Unit 1 Parts of Speech

8/11/2019 Unit 1 Parts of Speech

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Unit One:Parts of Speech


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Table of Contents

Unit 1: Parts of Speech

Unit 2: Phrases, Clauses, and SentenceStructure

Unit 3: Simple & Progressive Verbs

Unit 4: Perfect & Passive Verbs

Unit 5: Complex Sentences

Unit 6: Overview of City ESOL Program


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Introduction

The purpose of these modules is to review keygrammar points that are taught in the ESOLprogram at City College and to offer suggestionsfor assisting ESOL students with grammar and

sentence structure. Though the grammaticalconcepts will be familiar to you, explaining them tosecond-language students and providing examplesmay be a new experience. It is our hope that

these materials will enable you to work moreeffectively and enthusiastically with ESOL students.

As you go through the presentation, please answerthe questions posed (in your head) before clicking

on the answer. Have fun!


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Review Parts of Speech

What are the parts of speech?

What is a noun?

What is a verb?

What is an adjective?

What is an adverb?


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Lets Practice

Given these definitions, answer the followingquestion:

What part of speech is the wordexplosion?

Answering this question shows why thesedefinitions can sometimes be problematic for

students. Its reasonable to think that explosionis a verb because it expresses an action.

However, it is a noun.


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Identifying Parts of Speech

In addition to these types of definitions, there are

other ways to identify parts of speech. One is tolook at the context (surrounding words). Anotheris to look at suffixes (word endings).

There are a series of tests that you can perform

to identify a words part of speech. Answeringthese test questions accurately requires a certainlevel of fluency. Therefore, these tests are notrecommended for students at the lower levels.However, they are useful tools to have available.


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Noun Test 1

One way to test whether or not a word is a noun isto look at the context. Most singular nouns have

a, an, or thepreceding them. Plural nouns may

have nothing orthe

preceding them. These words

are called articles, and they are one type ofdeterminer. (More explanation on this later.) To

test if the word explosionis a noun, we can see if itsounds correct to put an article in front of it.

Example 1: Can you say the explosion?

Example 1 works. Thus, we can identifyexplosion

as a noun.


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Noun Test 1

Lets try it with another example, and test whether or

not the word speakis a noun.

Example 2: Can you say the speak?

Example 2 does not sound correct. This is an

indication thatspeakis not a noun.


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Not all nouns can have determiners in front of

them. For example, you wouldnt say the Chad

even though Chadis a noun; it is a proper noun.

Thus, you would want to perform more tests.

To identify a word as a noun, it needs to passat least one test. It can fail the others.

But before we go on to explain these additionaltests, lets answer a question you may have:


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What is a determiner?

There are three categories of determiners. If there is

a determiner, a noun has to follow at some point(although there might be other words in between).

1. Articles

the, a, an

2. Show Possession

his, her, their, my, our, its, your

3. Show Location

this, that, these, those

the kitten

her dog

this rabbit

that turtle


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Noun Test 2

A sentence consists of a noun phrase and a verbphrase. (More explanation on this later.) Thesubject of a sentence must be a noun. Forexample, we have the following sentence:

Tutors help students.

Tutorsis the subject of this sentence; thus, we can

identify it as a noun.


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Noun Test 2

First, lets practice identifying subjects. In the

following sentence, which word is the subject, ormain noun, that the verb must agree with?

Speaking in a foreign language is difficult.

If you said speakingis the subject, then you are

correct! Languageis not the main noun.


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Noun Test 2

Now lets test whether the wordrun is a noun. Wecan put it in the subject of a sentence. Does thefollowing sentence sound correct?

Example 1: Run is fun!

Example 1 is not correct because run is a verb, so itcannot be the subject of a sentence. We can,

however, change it to a noun form to make it work.This ing noun form is called a gerund.

Running is fun!


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Noun Test 3

Nouns are the only word forms that can be made

plural. Thus, if you can make it plural, then itmust be a noun. However, keep in mind that notall nouns can be made plural. These are callednon-count nouns.

Lets test whether the wordball is a noun.

Example 1: Can you sayballs

?

Example 1 works, so we can know that ballis anoun.


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Noun Test 3

Now lets test whether the word beneficialis anoun.

Example 2: Can you say beneficials?

Example 2 does not sound correct. This indicates

thatbeneficialis not a noun. In fact, it is anadjective.


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When a subject is third-person singular (he, she,it), then an sis added to the end of the verb.

Be careful not to confuse third-person singular s

with plural s! Speakis NOT a noun, but yousometimes put an sat the end. For example: He

speaksJapanese fluently.


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Review of Noun Tests

Test 1: Determiner?

The ________

the explosion *the speak

Test 2: Sentence subject?

Noun Phrase + Verb Phrase = Sentence

Running is fun. *Run is fun.

Test 3: Plural?

________s

balls *beneficials

* =Fails test/not grammatical


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Verb Test

Verbs are the only word forms that can be changedto the past tense. Thus, you would be able to test

whether explosionis a verb by trying to change thetense.

Example 1: Can you say explosioned?

Example 1 does not work because explosionis not

a verb. Lets compare that to the word walk.Example 2: Can you say walked?

Example 2 works, so we know that walkis a verb.


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Adjective Test

As stated before, adjectives are words that

describe a noun. One test to tell if something is anadjective is the location in a phrase. Adjectivescan go before nouns (and between a determiner

and noun.) We know that the word sandwichis anoun as it passes all three tests. Now lets test

whether the word deliciousis an adjective.

Example 1: Can you say the delicious sandwich?

Example 1 works, so we know that deliciousis anadjective.


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Sometimes nouns act like adjectives. When thishappens, the noun is always singular. For

example, antis a noun, but in the following

example it is functioning as an adjective: I have an

ant farm.


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Adverb Test

An adverb can describe an adjective, a verb, or

another adverb. Many adverbs have an -ly suffix,making them easier to identify.

Example 1: She walks very quickly.

We might automatically know that quicklyis an

adverb because of the -lysuffix. Additionally, its

function in the sentence is to describe how theperson walks. Moreover, veryis an adverb which

intensifies the adverb, quickly.


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Adverb Test

Do you think that this sentence is grammaticallycorrect?

Example 1: Professors write clear.

This sentence is not grammatical because clearis

describing the verb, write, and thus requires the

adverb form, clearly. The example should be:

Professors write clearly.


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Word Families

Word Families are words that share the same root

or base form. They are usually different parts ofspeech.

Example 1: Every week Iprioritize my

assignments.

Example 2: My toppriority this semester ispassing the class.


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Word Families

succeed

success

successful

successfully

She succeeds every

time she triessomething new.

I want to successfully

complete this class.

He is a successful

lawyer.

Success in school will

help me get a good job.

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb


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The suffixes ing and ed can be used to makemore than one part of speech.

Example 1: I amworkinghard today.Example 2: Workinghard is essential.

Example 3: Todays class boredme.Example 4: I am not boredby grammar!

Example 5: She is boring.


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There are many other suffixes. Recognizing themore common ones will assist students in using thecorrect word form.

Nouns Verbs Adjectives

heightenentertainment outrageous


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Lets Practice: Complete the chart.Nouns Verbs Adjectives

achievement

establish

strategy

motivation

impress

emphatic

prescribe

renew

reserved

organization

achieve achievable

establishment established

strategic

motivate

impression impressive

emphasizeemphasis

prescription prescribed

renewal renewed; renewable

reservereservation

organize organized

motivated; motivational

strategize


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Scene One

A students sentence is I analysis the problem.There are many ways to assist him in correctingthis error. Heres one:

Tutor: What part of speech is analysis?Student: I dont know.

Tutor:Lets look it up

Student: Analysis is a noun.

Tutor: What part of speech do you need here?

Student: A verb.

Tutor: Thats right Whats the verb form of analysis? Can you find it?

Student:Analyze.

Tutor: Great

Unit 1 Parts of Speech

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