cord

Vertebrete diversity

/a.less vertebrates +

amreys and 'a!s'

/a.ed vertebrates

*'ondric't'yes + s'ar"s and rays

steic't'yes + bony s'es

Tetraods + am'ibians

Amniotes + retiles, birds, mammals


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/a.s and develoment o) 'aired aenda!es

ater on develoment o) lun!s

And all !rous 'ave lun!s or derrived )rom lun!s

nly !rou doesn-t 'ave t'ese + s'ar"s and rays

ave arisin! )rom lo. n s'es

it'in !rou + 1 am'ibians + no amneotic e!!

emainin! t'ree + bird retile mammal + amneotic e!!

&irst amneotes to evolve + reitles, later .e 'ad evolution o) birds and t'an t'edeveloment o) mammals

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7arliest to evolve + 8a.less s'

No ns

9ottom d.ellin! lter )eeders

ot o) etinct members .it' body lates + ostracaderms + bone + lant

Secies alive today lamrey and 'a!s'

&e. alive today

amrey + arasitic .it' suc"er )eedin! mout' and o)ten time arasite on s'

And 'a!s' + scaven!ar


evonian + a!e o) s'es

&is' + adative radiation


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%lenty o) s' today

And today as t'e a!e o) mammals + tend to )ocus on terrestial environment

9ut more s'es in seas today more in devonian

;n timeline + t'in!s li"e 'a!s' and lamrays earlier and continue to resent day

Anot'er !rou + ostracoderms + early devonian and .ent etinct

Anot'er etinct !rou alacoderms + resent and .ent etinct a)ter.ords + 8a. s'

*artilla!inous and bony s'es + more no.

Side branc' o) bony s'es + tetraods and early am'ibians


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/a.s evolve )rom s"eletal rods suorted !ill slits

/a.less + see t'at t'e !ill slits 'ere + s"eletal rods t'at suort t'em

Some !rous .ent )rom !ills lter )eedin! to structures o) !as ec'an!e

S"eletal rods not imortant anymore

=ill slits and s"eletal rods on mout' end o) animal became modied and arts o) 8a.


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*artila!inous s' or c'ondric't'yes

%retty )amiliar .it' s'ar"s as redators + on eole

oneybees "ill more eole t'an s'ar"s do

ays + >attened bottom )eeders

&eed on s'elled animals on bottom

ave lar!e ectoral ns

&la t'ese t'in!s and >y t'rou!' .ater

*'ondic't'yes

*'artila!inous s'

Not comosed o) bone but instead cartila!e

Material t'at is so)ter t'an bone

*artila!e in number o) arts o) body + nose + due to cartila!e


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So)ter tissue

9one starts o? as cartila!e and becomes bone as materials laced in it

Stren!t'ened .it' calcied !ranules

ave 8a.s and aired ns @sti?

on-t 'ave lun!s or s.im bladder

9ony s' + lun!s and s.im bladder

S.im bladder + "ees )rom sin"in! in .ater

S'ar"s must "ee s.immin! to "ee )rom sin"in!

ils to !ive t'em boyancy

;) t'ey sto s.immin! sin" to bottom


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9ony s' + not derrived )rom cartila!enous s'

Alt'ou!' bone startrs out as cartila!e

Aears as i) cartila!enous condition is secondary develoment

Ancestor o) cartila!enous and bony s' bot' bony

And cartila!enous droed o? bony art

steic't'yes

Most numerous !rou o) vertebretes in number o) individuals and secies

Most vertebretes are s'

esiration occurs by dra.in! .ater over !ills and !ettin! oy!en out o) .ater

erculum covered by >a

&is' bony scales and slimy s"in

%rotect )rom redators and 'ave s.im bladder + air sac t'at maintains buoyancy in.ater + .on-t sin" or rise

7volved )rom lun!s


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un!s + rimative in s'

Air in it but not )rom outside air

&is' doesn-t !o u to sur)ace

T'ere is !asses )ormed in metabolism + !o in s.im bladder and !ive it boyancy


ell dened brain and sinal cord

S.im bladder + middle o) body

&ins + t'is is a ray nned s'

Anot'er s' called lo. ned s'

&ins 'ave t'ese >eible sine t'in!s t'at !o t'rou!'out t'e n

T'is creates ray li"e attern


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ay + most numerous !rou o) s' in !eneral

=rou re?ered to as lobe nned and lun! s'

;nstead o) ray ini ns

&les'y art + in rst art o) n

See lobe nned s' t'ou!'t to be etinct

*oelacant' + only lobe nned s' livin! today

un!s' + some idea 'o. .e .ent )rom s' livin! in .ater to terrestrial vertebretes.it' early am'eibans

un! s' + 'ave lun!s and !ul air

Sta!nant onds

arm doesn-t 'ave lots o) oy!en

ry u a bit


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T'ese lun!s' + able to .al" a little bit on nds and move )rom one ond to net


ne !rou o) 8a. s' called lacoderms

eveloment o) conn'ydrticties

sterot'yes

obe n

eveloment o) tetraods

4 le!ed animals )ound on land


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obe nned s' + 'ave >es'y ns

9ony s"eleton etends into lobes o) lobe ns

Somet'in! ns caable o) suortin! body .ei!'t o) animal

'at 'aened .as lobe nned s'

ived in s'allo. troical onds

%er'as !ulin! air

un!s .or" to some etent

Also 'ave >es'y lobe ns .it' bony comonents

Allo.ed animals to cra.l around on land and !o )rom ond to ond

Animal comin! out on land to some etent

=et animal comes out on land !reater etent

Tetraods

1st vertebrets on land


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ldest )ossils in devonian

$6$+230 million years a!o a!e o) am'ebians


Salamanders + 'ave tail

&ro!s and toads + no tail

lar!est

e!less caecilians + lost le!s and )ound in moist troical soils

Almost li"e blue .orm

9urro.in! animal

Am'ibians + t.o lives + land and .ater

Most closely tied to .ater

atery or moist environments


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&ro!s and toads

e!less larval sta!e

Salamanders + small versions o) adults

Am'ibian e!! + no s'ell and dry out Buic"ly in air

Most lay e!!s in .ater + remain )airly moist

&ertili(ation + eternal in )ro!s

Males and )emales

*ome to!et'er in ond

Male ut serm in .ater, )emale ut e!! in .ater + )ertili(ation

&ro!s + 'ave lun!s + ineCcient lun!s + most breat'e t'rou!' s"in + s"in moist )or t'isto occur

T'ree !rous colletively associated as amniotes

ave amniotic e!!

'ere embryo bat'ed in amniotic >uid

*ertainly adatation )or terrestrial livin!


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on-t !o into details + on le)t and e!! itsel) + s'ell around e!!

See to.ards inner art o) e!! + see embryo and 'ave t'is amneon covers t'eembryo and "ees it )rom dryin! out

;n mammal + enclosed in amniotic >uid but no s'ell

Net advanced + evolution o) retiles

Muc' more adatied to livin! on land t'an amb'ians are

etiles muc' more in dry environments more adated to land

%lates o) "eratin @n!ernails made out o) or scales to revent retile )rom dryin!out in dry conditions

9reat'e .it' lun!s + more eCcient lun!s

ay e!!s on land

etile e!! + di?erent t'an c'ic"en


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S'ell more li"e leat'er t'an 'ard s'ell o) birds e!!

%retty eCcient o) "eein! embryo )rom dryin! out

;nternal )ertilis(ation

Serm inside )emale

&ertili(ation ta"es lace t'ere

Adatation livin! out on land

Am'ibians eternal )or )ertili(ation to occur

etiles + don-t re!ulate body temerature .it' metabolism

on-t re!ulate it deendin! on metabolism

7ctot'erms + cold blooded

T'ey 'ave variosu be'avioral means to re!ulate temerature

*ommonly + on cool mornin!s

*ome out and lie on roc" and bas" in sun!li!'t to !et sun to .arm t'em u

Sna"es + run into trouble .it' t'is + come out on road.ays + .armin! by sun and runover by cars

etiles + 'ad t'eir 'ayday in meso(oic era + a!e o) retiles

Muc' .armer t'an today

&avorable situation )or retiles

Muc' .armer + into alasa"a + .arm enou!' )or dinosaurs


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Not concerned .it' names at bottom

%'ylo!ony starts .it' amneote

=ives rise to resent day retiles birds and mammals

etile side o) icture 'ere

Turtles

7arly in retile evolution

9ranc'es o) etinct t'in!s

%le(osaurs

And .e 'ave retile !rous .e 'ave today

i((ards sna"es crocodiles

Several !rous no lon!er .it' us

&lyin! retiles and all dinosaurs


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ne branc' !ave rise to modern birds

9irds slit o? early in ictures


inosaurs and terosaurs + terosaurs not dinosaurs

Small and c'ic"en si(e

Terrestial

A!ile and )ast movin!

Seculation i) some o) dinosaurs endot'ermic

etiles in !eneral endot'ermic + no .ay to .arm u constant usin! metabolism

Some dinosaurs caable o) doin! t'is

Some Buestions about t'at

inosaurs comle be'avior


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uc" billed .it' nest

Sometimes communal nests

*omlicated be'aviors 'ard to "no. .'at t'ey did

*an-t see .'at t'ey did

7vidence o) con!re!ations and nests and so on

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%resent day

Turtles, li(ards, sna"es, retiles

Turtles + most rimative + 'ave c'an!ed little and been around )or lon! time

i(ards and sna"es + most .ell "no.n

i(ards + most numerous

Sna"es + senseory caabilityes + sense c'emicals 'eats and vibration

*ant see .ell but sense mouse by movement smell and c'emical


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Alli!ators and crocodilians

Same )or lon! time

ar!est .as about 40 )eet lon! @n. etinct


9irds o?s'oot o) dinosaurs

ne rimary )eature + )eat'ers

etain retile c'aracteristics

Scaly le!s and amniotic e!!


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Arc'aeotery

ates bac" to 150 million years a!o in 8urrasic eriod

ad cla.ed )orelimbs and teet'

etilian c'aracteristics

on! tail .it' vertebrae

9irds evolved )rom mammals time be)ore t'at

T'is arc'aeotery not ancestor o) all birds

Some o?s'oot o) bird evolution

'at !rou !ave rise to modern birdsE

ot o) secualtion

*oncensous

9irds evolved )rom !rou o) dinosaurs + small !rou + dinosaurs ran around on 2 le!s


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9irds today + 2 le!s and .in!s

7volution o) brids


ne t'in! contributed to succcess + t'ey can >y

9enecial )or many reasons

9irds + >yin! mean you can 'ave >yin! insects

=o in trees to !et )ood

7scae )rom land bound redators

Mi!ration

&eed in certain areas in one time o) year and leave t'ose areas .'en .inter comes

adical alterations in body )orm

&ly success)ully + )ailry li!'t


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Muscles to move .in!s

ne t'in! + sternel "eel + c'est + sternum + and "eel in birds

Muscles are attac'ed to moe .in!s

Tur"ey or c'ic"en breast + sternum

9irds + no teet' + "inda 'eavy

ave bea" + !et alon! .ell .it' bea"

Made o) "eratin

7Ccient lun!s and air sacs

Metabolically active

*onsumes lot o) oy!en and additional air sacs alon! bones to au!ment oy!enavailable

7ndot'ermic


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Fnli"e retiles + re!ulate temerature


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/a. remodelin! in mammals

etile 8a. on le)t + one t'in! 'aened

Muc' lar!er bone in lo.er 8a.

Adatation )or muscles

i?erences bet.een retile and mammal

/a. o) mammal + more muscles

Tramendous amount o) ressure

etile 8a. + tend not to ri aart )ood and s.allo.

Ta"e .'ole ieces and .or" it bac" into mout'

etile 8a. to mammal

Mammal + di?erentiated teet + molar and incisors and canines and remolars

etile + very little di?erntiation


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7volution o) mammals

7volved )rom early !rou o) retiles

Fnli"e birds + branc' o) retiles muc' later

Mammals + riative tye o) retile !ave rise to mammal

Mammal li"e retile

ldest )ossils date bac" 220 million years a!o

urin! t'e a!e o) dinosaurs + mammals small and robably nocturnal

Not a dominant ortion o) terrestial animal landscae

64 million years a!o .'en dinosaurs etinct

Mammals survived and .ent adative radiation ta"in! all ec'olo!ical nic'esvacated by dinosaurss

Monotremes

uc" billed lataus

Marsuials

More success)ul lacental


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%latuus and ec'idna

T'ese all lay e!!s

on-t 'ave develoment inside

Tyical mammalian c'aracteristics o) 'air and )eed mili"

nly )ound in australia nad aau ne. !unea


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Most marsuials in austrialia

ossums in nort' america


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Marsuial + ouc' called marsuium

Muc' embryonic develoment occurs in ouc'

9orn at early sta!e

And cra.ls to ouc' to comlete develoment

/oey + !et retty bi! and come bac" and !o into mot'ers ouc'

Marsuiial + )airly success)ul at one time but no. restricted to australia

Marsuial eisted relaced by more success)ul lacental

Austrialia + resisted invasion and 'ave more masuial


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*omlete embyonic develoment inside uterous

Arose in asia about same time as marsuials

ut cometed marsuials ain most areas

Ma8or !rous

;nsectovers + s're.s and bats

erbivours + rabbits 'roses deer .'ales

*arniovores cats and do!s

odents rates sBuirrles

%rimates mon"eys aes 'umans


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T.o !rous

Fer le)ct + 150 million years a!o

ad continents 8oined to!et'er into an!ea

7volved and sread

Australia connected to antarctica

Anartica and australia searated

7volution o) lacental mammals

Adative radiation

Fer ri!'t

20 million years a!o

adiation


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7very.'ere it occurred outcometes marsuial

;solated continants

Sout' america + isolated )rom everyt'in! else not connected to nort' america

And australia

Sout' america, antartica, and australia + more marsuial

5 million years a!o + nort' and sout' america connected

7tinction o) marsuial in sout' america

Marsuial success)ul and move nort'.ard

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