VERTEBRATESCAMPBELL AND REEECE

CHAPTER 34

INTRODUCTION

VERTERBRATES:• Derived from the name vertebrae ; a series of bones that

make up the vertebral column, or backbone.• Comprises of any species of animals within the subphylum

vertebrata.• Vertebrates are part of the phylum CHORDATA.• Diversify into birds, amphibians, fish, reptiles, and mammals• 52 000-64 000 species • These species have a more complex nervous system and

elaborate skeleton.

GENERAL CHARCTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES

• More extensive skull• Backbone composed of vertebrae• Vertebrae encloses the spinal cord .• Aquatic vertebrates also acquire dorsal ventral anal

fins and stiffened by fins rays which provide thrust and streering control when swimming away from predators.

• Faster swimmmers • More efficient gas exchange system in the gills.

• Bilateral symmetrical • Well developed sense organs (EYES,EARS,NOSTRILS)

located on the head.(CEPHALIZATION)• Respiratory system are located closely to the pharynx

or throat.• Reproductive organs and excretory systems are closely

related .• .

HOW ARE VERTEBRATES CLASSIFIED?

• Vertebrates are classified according to their :• Skin covering• Manner of reproduction• How they maintain their body temperature• Characteristics of their Limbs

CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES CLASSIFICATIONS EXAMPLES

CEPHALASPIDOMORPHA LAMPREYS

CHONDRICHTHYES CARTILAGENOUS FISHES

OSTEICHTHYES BONY FISHES

AMPHIBIA FROGS/TOADS/SALAMANDERS

REPTILIA TURTLES/SHARKS/LIZARDS/CROCODILES

AVES BIRDS

MAMMILIA MAMMALS

LAMPREYS (PETROMYZON MARINUS)• Oldest living lineage of vertebrates.• 35 species of lampreys inhabiting various marine and freshwater

environments.

• Structure • The skeletons of Lampreys is made of cartilage that does not contain any collagen instead contains

a stiff protein matrix.

• Habitat • They inhabit various marine and freshwater environments, this is determined by where they

migrate in their mature stages of adulthood.

• Locomotion • Since the sea lamprey is a vertebrate will use its acquired dorsal, ventral and anal fins stiffened by

fin rays to assist in pushing and controlling the body to swim.

• Nutrition • Most can be classified as parasites that feed clamping their round jawless mouth onto the flank of

live fish. They will then proceed by using their rasping tongue to penetrate the skin of the fish and ingest the fish’s blood.

CHONDRICHTHAYES/CARTILAGENOUS FISHES

• SHARKS ,RAYS,AND THEIR RELATIVES(BIGGEST AND SUCCESSFUL VERTEBRATES PREDATORS IN THE OCEANS.

STRUCTURE• HAVE A SKELETON COMPOSED OF PREDOMINANTLY OF CATILAGE ,WHICH IS OFTEN IMPREGNANTED

WITH CALCIUM.• 750 SPECIES OF LIVING CHONDRICHTHAYES • LARGEST AND MOST DIVERSE GROUP(SHARKES,RAYS AND STAKES).• 2ND GROUP (RATFISHES,CHIMAERAS.STRUCTURE• SHARKS HAVE A STREAMLINED BODY, SWIFT SWIMMERS BUT CANNOT MANEUVER VERY WELL.• POWERFUL MOVEMENTS OF THE TRUNK AND THE CAUDAL(TAIL)FIN PROPEL THEM FORWARD.• DORSAL FINS FUNCTION MAINLY AS STABILIZERS AND THE PECTORAL AND THE PELVIC FINS

PROVIDE LIFT WHEN THE SHARK SWIMS .

Sharks Rays Rat-fishes

Structure

Habitat Found in marine water.

cartilaginous body structure.

Found in shallow coastal waters of temperate seas

Fish gills

Found in temperate waters.

Nutrition carnivores that use their structurally adapted jaws with sharp teeth to tear the flesh of animals into smaller pieces

wide variety of available foods from worms to insect larvae, shrimp and other tiny crustaceans, and small fishes.

. Locomotion The bodies of most sharks are adapted for their locomotion in water. The movements of the trunk and the caudal (tail) fin assist them in moving forward. The dorsal fins function as stabilizers whereas the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins lift the shark when swimming.

Stingrays are able to swim forwards (and slowly backwards) by undulating their pectoral fins that form their body

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS/TETRAPODS

• Four feeted animals• Have limbs that can support their weight on land and feet with digits that

allow them to transmit muscle-generated forces to the ground when they walk.

• Head is separated by neck from body• Bones of the pelvic girdle ,to which the hind legs are attached ,are fused to

the backbone• The pharyngeal clefts give rise to parts of the ears , certain glands, and other

structures.

AMPHIBIA• General characteristics• Entirely aquatic• Adults live on land• SKIN BRIGHT COLORATION• SKIN GLANDS ARE DISTATSEFUL OR EVEN HAVE A POISONOUS MUCUS.

• Body structure • Nutrition• NAT INSECTS• Reproduction strategies• Urodela(550)• Anura• Apoda• Salamanders(walk on land /walk with a side to side bending of the bending of the body .

REPTILIA• General characteristics• Repiles have scales that contain protein keratin.scales help protect the animals skin

from dessication and abrasion .• Reptiles lay their shelled eggs on land.• Fertilization occurs internally before egg shell is secreted .• Viviporous (snakes/lizards) contain extraembryonic membranes form a kind of

placenta which enables the embryo to obtain nutrients from its mother.• Cold blooded species because they don’t use their metabolisms to control their body

temperature. However they regulate their body temperature by using behavioural adaptations .

• Ectothermic species,as a result the species can survive on less than 10% food energy.

AVES• 10000 SPECIES OF BIRD• Bird species are adapted to facilitate flight• Consist of wings and feathers • Lack a urinary bladder and have one ovary• Generally have small gonads which increase in size during breeding

stages• Tooothless species which serves to trim the face

MAMMILIA

• General characteristicsStructure• Mammary glands: which produce milk for their offspring.• Hair //warm blooded//young born alive• Fat layer under the skin to help retain heat.• Endothermic animals• High metabolic rate• Efficient Respiratory system• Circulatory system(four-hearted chamber)(to support the mammals metabolism.• Larger brain than other vertebrates • Differentiated teeth used for shering,crushing,grinding.• Categorized into :• Monotremes • Marsupials • Eutherians• Primates • Humans

MONOTREMES• Found only in Australia, New Guinea• Represented by one species of platypus and four

species of echidnas.• STRUCTURE• Have hair and produce milk(lack nipples)• Milk is secreted by glands on the belly of the mother.• Oviparous Organisms that lay eggs.• Baby sucks milk from mothers fur after hatching .

MARSUPIALS• High metabolic rates,nipples that produce milk• Give birth to live young :vivipours organism• Nursing young are held within a maternal pouch called

marsupium.• Red kangaroo,Koalas,Opossums• Found in the Australian region

• Commonly called ,placental mammals as their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials.

• Eutherians have a longer pregnancy than marsupials. The eutherian young complete their embryonic development within the uterus joined to their mother by the placenta.

• Major Eutherian Orders:• Primates • Living primates• (phylogenic relationships)

• General characteristics:• Tree-dwellers/Monkeys /apes Structure:• Have hands and feet adapted for grasping and their digits

have flat nails instead of narrow claws. Skin ridges on fingers .• Large brain and short jaws giving the species a flat face .• Forward –looking eyes are close together on the front of the

face.• Well developed parental care and complex social behaviour.• Big toe that is widely separated from the other toes, enabling

them to graps branches with their feet.• Nutrition

LIVING PRIMATES

Three main living groups of primates: lemurs of Madagascar, the lorises of pottos of tropical Africa and

southern asia.The tarsiers of southest asia anthropiods,.

Most monkeys are diunrnal (active during the day)usually live in bands held together by social behaviour.

HUMANS• General Characteristics• Structure:• Stand upright• Bipedal• Much larger brain• Langauage capabilities• Manufacture and use of complex tools• Reduced jaw bones • Shorter digestive tract • (phylogenic tree)