OBJECTIVES

•Identify the parts of speech•Determine the part of speech by analyzing the

use of those words in sentences.

(All English-Speaking people should understand the basic components of their language.)

The Noun is used to identify a person, thing, animal, place and abstract idea. Nouns usually occur in the Subject or the Object phrases

Nouns can be plural or singular.

Click on the button to see some examples of nouns:

boygirl

motherfather

People

schoolpark

marketrestaurant

Places

tablebookpencil

car

Things

liontigerdot

elephant

Animals

Nouns

Noun:a word used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

EXAMPLES

Persons: architect travelers family Tiger Woods

Places: restaurant islands wilderness New Orleans

Ideas: education beliefs ambition Utopianism

In addition, nouns may be COMMON and PROPER, CONCRETE and ABSTRACT, COLLECTIVE, and

COMPOUND

Pronouns

• A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun.

• There are two kind of pronouns:

– Personal

– Demonstrative

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Personal Pronouns

• Singular

– I– You– He– She– It

• Plural

– We– You– They

Demonstrative Pronouns

• This

• That

• These

• Those

• Such

Pronoun:word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun

EXAMPLES * Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow. * Several of the students have entered the essay contest because they are extremely interested in the topic.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns (refers to person speaking, spoken to, or spoken about) First Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second Person: you, your, yours Third Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Reflexive (refers to subject) and Intensive (emphasizes) First Person: myself, ourselves Second Person: yourself, yourselves Third Person: himself, herself, itself, themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns (point out)

this that these those

This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald.

The apples I picked today taste better than these.

Interrogative Pronouns (introduce questions)

who whom which what whose

What is the answer to the last algebra problem?

Whose car is parked outside?

Relative Pronouns (introduce subordinate clauses)

that which who whom whose

The house that you saw is a historical landmark.

She is the woman who is running for mayor.

Indefinite Pronouns (refers to person, place, or thing not specifically named)

all another any anybody anyone anything both each either

everybody everyone everything few many more most much

neither nobody none no one nothing one other several

some somebody someone something such

I have packed everything we will need for the trip.

Has anyone seen my binoculars?

Adjectives

- An adjective describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun.

- Adjectives answer three questions about the nouns that it describes:

- what kind,

- how many, and

- which one.- Normally and adjective goes before the noun it describes. However, there

are some occasions when adjectives are placed after the noun it describes.

- Follow the link to see kinds of adjectives

Adjectives can be Demonstrative, Common and Proper.

thatthis

thosethese

Point out nouns.They answer the question:

which one(s)

Demonstrative

happycolorfulbrightlong

Describes a noun:

Common

IndianIrish

AmericanConstituional

Are made from proper nouns.They are always capitalized

Proper

Type of Adjectives

Adjective:word used to modify a noun or a pronoun

Tells what kind? Which one? How many? How much?brown shoes those cars ten boxes some waterlarge animal this street several books less timenarrow road first step fewer mistakes more spacenice person last one many students enough money

Most frequent adjectives are the articles: a, an, the

Adjective or Pronoun?

Which museum did you visit?Which did you visit?

Leslie Marmon Silko wrote these stories.Leslie Marmon Silko wrote these.

Verbs• A Verb is a word that shows action or being. This is the most important

part of a sentence.• Action verbs are verbs that show action. • There are two main parts to a verb, the main verb and the helping

verbs.– The main verb is the main action or state of being in the sentence.

– Example: The boy jumped over the fence. He is tired.– The helping verbs help the main verb express tenses or times.

» Click to see the twenty three helping verbs:

Verb:word used to express action or a state of being

TYPES OF VERBS

Action Verb (expresses physical or mental activity)Physical write sit arise describe receiveMental remember think believe consider understand

Transitive Verb (takes an object – a word that tells who or what receives the action)

Everyone in the school cheered the football team. (Direct Object)Nikki Giovanni writes poetry. (Direct Object)

Intransitive Verb (does not take an object)The gorilla smiled.Suddenly, the child next to the door screamed.

Linking Verbs:connects the subject with a word that identifies or describes it(sometimes called state-of-being verbs)

COMMONLY USED LINKING VERBSam, is, are, was, were, be, been, beingbe, can be, may be, might be, must be, shall bewill be, could be, should be, would be, has been, have beenhad been, shall have been, will have been, could have been,

should have been, would have beenappear grow seem staybecome look smell tastefeel remain sound turn

LINKING: The soup tasted spicy. (Predicate Adjective)ACTION: We tasted the soup. (Direct Object)

LINKING: She felt good about her presentation. (Predicate Adjective)ACTION: The explorers felt rain on their faces. (Direct Object)

LINKING: The milk smelled sour. (Predicate Adjective) ACTION: I smelled the milk to see whether it was fresh.

(Direct Object) (Predicate Adjective)

The helping verbs are:

• am are is• was were• be being been• do does did• have has had• may must might• can could• will would• shall should

The Verb Phrase:consists of a main verb and at least one helping verb (auxiliary verb)

COMMONLY USED HELPING VERBS

Forms of Be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being

Forms of Have: has, have, having, had

Forms of Do: do, does, doing, did

Others: may, might, mustcan, couldshall, shouldwill, would

Adverbs

• Adverbs are words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

• An adverb tells how, when, where and to what extent.

• Click on the link to see some examples:

Adverb:word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverbTells How? When? Where? To what extent? (How much or how often?)

EXAMPLES

Adverbs Modifying Verbs Marian Anderson sang magnificently. (How?) Marian Anderson sang earlier. (When?) Marian Anderson sang there. (Where?) Marian Anderson sang frequently. (To what extent?)

Adverbs Modifying AdjectivesThe players are exceptionally skillful. (To what extent?)The documentary about global warming was quite interesting.

(To what extent?)Adverbs Modifying Other Adverbs

Cheetahs can run extremely fast. (To what extent?)Andre reacted to the news rather calmly. (To what extent?)

My aunt Laurette is just about the nicest (1.)grown-up (2.) that I know. NOUN PRONOUN

I do (3.) not get to see her (4.) very often because she (5.) works in Chicago, ADVERB: do get ADVERB: often VERBbut when she comes (6.) home to visit, I’m in heaven. (7.) What do I like about her?

ADVERB: comes PRONOUNFor one thing, we share (8.) many of the same interests. Both of us play the

PRONOUNpiano, (9.) sew our clothes, and love to make (10.) puns. She is also a VERB NOUN sympathetic listener and lets me tell about (11.) myself without interrupting

PRONOUNor criticizing me. Laurette shares (12.) her own (13.) career stories with me, and

PRONOUN ADJECTIVE: storiessometimes she even asks me for (14.) some advice. A day with Laurette (15.) is

ADJECTIVE: advice VERBsometimes silly and sometimes (16.) serious, but it’s always a delight. As you

ADJECTIVE: day (Predicate Adjective) can see in (17.) this picture of the two of us at the park, I always feel relaxed

ADJECTIVE: picturewith Laurette. She’s living proof that a person (18.) can go through adolescence

VERBand (19.) still emerge as a happy, (20.) highly competent adult! ADVERB: emerge ADVERB: competent

Identify these parts: noun, pronoun, and adjective, adverb with word modified.

Prepositions

• A preposition describes the relationship between other words in a sentence.

• Prepositions are almost always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases.

• Click for a list of common Prepositions

Common Prepositionsabout by outside according to

above down over because of

across during since by way of

after except through in addition to

against for throughout in front of

around from till in place of

at in to in regard to

before inside toward in spite of

behind into under instead of

below like until on account of

beneath near up out of

beside of upon

besides off with

between on without

beyond out

Preposition:word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other wordin the sentence

A preposition always introduces a phrase. The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase is called the object ofThe preposition.

EXAMPLES

The playful puppy ran beside me.The playful puppy ran toward me.The playful puppy ran around me.The playful puppy ran past me.The playful puppy ran after me.The playful puppy ran behind me.The playful puppy ran in front of me.

COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS

About beneath in throughAbove beside inside throughoutAcross besides into toAfter between like towardAgainst beyond near underAlong but (meaning of underneathAmong “except”) off untilAround by on untoAs down out upAt during outside uponBefore except over withBehind for past withinBelow from since withoutPREPOSITION: We drove around the parking lot.ADVERB: We drove around for a while.

COMMONLY USED COMPOUND PREPOSITIONSAccording to because of in spite ofAlong with by means of instead ofApart from in addition to next toAside from in front of on account ofAs of in place of out of

Conjunctions

• A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

• Conjunctions can be:» Coordinating

» Subordinating

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Coordinating Conjunctions are:

• and• but• or• yet• for• not• so

– It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling the acronym: FANBOYS

A Subordinating Conjunction comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions:

after if though

although If only till

as In order that unless

as if now that until

as long as once when

as though rather than whenever

because since where

before so that whereas

even if than wherever

even though that while

Interjections

• Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command.

• They sometimes stand by themselves, but they are often contained within larger structures.

– Click to see some examples of common interjections

Some Common Interjections.

Interjection Meaning example

ah Expressing pleasure__________________________Expressing realization_________________________Expressing resignation.

“Ah, that feels good.”__________________________“Ah, now I understand.”_________________________

“Ah, well I can’t do anything else.”

eh Asking for repetition “It’s hot today, eh?” I said, it’s hot today.”

hello Expressing greeting. “Hello Julie. How are you?

hey Calling attention._________________________Expressing surprise

“Hey ! Look that big dog!””

___________________________________“Hey! You made it.”

Conjunction:word used to join words or groups of words

TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunctions (connects words or groups of words used in the same way)

and but for nor or so yetWe found a bat and a glove.Will Rogers once claimed, “My forefathers didn’t come over on the Mayflower,but they met the boat.”

Correlative Conjunctions (pairs of conjunctions that connect wordsor groups of words used in the same way)

both . . . and not only . . . but (also)either . . . or whether . . . or neither . . . nor

Both athletes and singers must train for long hours. (connects two words)Either your fuel line is clogged, or your carburetor needs adjusting.

(connects two sentences)

Subordinating Conjunctions (begins a subordinate clause and connects it to an independent clause)

COMMONLY USED SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

After because since whenAlthough before so that wheneverAs even though than whereAs if how that whereverAs much as if though whetherAs though in order that unless whileAs well as provided until why

We arrived late because our train was delayed.Sherlock Holmes listened quietly while Dr. Watson explained his theory.

Notice: When the subordinate conjunction and clause begins the sentence,it must be set off with a comma (like this sentence).While Dr. Watson explained his theory, Sherlock Holmes listened quietly.

Find these parts of the sentence:Prepositions and Conjunctions (Label Type)

1. Eli Whitney not only invented the cotton gin but also manufactured muskets and other weapons.

2. Nowadays we take the idea of interchangeable parts for granted, but it was a revolutionary concept at that time.

3. For example, when a rifle is constructed with interchangeable parts,a defective part can be replaced quickly and easily with an identically

made piece.

4. Before Eli Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, manufacturers had to employ many skilled workers.

5. Although the new technology benefited manufacturers, it cost manyworkers their jobs, and this has been the case with most technological advances.

Prepositions and Conjunctions (Label Type)

1. Eli Whitney not only invented the cotton gin but also manufactured muskets and other weapons. not only. . . but also =CORRELATIVE

and = COORDINATING2. Nowadays we take the idea of interchangeable parts for granted,

but it was a revolutionary concept at that time. COORDINATING

3. For example, when a rifle is constructed with interchangeable parts,a defective part can be replaced quickly and easily with an identically

made piece. When = SUBORDINATING and = COORDINATING

4. Before Eli Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, manufacturers had to employ many skilled workers. SUBORDINATING

5. Although the new technology benefited manufacturers, it cost manyworkers their jobs, and this has been the case with most technological advances. Although = SUBORDINATING and = COORDINATING

Interjection:word used to express emotion

It has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

It is set off from the rest of the sentence with an exclamation point (for strongemotion) or with a comma (for mild emotion).

EXAMPLES

Ah Hey Ouch WhewYikes Oh Well Wow

Ouch! That hurts!Well, I think you should apologize to me.

Determining the part of speech of a word is determined by the way the word is used in a sentence.

EXAMPLES

The coach decided that the team needed more practice.The girls practice every Saturday afternoon.They will have a practice session after school on Wednesday.

Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is the home of the talented Writer Maya Angelou.

The last home game will be played tomorrow night.We decided to stay home.

Celine has won the citizenship award before.The two candidates debated each other before the election.Read the directions before you begin answering the questions.

NounVerbAdjective

Noun

AdjectiveAdverb

AdverbPrepositionConjunction

(SUBORDINATING)

Identify the following parts of speech:Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection (N) (Pron) (V) (Adj) (Adv) (Prep) (Conj) (Interj)

Suddenly the radio announcer broke in on the (1.) musical selection. “A (2.) funnel cloud (3.) has been sighted. (4.) All people should take immediate (5.) precautions!” (6.) Those were the (7.) last words Denise Moore heard (8.) before the electricity went off and the (9.) terrible roar came closer. (10.) She and her two children (11.) ran to the basement (12.) quickly. When they (13.) emerged forty-five minutes later, (14.) they weren’t sure what they might see. (15.) Oh, the terrible wind had (16.) truly performed freakish tricks! It had driven a fork (17.) into a brick up to the handle. It had sucked the (18.) wallpaper from a living room wall (19.) but had left the picture hanging (20.) there intact. It (21.) had driven a blade of grass into the (22.) back of Denise Moore’s neighbor. Nevertheless, the citizens of the (23.) town considered (24.) themselves lucky because (25.) no one had been killed.

1. Adj 2. Adj 3. V 4. Adj 5. N 6. Pron 7. Adj 8. Conj 9. Adj 10. Pron11. V 12. Adv 13. V 14. Pron 15. Interj 16. Adv 17. Prep 18. N 19. Conj

20. Adv 21. V 22. N 23. N 24. Pron 25. Pron

Identify the following parts of speech:Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection (N) (Pron) (V) (Adj) (Adv) (Prep) (Conj) (Interj)1. Hey, nobody who goes to the movies fairly often can fail to notice Interj Pron Adv

this exciting trend! Adj2. In 1991 alone, nineteen feature films directed by African Americans Adj Prep

were released. V3. Whether you know it or not, that’s more than there were in the whole

previous decade.Conj Conj Conj Adj

4. The success of Spike Lee’s films, which include the blockbuster Do the Pron

Right Thing, inspired other young black directors to create their own moviesabout the black experience.

Prep Pron

5. The absorbing stories and real-life settings of these films attract many V

thousands of moviegoers, not just African Americans. N6. Who are some of the black directors building their careers in Hollywood Pron Adj

nowadays? Adv7. Rising stars include Charles Lane, Mario Van Peebles, John Singleton, Bill N V

Duke, and Matty Rich. N8. Their success helps create job opportunities for all types of black film Adj Adj

workers, including hairdressers, actors, stuntpersons, cinematographers, Nand sound technicians.

9. For example, the crew that worked along with John Singleton on his 1991 Pron Prep

film Boyz N the Hood was 90 percent black! Adj10.After you’ve read these facts, maybe you’ll watch the movie listings in your

Conj Vlocal newspaper for some upcoming films from young black directors.

Adj Adj