VERTEBRATES

Passer domesticus. House sparrow. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat animal, UB.

THE SUBPHYLUM OF VERTEBRATES FINS AS

EXTREMITIES

LEGS WITH FIVE FINGERS

Fishes (is not a taxon)

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES

• Vertebral column: it protects spinal cord.

• Circulatory system

• Skin or tegument: Scales: fish, reptiles

Naked: amphibians

Feathers: birds

Hair: mammals

• Basic shape:

Brava: a whale that was found in Llançà.

CO2 Oxigen

The Three Vital functions: 1.NUTRITION

Food

Process

Nutrients Cells Oxigen

Energy CO2 (as a waste)

Wastes

Lungs and gills

2. INTERACTION and RESPONSE TO STIMULI

• Thanks to the coordination between the nervous system and the muskuloeskeletal system (muscular system+skeletal sysem).

• Sensory organs that capture stimuli.

3. THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTION

• Sexual reproduction: the reproductive system.

• Types of fertilization:

– External fertilization: gametes released in the water.

– Internal fertilization: male gametes introduced in the female’s body.

• Types of reproduction:

– Viviparous: development of the embryo inside the body of the mother.

– Oviparous: development of the embryo inside an egg.

– Ovoviviparous: the egg is hatched inside the female’s body.

Classification of vertebrates: fish (group)

Lopihus piscatorius. Angler. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.

Fish respiration: gills

Water Exits Through opened Operculum (gill cover in Osteichthyes)

Filaments

Gill

Water Enters through openedmouth

Gill rakers

Gill arch

SEM Photograph of salmonid gill

Circulatory system of fish

Why are gills red?

gills

ventricle Atrium

organs

Heart

How is the circulatory system? 1. closed

2. simple blood circulation 3. incomplete

Adaptations to the aquatic life:

1. Skin of fish: with scales.

2. Hydrodynamic body shape

Adaptation to the aquatic life: 3.extremities of fish (fins)

An anal fin

Two pelvic fins (forelimbs)

Two pectoral fins (hindlimbs)

A caudal fin

A dorsal fin

Salmo trutta. Trout. (salmó) C.R.B.A., UB. Class Osteichtyes

Blue shark Class Condrichthyes

PLACOID SCALES

DERMIC SCALES

Adaptations to aquatic life:

4.Gas bladder (inside the fish)

5.Lateral line

Fish classification: 1. Agnathans

Lampreys: male (left) and female (right). Sexual reproduction, external fertilization

The only parasitic vertebrates Lamprey: oval mouth (1cm) with small teeth and a sucker

Branchial cleft

gills

Fish classification: 2. Osteichtyes

Main characteristics: 1. Skin covered with dermic scales. 2. Osseous skeleton 3. Operculum: a hard flap that covers the gills 4.Usually have a lateral line and a gas bladder 5.Reproduction through external fertilization Examples: many fish we eat: salmon trout, sardines, hakes, sturgeons, swordfish, angler... Egg of a fish (24 hours)

Fish classification 3: Condrichtyes

Main characteristics: 1. Skin covered with placoid scales. 2. Cartilaginous skeleton. 3. Powerful musculature. 4. Branchial clefts: various openings on each side of the head through which the gills come out. 5. They don’t have a gas bladder. 6. Reproduction through internal fertilization. 7. Some of them are great marine predators. Examples: sharks, rays...

Branchial clefts (5-7)

Cartilaginous skeleton of a shark. Biodidac.

Lateral line of a shark

Salamandra salamandra. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.

Amphibians: Anurans and Urodelans

Alytes obstetricans. Toad. CRBA, UB. Hyla meridionalis. Frog. CRBA, UB.

Triturus marmoratus .Newt. CRBA, UB. Salamandra salamandra. CRBA, UB.

Anurans means

without tail

Urodelans means

with tail

Common parts of amphibians: head

Split projectable tongue tympani

Nostrils (breathe and smell)

Lower eyelid (mobile)

Bufo bufo. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.

Common parts of amphibians: trunk

Calotriton arnoldi. Newt. Tritó del Montseny CRBA, UB.

Forelimbs or front extremities with 4 fingers Hindlimbs or hind extremities with 5 fingers Sometimes the hindlimbs have Interdigital membranes: to swim!

Common characteristics of class Amphibians

• Amphibian skin: – Naked (it means without scales, without feathers, without hair)

– With glands that secrete substances: • To keep the skin moist, to avoid dehydration and to

make skin respiration (exchange of gases) possible .

• Sometimes also secrete toxins (toads, salamanders...)

• Amphibian respiration: – Adult frogs: Lungs + skin.

– Aquatic larvae (tadpoles): gills.

• Amphibian blood circulation: – Double but incomplete

heart with only one ventricle

Amphibian reproductive cycle (Frog)

Development of the embryo is overand aquatic larvaes (tadpoles) are born.

External fertilization: Gametes released in the water.

Tadpoles (aquatic larvae): Tail, Breath through gills, no extremities,

Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis

Metamorphosis: Extremities appear tail disappears Lungs are formed Gills disappear

The adult frog can leave the water

Fertilized egg fixed to other eggs thanks to mucous substances

Development of the embryo (2-3 months in the water)

http://www.flickr.com/groups/bbcspri

ngwatch/pool/map?mode=group

Click on: Search the map Search: BBCSpringwatch (official) Search for: Bufo bufo Tadpoles Lissotriton helveticus Podarcis muralis Lacerta bilineata http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdidentifier/

Disassociation from the aquatic habitat or adaptation to the land environment 1/ Skin

Casa Batlló. Camp d’Aprenentatge de la ciutat de Barcelona. Consorci d’Educació de Barcelona.

Disassociation from the aquatic habitat: 2/ eggs against dehydratation

Internal Fertilization. Egg shell+ different membranes Amniotic egg (like birds, different from those of amphibians or fish)

Amnion

Corion

Yolk White Yolk

Air cell

Egg Shell (coriaceus, Porous)

Allantois Embryo

Viteline layer

Reptyle morphology

TRUNK HEAD

Head: 2 nostrils, 2 eyes, 2 eyelids. Mouth with teeth (snakes) or a sort of beak. Trunk: supports the extremities (5 fingers). Aquatic turtles: interdigital membranes Tail: it extends past the excretory orifice or cloaca.

Tarentola mauritanica. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Reptiles’ classification: Saurians

Tarentola mauritanica. Dragon. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Reptiles’ classification: Ophidians

Vipera aspis. Viper. Escurçó.Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Reptiles’ classification: Chelonians

Land turtle. From Biodidac.

Reptiles’ classification: Crocodilians

• Oviparous

• But some ovoviviparous (egg laid when hatching) and viviparous. (snakes)

• Internal fertilization: specific mating rituals.

Reptile reproduction

Circulatory system of reptiles

Double: two atria and one ventricle (except crocodiles) Incomplete: 1 ventricle so the blood is mixed

Buteo buteo. Eagle (aligot comú) C.R.B.A, UB Otus Scops. Owl. (xot) C.R.B.A,UB.

http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/index.aspx

Erithacus rubecula. Robin. Pit-roig. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Class Birds General facts: • Homeothermic animals: so they can live in very cold habitats. • Amniotic eggs: the embryo developes inside a cavity full of

water. These eggs are also resistant to dehydratation.

• Amniotic Egg Gallus gallus. Chick of a cock. (pollet de gall negre)

• Skin covered with feathers. Birds evolve from feathered dinosaurs.

Turdus merula. Blackbird. Merla. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Bird morphology

Head: Jaw covered by a beak. The beak has blowholes They don’t have teeth

Trunk: The trunk supports WINGS LEGS: 4 fingers each Forelimbs for flying: eagle Also non-flying species: cock, peacock

Hindlimbs for walking: pigeons Hindlimbs for swimming: seagulls Hindlimbs for standing: flamingo

Tail: Short tail. It supports the rectrix feathers

Fingers covered with reptilian scales

Fingers covered with reptilian scales

Hindlimbs of a Seagull.

Bird flight adaptation

1. LITTLE WEIGHT: Their bones are light

Semi empty bones

2. STRONG PECTORAL MUSCULATURE: Muscles need a great amount of oxygen: High efficiency Respiratory System A heart that beats very fast

3. AERODYNAMIC SHAPE:

Frontal view

Lateral view

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF BIRDS

Air sacks

LUNGS

The air sacks are Connected to the lungs And to the empty bones

MAIN AIR SACS FUNCTIONS: 1. Help decreasing weight 2. Improve lungs work 3. Help regulating temperature

Skin covered by Feathers

Rectix Feathers (on tail)

1. Set the direction of flight 2. Help Keeping balance

Remix Feathers (body)

Down Feathers (abdominal region) 1. Insulate against cold and water

Birds´ Nutrition and Reproduction: • Birds diet:

– Hunters

– Fruit

– Scavengers

Birds digestive system:

-Crop

-Gizzard

Birds Reproductory System: Males attract females: sing, dance

Internal fertilization: via cloaca

Oviparous, incubation period

Chics are nidifugous: hatch and go

Vertebrates circulatory systems:

. Number of atria (they receive blood)

One: Simple circulation

Two: Double circulation: 2 atria enable a body circuit And a pulmonary circuit.

Number of ventricles (they pump blood)

One: Incomplete circulation

Two: Complete circulation (no mixing of the blood of the Different circuits)

Meles meles. Badger. Teixó. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.

Class Mammals: They nurse their babies with milk. Internal Fertilization. Viviparous (two exceptions) Homeothermic: they can regulate their body temperature so they can live in cold places Skin covered with hair (insulation against cold weather, protects the skin)

Mammals morphology Head: Sensory organs: Moveable ears exclusive to mammals Eyes, eyelids, mouth with teeth and lips

Trunk Four extremities with 5 digits each. Extremities adapted to the habitat Excretory orifice or anus at the end

Tail: Not always present Wales use it for swimming Dogs use it for equilibrium Monkeys use it for hanging

Circulatory system of Mammals

Classification of Mammals • 1. Marsupials (like Koala bears and Kangaroos)

– Pouch: protective sac where they carry on development.

– Really small and without hair when they are born

• 2. Monotremes – Oviparous mammals: they lay amniotic eggs.

– Only in Australia: echidnas and platypus

• 3.Placental mammals – Placenta helps the embryo to develope inside the

females´ body. (provides nutrients, oxigen, retains waste products...)

– They can live most places on earth: pole, desert...

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