#1 specialuri gamoSveba · Crdilovani ekonomikis Suq-Crdilebi Posi ve and Nega ve Sides of Shadow...

Tbilisi 2016

19 ivnisi

სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკული ჟურნალი

#1 specialuri gamoSveba

globalizacia da biznesi

საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკული კონფერენცია

ევროპული ინტეგრაცია

და საქართველო

ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის აქტუალური პრობლემები გლობალიზაციის თანამედროვე პირობებში

თეორია და პრაქტიკა

Tbilisi, 2016Tbilisi, 2016June 19June 19

№1 Special Edition

GLOBALIZATION AND BUSINESS

Interna onal Scien fi c-prac cal ConferenceInterna onal Scien fi c-prac cal Conference

EUROPEAEUROPEAN INTEGRATION N INTEGRATION AND GEORGIAAND GEORGIA

Actual Problems of Economy and Actual Problems of Economy and Business in Modern Globaliza onBusiness in Modern Globaliza on

Theory and Prac ceTheory and Prac ce

Scientifi c-Practical Journal

გამომცემლობა „დანი“

„Dani“ LTD Publishing

ISSN 2449-2396

ნინო ჩანკვეტაძე

ინგა ქონიაშვილი

ლიზა ჯალაღონია

თამარ ქავჟარაძე

ქართული ტექსტის კორექტორი:

ინგლისური ტექსტის კორექტორი:

გარეკანის დიზაინი:

დაკაბადონება:

Proof-reader of Georgian text:

Proof-reader of English text:

Cover Design:

Imposer:

NINO CHANKVETADZE

INGA KONIASHVILI

LIZA JALAGHONIA

TAMAR QAVZHARADZE

მკითხველთა ფართო საზოგადოებას ვთავაზობთ ახალ რეფერირებად საერთაშორისო სა-

მეცნიერო-პრაქტიკულ ჟურნალს „გლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი“, რომელიც გამოიცემა წელი წადში

ორჯერ. წარმოდგენილი ჟურნალი დაეთმობა საქართველოსა და მსოფლიოს სხვა ქვეყნების წამყვანი

მეცნიერების და სპეციალისტების კვლევებისა და პრაქტიკული მუშაობის შედეგებს. განსაკუთრებული

ყურადღება მიექცევა გლობალიზაციის თანამედროვე პირობებში ბიზნესის, ქვეყნების სოციალურ-

ეკონომიკური განვითარების, ინოვაციური და ტექნოლოგიური პროცესების აქტუალურ საკითხებს.

ჟურნალის წინამდებარე პირველი ნომერი ეთმობა ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის მიერ

ორგანიზებულ (2016 წლის 19 ივნისი) საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკულ კონფერენციაზე -

„ევროპული ინტეგრაცია და საქა რთვე ლო“ - წარმოდგენილ ნაშრომებს.

ჟურნალში გამოქვეყნებული სტატიის სიზუსტეზე პასუხისმგებელია ავტორი. ამასთან, მისი პოზიცია შეიძლება არ ემთხვეოდეს ჟურნალის სარედაქციო კოლეგიის მოსაზრებებს.

The each author is responsible for the accuracy of the article in journal. His position may not coincide with the opinions of editorial board.

აკრძალულია ჟურნალში გამოქვეყნებული მასალების გამრავლება და გავრცელება კომერციული მიზნებისათვის.Reproduction on distribution of the materials published in this journal for commercial purposes is strictly ``prohibited.

The present new Interna onal Peer-Reviewed Scien fi c-Prac cal Journal ‘Globaliza on and Business‘ which is issued twice a year is targeted for the general public. The journal involves the results of the re-searches and prac cal works of scien sts and specialists from Georgia and other countries as well. The lime-light is on the business and actual problems of innova ve and technological processes of Georgia’s and other countries‘ social-economic development under the modern condi ons of globaliza on.

The fi rst issue of the journal covers the works represented at the Interna onal scien fi c-prac cal confer-ence “European Integra on and Georgia” organized by European Teaching University on June 19, 2016.

ორგანიზაციულ-ადმინისტრაციული საბჭო:

ლაშა კანდელაკიშვილი (თავმჯდომარე); გოჩა თუთბერიძე (თა-ვ მჯდომარის მოადგილე); ვახტანგ ქავთარაძე (თა ვ მჯდომარის მოადგილე); გივი ბედიანაშვილი (თავმჯდომარის მოადგილე); თამარ ზარგინავა; მაია ხურცილავა; გივი ბაქრაძე; ნინო გადელია (მდივანი).

სარედაქციო კოლეგია:

ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი რამაზ აბესაძე; ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი იური ანა ნიაშვილი; ს.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი მაია აზ მა ი-ფარაშვი ლი; მ.ა.დ., პროფესორი ალექსანდრე აპლაკოვი (მთა-ვარი რედაქტორის მოადგილე); ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი იოსებ არჩვაძე; ბ.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესო რი გივი ბაქრაძე; ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი გივი ბედიანაშვილი (მთავარი რედაქტორი); ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი თეიმურაზ ბერი ძე; ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი რევაზ გველესიანი; ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი შალვა გოგიაშვი ლი; ე.ა.დ., ასო ცირებული პროფესორი ნინო დამენია; ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი ეკა დევიძე (მთავარი რე დაქტორის მო-ადგილე); ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი ცისკარა ზარანდია; ბ.ა.დ., პროფესო რი ლია ელიავა; ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი გოჩა თუთბე-რიძე; მ.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი გოჩა თოდუა; ტ.ა.დ., პროფესორი თეა თოდუა (მთავარი რედაქტორის მოადგილე); მიწვეული პროფესორი ინგა ქონიაშვილი (მთავარი რედაქ-ტორის მო ად გილე ჟურნა ლის ინგლისურენოვან ნა წილ ში); ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი მიხეილ თოქ მაზიშვილი, ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი გივი ლემონჯავა; ე.მ.დ., პრო ფესორი იაკობ მესხია; ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი ელგუჯა მექვა ბიშვილი; ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული

პროფესორი ეკატერინე ნა ცვლიშვილი; ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი მურად ნარსია; ე.მ.დ., პრო ფესორი, საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვ ნული აკა დემიის აკადემიკოსი ვლადიმერ პაპავა; ე.მ.დ., პროფესო რი ვახტანგ სართანია; ე.მ.დ., პრო-ფესორი, საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვ ნული აკა დემიის აკადემიკოსი ავთანდილ სილაგაძე; ტ.ა.დ., პროფესო რი თე-იმურაზ სტურუა; ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი შოთა შაბურიშვილი; ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი ელენე ჩიქოვანი; ე.ა.დ., პრო-ფესორი ლია ჩარექიშვილი; მ.ა.დ., პრო ფესორი გივი ფი ფია; ბ.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პრო ფესორი ლოიდ ქარჩავა; ე.ა.დ., ასო-ცირებული პროფესორი ნათია ხორგუაშვილი; ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი ჯამლეტ ჯანჯღავა; ე.მ.დ., პრო ფესორი მიხეილ ჯიბუტი; ე.ა.დ., ასო ცირებული პროფესორი ვასილ ხუციშვილი; ასისტენტ-პრო-ფესორი მარიამ ჩაჩუა.

სარედაქციო კოლეგიის უცხოელი წევრები:

ე.ა.დ., ასოცირებული პროფესორი მარინა ბარანოვსკაია (ოდე -სის ეროვნული ეკონომიკის უნივერსიტეტი); ე.ა.დ., პრო ფე სორი ტატიანა ბორზდოვა (ბელორუსიის სახელმწიფო უნი ვერსიტეტის მენეჯმენტისა და სოციალური ტექნოლოგიების სახელმწიფო ინსტიტუტი); ე.მ.დ., პროფესორი რიმა ტამო სი უნიენე (ვილნიუსის ეკონომიკისა და მიზნესის ინსტი ტუ ტი); ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი რეგინა დემიანიუკი (პოლონეთის სა ბუ ნებისმეტყველო და ჰუმანიტარულ მეც ნიერებათა უნი ვერ სიტეტი); ე.ა.დ., პროფესორი მარინა ოჩ-კოვსკაია (მ. ლო მონოსოვის სახელობის მოსკოვის სახელმწიფო უნი ვერსიტეტის მარკეტინგის განყოფილება).

ORGANIZATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD: Lasha Kandelakishvili (Chairman); Gocha Tutberidze (Deputy Chair-man); Vakhtang Kavtaradze (Deputy Chairman); Givi Bendianashvili (Deputy Chairman); Tamar Zarginava; Maia Khurtsilava; Givi Bakradze; Nino Gadelia (secretary).

EDITORIAL BOARD: Ramaz Abesadze, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Iuri Ananiashvili, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Maia Azmai-farashvili, Associated Professor, Doctor of Economics; Alexander Aplakov, Professor, Doctor of Mathema cs (Deputy Chief Editor); Ioseb Archvadze, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Givi Bakradze, Associated Professor, DBA; Givi Bedianashvili, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences (Chief editor); Teimuraz Beridze, Pro-fessor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Revaz Gvelesiani, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Shalva Gogiashvili, Associated Pro-fessor, Doctor of Economics; Nino Damenia, Associated Professor, Doctor of Economics; Eka Devidze, Professor, Doctor of Economic Scien ces (Deputy Chief Editor); Tsiskara Zarandia, Professor, Doctor of Econo mics; Lia Eliava, Professor, DBA; Gocha Tutberidze, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Gocha Todua, Doctor of Mathema cs, Associated Pro fessor; Thea Todua, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sci-ences (Deputy chief editor); Mikheil Tokmazishvili, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Inga Koniashvili, Visi ng Professor (Deputy Chief Editor in English Sec on of journal); Givi Lemonjava, Associated Professor, Doctor of Econo mics; Iakob Meskhia, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Elguja Mekvabishvili, Professor, Doctor of Eco-

nomic Sciences; Ekaterine Natsvlishvili, Associated Professor, Doctor of Econo mics; Murad Narsia, Associated Professor, Doctor of Econo-mics; Vladimer Papava, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Aca-demician of the Na onal Academy of Sciences of Georgia; Vakhtang Sartania, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences; Avtandil Silagadze, Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Academician of the Na onal Academy of Sciences of Georgia; Teimuraz Sturua, Professor, Doctor of Technics; Shota Shaburishvili, Associated Professor, Doctor of Eco-nomics; Elene Chikovani, Professor, Doctor of Economics; Lia Charek-ishvili, Professor, Doctor of Economics; Givi Pi pia, Professor, Doctor of Ma thema cs; Loid Karchava, Associated Professor, DBA; Na a Khorguashvili, Associated Professor, Doctor of Economics; Jamlet Janjghava, Professor, Doctor of Economics; Mikheil Jibu , Professor, Doctor of Economic Scien ces; Vasil Khutsishvili, Associated professor, Doctor of Econo mics; Maia Khurtsilava, Assistant-professor, Doctor of Econo mics; Mariam Chachua, Assistant-Professor.

FOREIGN PART OF EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS:Marina Baranovskaya, Associated professor, Doctor of Economics (Odessa Na onal Economics University); Ta ana Borzdova, Pro-fessor, Doctor of Economics (Belarusian State Ins tute of Manage-ment and Social Technologies of State University); Rima Tamosi-uniene, Professor, Doctor of Economic sciences (Vilnius Ins tute of Economics and Business); Regina Demianyuk, Professor, Doctor of Economics (University of Natural and Humanitarian Sciences of Poland); Marina Ochkovskaya, Professor, Doctor of Economics (Moscow M. Lomonosov State University Marke ng Depatrment).

ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ბიზნესის და ტექნოლოგიების ფაკულტეტის და გლობალიზაციის ეკონომიკური და სოციალური პრობლემების კვლევის ინსტიტუტის რეფერირებადი და რეცენზირებადი საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო-პრაქტიკული ჟურნალი

REFEREED AND PEER-REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY AND OF THE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZATION OF EUROPEAN TEACHING UNIVERSITY

თეორია, მეთოდოლოგია და სისტემური პრობლემები

THEORY, METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM PROBLEMS

marina baranovskaia, ina uxanovateqnologiuri parkebis Seqmnisa da eqsploataciis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris

gamocdilebisa da Tanamedrove tendenciebis analizi

Analysis of Experience and Modern Trends of State Support the Crea on and Opera on of Technology Park MARINA BARANOVSKAYA

givi bedianaSviliglobaluri biznesgaremo, evropuli integracia da saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kulturuli potenciali

The Global Business Environment, European Integra on and the Cultural Poten al of Social-economic Development of GeorgiaGIVI BEDIANASHVILI

givi bedianaSvili, Salva gogiaSvili, solomon pavliaSvilievropuli integracia da konkurenciis instituciuri aspeqtebi

European Integra on and Ins tu onal Aspects of Compe onGIVI BEDIANASHVILI, SHALVA GOGIASHVILI, SOLOMON PAVLIASHVILI

merab gvelesiani, SoTa veSapiZeRirebulebebi: sazRvrebi da winaaRmdegobebi

Values: Limits and Contradic onsMERAB GVELESIANI, SHOTA VESHAPIDZE

merab gvelesiani, SoTa veSapiZeevropuli Rirebulebebi: ra ganvaxorcieloT saqarTveloSi

da rogor ganvaxorcieloT

European Values: What Can We Implement from Them and How Can We Implement Them in GeorgiaMERAB GVELESIANI, SHOTA VESHAPIDZE

mixeil ToqmaziSvilisaqarTvelos regionuli identobis politikuri ekonomia

Poli cal Economy of Regional Iden ty of Georgia MIKHEIL TOKMAZISHVILI

goCa TuTberiZe, qeTevan fifia, givi raqviaSvili, paata kunWuliamosaxleobis migraciis gravitaciuli modelebis Sesaxeb

Popula on Migra on Gravita onal ModelsGOCHA TUTBERIDZE, KETEVAN PIPIA, GIVI RAKVIASHVILI, PAATA KUNCHULIA

irakli makalaTia, maTe gardava, vefxia giorgaZe saxelmwifo qonebis gankerZoebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosa da

postkomunistur sivrceSi

The Importance of Priva za on in Georgia and Post Communism CountriesIRAKLI MAKALATIA, MATE GARDAVA, VEFKHIA GIORGADZE

iaSa mesxia, rusudan maisuraZebiznesSi saxelmwifos Carevis Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb

Government Interven on in Business Theory and Prac ceIASHA MESKHIA, RUSUDAN MAISURADZE

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სარჩევი Contentsსარჩევი Contents


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ramaz (isako) mefariSviliglobalizacia da qarTuli ena

Globaliza on and the Georgian LanguageRAMAZ ISAAC MEFARISHVILI

lia pitiuriSvili, ambrosi griSikaSviliCrdilovani ekonomikis Suq-Crdilebi

Posi ve and Nega ve Sides of Shadow EconomyLIA PITIURISHVILI, AMBROSI GRISHIKASHVILI

guguli yuraSvili, Tamar beriZemsoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

Theore cal Aspects of the World Economic OrderGUGULI KURASHVILI, TAMAR BERIDZE

Teimuraz Sengeliakorufcia, rogorc socialuri movlena da globaluri biznesis determinanti

Corrup on as Social Phenomenon and Determinant of Global BusinessTEIMURAZ SHENGELIA

jamlet janjRavasaxelmwifo da ekonomika

State and EconomyJAMLET JANJGHAVA

მაკროეკონომიკა, ფინანსები და ინვესტიციები

MACROECONOMICS, FINANCES AND INVESTMENTS

natalia zemziulinaevropaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTareba XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi: struqtura da principebi

The Development of Coopera on in Europe During Late XIX – Early XX Century: Structure, Principles NATALIA ZEMZYULINA

РОКСАНА ПАСЛАВСКАЯ Администрирование налогов как управленческая деятельностьTax Administra on as Management Ac vityROKSOLANA PASLAVSKA

ioseb arCvaZe, irakli arCvaZeTambaqos produqciaze aqcizuri gadasaxadis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

(saqarTvelos magaliTze)

About Some Aspects of Excise Tax on Tobacco Product (on the example of Georgia)JOSEB ARCHVADZE, IRAKLI ARCHVADZE

nana aslamaziSvili makroekonomikuri mowyvladobis Sefasebis statistikuri aspeqtebi:

qveynis sabalanso uwyisi

Sta s cal Aspects of the Macrofi nancial Vulnerabili es Analysis: Balance Sheet ApproachNANA ASLAMAZISHVILI

maia gelaSvili, xaTuna beriSvilisainvesticio politika da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi

125

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166

Investment Policy and Direct Foreign Investments in GeorgiaMAIA GELASHVILI, KHATUNA BERICHVILI

nazi gvaramia, nanuli ZimceiSvilisagadasaxado auditis zogierTi aspeqti

Some Aspects of the Taxa on AuditNAZI GVARAMIA, NANULI DZIMTSEISHVILI

merab vaniSvili, leqso lemonjavasajaro finansebis marTvis sistema Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

Public Financial Management System in Modern GeorgiaMERAB VANISHVILI, LEKSO LEMONJAVA

maia Waniaglobalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda Tanamedrove gamowvevebis fonze

Globaliza on and Economic Growth of Georgia in Condi ons Modern challengesMAIA CHANIA

vasil xuciSvilifasiani qaRaldebis bazris Camoyalibebis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi

Securi es Market Structure’s Peculiari es in GeorgiaVASIL KHUTSISHVILI

რეგიონული, სექტორული და ტექნოლოგიური პრობლემები

REGIONAL, SECTORAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

НАТАЛЬЯ АНДРУСЯКМетодические аспекты анализа и оценки эффективности териториального размешения и специализации аграрного сектора экономики регионаMethodological Aspects of the Analysis and Evalua on of Eff ec veness of Territorial Distribu on and Specializa on Agricultural Sector of the RegionNATALYA ANDRUSYAK

ТАТЬЯНА БОРЗДОВАПовышение значимости института оценочной деятельности республики Беларусь в современных экономическия условиях Increasing Importance of the Ins tute Valua on Ac vi es of the Republic of Belarus in the Current Economic Condi onsTATIANA BORZDOVA

manana aladaSvili, daviT loluaturizmis industriaSi sahaero transportis roli da misi mniSvneloba

turistebis gadayvana-gadazidvebSi

Tourism Industry and Its Role in the Air Transport of Tourists a Transfer/TransportMANANA ALADASHVILI, DAVID LOLUA

naira galaxvariZe, eldar gugavaadamiani da ekologia garemos menejmentis sistemaSi

Human and Ecology in the Environmental Management SystemNAIRA GALAKHVARIDZE, ELDAR GUGAVA

andro gafrindaSvili, Teimuraz sturuaqarTuli brauzeri “Browser G”


Georgian Browser “Browser G”ANDRO GAPRINDASHVILI, TEIMURAZ STURUA

luara gvajaiateqnologiuri parkebi da “biznes-saTburebi” _

mecnierebis warmoebasTan Serwymis Tanamedrove formebi

Technologic Parks and “Business Incubators” – The Modern Forms of Merging of Science and EntrepreneurshipLUARA GVAJAIA

ia goderZiSvili, darejan biwaZesaqarTvelos saavtomobilo transportis saqmianobis (gadazidva-gadayvanis)

marTvis efeqtianobis maTematikuri modelis damuSaveba da Sefaseba

Elabora on and Assessment of Mathema cal Model of Effi cient Management of Ac vity (Conveyance) of Automonile Transport of GeorgiaIA GODERDZISHVILI, DAREJAN BITSADZE

mzia kiknaZe, zurab gasitaSvili, lili petriaSviliorganizaciul sistemebze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi da modelis damuSaveba

regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis magaliTze

Development of Organiza onal Model of Eff ec ve Management of Region’s Sustainable DevelopmentMZIA KIKNADZE, ZURAB GASITASHVILI, LILI PETRIASHVILI

nino maziaSviliinovaciebi-erovnuli da msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis mTavari

mamoZravebeli Zala

Innova ons as the Main Driving Force for the Development of Na onal and World EconomyNINO MAZIASHVILI

lamara qoqiauriinovaciuri politikis srulyofis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi globalizaciis

pirobebSi

The Main Issues of Innova ve Policy in Globaliza on Condi onsLAMARA QOQIAURI

dodo WumburiZekulturis sferos organizaciebis Semosavlianobis procesebi da marTvis

midgomebi

The Profi tability Process and Management Approaches of Cultural Organiza onsDODO TCHUMBURIDZE

ბიზნესი, ორგანიზაციული სისტემები და მიკროეკონომიკური პრობლემები

BUSINESS, ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND MICROECONOMIC PROBLEMS

givi baqraZefinansuri da mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis srulyofis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi

umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesesebulebebSi

Methodological Improvement Issues of Financial and Managerial Accoun ng in Higher Educa onal Ins tu onsGIVI BAKRADZE

171

175

180

185

190

196

202


10

manana beruaSviliorganizaciuli kulturis Taviseburebebi da kroskulturuli aspeqtebi

saerTaSoriso biznesSi

Organiza onal Culture and Croscultural Aspects of Interna onal BusinessMANANA BERUASHVILI

nana nadiraSvilisinergetikuli midgomebi marketingis marTvis procesSi

Synergis c Approach to Marke ng Management ProcessNANA NADIRASHVILI

eTer narimaniSvilisaerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi

Interna on Business in Globaliza onETERI NARIMANISHVILI

ioseb qarTveliSvili, Tea Toduawrfivi programirebis amocanis optimaluri amonaxsnebis moZebna mcire

sawarmos muSaobis magaliTze

Finding Op mal Solu ons for the Task of Linear Programming on the Basis of Working of Small EnterpriseIOSEB KARTVELISHVILI, TEA TODUA

ioseb qarTveliSvili, Tea ToduaTamaSebi unagira wertiliT da TamaSis amonaxsni Sereuli strategiis areSi

Games with the Saddle Point and Solu ons of Games in the Field of the Mixed StrategyIOSEB KARTVELISHVILI, TEA TODUA

SoTa SaburiSvilimewarmeobis ekologiuri orientaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

The Main Direc ons of the Ecological Orienta on of the EnterpriseSHOTA SHABURISHVILI

fiqria wowkolauri mcire sawarmoTa marTvis problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSi

Small Enterprise Management Problems in the Process of Globaliza onPIKRIA TSOTSKOLAURI

Tina jolbordi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Teoriis da praqtikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi

Tanamedrove biznesSi

Actual Tasks of Decision Theory and Prac ce in Modern BusinessTINA JOLBORDI

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210

215

219

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თეორია, მეთოდოლოგია,

სისტემური პრობლემები

THEORY, METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM PROBLEMS

12


N1 სპეციალური გამოშვებასპეციალური გამოშვებაგლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესიგლობალიზაცია და ბიზნესი

Analysis of Experience and Modern Trends of State Support the Crea on and Opera on of Technology Park

Marina BaranovskayaMarina BaranovskayaPhD, Associate Professor, ONEU, Ukraine

Inna Ukhanova Inna Ukhanova PhD, ONEU, Ukraine

Key words: Key words: GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS, TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS MECHANISM

Features of state support for the establishment and operation of technology parks in developed coun-tries. If we consider the peculiarities of state support tehnoparks` structures in the United States, there is a practice of interaction between scientifi c and indus-trial areas on the basis of state orders and contracts to universities and companies that make up the parks, allocated signifi cant amounts of funding. During its development, the US industrial parks are various kinds of government support, funding their activities at the expense of funds established universities and charit-able organizations, local municipalities, federal agen-cies and ministries, industrial companies, as well as their own. Reconsideration of the role of public insti-tutions in economic development contains two main elements:

creation of basic preconditions of increasing business activity and eff orts to improve the business climate. Tax reform has been done: a systematic reduction in of the tax burden, the new system of tax credits _ investments in new businesses, purchase and leasing of equipment allowed to claim the tax credit. In the 80-ies. In the United States introduced a

special tax break, stimulating initiatives and increasing eff orts in R & D companies, called «tax credit for R & D growth.» This discount (20%) is a deduction from income tax of ad-ditional R & D expenditure compared with the corresponding average annual expenditure for the previous (baseline) period;

organizational reform of state cooperation and economic sectors, the main purpose of which was the maximum orientation of the system of state institutions to the needs of in-dustries and markets.

Present increasing role of the private sector in making decisions about investing through extensive use of private-public agency, which brings together private and public resources on parity basis, a signi-fi cant number of activities which oversees the Depart-ment of Economic Development.

State support of technology parks in Western Europe. In Western Europe, the state supports technology parks in all phases of activities, including the use of centralized funding and tax incentives. For example, in the UK share of public spending on building construction, building and infrastructure development of science parks is


ევროპული ინტეგრაცია და ევროპული ინტეგრაცია და

საქართველოსაქართველო

ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის

აქტუალური პრობლემები

გლობალიზაციის

თანამედროვე პირობებში

თეორია, მეთოდოლოგია, სისტემური პრობლემები

13


M. Baranovskaya, I. UkhanovaM. Baranovskaya, I. Ukhanova

about 60% in Germany, France and the Netherlands _ about 75%, and in Belgium _ almost 100%. [Карцев 2002; Driving Regional Innovation and Growth Rthe: Prepared for Association of University Research Parks (AURP) by Battelle Technology Partnership Practice. Ac-cess mode].

In the UK, to support of technology parks has the following programs: the program guarantees for loans; a program of business expanding _ tax incent-ives to investors as compensation for risk; promotion grants program for achieving small fi rms in Science and Technology; supporting the development of new products.

Almost all industrial parks established on the initiative of the German government land (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Berlin etc.) and in most cases their fi nancial participation, although some are fun-ded by private capital (technology park in Stuttgart). The main goal of budget funding is to promote small and medium-sized businesses and create new jobs, especially in the priority areas of high technologies [Driving Regional Innovation and Growth Rthe: Pre-pared for Association of University Research Parks (AURP) by Battelle Technology Partnership Practice. Access mode].

France is trying to decentralize its fi nancial sys-tem, provides assistance in the economic develop-ment of the regions. amortization policy, legislation provides a special procedure for accelerated amortiz-ation equipment used in technically advanced areas and equipment used by companies to research and development.

Japan has provided signifi cant benefi ts for project participants to encourage the development of knowledge-based industries. Within fi ve years of the adoption of the program in the fi elds of high technology the system of accelerated amortization, which allows companies to write off the fi rst year to 30% of equipment and 15% of the houses and buildings. Typical sources of funding and techno parks in Japan the following: 30% _ state funding, 30% _ municipalities,30% _ companies and individuals,10% _ foreign investors [Мазур 2009].

China. Persevering intervention by national and local governments to create and increase the number are the hallmark of Chinese policy establishment and operation of parks. In China, the government carried out primarily by tax incentives, as newly created in-novative fi rms are exempt from taxes for two years, fi rms that use of innovations in pay 15% of the actual

Figure 1. Forms and mechanisms of support technology parks in developed countriesSource: authors

14



value of the income tax, which led to the creation of around 2,500 innovative enterprises that developed and commercialized in the market around 4000 spe-cies of high-tech products.

For development of technology parks infra-structure government annually allocates loans and investments, the government aims are development of venture capital funds (including attracting foreign capital), providing access to scientifi c entrepreneurs to bank loans, these sources of funding should gradually replace budget.

The main forms of state support features and technology parks in developed countries given in the following diagram (Fig. 1).

Formation mechanism of state support techno-logy parks, as the experience of developed countries associated with the implementation of the basic func-tions of government in terms of planning, as well as stimulating and monitoring innovation projects.

The main features of the development and direc-tion of state support technology parks in developed countries can be summarized using Table 1.

Lets analyze the state support for technology parks in Ukraine. The first three industrial parks in Ukraine began to exist when the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law “On Special Investment and innovation of technology parks”. It should dis-tinguish stimulation of technological parks, which

Country Financial

support

State support of technology parks

USA

Prevailing private sector R & D fund-ing in early state

stimulation

Creation and development of technology parks in the framework of the program of technical and economic development of the state. The transfer of administrative functions from the federal government to various authorities. Financing techno park local municipalities, federal agencies and ministries. Infrastructure software technology park territory with the support of federal and local budgets. The adoption of laws that stimulate the activity of technology parks, tax, depreciation policy of the state.R & D expenses directly deducted from taxable income or recorded as an asset and for at least 5

years should be amortized;«tax credit for R&D growth» (20%); tax credit for investments in R & D (10-15%);reduction of income tax; tax cuts on dividends (5,95%).

The concentration of funds at the regional venture funds (the ratio of public and private capital 1: 3-1: 5).Incentive contracts and sub contracting, the formation of public contracts for R & D.Providing guarantees for loans.Creating private-public agencies on an equal footing.Training program for industry professionals.

The countries

of Western Europe

Create invest-ments by central, regional and local government sub-sidies from central

EU funds

Main part of funding for technology parks receive from the state, the state’s share in the UK - 62% of the construction costs and infrastructure in Germany - 78%, France - 74% in the Netherlands - 70%, in Poland - almost 100%. Amortization policy, legislation provides for a special procedure for accelerated depreciation of equipment used in technically advanced areas and equipment used by companies to conduct R & D (depreciation and equipment is more quickly and at higher rates).

Tax incentives that encourage innovative initiatives in the fi eld of R & D companies.The adoption of laws on innovation.Implementation of programs to encourage small and medium enterprises and the development of modern

technology.

Japan

Mainly public funding, relatively small role of ven-

ture capital.

Creating technology parks - strategic target state, developing under the clear plans and programs, creating Science Tsukuba city, Techno polis program and research program “cores”.

State Funding main part of the cost of creating technology parks (60%).Tax benefi ts (reduced depreciation of buildings and equipment (15% and 30% of the cost for the fi rst year),

providing preferential tax land ownership).Bold grants and loans (by 7.8%) from the local budgets, the sale of land in the technology parks at discounted

prices.Subsidies for its participants (of 1/3 of investments for R & D projects in collaboration with the Prefectural

laboratories and small fi rms).

China State stimulation

National Scientifi c and Industrial Program “Torch”, focused on the commercialization and industrialization of high technologies. Most technology parks created as a structure of national importance.

The state takes responsibility for the creation of a modern material base of R & D.Annual government loans and investments in infrastructure.Tax incentives (income tax of 15% to 10% of export-oriented fi rms, newly created innovative enterprises

are exempt from taxes for 2 years, with construction due to internal capital investments are not taxed on the building, the company shall be exempt from export taxes on sales to foreign markets.

Table 1. Features and direc ons of state support for technology parks in developed economiesSource: authors on the basis of [Карцев 2002]

15


was fixed in the relevant legislation in the form of appropriate incentives and government support for such activities that took place until 2005, when the Law “On State Budget of Ukraine” was canceled a preferential activity. On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On State Budget of Ukraine for 2005” from 25.03.2005. № 2505 _ IV. On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Special Investment and innov-ation Technology Parks” from 12.01.2006. №3333 _ IV. Table 2 shows the comparison of state support measures adopted in the legal framework to 2005 and the Law of 12.01.2006. [Лазарєва 2012].

The law of 2006 deleted the exemptions in the VAT on the sale of innovative products. This is 2-3 times reduces the amount of state support projects. On the whole period of the technology parks in Ukraine of state support under the special regime of innovative activity was 762.0 million USD (Fig. 2) of which about 90% (697.1 million UAH) Came in the form of indirect support, the volume of payments to the state trust funds amounted to 943.6 million UAH [Єгорова].

Law of Ukraine № 991-XIV from

16.07.99Law of Ukraine №3333- IV from 01/12/06

Article 3. The special regime intro-duced for technology parks for 15 years

Article 3. The special regime for innovation introduced technology parks for 15 years.Article 5. Certifi cate of registration of the project technopark issued for the period of this project,

but not more than fi ve years, and is the basis for the introduction of a special regime of innovation

Article 4. The amounts of value added tax and the amount of tax on profi ts not paid to budget, and is referred to special accounts

Article 6. Financial support for projects introduced technology parks budget support program activities.

The projects of technological parks ... defi ned funds directed to:Full or par al (50 percent) interest-free loans;Full or par al compensa on of interest on loans technological parks projects.

Article 6. Raw materials, machinery, equi pment, compo nents are exempt from customs duties and va lue added tax

Article 7. ... targeted subsidies in the form of:Exemp on from import du es on importa on ... of new equipment, machinery, compo-

nents, materials ...;The tax bill on tax liability accrued in accordance with the law of Ukraine “On Value

Added Tax” when impor ng new machinery, equipment, components, maturing in 720 days, when imported materials ... with a maturity of 180 calendar days;

Income tax ...These taxes ... not transfer to the budget and enrolled in special accounts parks.Article 10 .... ... Accelerated depreciation of fi xed assets.

Article 7. Payments for export-import operations ...

held within a period of 150 calendar. days.

Funds received in foreign currency from sales of technology parks are not subject to compulsory sale.

Article 11. Payments for export-import transactions ... carried out within a period of 150 days.Funds received in foreign currency from sales of technology parks ... are not subject to compulsory

sale.Section III p. 2. innovation and investment projects of technological parks, special regime of

innovation, which suspended the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine” On State Budget of Ukraine for 2005 “and some other legislative acts of Ukraine” (2505-15 ), extended the term of their performance on a time interval of 31 March 2005 to the date of entry into force of this Law.

Figure 2. The volume of budget support of technology parks in Ukraine, 2001-2013, mln. USD Source: compiled by the author on the basis of [Єгорова]

Table 2. Comparison of types of state sup-

port of technology parks structures [4]


16



Thus, state support technology parks signifi c-antly reduced, from 2005, at the time such support is reduced to zero, although the experience of de-veloped countries shows that state support for 1.5 _ 2.0 g. Accelerates the timing of innovation.

It should be noted that the positive results of op-eration of technology parks was the result of indirect state aid measures. However, since the beginning of 2006 there was a sharp decline in state support parks, which led to the fall in their work, so for example, if in 2004 the share of technology parks in the volume of sales of innovative products was about 10%, in 2009 there was a decrease to 1, 1% [Єгорова]. Details cor-relation between reduction of state support and con-tributions to the budget of the technopark next chart shows.

The largest amount of tax benefi ts is provided to technopark in 2003, but a number of objective reas-ons (chief among which is the misuse of benefi ts) gradually decreased and these payments, despite the legislative recovery in a slightly modifi ed form of tax preferences, the amount of benefi ts and signifi cantly decreased There are 3 square meters. 2008 amounted to only 3 million USD. The reason for this can be con-sidered as follows: since the recovery of tax incentives for technological parks directly connected with the activities of these structures, it is logical to assume that the reduction of activity will aff ect the amount of profi ts that are parks, and therefore the value of tax benefi ts. Elimination of tax preferences dealt a ma-jor blow to technopark of structures because of their yearly income volumes are still low. Tax incentives have eff ect only if the company operates relatively well and receives cash, and when it is in pre-bankrupt state, some tax benefi ts only tangible eff ect will not do. In order to now we have not seen a relentless de-cline in the dynamics of technology parks, for these entities would need to provide more public funding and their projects were made.

It should also be noted that government action to tackle corruption in technical parks, despite their predictable positive eff ects in the form of increased revenue as a result of these subjects deprivation of all privileges, and thus the possibility of their illegit-imate use, eventually also had some negative eff ects: on the one hand in Ukraine really existed parks, whose members used their preference for the development of innovation and investment, but in some cases, tech-nology parks perform tasks that were set when they

are created, that is successfully implemented innovat-ive projects. Cancellation benefi ts led to a drastic re-duction of performance of parks, reduced the number of projects and the amount of new jobs.

In order to resolve this situation the Law of Ukraine on 12.01.2006 № 3333 “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine” On Special technological innovation parks “and other laws of Ukraine” was partially restored tax and customs exemptions for artists of projects. As part of a special regime of innovation it must be given tar-geted state subsidies. However, today these provisions do not apply to volume as it was declared.

The mechanism of state support technology parks in Ukraine is still in the initial stage of formation, and the measures taken in this area, not wearing a sys-temic nature, so there is need to strengthen support for the development of technology parks of the state, due to their importance to the economy of Ukraine during the period of market reforms.

It should be noted that the development of tech-nology parks based on their total funding from the state budget is not possible, but it is believed that taxes for technology parks can be reduced, for example by full or partial exemption of these structures from in-come tax and from tax VAT. Certainly, it is considered necessary to establish clear criteria and system restric-tions in the implementation of this kind of benefi ts. In order to fall under preferential treatment need to be real cooperation between enterprises, production and technology parks and universities, as well as the actual implementation of the results of such cooperation in production. The main goal of state support is to create an eff ective mechanism for maximum effi ciency tech-nology parks and promotes innovation sector of the national economy.

Summary. Thus, analysis of the creation and development of leading US technopark structures suggests a fairly strong government support for technology parks of the country, resulting in direct subsidies, tax, depreciation and other incentives to companies parks, creating regional venture capital funds, guarantees on loans making laws that promote activity parks, formation of state orders for innova-tions.

In Ukraine, the main purpose of government sup-port should become an eff ective mechanism to en-sure maximum eff ectiveness of technology parks and promote the development of innovation sector of the

17


national economy. Based on the goal, the formation mechanism of state support technology parks must be focused on the integration of science, education and production; concentration of resources on prior-ity areas of scientifi c and technological development; legal protection of intellectual property technology parks; promotion of creative activity staff , develop-ment of international scientifi c cooperation.

Creating an eff ective mechanism for state sup-port technology parks suggests the author’s opinion, implementation of the following measures: _ law spe-cifying the role of technology parks in the scientifi c and educational and innovative complex of Ukraine; _ specifi cation of fi nancial and economic support (dir-ect budget fi nancing free parks, expansion of assets

that provide competitive grant funding, exemption from customs duties on imported equipment, provid-ing inventors and small innovative fi rms interest-free bank loans, the creation of reserve funds and innov-ative insurance risk, tax incentives); _ support per-sonnel; _ information Security (creating a registration system performance technology parks); _ monitoring of the parks.

In order to ensure eff ective public support for the establishment and operation tehnopark structures deemed necessary not only to create a state of sci-ence and technology, but also the manner of drawing budgetary funding innovative programs and projects.

LITERATURE:

1. Карцев, Д. (2002). Технополисы и технопарки в

мировом хозяйстве и особенности их развития

в России: дисс. ... к-та. экон. наук: 08.00.14/Д.А.

Карцев. – М.: РГБ. -246 с.

2. Driving Regional Innovation and Growth Rthe:

Prepared for Association of University Research

Parks (AURP) by Battelle Technology Part-

nership Practice. Аccess mode: https://aurp.

memberclicks.net/assets/documents/ aurp_ba-

telllereportv2. Pdf.

3. Мазур, В. (2009). Технологічні парки. Світовий

та український досвід / О.А. Мазур, В.С. Шов-

калюк. – К.: Прок-Бізнес. – 70 с.

4. Лазарєва Є. (2012). Систематизація заходів по-

даткового стимулювання інноваційного розвитку

економіки / Є.В. Лазарєва, І.Б. Ясенова // Еко-

номічні інновації. Зб. науков. праць. Вип.49. –

Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України. – С. 139-147.

5. Єгорова, О. Щодо державної допомоги діяль-

ності технопарків в Україні. Аналітична за-

писка. Access mode: http://www.niss.gov.ua/

articles/705.


18



Analysis of Experience and Modern Trends of State Support the Crea on and Opera on of Technology Park

Marina BaranovskayaPhD, Associate Professor, ONEU, Ukraine

Inna Ukhanova PhD, ONEU, Ukraine

Key words: GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS, TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS MECHANISM

Summary

Thus, analysis of the creation and development of leading US techno park structures suggests a fairly strong government support for technology parks of the country, resulting in direct subsidies, tax, depre-ciation and other incentives to companies parks, creating regional venture capital funds, guarantees on loans making laws that promote activity parks, formation of state orders for innovations.

In Ukraine, the main purpose of government support should become an eff ective mechanism to en-sure maximum eff ectiveness of technology parks and promote the development of innovation sector of the national economy. Based on the goal, the formation mechanism of state support technology parks must be focused on the integration of science, education and production; concentration of resources on priority areas of scientifi c and technological development; legal protection of intellectual property tech-nology parks; promotion of creative activity staff , development of international scientifi c cooperation.

Creating an eff ective mechanism for state support technology parks suggests the author’s opinion, implementation of the following measures: - law specifying the role of technology parks in the scientifi c and educational and innovative complex of Ukraine; - specifi cation of fi nancial and economic support (dir-ect budget fi nancing free parks, expansion of assets that provide competitive grant funding, exemption from customs duties on imported equipment, providing inventors and small innovative fi rms interest-free bank loans, the creation of reserve funds and innovative insurance risk, tax incentives); - support person-nel;- information Security (creating a registration system performance technology parks); - monitoring of the parks.

In order to ensure eff ective public support for the establishment and operation techno park struc-tures deemed necessary not only to create a state of science and technology, but also the manner of draw-ing budgetary funding innovative programs and projects.

19

globaluri biznesgaremo, evropuli integracia da saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kulturuli potenciali

givi bedianaSvili

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი,ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის მიწვეული პროფესორი,საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის აკადემიკოსი

sakvanZo sityvebi: globalizacia, evropuli integracia, kulturuli potenciali

globalizaciis Tanamedrove eta-

pze evropuli integraciuli procesebis

konteqstSi saqarTvelosTvis (iseve ro-

gorc nebismieri sxva gardamavali qveyn-

isaTvis) friad mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba

ganviTarebis optimaluri strategiuli

veqtoris SerCeva.

saqarTvelo dadga principulad axa-

li gamowvevebis winaSe, romelTagan, Cveni

azriT, mTavaria is, rom Cvenma qveyanam unda

moaxerxos msoflioSi mim dinare global-

izaciis procesebis pi robebSi sxvadasxva

saxelmwifoebTan ur TierT xel sayreli,

Ta na baruflebiani da pragmatuli urTier-

Tobebis paralelurad Camoayalibos ufro

mWidro kavSirebi evropis qveynebTan, rom-

lis nawilic TviTonaa. amasTan, orientacia

unda iyos sakuTari, rogorc saxelmwi-

foebrivi socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis

arsebuli pozitiuri mxareebis gaZlierebi-

saken, susti da negatiuri elementebis Tan-

mimdevruli da Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis

gasagebi, misaRebi umtkivneulo meTodebiT

da formebiT transformaciisaken, Cveni

sakuTari erovnuli da msoflio civil-

izaciis mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebis

warsuli da Tanamedrove periodebis

saukeTeso modelebis gaTvaliswinebiT [be-

dianaSvili 2015].

erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos evropuli

orientacia aqtualurs xdis evrokavSiris

biznesgaremos sistemur analizs so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ax-

ali potencialis sruli gamoyenebisa da

evrostruqturebSi Cveni qveynisaTvis

efeqtiani integraciis uzrunvelyofis

TvalsazrisiT. meore mxriv, globaliza-

ciis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, aseve

mniS vnelovania, qveynisaTvis globaluri

biz nesgaremos adekvaturi sistemuri aR-

qmac da misi SesaZleblobebis efeqtiani

gamoyeneba, SesaZlo gamowvevebis identi-

ficireba, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

Sesabamisi prevenciuli zomebis miReba.










20



ra Tqma unda, globalizacia da evroin-

tegraciuli procesebi ara Tu ar gamor-

icxaven lokalur regionul integraciul

procesebs, aramed, SesaZloa, ufro aqtua-

lurs xdian maT.

lokaluri regionuli integraciuli

procesebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

saqarTvelosTvis, magaliTad, kavkasiis da

Savi zRvis regionebis WrilSi [ismailovi,

papava 2009; Беридзе 2007].

globaluri biznesgaremo rTuli

struqturis mqonea [Harrison 2014]. mis

SemadgenlobaSi sistemuri midgomis pozi-

ciebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos biznesze arse-

biTad moqmedi ramodenime mniSvnelovani

komponenti: politikuri, ekonomikuri

da samarTlebrivi institutebi, so-

cialur-kulturuli, socialur-demo-

grafiuli, bunebriv-klimaturi,

mecnierul-teqnikuri da teqnologiuri

faqtorebi, aseve TviT socialuri proble-

mebi da faqtorebi.

saqarTvelos efeqtiani socialur

-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sistemur

TvalTaxedvaSi logikuria, ganvixiloT

biznesgaremo globaluri da evrokavSiris

konteqstiT. cxadia, maT Soris gansxvaveba

arsebobs, SesaZloa _ arsebiTic.

qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ga n-

vi Ta rebis da konkretulad, biznesis fun-

qcionirebis procesebSi socio kul turuli

faqtorebis roli friad aqtu aluria (kul-

turis Sesaxeb ix., magaliTad, [Hofstede

1980; Triandis 1994; Шварц 2008; Инглхарт,

Вельцель 2011; Культура имеет значение.

Каким образом ценности способствуют об-

щественному прогрессу 2002; Hall&Hall 1990;

Тром пенаарс, Хампден-Тернер 2004; Ясин

2008; Аузан 2011; jamagiZe, papaCaSvili,

SaburiSvili, sixaruliZe 2011; sumbaZe 2012;

veSapiZe 2012; bedianaSvili 2014; baraTa-

Svili, zarandia, maridaSvili, CeCelaS-

vili, maxaraSvili, RambaSiZe 2016]). Cveni

azriT, dRevandel pirobebSi swored kul-

turuli potencialis, rogorc faqtoris,

swori ganviTareba da efeqtiani gamoyenebaa

saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani gamowveva.

uSualod kulturis kategoriasTan mi-

marTebiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

prvel rigSi araformaluri institutebis

cnebis ganxilvas. rogorc aseTi, araform-

aluri institututis cneba farTod gamoi-

yeneba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sxvadasaxva

mecnierebebSi [Тамбовцев 2014], magal-

iTad, sociologiaSi, sadac araformalurs

uwodeben iseT institutebs, romlebsac

ar aqvT oficialuri saxelmwifo aRiareba,

anu maT mimarT wayenebul moTxovnebs ar

akontroleben saxelmwifo organoebi. es ki

niSnavs, rom araformaluri institutebis

funqcionirebis kontroli xorcieldeba

TviT adamianebis (moqalaqeebis) mier (so-

cialuri kontrolis saSualebiT). Tumca,

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom, rogorc cnobilia,

sociologiaSi instituti ganixileba farTo

gagebiT, rogorc sazogadoebis qvesistema,

magaliTad, bazari, ojaxi, samarTali, fuli,

saxelmwifo. amdenad, kultura Tavisi bune-

biT warmoadgens araformalur instituts da

SesaZloa warmodgenil iqnas instituciuri

Teoriis poziciebidan gamomdinare.

aRsaniSnavia, rom axali instituciuri

ekonomikis poziciebidan gamomdinare, ro-

gorc aRniSnavs duglas norti [North 1994],

institutebi aris adamianebis mier Seqmnili

SezRudvebi, romlebic awesrigeben adami-

anebs Soris urTierTmoqmedebebs. isini

(aRniSnuli institutebi) Sedgebian form-

aluri SezRudvebisagan (rogoricaa wesebi,

kanonebi da sxv.), araformaluri SezRud-

vebisagan (rogoricaa qcevis normebi, konven-

ciebi da sxv.) da am SezRudvebis Sesrulebis

iZulebis meqanizmebisagan. am nortiseul

ganmartebaSi, faqtobrivad, gamoiyeneba

araformaluri institutebis sociologi-

uri warmodgena, rameTu, TviT Sezudvebs

aqvs spontanuri xasiaTi da amave dros ar

arseboben am SezRudvebis uzrunvelmyofi

specializirebuli meqanizmebi. dRemde

araa cnobili araformaluri institutebis

yvelas mier aRiarebuli ganmarteba. ro-

gorc wesi, bevr avtors sakmarisad miaCnia

araformaluri institutebis magaliTebis

saxiT ganxilva da maTi aRwerilobiTi

formiT daxasiaTeba. miuxedavad amisa,

kultura, rogorc rTuli kategoria, ax-

ali institucionalizmis Tvalsazrisidan

gamomdinare, ekuTvnis araformaluri in-

21

g. bedianaSvili


stitutebis fenomens.

aqedan gamomdinare, ukve sakmaod

kargad cnobili gamoTqma: „kulturas

aqvs mniSvneloba“ uSualod qveynis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis (ix.,

magaliTad, [Культура имеет значение. Ка-

ким образом ценности способствуют общес-

твенному прогрессу 2002]), marTebulia da ar

iwvevs, vfiqrobT, araviTar eWvs.

am Tezisis ufro naTlad warmodgenisa

da mkafio dadasturebis mizniT SeiZleba gan-

vixiloT, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso biznes-

garemos konteqstSi kulturis fenomenis

analizis mimarT t. gledvinis da v. Terp-

sTris [Gladwin, Terpstra 1978] sistemuri

midgomis modeli, romelSic kultura, ro-

gorc rTuli kompleqsi (polistruqturuli

sistema), ganixileba rva urTierTmoqmedi

da urTierTdamokidebuli blokis saxiT.

esenia: ena (salaparako ena, damwerlobis

ena, oficialuri ena, saerTaSoriso enebi,

masinformis ena); religiuri da filosofi-

uri Sexedulebebi (wminda sferoebi, filo-

sofiuri sistemebi, rwmenebi da normebi,

locvebi, tabu, dResaswaulebi, ritualebi);

faseulobebi da miznebi (drois, miRwevebis,

samuSaos, simdidris, cvlilebebis, mecnier-

uli meTodis, riskebis mimarT); samarTali

(CveulebiTi-dauwereli, samarTali, kodifi-

cirebuli samarTali, ucxouri samarTali,

Sigasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali, saerTaS-

oriso samarTali, kanonqvemdebare aqtebi);

ganaTleba (formaluri ganaTleba, araform-

aluri ganaTleba, dawyebiTi ganaTleba,

saSualo ganaTleba, umaRlesi ganaTleba,

ganaTlebis done); politika (nacionalizmi,

suvereniteti, Zalaufleba, erovnuli in-

teresebi, ideologia, politikuri riskebi),

teqnologia da materialuri kultura (sat-

ransporto sistema, energetikuli sistema,

Sromis sagnebi da saSualebebi, urbanizacia,

mecniereba, gamomgonebloba); socialuri

organizacia (na Te saoba, socialuri insti-

tutebi, Zalauf lebis struqturebi, inter-

resTa jgufebi, socialuri mobiluroba,

sacialuri stratifikacia, statusuri

sistemebi).

kulturis Teoriebis ganxilvis for-

matSi sainteresod migvaCnia, gamovyoT kar-

gad cnobili amerikeli mecnieris jorj

merdokis midgoma, asaxuli mis fundamen-

tur naSromSi „kultura da sazogadoeba“,

romelic man 1965 wels gamoaqveyna. eyrd-

noboda ra disciplinaTSoris gamokvlevebs,

avtorma gamoyo kulturis Svidi fundamen-

turi maxasiaTebeli [Murdock 1965]. cxadia,

rom fundamenturi, universaluri maxasi-

aTeblebis roli didia kulturis arsis

adekvatur gagebaSi da sxvadasxva kroskul-

turuli problemebis gadaWraSi. es maxasi-

aTeblebia Semdegi: 1. kultura gadaecema

swavlebis saSualebiT (rac niSnavs imas, rom

kultura ar miecema adamians dabadebiT,

ar gadaecema adamians biologiurad,

Tumca swavlebis principebi ZiriTadSi ms-

gavsia sxvadasxva kulturebSi); 2. kultura

SeiTviseba aRzrdiT; 3. kultura aris so-

cialuri; 4. kultura aris ideacionuri

(kulturis Semadgeneli jgufuri Cveule-

bebi udides nawilSi warmodgenil arian

rogorc idealuri normebi an paternebi _

nimuSebi); 5. kultura uzrunvelyofs dak-

mayofilebas (kultura aucileblobiT

uzrunvelyofs bazisuri biologiuri da maT

safuZvelze aRmocenebuli meoradi moTx-

ovnilebebis dakmayofilebas); 6. kultura

aris adapturi (igi ganicdis adaptacias

garemos mimarT, amasTan j. merdoki gamoy-

ofs adaptaciis geografiul, socio-kul-

turul, biologiur da fsiqologiur

garemos); 7. kultura aris integraciuli

(yoveli kulturis elementebs aqvT tend-

encia Seqmnan urTierTSeTanxmebuli integ-

rirebuli mTli anoba, rac gamokveTilad

aRniSnavs im garemoebas, rom kultura ar

aris mkacrad gawonasworebuli da integri-

rebuli sistema).

sainteresod migvaCnia aseve, gamovyoT

ramodenime cnobili mosazreba kulturis

cnebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, cnobili holan-

dieli mecnieri girt hofstede ganmartavs

kulturas, rogorc tvinis koleqtiur men-

talur daprogramirebulebas, Cven mier

samyaros aRqmis winaswar gan sazRvrulobis

nawils, rac saerToa Cveni eris, regionis

an jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebTan [Hofs-

tede&Hofstede 2005]. ar so bri vad kultura

avtoris mier ganixileba fa seulobebis

22



da normebis prizmaSi maTi mTliani er-

Tobliobis saxiT (qarTvel mecnierTa naw-

ili „faseulobebis“ nacvlad gamoiyenebs

„Rirebulebebis“ kategorias, rac, Cveni

azriT, araa principuli Cven mier gansax-

ilveli problematikis konteqstSi. es

cnebebi, garkveuli azriT, SeiZleba ganix-

ilos rogorc sinonomebi. Tumca, piradad

Cven, Sinaarsobrivad ufro marTebu-

lad migvaCnia pirveli cneba). aseve, cn-

obili Salom Svarcis azriT, kultura

safuZvelia sazogadoebaSi adamianebis

dominirebuli rwmenebis, wesebis, Cveule-

bebis, simboloebis, normebis da faseu-

lobebis. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, kultura

aris latenturi, hipoTeturi cvladi, ro-

melic Cven SegviZlia gavzomoT mxolod

misi konkretuli gamovlenis saSualebiT

da am TvalsazrisiT (azustebs avtori),

kultura araa lokalizebuli calkeuli

adamianebis gonebaSi da moqmedebebSi. igi

(kultura), ufro metad, individis gareTaa

da dakavSirebulia im wnexTan, romelsac

ganicdis es individi, imis gamo, rom cxov-

robs garkveul socialur sistemaSi [Шварц

2008].

Cveni azriT, zemoaRniSnuli ganmarte-

bebi sakmaod adekvaturad axasiaTeben kul-

turas, rogorc araformalur instituts.

rac Seexeba uSualod kulturisa da

faseulobebis modelirebas da raodenobriv

gazomvas, ganvixiloT am mimarTebiT erT-

erTi pirveli da msoflioSi aRiarebuli

midgoma, SemuSavebuli girt hofstedes

mier. hofstedeseul modelSi gamoyofilia

kulturis raodenobrivad gazomvadi

calkeuli blokebi, romlebic erTianobaSi

sistemurad warmoadgenen sazogadoebis

faseulobebs. am modelis bolo variantSi

warmodgenilia Semdegi xuTi bloki da

Sesabamisi indeqsi: Zalauflebrivi distan-

cia (PDI _ Power distance index) asaxavs ad-

amianTa mzaobas, miiRos sazogadoebaSi da

institutebSi Zalauflebis ierarqiuli

struqtura da misi uTanabro ganawileba;

individualizmi (koleqtivizmis sapiris-

pirod, IDV – Individualism vs. collectivism)

war mogvidgens adamianebis (sazogadoebis

upi rates damaxasiaTebel midrekilebebs)

ar Cevans damoukideblobisa da urTierT

da mokidebulebis (Sesabamisi jgufebis in-

teresebis prioritetiT) formatSi saqmi-

anobas Soris; gaurkvevlobis miuRebloba

(acileba, gaurkvevlobisagan Tavis daRweva,

UAI _ Uncertainty avoidance index) gviCvenebs

adamianisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis moT-

minebis (tolerantobis) dones gaurkvev-

eli (ganusazRvreli) situacebis mimarT.

maskulinoba (feminuroba, MAS – Masculinity

vs. Femininity) aris adamianebis da mTlianad

sazogadoebis Sefaseba iseTi Tvisebebis

mixedviT, rogoricaa mizanmimarTuleba,

saqmis interesebis win dayeneba, simkacre

da warmatebaze yuradRebis koncentracia.

grZelvadiani orientacia (moklevadiani

orientacia, LTO _ Long-term orientation vs.

short term orientation) imis maCvenebelia, Tu

ramdenad orientirebuli arian adamianebi

da sazogadoeba grZelvadian, strategiul

pragmatul momavalze, sapirispirod tradi-

ciuli moklevadiani (operatiuli) orienta-

ciisa (avtoris sul bolo wlebis modelSi

es Sefaseba aRniSnulia rogorc pragmat-

izmi _ Pragmatism da damatebulia agreTve

maCvenebeli indulgencia _ Indulgence, ro-

melic aRniSnavs TavSekavebulobisa da

mimteveblobis dones _ rac ufro dabalia

es indeqsi, miT ufro didia sazogadoe-

baze, adamianebis qcevaze tradiciebisa

da normebis SemzRudveli zemoqmedeba da

piriqiT, am indikatoris didi mniSvneloba

miuTiTebs pirovnuli impulsuri qcevis

SedarebiT maRal doneze).

kulturul faseulobaTa araerT-

gvarovneba ara marto msoflios masSta-

biT, aramed TviT evropisa da evrokavSiris

farglebSi warmoSobs bunebriv kiTxvas,

rogoria kulturuli faseulobebi saqar-

TveloSi da rogoria maTi parametrebis

sasurveli mdgomareoba momavalSi evroin-

tegraciis da globalizaciis procesebis

gaTaliswinebiT. aviRoT ganviTarebuli

qvey nebi gamokveTilad gansxvavebuli saqmi-

ani kulturebiT msoflios sxadasxva re-

gionidan (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,

germania da iaponia) da saqarTvelo (nax. 1),

warmodgenili g. hofstedes mier SemoTa-

vazebul kulturul ganzomilebaTa mod-

23

g. bedianaSvili


elis [http://geert-hofstede.com] safuZvelze

(saqarTvelosTvis parametrebi Sefasebulia

eqspertulad ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis eko-

nomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaS-

oriso biznesis modulis „evrokavSiris

biznesgaremo“ da „kroskulturuli urTi-

erTobebi saerTaSoriso biznesSi“ dis-

ciplinebis leqcia-seminarebis farglebSi

da mamTavrebeli meoTxe kursis studen-

tebis gamokiTxvis safuZvelze). mimdinare

mdgomareobiT (“As is”) saqarTveloSi sak-

maod dabalia (germaniasTan da iaponiasTan

SedarebiT) grZelvadiani orientaciis (prag-

matulobis) maCvenebeli. SesamCnevad dabalia

aseve individualizmis donec (Tumca

axlosaa am parametriT iaponiasTan). xolo

Zalauflebrivi distanciiT, aris ra iaponiis

maCvenebelisagan TiTqmis SeumCnevlad

gansxvavebuli, saqarTvelo mniSvnelonadaa

dacilebuli (sagrZnoblad metia) germaniis

da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis donisgan.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelosTvis sas-

urvel mdgomareobas (“As should be”), imave

eqspertuli SefasebebiT gamoikveTeba is

cvlilebebi, romlebic saWiroa ganxor-

cieldes kulturul faseulobaTa trans-

formaciisTvis. esaa Cveni qveynisTvis

marTlac aqtualuri pragmatizmis gaZ-

liereba, Zalauflebrivi distanciis Sem-

cireba da individualizmis Tvisebebis

ganviTareba (nax 2.).

cnobilia, rom kulturis Tvisebrivi

maCveneblebi da TviT faseulobebi drois gan-

mavlobaSi icvlebian nela, zogjer Taobebis

Secvlis Tanazomad periodSi, rac aniWebs

maT grZelvadian xasiaTs [bedianaSvili 2014].

amasTan erTad, cxadia isic, rom fase-

ulobiTi orientaciebis konkretuli ga-

movlena da qveynebis socialur-ekonomikur

ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeba xdeba uwyvetad

mimdinare procesSi (aRniSnuli hipo-

Tezis statistikuri dasabuTebis Sesaxeb

msoflios calkeuli qveynebis magaliTze

ix.: [Инглхарт, Вельцель 2011]).

amdenad, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri

sistemis specifikidan [Bedianashvili 1995]

gamomdinare, friad didi mniSvneloba aqvs

maT (saqmiani kulturis maCveneblebis, aseve

faseulobebis) sistematur monitorings,

rogorc pozitiur, ise negatiur Tavise-

burebaTa gamovlenas, Sefasebas, gaTval-

iswinebas, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

regulirebas da sazogadoebisaTvis mis-

aRebi formebiT mizanmimarTul koreqtire-

bas (transformacias).

nax. 1. kulturul faseulobaTa ganlageba: germania, iaponia, amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi da saqarTvelo (mimdinare arsebuli mdgomareobis Sefaseba)

Power Distance

Indulgence

Long-termorientation Masculinity

UncertaintyAvoidance

IndividualizmGeorgia (As is)

Germany

Japan

United States

24



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Но вое, издательство.

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ценности способствуют общественному про-

гре ссу (2002). Под редакции Л. Харрисона и С.

Хантингтона. М.

10. Hall, E., Hall, M. (1990). Understanding Cultural

Differences. _ Yarmouth ME: Intercultural press.

11. Тромпенаарс, Ф., Хампден-Тер нер, Ч. (2004).

Национально-культур ные различия в контексте

глобального бизне са. Минск.

12. Ясин, Е. (2008). Исследование культурных

ценностей - общее дело социальных наук.

Психология. Журнал Высшей школы эконо-

мики. Т. 5, №2. С.25-36.

13. Аузан, А. и др. (2011) Культурные факторы

модернизации. М., Санкт-Петербург.

14. jamagiZe, l., papaCaSvili, n., SaburiS-

vili, S., sixaruliZe, d. (2011). saerTaSor-

iso biznesis socio-kulturuli garemo

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi.

15. sumbaZe, n. (2012) Taobebi da Rirebulebebi.

Tbilisi.

16. veSapiZe, S. (2012). kacobriuli Rirebule-

bebi da ekonomikis RirebulebiTi ori-

entirebi. Tbilisi.

17. bedianaSvili, g. (2014). kultura rogorc

instituti qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis da saerTaSoriso biznesis

nax. 2. kulturul faseulobaTa ganlageba: germania, iaponia, amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi da saqarTvelo (sasurveli mdgomareobis Sefaseba)

Power Distance

Indulgence

Long-termorientation Masculinity

UncertaintyAvoidance

IndividualizmGeorgia (As should be)

Germany

Japan

United States

25

g. bedianaSvili


konteqstSi. Jurnali „ekonomisti“, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universiteti, paata guguSvilis eko-

nomikis instituti, №6, Tbilisi.

18. baraTaSvili, e., zarandia, j., maridaSvili,

m., CeCelaSvili, m., maxaraSvili, i., RambaS-

iZe, T. (2016). SedarebiTi menejmenti da

klasterizacia. Tbilisi.

19. Тамбовцев, В. (2014). Экономическая теория

неформальных институтов. М.:РГ-Пресс.

20. North, D.C. (1994). Economic Performance

through Time //American Economic Review. Vol.

84. No. 3. P. 361.

21. Gladwin, Т. N. and Terpstra V. (1978). Introduc-

tion In Cultural environment of international

business / Ed. by V. Terpstra, Cincinnati: South-

western, p. xiv.

22. Murdock, G. P. (1965). Culture and Society. Uni-

versity of Pittsburgh Press.

23. Hofstede, G. & Hofstede, G.J. (2005). Cultures

and Organizations. Software of the Mind (2nd

edn). New York: McGraw-Hill.

24. http://geert-hofstede.com.

25. Bedianashvili, G. (1995). State, Power Structure

and Social-Economic Reforming of Society. P.

Gugushvili Institute of Economics of the Geor-

gian Academy of Sciences. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.

The Global Business Environment, European Integration and the Cultural Potential of Social-economic

Development of Georgia

Givi BedianashviliDoctor of Economic Sciences, Professor European Teaching University;Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Visiting ProfessorAcademician of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Georgia

Key words: GLOBALIZATION, EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, CULTURAL POTENTIAL

Summary

Based on the characteristics of the global business environment, discusses the importance of the cultural factor for social and economic development of Georgia in the process of European integration today. Given the informal institutional nature of the culture, it justifi ed its multidimensionality. Using G. Hofstede’s model, on the basis of expert measurements are shown for Georgia the status quo of cultural values and the direction of the desirable change.

26



evropuli integracia da konkurenciis instituciuri aspeqtebi

givi bedianaSvili

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი,ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის მიწვეული პროფესორი, საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის აკადემიკოსი

Salva gogiaSvili

ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

solomon pavliaSvili

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, თბილისის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის რექტორი,საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის ვიცეპრეზიდენტი

sakvanZo sityvebi: konkurencia, konkurenciis politika, konkurenciis instituciuri safuZvlebi

globalizaciis Tanamedrove pirobebSi

nebismieri tipis qveynis socialur-eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis da biznesis efe-

q tiani funqcionirebisTvis friad didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikur saqmi-

anobaSi konkurenciis uzrunvelyofas.

saqarTvelosTvis ki es sakiTxi gansakuTre-

buli xdeba misi evrokavSirTan asocirebis

SeTanxmebis Semdeg. bunebrivia, rom ig-

ulisxmeba qveynisTvis rogorc Siga konkur-

enciis calkeuli meqanizmebis srulyofa,

aseve konkurenciis instituciuri garemos

sistemurobis uzrunvelyofa.

aRniSnuli problematikis uSualo ga-

n xilvamde sainteresod migvaCnia, gava-

ana lizoT saqarTveloSi konkurenciuli

meqanizmisa da konkurenciis politikis

Ta ndaTanobiTi srulyofis dinamika, ra-

sac warmogvidgens maTi ganviTarebis

qro nologia uSualod saqarTveloSi [go-

giaSvili 2009, 2013; Gogiashvili 2015; pavli-

aSvili 2012, 2013, 2015] da msoflios sxva

qveynebSi [Atterhög 2005; Draft Summary of the

Discussion of the Round Table on Competition

and Regulation in the Legal 2007; Kee, Hoek-

man.2007; Lalive, Schmutzler 2007; Motta, 2004;

Symeonidis, 2008; Trujillo, Serebrisky 2004;

Shepotylo, Vakhitov 2012; Voigt 2009].

centralizebuli ekonomikidan

sabazroze gardamavali periodis Tavise-

burebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi

kerZo sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis









27


formirebi saTvis daiwyo saxelmwifo qone-

bis daCqarebuli privatizebis procesi

(rig Sem TxvevebSi dausabuTebeli da xan-

daxan bolomde gauazrebelic ki), romelic

ramodenime etapad ganxorcielda sabinao

fondisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebisa da mom-

saxurebis sxva, mcire zomis obieqtebis

dasaqmebulebze usasyidlod gadacemis

meSveobiT, sayovelTao vauCerizaciiT,

ijara-gamosyidvisa da auqcionis sxvadasxva

(maT Soris nulovani auqcionis) meTodebiT;

calkeul SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebul iqna

qonebis pirdapiri miyidvis (zogjer sim-

bolur fasadac) xerxic. ar SevCerdebiT

ra saqarTveloSi Catarebuli privatizebis

meTodebis da Sesabamisi procedurebisa

da Sedegebis Sefasebaze, rac TavisTavad

damoukidebeli kvlevis sferos warmoadgens

da uaRresad saintereso, aqtualuri da

mniSvnelovani problemaa yvela, gansak-

uTrebiT ki postsocialisturi qveynebisa-

Tvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom privatizebis

procesma (uamravi naklovanebis miuxedavad)

SeZlo mTavari miznis miRweva _ kerZo sak-

uTrebisa da mravali kerZo mesakuTris

formireba. es, Tavis mxriv, avtomaturad

qmnida sabazro ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel

komponents _ konkurencias. aRniSnulma

ganapiroba is faqti, rom im upirvelesi

normatiul-sakanonmdeblo aqtebis nusxaSi,

romlebic saqarTveloSi 1991-1992 wlebis

cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, jer kidev

saparlamento saqmianobis aRdgenamde,

saxelmwifo sabWom daCqarebulad miiRo

ukve 1992 wlis dasawyisSi, iyo dekreti

“monopoliuri saqmianobis SezRudvisa da

konkurenciis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis

Sesaxeb”, romelic 1996 wels sakonkuren-

cio kanonis miRebamde asrulebda konkur-

enciuli urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli

da maregulirebeli dokumentis rols. es

dekreti, 1996 wlidan ki kanoni “monopol-

iuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb”

_ gansazRvravdnen qveynis konkurenciuli

ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad mimarTule-

bebs, sakonkurencio garemos formirebisa

da dacvis me qanizms, uzrunvelyofdnen mo-

mxmarebelTa farTo wris interesebisa da

uflebebis gaTvaliswinebas. maT garkveuli

roli ekisrebodaT privatizebis procesis

ganxorcielebis paralelurad ekonomikis

demonopolizebis ganxorcielebaSi.

vinaidan saqarTvelos sakonkurencio

kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas gaTvalis wine-

buli iyo am sferoSi arsebuli msoflio

gamocdileba, miuxedavad rigi naklovane-

bebisa da xarvezebisa, romelTa Sesaxeb mi-

uTiTebdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli

eqspertebi, mTlianobaSi es kanonmdebloba

iTvleboda progresul kanonmdeblobad.

samwuxarod, 2005 wels ganxorcielebulma

sakanonmdeblo da instituciurma reformam

konkurenciis sfe roSi uyuradRebod datova

rigi um niSvnelovanesi sakonkurencio

normebi da debulebebi, ramac miaxloebis

nacvlad qveynis sakonkurencio kanonmdeb-

loba, faqto brivad, daaSora evrokanonm-

deblobas, ro melTan harmoniza ciac

sa qa rTvelos ofi cialurad dek lari rebul

pri oritetad da miznobriv krite riumad

aqvs miCneuli. es exeba upirve les yovlisa

“Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis

Sesaxeb” kanons, romelsac CarCo-kanonis

roli akisria saqarTvelos konkurenciul

kanonmdeblobaSi rogorc ierarqiuli, ise

funqcionaluri datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT.

2005 wels miRebuli mTavari sakonkuren-

cio kanoni, samwuxarod, ar aregulirebda

sakonkurencio samarTlis iseT sayovelTaod

aRiarebul ZiriTad sakiTxebs, rogoricaa:

dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone eko-

nomikuri agentebis mxridan am mdgo-

mareobis borotad gamoyeneba;

konkurenciis SemzRudavi horizonta-

luri da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi da

sasaqonlo bazarze ekonomikuri agen-

tebis SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi;

ekonomikur agentTa Serwymebi;

gansakuTrebuli sakuTrebis

mflobelTa (bunebrivi monopoliebi)

kompetenciis sferoebi;

arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis faq-

tebis gamovlena da aRkveTa.

aq aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom es

ukanaskneli bevr qveyanaSi Tavisi gansak-

uTrebuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,

warmoadgens calke kanonis regulirebis

sferos maSin, roca saqarTvelos sa-

g. bedianaSvili, S. gogiaSvili, s. pavliaSvili

28



konkurencio kanonmdebloba saerTod ig-

norirebas ukeTebda da definiciis done zec

ki ar gansazRvravda mas.

sxvadasxva dargebsa Tu sferoebSi ko-

n kurenciuli politikis mimarTulebiT

ar sebuli normatiuli dokumentebis ret-

rospeqtiuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs

gamovyoT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ram-

denime saerTo naklovaneba: erTiani,

yovelmxrivi da Tanmimdevruli saxelm-

wifo politikis ararseboba; normebisa da

debulebebis dek laraciuli xasiaTi da

amdenad, konkretuli amocanebisa da maTi

realizaciis uzrunvelmyofi meqanizmebis

ararseboba.

konkurenciuli politikis ganviTare-

bis retrospeqtiva aCvenebs am mimarTule-

biT 2004-2012 wlebSi saxelmwifo qmedebebis

aSkara deficitze. samTavrobo programebis

analizi miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos mTav-

roba aRiarebda konkurenciis ganviTarebis

aucileblobas, magram ar arsebobda sak-

marisi warmodgena, Tu rogor, ra saSuale-

bebiT da gzebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo

es saqmianoba. problemas warmoadgenda ara

konkurenciis rolisa da mniSvnelobis Seu-

fasebloba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTa rebis

saqmeSi (sabazro urTierTobaTa pi ro bebSi

amisi afiSireba nonsensi iqneboda), aramed

jansaRi sakonkurencio garemos Camoy-

alibebisaTvis saTanado xelSewyobisa da

konkurenciis mudmivi dacvisaTvis saTanado

qmediTi meqanizmis ararseboba. sxvagvarad,

TviT jansaR konkurenciul brZolasac ki

xSirad mohyveba ekonomikuri agentis xelSi

Zalauflebis TandaTanobiTi koncentra-

cia da monopoliuri subieqtis warmoqmna

Sesabamisi SedegebiT da sabazro qceviT.

evropeli eqspertebis kritikisa da

konkurenciis politikis srulyofis

moTxovnebis sapasuxod qveyanaSi wlebis

manZilze sistematurad mimdinareobda

fsevdo intensiuri muSaoba konkurenciis

ekonomikuri politikisa da Sesabamisi

aRmasrulebeli organos rekonstruqcia-re-

organizaciisa da uflebamosilebaTa zrdis

(cvlilebebis) mimarTulebiT, rasac ar-

cerTxel ar mohyolia sul mciredi poz-

itiuri Sedegi da verc moyveboda, radgan

ar arsebobda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar Canda)

survili da saxelmwifo neba mis misaR-

wevad. saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2010 wlis

dekemberSi konkurenciis politikis yovl-

ismomcveli strategiis miRebiT TiTqos

gamoxata politikuri neba Tanamedrove

konkurenciis politikis Camoyalibebisa da

sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis saerTaSor-

iso praqtikasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis

Sesaxeb da imavdroulad aRiara, rom kan-

oni “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkuren-

ciis Sesaxeb” SemuSavebuli iyo gardamavali

periodisaTvis da praqtikulad, saWiroa

axali CarCo kanonis miReba, romelic

moicavs ekonomikis yvela seqtors, maT

Soris, araliberalursac da saxelm-

wifo Sesyidvebis sferosac. strategiiT

gaTvaliswinebuli institucionaluri

reformis CarCoebSi saqarTvelos prez-

identis 2010 wlis 26 Tebervlis brZaneb-

ulebiT Seiqmna damoukidebeli ssip _

Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis

saagento samomavlo dapirebiT, rom Sem-

dgomi moqmedebebiT mas mieniWeboda sam-

oqmedo programaSi asaxuli Sesabamisi

uflebamosilebani da SesaZleblobebi. 2011

wlis bolos es saagento Seerwya saxelm-

wifo Sesyidvebis saagentos da 2012 wlis

dasawyisidan ukve funqcionirebs ssip

konkurenciisa da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis

saagento, romlis sakmaod mravalricxovan

struqturaSi sul “Caikarga” konkurenciis

problematikaze momuSave TanamSromelTa

mcirericxovani kontingenti; Cveni azriT,

funqcionaluradac SeuTavsebelia am ori

saagentos uflebamosilebaTa erTi saa-

gentosaTvis dakisreba.

didi xnis molodinisa da permanentuli

dapirebebis Semdeg, 2012 wlis maisSi miiRes

“Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis

Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis axali redaq-

cia, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT CamorCeba

ara marto sakonkurencio normebisa da de-

bulebebis evropul standartebs, aramed

konkurenciis yovlismomcveli stra tegiiT

gansazRvrul kriteriumebsac. ama sTan au-

cilebelia iTqvas, rom kanonis aR niSnuli

redaqcia bevrad adekvaturia, vidre 2005

wlisa, romelic sruliad amovardnili iyo

29



evrokavSiris konkurenciis modeluri kan-

onis CarCodan da rogorc zemoT iTqva,

praqtikulad ver pasuxobda konkurenciis

sferos vercerT ZiriTad normas. Tumca,

unda aRiniSnos, rom es axali kanonic

araa saTanado SesabamisobaSi evrokavSiris

normebTan da aq mxolod mokled SevCer-

debiT kanonis naklovanebebze. samwux-

arod, kanoni ar vrceldeba im bazrebze,

romelTa sasaqonlo brunva ar aRemateba

mSp-is 0,25%-s; igi aseve gaumarTleblad

ar vrceldeba qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis

mniSvnelovan obieqtebze da Tavdacvisa da

sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis au-

cilebel saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze; kan-

onis samoqmedo arealis miRmaa darCenili

horizontaluri SeTanxmebebi, Tu mxareTa

erToblivi sabazro wili ar aRemateba

25%-s, vertikaluri SeTanxmebebisas ki _

40%-s, maSin, roca evrokavSiris Sesabamisi

normebi Seadgenen 10%-s da 15%-s; konkur-

enciis logikasTan Seusabamoa is faqti, rom

saxelmwifo daxmarebebis maregulirebeli

debulebebi ar vrceldeba saqarTvelos

prezidentis, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da

q. Tbilisis meriis sarezervo fondebidan

gamoyofili saxsrebis xarjvaze; arasworia

isic, rom kanoniT daSvebulia nebismieri

saxis gadasaxadebis Semcireba da re-

struqturizacia, Tu gadawyvetilebebs

iRebs saqarTvelos mTavroba; analogi-

uri situaciaa sagadasaxado davalianebaTa

gadaxdevinebis uzrunvelyofis Ron-

isZiebaTa SeCerebisa da maTi Camoweris

mimarTulebiT. sruliad gaugebari da ara-

logikuria is garemoebac, rom kanoni ar

aZlevs uflebas konkurenciis organos,

raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, man mTavrobis-

gan damoukideblad gaaanalizos sasaqonlo

bazrebi da miiRos gadawyvetileba konkur-

enciuli garemos aRdgenis mimarTulebiT.

aqedan gamomdinare, konkurenciis saagento

araa pasuxismgebeli im bazrebze arsebul

arakonkurentul mdgomareobaze, romlebic

ar Sedian mTavrobis mier winaswar gansazR-

vrul prioritetul mimarTulebebSi.

saqarTvelos xelisufleba (parlamen-

ti da mTavroba), romelsac jer kidev

winasaarCevno programiT hqonda gaTval-

iswinebuli konkurenciis sferos mowesri-

geba da evrostandartebTan misi daaxloeba,

arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da ucx-

oel eqspertebTan erTad ramodenime welia,

intensiurad muSaobs am mimarTulebiT da

ganixilavs sxvadasxva kanonproeqtebsa Tu

radikalur cvlilebaTa proeqtebs moqmedi

sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis sruly-

ofisa da Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli organos

optimaluri struqturis Camoyalibebisa-

Tvis. marTlac, evrokavSiris Sesabamisi

sakonkurencio organoebis rekomendaciis-

admi adekvaturi reagirebis Sesabamisad,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miiRo sam-

oqmedod axali, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis

Sesabamisi sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba,

ganxorcielda instituciuri reforma, ro-

melic gaafarToebs da ganamtkicebs saa-

gentos uflebamosilebebs, mniSvnelovnad

srulyofs mis struqturas, xels Seuwyobs

saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebasa da

gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofas. kerZod,

axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, 2014

wlis martSi ganxorcielda cvlilebebi

kanonSi „konkurenciis Sesaxeb“ da Seiqmna

axali samsaxuri _ konkurenciis saagento.

amasTan erTad, vfiqrobT, gasaTval-

iswinebelia qvemoT motanili RonisZiebebi,

ris gareSec konkurenciis axali samsaxuri

ver imuSavebs jerovnad.

saagentos saqmianoba ver iqneba efeq-

tiani, maregulirebeli organoebis

(komunikaciebis maregulirebeli komisia,

gazis, wylisa da Suqis maregulirebeli ko-

misiebi) qmediTi TanamSromlobis gareSe.

aucilebelia, SemuSavdes bazris Tvise-

brivi da raodenobrivi Sefasebis meTo-

dologiebi, iseve rogorc mniSvnelovani

faqtoria monopoliebis gamovlenis meT-

odikis SemuSaveba da daxvewa. yoveli aseTi

dokumenti unda pasuxobdes kiTxvas: zRu-

davs Tu ara igi mimwodeblebis raodenobas,

zRudavs Tu ara momxmareblis arCevans.

antimonopoliuri samsaxuri unda iyos

iseTi maregulirebeli saagento, romelic

daaregulirebs kompaniebis qcevas bazarze

ise, rom sazogadoebis maqsimaluri keTil-

dReoba iqneba uzrunvelyofili da ara da

aramc igi ar unda gaigivdes rogorc dana-

30



Saulis winaaRmdeg mebrZol organod. dana-

SaulTan brZola mTavrobis Zalovnebis

prerogativaa da ara maregulireblis.

mosazreba, rom konkurenciuli kanonm-

debloba biznesis damabrkolebeli movlena

iqneba, mcdaria. konkurenciuli kanon-

mdeblobis arsi nebismier qveyanaSi Ta-

visufali konkurenciis winaaRmdeg qmedebis

dauSveblobas gulisxmobs. SeiZleba es xde-

bodes rogorc mTavrobebis, aseve kerZo

biznesebis mxridan. magaliTad, rogoricaa

karteluri garigebebi. konkurenciuli

kanonis mizania konkurenciis SezRudvis

dauSvebloba miuxedavad imisa, visi mxridan

iqneba es ganxorcielebuli. arc erTi

normaluri kanonmdebloba im monopol-

iur mdgomareobas ar krZalavs, romelic

SeiZleba warmatebuli strategiiT moipovo.

ubralod aris qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, ro-

melic garkveuli monitoringis arealSi

eqceva. „mxareebi acnobiereben TavianTi

konkurenciis kanonebis gamoyenebisas

sajaroobisa da aradiskriminaciulobis

dacvis mniSvnelobas proceduruli samarT-

lianobis principisa da mxareTa dacvis

uflebis gaTvaliswinebiT“ (evrokavSirTan

asocirebis SeTanxmeba, muxli 204).

maregulirebelma saagentom unda

daawesos: sanqciebi, jarimebi, safaso

SezRudva. jarimis odenoba unda iyos

zustad sazogadoebrivi danakargis sididis

toli; yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, resursebis

gadanawilebis meqanizmi isev araefeqtiani

iqneba da warmoqmnis ufro met danakargs,

vidre es monopoliis dros moxda.

konkurenciis saagento Seiqmna im-

isTvis, rom ganxorcieldes bazarze Tav-

isufali, samarTliani da konkurentuli

garemos efeqtiani saxelmwifo zedamxedve-

loba. saagentos uflebamosilebebi iqneba:

bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone

ekonomikuri agentis mier am mdgomareobis

borotad gamoyenebis aRsakveTad qmediTi

RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, mcire da

saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba, Tavisufali

konkurenciis maregulirebeli kanonm-

deblobis darRvevis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi

drouli da saTanado reagireba.

xelSekrulebis (TFEU – Treaty on the

Functioning of the EU) 109-e muxlis Sesabam-

isad, maregulirebeli organo unda iyos

uflebamosili, ganaxorcielos bazris an-

alizi im Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis bazrebze, romlebic eqvemdebareba

saTanado regulirebas. maregulirebelma

organom, am SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, unda

gansazRvros, daakisros, SeunarCunos,

Seucvalos an SeuCeros Tu ara dakisrebuli

valdebuleba. man bazris analizze dayrdn-

obiT unda daadginos, aris Tu ara Sesabam-

isi bazari konkurentuli.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maregulire-

beli organo miiCnevs, rom Sesabamisi bazari

ar aris konkurentuli, man unda daadginos

am bazarze mniSvnelovani sabazro Zalau-

flebis mqone momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi

da daakisros, SeunarCunos an Seasworos

konkretuli valdebulebebi am SeTanxmebis

107-e muxlis Sesabamisad.

Camoyalibda konkurenciis saagentos

damoukideblobis garantiebi: axali kan-

oniT konkurenciis instituciuri CarCos

maregulirebel debulebebSi cvlilebebi

ganxorcielda, ris Sedegadac gaizrdeba

konkurenciis saagentos damoukidebloba.

kerZod, saagento uflebamosili iqneba,

damoukideblad daiwyos bazris nebis-

mieri segmentis mokvleva im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu arsebobs am segmentze konkurenciis

SezRudvis saTanado niSnebi da Tu Seqmnili

mdgomareoba konkurenciis maregulire-

beli or ganos Carevas saWiroebs. vinaidan

saagentos saqmianobis efeqtianobisa da

bazarze sa marTliani konkurenciis uzrun-

velyofisaTvis mniSvnelovania saagentos

mier gadawyvetilebis droulad miReba,

saagentos mier saqmis mokvlevis droulad

warmoebisaTvis cvlilebebi misi warmoebis

mareglamentirebel debulebebSic ganxor-

cielda. kanoniT uqmdeba saagentosaTvis

gancxadebis an saCivris wardgenis SemTxvevaSi

ganmcxadeblis an momCivnis mier saagentos

momsaxurebis safasuris gadaxdac.

evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobiT kar-

telSi monawile subieqtebis mimarT ZiriT-

adad fuladi jarimebi gamoiyeneba. xSiria

SemTxvevebi, rodesac kartelSi monawile

subieqtebi aRiareben xolme TavianT dana-

31



Sauls im motiviT, rom saxelmwifosTan

„TanamSromlobis“ gamo srulad Tu ara,

nawilobriv mainc gaTavisufldebian sanq-

ciisagan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos ka non m-

deblobaSic xdeba aSS-sa da evro paSi bazarze

ekonomikuri agentis an ti konkurentuli

qcevis winaaRmdeg brZo lis erT-erTi Zir-

iTadi instrumentis TanamS romlobis pro-

gramis (Leniency Program) SemoReba da

danergva.

rogorc cnobilia, es programa gulisx-

mobs ekonomikuri agentis kanoniT dadgenili

pasuxismgeblobisagan srulad an nawilobriv

gaTavisuflebas, Tu igi antikonkurentuli

qmedebis mokvlevis procesSi iTanamSrom-

lebs saagentosTan. TanamSromlobis pro-

gramis saSualebiT saagento SeZlebs miiRos

mokvlevis miznebisaTvis saWiro informa-

cia ekonomikuri agentis antikonkurentuli

qmedebis Sesaxeb.

eqspertebis azriT, realurma praqtikam

ukve gamoavlina rigi problemebi, romelTa

gadawyvetac aucilebelia konkurenciis axali

meqanizmebis efeqtiani funcionirebisTvis.

es problemebia: koncentraciaTa SemTxvevebis

ganxilvis vadis arasakamarisoba; iribi

mtkicebulebebiT karteluri garigebebis

gamovlenis meqanizmis arasrulyofileba;

saxelmwifo daxmarebaTa SeTanxmebis proced-

uris gaumarTaoba; koncentraciis farglebSi

Sesabamis bazarze moqmedi ekonomikuri agen-

tebidan gamoTxovili informaciis miRebis

arasavaldebulo xasiaTi; sakuTari inci-

ativiT saqmis mokvlevis dros ekonomikuri

agentebidan informaciis amoRebis samar-

Tlebrivi meqanizmebis arasrulyofileba;

ekonomikuri agentebidan gamoTxovili in-

formaciis mouwodeblobaze an arasruli

saxiT mowodebaze sajarimo sanqciebis

araefeqtianoba; arakeTilsindieri konkur-

enciis debulebaTa dacvis meqanizmebis

araqmediToba; Sesabamis bazrebze konkuren-

tuli garemos SefasebisaTvis aucilebeli

pirveladi monacemebis saqstatidan miRebis

samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis ararseboba; eko-

nomikur agentTa adgilze Semowmebis meqan-

izmebis arasrulyofileba; konkurenciis

kanonmdeblobis darRvevis faqtebze moqmedi

xandazmulobis vadis simcire.

qveynis SigniT konkurenciis meqan-

izmebis srulyofis konteqstSi, ekonomkisa

da biznesis efeqtiani funqcionirebis

xelSewyobis mimarTebiT gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas iZens saqarTvelosTvis

sazogadoebis calkeuli calkeuli sfer-

oebis da instituciuri garemos mkafio

sistemuri warmodgena, maTi struqturebis

dinamikis monitoringi da Sesabamisi brob-

lemebis swori gadawyveta [bedianaSvili

2014, 2015].

uSualod instituciuri struqtu-

ris, rogorc qveynisSiga da instituciuri

konkurenciis, aseve qveynis soci alur-eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis mdgradobis uzrun-

velmyof, Cveni azriT, mTavar faqtors

[Bedianashvili 1995], misi identificireba

da monitoringi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

msoflios qveynebis ganviTarebis sxva-

dasxva indeqsebiT, maT Soris, magaliTad,

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT [http://

www.heritage.org/index/].

ekonomikur TavisuflebaTa indeqsi

mowodebulia asaxos ama Tu im qveynis eko-

nomikuri zrdisaTvis mniSvnelovani institu-

ciuri maxasiaTeblebi. es indikatori moicavs

ramodenime aTeul maCvenebels, Tavis mxriv

kidev gaerTianebuls Semdeg 10 jgufSi: 1.

biznesis Tavisufleba (business freedom); 2.

vaWrobis Tavisufleba (trade freedom); 3. ga-

dasaxadebis Tavisufleba (fi scal freedom); 4.

Tavisufleba xelisuflebisagan (government

spending); 5. fuladi Tavisufleba (monet-

ary freedom); 6. investiciuri Tavisufleba

(investment freedom); 7. finansuri Tavisu-

fleba (fi nancial freedom); 8. sakuTrebis

uflebaTa dacva (property rights); 9. Tavisu-

fleba korufciisagan (freedom from corrup-

tion); 10. SromiTi urierTobebis Tavisufleba

(labor freedom). aRniSnuli maCveneblebi war-

modgenilia 4 gamsxvilebul jgufad: marTl-

wesrigi (8; 9), xelisuflebis SezRuduloba (3;

4), regulirebis efeqtianoba (1; 5; 10), bazris

gaxsniloba (2; 6; 7). es maCveneblebi Tavi mxriv

SeiZleba ganvixiloT qveynis konkurenciuli

garemos garkveul indikatorebad. yoveli

aRniSnuli indeqsi izomeba 0-dan 100-mde

skalaSi. mniSvneloba 100 Seesabameba maqsim-

32



alur Tavisuflebas, xolo 0 _ minimalurs.

zemo aRniSnuli aTidan yoveli faqtori

Sedis Tanabari woniT integralur indikat-

orSi (ekonomikur TavisuflebaTa indeqsSi),

romelic warmoadgens maT saSualo ariT-

metikuls.

integraluri indikatoris raoden-

obrivi mniSvnelobebis mixedviT msoflios

qveynebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis doniT

iyofa xuT Sesabamis jgufad: Tavisufali

(free), diapazoniT 80-100; ZiriTadSi Tav-

isufali (mostly free), diapazoniT 70-79.9;

zomierad Tavisufali (moderately free),

diapazoniT 60-69.9; ZiriTadSi araTavisu-

fali (mostly unfree), diapazoniT 50-59.9 da

despoturi (repressed), diapazoniT 0-49.9.

2015 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad,

saqarTvelo miekuTvneba ZiriTadad Tav-

isufali qveynebis jgufs, reitingiT 23-

e adgilze msoflioSi, xolo evropis 43

qveyanas Soris mas ukavia me-12 adgili.

integraluri indikatoris mniSvnelobiT

(72.6) ki igi dgas evropaSi iseTi qveynebis

gverdiT, rogoricaa SvedeTi (72.0), fineTi

(72.6), islandia (73.3) da CexeTi (73.2). aRsan-

iSnavia, rom Sveicaria (81.0), magaliTad,

Sedis ra msoflios qveynebs Soris pirvel

xuTeulSi, evropaSi pirvel adgilzea. gasa-

Tvaliswinebelia, rom indikatoris saSu-

alo msoflio mniSvnelobaa 60.7 (gaizarda

wina welTan SedarebiT +0.4), xolo saSu-

alo regionuli (evropuli) ki 66.9 (odnav

Semcirda wina welTan SedaraebiT -0.2). am-

rigad, saqarTvelo ekonomikuri Tavisu-

flebis integraluri maCveneblis mixedviT

sakmaod maRal donezea Tavis regionSi (ev-

ropaSi) da msoflioSi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri Tavisu-

flebis integraluri indikatoris dinamika

(cifrobrivi monacemebis Sesaxeb ix.:[http://

www.heritage.org/index/explore]) gviC venebs,

rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri Tavisufle-

bis maCvenebli SesamCnevad izr deboda 2005-

2007 ww. da 2012-2014 ww. periodebSi, rac

ganpirobebulia am wlebSi qveynis institu-

ciuri ganviTarebiT da ganxorcielebuli

samuSaoebiT, rogoricaa ufro mimzidveli

biznesgaremos Seqmna, antikorufciuli

RonisZiebebi (mimarTuli Zalovani da

sasamarTlo sistemebis, aseve fiskaluri

da sajaro momsaxurebis seqtoris gardaqm-

nisaken, ramac gamoiwvia fiskaluri ad-

ministrirebis SesamCnevi gau mjobeseba da

qveynis Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebis

Semcireba), liberaluri savaWro politi-

kis ganxorcieleba, SeRavaTiani savaWro

reJimebis Camoalibeba da sxv.

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom in-

stitucionalizaciis sistemurobis mimar-

TebiT saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlo baSi

SeimCneoda dabali done, Tumca insti-

tutebis calkeuli qvesistemebi viTarde-

bodnen sakmaod maRali tempebiT. SedarebiT

dabali pozicia aqvs qveyanas korufciisagan

Tavisuflebis (51) da sakuTrebis uflebaTa

dacvis (69) ganviTarebiT. aseve garkveuli

CamorCena gvaqvs bazris gaxsnilobis (in-

vesticiuri Tavisuflebis da finansuri

Tavisuflebis) doniT. jer kidev prob-

lemad rCeba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris gan-

viTarebis dabali done [http://www.heritage.

org/index/country/georgia].

CamorCenebi bazris gaxsnilobis (in-

vesticiuri Tavisuflebis da finansuri

Tavisuflebis) doniT da marTlwesrigis in-

stitutis (sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacvis da

korufciisagan Tavisuflebis) ganviTare-

biT qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa.

dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebis-

mieri tipis qveynisTvis marTlwesrigis in-

stitutis arasakmarisi ganviTarebuloba

arsebiTad xelSemSlelia evropuli tipis

konkurenciuli garemos SeqmnisaTvis,

misi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

maRali standartebis uzrunvelyofisTvis

da mis teritoriaze biznesis normaluri

maRalefeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis. cx-

adia, aRniSnuli xarvezebis daZleva unda

warmoadgendes saqarTvelosTvis sistemuri

institucionalizaciis erT-erT mTavar

mimarTulebas, rac mogvcems saSualebas

ufro srulad gamoviyenoT qveynis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis Ta-

namedrove evropuli tipis instituciuri

struqturis da evrokavSiris biznesgare-

mos potenciali [Bedianashvili, Gogiashvili,

Pavliashvili 2015].

33



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34



European Integration and Institutional Aspects of Competition

Givi Bedianashvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor European Teaching University,Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Visiting Professor,Academician of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Georgia

Shalva GogiashviliDoctor of Economics, Ass. Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Solomon PavliashviliDoctor of Economic Sciences, Georgian Technical University Professor, Tbilisi Teaching University, Rector,Vice prezident of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Georgia

Key words: COMPETITION, COMPETITION POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF COMPETITION

Summary

The article deals with the theoretical and practical issues of competition in Georgia. The article analyzes the problems existing within this area in Georgia as well as the dynamics of gradual improvement of the competit-ive mechanism and competition policy.

The main factors, which ensure the sustainability of the community institutional structure of both the com-petition institutional environment and the country’s overall socio-economic development, can be identifi ed and monitored by the Economic Freedom Index. According to 2015 data, Georgia belongs mainly to the group of commonly free countries rated 23nd in the world, and in Europe it has 12th position among 43 European countries according to the Economic Freedom Index. However, there are some setbacks including the level of market openness (investment freedom and fi nancial freedom) and development of Law and Order institutes (protection of property rights and freedom from corruption). In this respect, the impelementation of a complex of certain activities has been considered within the Georgia-EU Association Agenda, as well as in the socio-eco-nomic development strategy of Georgia (Georgia 2020).

35


Rirebulebebi: sazRvrebi da winaaRmdegobebi

merab gvelesiani

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის ემერიტუს-პროფესორი

SoTa veSapiZe

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, დავით აღმაშენებლის სახელობის საქართველოს ეროვნული თავდაცვის აკადემიის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

Rirebulebebi, winaaRmdegobebi, winaaRmdegobaTa klasifikacia

Rirebulebebi mravalferovania da ur-

icxvi, xolo maTi gavrceleba-SezRudvis

meqanizmebi _ sxvadasxvagvari. aq vgulisx-

mobT saxelisuflebo meganizmebs, magram

RirebulebaTa subieqtebi mxolod xelis-

ufalni ki ar arian, aramed calkeuli ad-

amianebic, adamianTa erTobebica da mTeli

xalxic. swored isini arian iseTi Rire-

bulebebis qmnadobisa da ganxorcielebis

mTavari moqmedi pirebi, rogorebicaa

siyvaruli, ndoba, megobroba, Tanadgoma,

erTguleba da maTTananni.

RirebulebaTa klasifikacias Cven ar

SevexebiT, aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom mas

aZnelebs sxvadasxva faqtori, gansakuTre-

biT ki is, rom RirebulebaTa farglebis

dasazRvra arsebiTad SeuZlebelia, radgan

isini erTmaneTSi gadadian da erTmaneTs

faraven kidec, rac zemoT dasaxlebul Ri-

rebulebaTa magaliTze advili SesamCnevia.

SevexebiT mxolod Cveni saubris sagnis _

socialur RirebulebaTa _ sazRvrebs, raTa

ganvasxvavoT isini ekonomikuri Rirebule-

bebisagan. amiT, arsebiTad, ganvsazRvravT

kidec maT arss.

Rirebulebebi, romlebzec vsaubrobT,

adamianTa da sazogadoebaTa socialuri ori-

entirebia. termini “socialuri” aq Tavisi

viwro mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli eko-

nomikur RirebulebebTan Sepirispirebis

mizniT, farTo mniSvnelobiT ki igi moicavs

yovelives, rac sazogadoebriv cxovrebas

miekuTvneba. aviRoT cxovrebiseuli magal-

iTi: zogs opera urCevnia estradas, zogs

- piriqiT; sakveb produqtebs So ris zogi

bostneuls aZlevs upiratesobas da zogi

xorceuls da a.S. es orientirebi ar aris

RirebulebiTi. Rirebuleba socialuri

gage biT aris sazogadoebriv movlenaTa

simrav lis is saerTo niSani, romelic adamia-

nebisa da sazogadoebebisaTvis gansakuTre-

biT mniSvnelovani da sasurvelia. Cvens

magaliTSic aris SesaZlebeli aseTi niSnebis

moZebna. uzogadesi niSania (Rirebulebaa)

keTildReoba, romliskenac iswrafis mTeli

sazogadoebaca da misi yoveli wevric. ma-









36



gram, rogor warmoudgeniaT calkeul

adamianebs igi? isev Cvens magaliTs miv-

marToT: luarsabebi kvlavac “kuWis monebi

arian”, maSin, rodesac ama Tu im momRer-

lis fani mSieri wava mis mosasmenad. aq saqme

gvaqvs gaukiduresebul RirebulebiT ori-

entirebTan. kanonzomieri ki is aris, rom

keTildReobis zrdis kvalobaze pirveli

rigis materialuri moTxovnilebebis ze-

moT adamianebi TavianTi Semosavlis sul

ufro did nawils momsaxurebaze xarjaven,

maT Soris sul ufro did nawils axmaren

sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofile-

bas. magram es nawilebi momxmarebels sxva-

dasxva aqvT, anu maTi individualuri

RirebulebiTi orientirebi gansxvavebulia.

sazogadoeba Tavisi institutebis meSveo-

biT movalea, Seiswavlos Sinameurneobebis

moxmarebis struqtura da TavisTvis da

TiToeuli wevris sasargeblod moaxdinos

am orientirebis koreqtireba. am miznis

miRwevis saSualebebia sainvesticio-dar-

gobrivi da sagadasaxado politika, rom-

lebiTac sazogadoeba, saxelmwifosa da

TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa saxiT, ze-

moqmedebs miwodebaze; safase politika,

romelic miwodebazecaa mimarTuli da

moTxovnazec da a.S.

socialuri niSani „azis” ara mxolod

materialur da sulier sikeTeTa Soris

arCevans. igi atyvia arCevansac sulier

sikeTeTa im did blokebs Soris, ro-

melTagan zogis moxmarebas meti sargeb-

loba moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis, zogisas

naklebi, xolo zogi sulierebis degra-

direbas iwvevs anu sikeTe ki araa, aramed

- boroteba, Rirebuleba ki araa, aramed -

misi antipodia, romelic samecniero enaSi

SeiZleba Sevides rogorc uaryofiTi Ri-

rebuleba. Tu mTavroba zrunavs adamianTa

saR sulier ganviTarebaze, kerZod ki maTSi

maRali gemnovnebisa da maRali Rirebule-

biTi orientirebis gamomuSavebaze, igi unda

astimulirebdes am moTxovnaTa Sesatyvisi

sulieri produqtebis (literaturisa da

xelovnebis Sesatyvisi nimuSebis) miwodebasa

da moxmarebas zemoT ukve xsenebuli Tu sxva

instrumentebis momarjvebiT. amisaTvis

saWiroa, veZioT Sesabamisi gamocdileba

rogorc awmyoSi, ise warsulSi (maT Soris

arc sabWouri gamocdileba unda gamogvrCes

mxedvelobidan im SeniSvniT, rom literat-

urisa da xelovnebis sferoSi maSin maRali

Rirebulebis matareblad iTvleboda is

produqtebi, romlebic komunistur ideo-

logias emsaxureboda).

sikeTe da boroteba, romlebic aq vax-

seneT, iseTi zogadi cnebebia, romlebic es-

adageba Rirebulebebis mTel sistemas da

swvdeba TiToeul maTgans, amitom am ori

cnebis kuTxiT RirebulebaTa ganxilva bevr

rames gveubneba maT raobasa da Tavisebur-

ebebze. Rirebulebebi TavisTavad sikeTes

unda warmoadgendnen da WeSmariti Rire-

bulebebi warmoadgenen kidec maT, magram

sikeTe yovelTvis borotebasTan Sepiris-

pirebaSi moiazreba da calkeuli adamianebisa

Tu maTi erTobebis qcevis RirebulebiT ori-

entirebs sikeTis nacvlad marTlac moaqvT

sazogadoebisTvis ziani anu boroteba. aq

CvenTvis saxelmZRvaneloa didi ilias sao-

crad Rrma da martivad Tqmuli sityvebi:

”keTili da boroti, codva da madli marto

adamianis gulisxmis saqmea.... da radgan ad-

amiani yvelgan adamiania, maSasadame, rac

erTgan da erTisTvis codvaa da boroti,

meorisTvisac codva da boroti unda iyos

yvelgan, yovelTvis da yvela SemTxvevaSi.

Cven vxedavT da dRe-mudam magaliTebiT vrw-

mundebiT, rom es ase ar aris. ratom? ... mag.

“ratoms” jer-aqamomde adamianma gulda-

jerebuli pasuxi ver moupova” [WavWavaZe,

1955: 327-328]. “guldajerebuli pasuxi” mag

“ratomze” arc dRes gvaqvs da iqneb verc

verasdros gveqnes. magram, citatidan gamo-

mdinare, SeiZleba visaubroT bevr rameze:

idealur da realur, obieqtursa (WeSmaritsa)

da subieqtur Rirebulebebze, sazogadoebisa

da individualur Rirebulebebze, Rirebule-

baTa sazomis fardobiTobaze, RirebulebaTa

winaaRmdegobebsa da brZolebze da a.S.

pasuxi ara gvaqvs upirvelesad imitom,

rom socialuri Rirebulebebi swored rom

adamianis gulis xmis gamovlinebaa da rom

gaabsolutebuli saxiT maT mxolod pla-

toniseul ideaTa samyaroSi Tu warmovidgenT,

sadac umaRlesi Rirebulebaa sikeTe. sityva

“sikeTe” bevr rameze iTqmis qarTulSica da

37

m. gvelesiani, S. veSapiZe


sxva enebSic _ iTqmis igi adaminzec, sas-

argeblo adamianiseul qcevazec da a.S. da

iTqmis igi yovel WeSmarit Rirebulebaze,

romelic adamianTa qcevis orientiri unda

iyos. am azriT Rirebuleba is ki ar aris,

rac adamianebs moswonT da undaT, aramed

is, rac maT unda undodeT da rasac isini

unda eswrafodnen, rogorc srulyofilebas

piradsa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. ma-

gram cxovrebas Tavisi winaaRmdegobebi aqvs

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis nebismier etapze

da adamianebs ZaluZT mxolod im Rirebule-

bebis sruli Tu arasruli gacnobiereba, ro-

meli Rirebulebebic am etapzea sasargeblo

sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac isini sas-

argebloa adamianTa mTeli erTobisaTvis, _

ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT, win waswion mTeli

erToba (an, mTeli kacobrioba), _ imdenad

atareben isini sayovelTaobis niSans da ara

im mizeziT, daimsaxureben isini sayovelTao

mowonebas Tu vera. an ramdeni adamianis mo-

wonebasa da aRiarebas daimsaxureben: bevri

da cota aq arafers niSnavs. SesaZloa, Rire-

bulebaTa Canacvleba moumwifebeli, naadrevi

aRmoCndes. am SemTxvevaSi konservatiuli

azris gamarjvebaa sasargeblo. zustia am-

dagvari situaciebis iliaseuli Sefaseba:

“WeSmariti konservatoroba esarCleba da

icavs marto imisTana Zvels, romelic misis

gulwrfelis azriT, jer kidev gamosadegia

da saWiro cxovrebisaTvis.” zustadaa Cas-

muli winadadebaSi sityva “gulwrfelic”,

vinaidan gulwrfeli azri yovelTvis ar

aris swori.

amrigad, TiToeul adamians, sikeTiTa da

borotebiT dawyebuli yoveli Rirebulebis

Tavisi sazomi aqvs da es individualuri

sazomic mudam cvalebadobs. sazomica da

misi cvalebadobac bevr ramezea damokide-

buli, pirvel rigSi - adamianis bunebasa

(xasiaTsa) da ganwyobaze, mis fiziologi-

ursa da socialur mdgomareobaze da am

mdgomareobis cvalebadobaze.

axla vikiTxoT, CaiTvleba Tu ara

borotebad konfliqtebi ojaxis wevrebs,

organizaciis TanamSromlebs, megobrebsa

Tu sxvaTa da sxvaTa Soris? swori pasuxia

_ gaaCnia SemTxvevas. mecnierebam gaarkvia,

rom ukonfliqto sazogadoeba kargavs gan-

viTarebisken swrafvas, xolo filosofiam

kidev ufro adre gaarkvia, rom ganviTarebas

winaaRmdegobaTa erTianobisa da brZolis

kanoni marTavs.

RirebulebaTa winaaRmdegobebSi SeiZ-

le ba gamoiyos ramdenime msxvili bloki, maT

Soris:

pirveli: winaaRmdegobebi calkeuli an

erTgvarovani, erTimeoris gadamfaravi

Rirebulebebis (iseTebis, rogorebicaa

siyvaruli da megobroba da maTTanani)

jgufis “sakuTar TavSi”. magaliTad,

demokratia, TavisTavad, umravle-

sobis (xalxis) Zalauflebas niSnavs da

daucvels tovebs umciresobebs da er-

Teulebs, ganurCevlad imisa, ramdenad

mniSvnelovania maTi saWiroebebi da

maTi azrebi. amitom xdeba demokratiis

Sevseba _ umciresobis dacvis meqaniz-

mebiT, romlebic Cvens warmosaxvaSi

demokratiis nawilad asocirdeba, sinam-

dvileSi ki misTvis garedan mimatebuli,

ucxo elementia. aseve, sabazro ekonomi-

kas aqvs mravali nakli, romelTa gamo

misi Sevseba, meti Tu naklebi warmatebiT,

xdeba iseTi komponentebiT, rogorebi-

caa socialuri politika, ekonomikis

antimonopolisturi da anticikluri

regulireba da a.S. rogorc erTis, ise

meoris Semavsebeli meqanizmebi Semoa-

qvs saxelmwifos Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi

gamocdilebisa da mecnierTa kvleve-

bisa da daskvnebis safuZvelze, rom-

lebic aseve emyareba RirebulebiT ori-

entirebs, magram es ar niSnavs, TiTqos

saxelmwifos obieqturi, miT ufro _ un-

aklo, Rirebulebebi Semohqondes;

meore: winaaRmdegobebi calkeul Rire-

bulebebs Soris. iseTi maRali makroek-

onomikuri Rirebulebebi aviRoT,

rogorebicaa sruli dasaqmeba da sta-

biluroba: roca srul dasaqmebas vuax-

lovdebiT, fasebi zrdas aCqareben

da ekonomikuri krizisis albaTobac

izrdeba. aranakleb mZafri winaaRmde-

gobebia individualur RirebulebaTa

orientirebs Soris, rodesac arCevanSi

SevdivarT. vTqvaT, moyvasis keTildRe-

obisTvis gaviRoT msxverpli Tu saku-

38



Tari saWiroebebi varCioT. demetre Tav-

dadebulma rom sicocxle daTmo Tavisi

xalxis usafrTxoebisaTvis (maSasa-

dame, keTildReobisaTvisac), es imaze

metyvelebs, rogor Seadara man es ori

Rirebuleba da romlis mxareze gadas-

wia sasworis pina. bevri sxva sxvagvarad

moiqceoda. msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis

sxvadasxvaoba RirebulebaTa individu-

aluri Sefasebebis sxvaobazec metyvel-

ebs da maT winaaRmdegobebzec;

mesame: winaaRmdegobebi individualur

da sazogadoebriv Rirebulebebs Soris.

es winaaRmdegobebi Tavis did nawilSi

RirebulebaTaSorisi winaaRmdegobebis

gansakuTrebul saxeobas warmoadge-

nen. ganvavrcoT maTze zemoT ukve

aRniSnuli procesebi: Sromisunari-

ani adamianebi maTTvis xelsayrel da-

saqmebas eswrafian, sruli dasaqmebis

dros maTi arCevanis SesaZleblobebi

izrdeba, Sedegad izrdeba xelfasi,

masTan erTad fasebic da izrdeba kriz-

isis albaTobac. rac Seexeba calkeuli

Rirebulebebis SemTxvevas, amis naTeli

magaliTia saxelmwifo kanonmde-

blobaSi asaxuli sazogadoebrivi Ri-

rebulebebi da maTi darRvevebi adami-

anebis mier;

meoTxe: winaaRmdegobebi droTa (epo-

qaTa) Sesayarze anu tradiciul da axal

RirebulebaTa Soris. is, rasac Cven

Rirebulebebs vuwodebT, Tavdapirve-

lad mainc adamianTa SeTanxmebiT,

maT azrTa SejerebiTa da sxva adami-

anebze am RirebulebaTa gavrcelebiT

(an _ maT mier am azrTa gaziarebiT)

yalibdeba; magram maTi pirvelwyaro

calkeuli adamianebis damokidebule-

baa ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi movle-

nis mimarT. axali damokidebuleba gzas

ikafavs ZvelTan brZolis gziT da Tu

moumwifebelia an saerTod miuRebeli,

adre Tu gvian marcxdeba, xolo mom-

wifebuli _ aseve adre Tu gvian - avi-

wroebs an sulac cvlis Zvels. gvian

- imitom, rom sazogadoebriv azrSi

fesvgamdgari damokidebulebis Sevi-

wroeba - Secvla ioli ar aris;

da, bolos, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani, mexuTe: winaaRmde-

gobebi sivrceSi anu adamianTa didi

teritoriuli erTobebis - xalxebis

(erebis) - Rirebulebebs Soris. winaaRm-

degobaTa es klasi Taviseburad imeo-

rebs wina oTxs (da es aRniSnuli oTxis

mimixilvis mizani iyo kidec), magram

mainc calke klass warmoadgens, rad-

gan saqme gvaqvs maT(winaaRmdegobaTa)

ufro maRal donesTan. am doneze an

erTi xalxi (SesaZloa misi mTavroba)

eswrafvis sxva xalxis RirebulebaTa

gaziareba-ganxorcielebas da awydeba

Tavisi Tanamemamuleebis - SesaZloa

agreTve Tavisi mTavrobis - konser-

vatiul ganwyobebs, an es sxva xalxi

cdilobs ganavrcos masze sakuTari

Rirebulebebi. _ da am SemTxvevaSi igi

SesaZloa waawydes dabrkolebebs uwin-

aresad obieqturi da subieqturi pi-

robebis moumwifeblobas an, saerTod

ararsebobasTan dakavSirebiT. ganvr-

coba istoriulad xdeboda dampyrob-

lis mier dapyrobilis damorCilebis

mizniT, radgan roca dapyrobils sar-

wmunoebasa da enas arTmev, igi ufro

advilad samarTavi xdeba.

Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi sakuTari

erovnuli Rirebulebebis sxvebze ganvrcoba

SeiZleba xdebodes keTili miznebiT _ roca

erT xalxs Tavisi Rirebulebebi gulwr-

felad miaCnia WeSmaritad (an ufro mow-

inaved mainc). magram igi SeiZleba xdebodes

agreTve adamianTa da mTeli erebisTvis dam-

axasiaTebeli im bunebrivi swrafviT, rom

daimsgavson sxva. orive SemTxvevaSi didi

dafiqrebaa saWiro, radgan RirebulebaTa

sivrcobrivi gavrceleba SeiZleba waawydes

sul sxva erovnul niadags, romelzec ucxo

nergi ver gaixarebs an gaixarebs da, karga

xniT, sasurvel nayofs ver mogvcems.

problema rTulia da did dafiqrebas

iTxovs. sifrTxiles mware gamocdilebac

gvkarnaxobs: sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis yvelaze Rirebuli produqti

sabazro konkurentuli meqanizmia da ara

- kerZo sakuTreba, romelze gadasvlac

CvenTan ganxorcielebuli reformis Zir-

39



iTad mimarTulebad iqca. kerZo sakuTrebis

instituts gonivruli Camoyalibeba

sWirdeba, raTa man Seqmnas sabazro meqan-

izmis amuSavebis erTi (mxolod erTi) win-

apiroba, CvenTan ki reformatorebma igi

panacead miiCnies. xolo Sedegad ra miviReT?

ZiriTadad _ monopolistur-klanuri stru-

qturebi, ro mle bic sabazro meqanizmis

moqmedebas xels uSlian. anu konkurentuli

sistemis Camoyalibebamde Cven dRes su-

lac ara varT ufro axlos, vidre sabWoTa

xanaSi viyaviT, vinaidan sadReisod gaCenili

gaxevebuli monopoliuri struqturebis

demontaJi, jerjerobiT mainc, SeuZlebeli

Cans da am amocanas arc aravin ayenebs dRis

wesrigSi. problemaa Cvens kerZo mesak-

uTreTa qcevis orientaciac saR kerZome-

sakuTrul Rirebulebebze (isini ZiriTadad

mesakuTreTa im Taobas ekuTvnian, ro-

melTac didi ziani miayenes erovnul

simdidres fabrika-qarxnebis jarTad gay-

idviT, xe-tyis xerxva-gayidviTa da a.S. anu

ar ekuTvnian fxian, racionalurad moqmed

mesakuTreebs).

Cveni moxseneba ZiriTadad Seexo kri-

teriumebs, romlebiTac dgindeba Rire-

bulebaTa raoba, maTi sazRvrebi da maTTvis

niSandobliv winaaRmdegobaTa klasifikacia.

maT migviyvanes im winaaRmdegobebamde, rom-

lebic axlavan RirebulebaTa gavrcelebas

sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris. xolo Tu rogor

davZlioT winaaRmdegobebi progresul Ri-

rebulebaTa gaziarebisa da ganxorcielebis

gzaze, calke saubris sagania.


1. WavWavaZe, i. (1955). Txz. sruli krebuli 10

tomad. t. V. saxelmwifo gamomcemloba. Tb-

ilisi.

Values: Limits and Contradictions

Merab GvelesianiDoctor of Economic Sciences, Georgian Technical University Professor emeritus

Shota VeshapidzeDoctor of Economic Sciences,Professor, David Aghmashenebeli National Defence Academy of Georgia

Key words:VALUES, LIMITS, CLASSIFICATION

Summary

Speakers noted the diffi culties and values within their borders and classifi cation, which determines their mutual transitions.

As the values of human societies and social behavior guidelines to create another level of compared eco-nomic values. The report identifi ed fi ve contradictions of social values, the fi fth of which _ the contradiction between the values of diff erent nations _ covers four others.

40



evropuli Rirebulebebi: ra ganvaxorcieloT saqarTveloSi da rogor ganvaxorcieloT

merab gvelesiani

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის ემერიტუს-პროფესორი

SoTa veSapiZe

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, დავით აღმაშენებლის სახელობის საქართველოს ეროვნული თავდაცვის აკადემიის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

Rirebulebebi, ilia WavWavaZe, erovnuli Rirebulebebi

yoveli eris TviTmyofadoba mis Rire-

bulebebs efuZneba _ maTi ganxorcielebiT

miiRweva da aisaxeba kidec maTSi, ramde-

nadac Rirebulebebi eris kulturis kon-

centrirebul gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen.

xolo, Tu eri sakuTar, sxvaTagan gansxvave-

bul RirebulebiT orientirebs kargavs,

amiT igi kargavs sakuTar saxes.

globalizaciis epoqa sul ufro mZ-

afrad aCens “oqros miliardis” qveynebis

RirebulebaTa mimzidvelobas. xom ar uqm-

nis es safrTxes im erebis TviTmyofadobas,

romlebic maT Rirebulebebs iziareben da

anxorcieleben? kulturulad CamorCenil

erebs es safrTxe adre Tu gvian uTuod

gauCndebaT. iseTi kulturuli erisTvis

ki, rogoric qarTvelobaa, kanonzomieri

is iqneba, Tu misi erovnuli kultura Sei-

wovs progresul ucxour Rirebulebebs da

amiT kidev ufro aamaRlebs da gaamdidrebs

Tavisas. istoriuli gamocdilebac gviCve-

nebs, rom dampyrobelTa SedarebiT dabali

kulturisganac ki qarTveli eri axerxebda

aeRo racionaluri marcvlebi, Tumca mT-

lianobaSi, Znelbedobas didi zarali mo-

hqonda misi sulierebisTvis.

“oqros miliardis” Rirebulebebisken

swrafva dRes bunebrivia da ufro meti

sikeTis momtanic, vidre warsulSi moutania

CvenTvis ucxour RirebulebaTa gaziarebas.

oRond gaaCnia, ra mizezebiTa da formebiT

Cndeba igi: im mizezebiT, rom srulvyoT

sakuTari Rirebulebebi da sakuTari Tavi,

Tu ubralo wambaZvelobiTa da iqauri cx-

ovrebisgan Tvalis moWriT anu sibrmaviT;

ra formiT warmogvidgenia maTi gaziareba

_ brmadve gadmoRebas vapirebT Tu Cvens

fesvebze aRmocenebul RirebulebebTan maT

misadagebas.

amrigad, principi imisa, romeli uc-

xouri Rirebulebebis ganxorcieleba dav-

isaxoT miznad, Semdegia: unda SevecadoT

nebismieri progresuli Rirebulebis

ganxorcielebas, romelic ki Tavsebadi









41


iqneba Cveni kulturisadmi imis miuxedavad,

romeli qveynisa da xalxisagan momdinareobs

igi. aq davakonkretoT amocana Cveni Temis

mixedviT: gavarkvioT, ratom aris qarTuli

kulturis “sulTan” SedarebiT axlos evrop-

uli Rirebulebebi, vidre sxva regionebis da

qveynebisa, maT Soris _ umdidresi aSS-si.

zogadi Sedarebac gviCvenebs, rom dasav-

leTevropuli Rirebulebebi ufro Rrma

tradiciul Zirebzea mosuli, ufro huma-

nuria da Semwynarebluri, vidre amerikuli

Rirebulebebi. amdenad, isini ufroa Tavse-

badi qarTvelobis bunebasTan.

WeSmarit RirebulebaTa mwvervalze

TviT adamiani dgas. igia, misi sicocxle, misi

Ta visufleba da misi keTildReoba umaRlesi

Rirebuleba. aSS-Sic am mwvervalze dgas igi,

oRond saxelmwifo politika arCevans mainc

akeTebs upiratesad Zlier, “fxian” adami-

anTa sasargeblod, raki maTgan qveyana met

sargeblobas elis. es imas moaswavebs, rom

realurad, TviT misi arsebobaa miCneuli

ufro maRal Rirebulebad, vidre dan-

arCenebisa. am princips Tavisi dadebiTi

mxare aqvs, igi STambeWdav ekonomikur

Sedegs aZlevs qveyanas da amiT, STambeWdav

magaliTs _ mTel msoflios. dasavleTev-

ropuli politikis principi sapirispiro

rodia, oRond esoden sworxazovani ar

aris. igi ufro tevadia da siRrmiseuli. igi

miiswrafvis SedarebiT Tanabari sastarto

mdgomareobis Seqmnisaken yoveli adamianisa-

Tvis, raTa uzrunvelyos ara mxolod maTi

arseboba, aramed maT mier TavianTi niWisa

da unarebis Tavisufali ganviTarebaca da

gamovlenac. socialuri politika aSS-Si

aranakleb efeqtiania, vidre dasavleTev-

ropul qveynebSi. mxolod misi masStabebia

SedarebiT viwro, radgan es qveyana ar aSenebs

socialur sabazro ekonomikas, evrokavSirs

ki swored aseTi ekonomika “uweria droSaze”.

demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da maTi

ganmamtkicebeli institutebic dasavleT

evropaSia ufro Zlieri. sakmarisia iTqvas,

rom aSS-Si, romelic demokratiis burjadaa

wodebuli, adgilobrivi xelisufleba

farTo legitimaciiT sargeblobs, magram

igi mainc saxelmwifo struqturaa da ara

_ teritoriuli (adgilobrivi) TviTm-

marTvelobis organo.

xolo evropa adgas TviTmmarTvelobis

ganviTarebis kurss (Cve ni moxsenebis bolos

am sakiTxze saga nge bod SevCerdebiT).

SeiZleba gaCndes azri, rom dasavleTev-

ropelebi xasiaTebiT didad arian erTime-

orisagan gansxvavebulni da rom, magaliTad,

germanuli xasiaTi iqneb amerikulTan

ufroa axlos, vidre frangulTan Tu espa-

nurTan. magram swored germanulma samec-

niero azrma moamzada socialuri sabazro

ekonomikis koncefcia (romelmac jer kidev

faSizmis xanaSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba) da

pirvelad swored dasavleTgermanuli xel-

isufleba Seudga mis ganxorcielebas (Cvenc

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro eko-

nomikis mSenebloba davisaxeT gardamavali

periodis miznad pirvelive wlebidan, ma-

gram samwuxarod es mizani sapirispiro

Sedegebma gaaxuna).

moviyvanoT antimonopoliuri kanonm-

deblobis magaliTic. es kanonmdebloba ori

tipisaa: erTi krZalavs monopolias, meore

ufro “rbilia”, ar krZalavs mas, zRudavs

mas im qceva-gadawyvetilebebSi, romelTac

ziani moaqvT sazogadoebisaTvis. pirvels,

ufro xists, aSS axorcielebs da manve

ganavrco igi iaponiaze meore msoflio

omSi misi damarcxebis Semdeg. magram es kan-

onmdebloba moqmedebs qveynis farglebSi,

Torem msoflio bazrebze warmodgenil um-

sxviles korporaciebs Soris umravlesoba

swored amerikuli da iaponuria. savsebiT

samarTlianad, saqarTvelom nimuSad aiRo

germanuli kanonmdeboba. Tumca, aq igi

efeqtianad ver muSaobs Sesatyvisi insti-

tutebis sisustis gamo.

dasavleTevropuli Rirebulebebi araa

erTgvarovani da bevri maTgani SeiZleba

CavTvaloT araTavsebadad ara marto qar-

Tul kulturasTan, aramed erTmaneTTanac.

magram globalizaciisa da ekonomikuri

integraciis sikeTeebsa da evropelTa bu-

nebiT sirbiles Tavisi gaaqvT: evrokavSiri,

romelic 28 suverenuli saxelmwifosgan

Sedgeba, RirebulebaTa mravalferovnebas

Tavis simdidred miiCnevs. mravalferovneba

aris Cveni epoqis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli

zogadi niSanic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis


42



yvela sferoSi. xolo qarTvelma erma dRes

ki ar daiwyo mravalferovnebisken swrafva,

igi odiTgan iyo misken miswrafuli. am

swrafvis produqtia Cveni unikaluri da

amave dros, uaRresad mravalferovani, ma-

gram saerTo erovnuli suliT aRbeWdili

kultura. esec aris erTi im faqtorTagani,

romelic Cveni da dasavleTevropuli Ri-

rebulebebis sulis siaxloveze metyvelebs

da romelSic Cven Tavmowonebis safuZveli

gvaqvs Cveni pirvelobiT.

ilia WavWavaZem saukunenaxevris win auRo

alRo qarTuli da evropuli sulierebis

naTesaobasa da im sikeTes, romlis miRebac

Cvens ers SeuZlia mowinave evropuli Rire-

bulebebis gaziarebiT da ara marto Cvens

ers. ilias miaCnda, rom es Rirebulebebi

universaluri xasiaTisaa da yvelasaTvis

aris misaRebi. amis naTelsayofad Tavis

“iveriaSi” aqveynebda werilebs iseTi rub-

rikebiT, rogoricaa “Sinauri mimoxilva”,

“sapolitiko mimoxilva” da sxva. man gaaan-

aliza iseT RirebulebaTa Sinaarsi, ro-

goric aris Tavisufleba, qalTa uflebebi,

zneobrivi siwminde (misi mniSvneloba eris

mermisisaTvis), ganixila inglisSi Seqmnil

damxmare sazogadoebaTa sikeTe, miuTiTa

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SemoRebis au-

cileblobaze. saqarTvelosTvis sagulisx-

moa misi miTiTeba, rom “safrangeTis

zneobrivi Zal-Rone mamulis siyvarulSia”.

gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebda didi ilia

yuradRebas imaze, rom “kanonis winaSe

Tanasworoba sazogadoebis wesieri age-

bulebis safuZvlis qvakuTxedia”, rom “eris

janmrTeloba saxelmwifos erTi udidesi

sazrunavia”, rom arsebobs “iseTi dawese-

bulebis saWiroeba, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba

garToba, gasaubreba, dasveneba”, da a.S. ev-

ropuli Rirebulebebis ganxorcieleba mas

miaCnda mTeli erisa da TiToeuli adamianis

dacvis, saxelmwifos upirveles sazrunavad

maTi keTildReobis gadaqcevis, adamianis

uflebebis, misi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis,

sakuTrebis daculobis, Tanasworobisa da

harmoniis miRwevis saSualebad. saubrobda

qarTuli mwerlobis “evropeizaciis” (anu

evropul Rirebulebebze misi orientaciis)

saWiroebaze.

ilia iwonebda iaponiis magaliTs:

“iaponia am mxriT _ werda igi, _ ufro

gabedulad irjeba. misi axali xelmwife

didi momxrea evropis ganaTlebisa da hla-

mis daucxromlad _ yoveliferi, nametnavad

mmarTveloba qveynisa, evropis wessa da rigs

Seuferos. dRes iaponias bevri evropiulad

ganaTlebuli... axalgazrdoba hyavs... mwer-

loba, cotad Tu bevrad frTaSesxmulia da

gavrcelebuli, da vin icis, _ iqneba iaponiam

pirveli mesveuroba gauwios azias evropis

civilizaciis zemoqmedebis qveS warsam-

ateblad da ganTiadma ganaTlebisam Tavisi

sxivosani Suqi pirvel iqidam mohfinos mTel

aziasac”. Semdeg ilia iwonebs imas, rom spar-

seTmac gauRo kari evropis civilizacias.

“exlandeli Sahis mefobis dros _ wers igi

_ bevrs Zvels Cveulebas, romelic sulsa

da xorcs sparseTisas ase Tu ise hxuTavda,

kbili moeWra. Sahma, romelmac ramdenjerme

moiara evropa, bevrs rasmeze aixila Tvali

da dainaxa Tavis qveyanaSi bevri umsgavsoba

da Seuferebloba. igi scdilobs bevri ram

Zveli gandevnos, bevri axali ram SemoiRos.

amisaTvis igi Turme arc imis winaSe ukudge-

bao, rom Tavisi neba-ufleba SeixuTos, Tu

amas moiTxovs qveynis sikeTe da bedniereba.”

motanili citatebi exeba Rirebule-

baTa im kategorias, romelTa ganxorciele-

basa an SezRudvaSi politikuri neba da

xelisufalTa mcdeloba asrulebs gadam-

wyvet rols. masve exeba didi ilias bevri

sxva gamonaTqvami, maT Soris, gamonaTqvamebi

imis Sesaxeb, rom evropuli gamocdilebis

gaziarebisas saqarTveloSi prioriteti

unda mieniWos wessa da rigs saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobasa da TviTmmarTvelobaSi da

rom amis gakeTeba iTxovs sakanonmdeblo da

ekonomikur reformebs. iseTi Rirebule-

bebi, rogorebicaa adamianis uflebebi, kan-

onis uzenaesoba da mis winaSe Tanasworoba,

sabazro ekonomika, demokratia, usafrTxoeba

da a.S., romlebic dRes ar Camodian medias-

aSualebebis furclebidan da ekranebidan, Ri-

rebulebaTa swored am kategorias ekuTvnian.

Cveni moxsenebis saganic _ romeli evropuli

Rirebulebebi ganvaxorcieloT da rogor

ganvaxorcieloT isini saqarTveloSi _ xel-

isuflebis politikur nebas, mis Zalisxmevas

43



iTxovs. oRond, am sferoSi dagrovili mWare

gamocdileba da RirebulebaTa winaaRmde-

gobebi gvkatnaxoben, rom yovel aseT nabijs

“asjer gazomva” esaWiroeba. am kuTxiT dam-

afiqrebelia evrokavSiris lisabonis xelSek-

rulebis is punqtic, romlis mixedviTac

evrokavSirma xeli unda Seuwyos Tavisi Ri-

rebulebebis gavrcelebas mTels msofli-

oSi. amitom Cveni moxsenebis zogadi daskvna

aseTia: umjobesia, TviTon movaxdinoT Cvens

evropul keTilismsurvelebTan erTad imis

skrupulozuli gamokvleva, ra evropulma

Rirebulebebma SeiZleba ixaron qarTul niad-

agze da ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom ixaron.

ver vityviT, rom aseT debulebebs

miekuTvneba: adamianis Rirsebis pativiscema;

pluralizmi (mravalferovneba); diskrim-

inaciis dauSvebloba; Semwynarebloba; qalTa

da mamakacTa Tanasworoba da maTTanani,

romlebic evrokavSiris dokumentebSia wina

planz wamoweuli _ ver visaubrebT imaze,

rogor gavaxaroT isini qarTul niadagze,

raki isini am niadagzea (maszecaa) naSobi.

qarTveli xalxis orientiri dasabamidan iyo

iseTi Rirebulebebic, rogorebicaa: Tav-

isufleba; adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris,

umciresobis uflebebis dacva da imave dok-

umentebSi dasaxelebuli zogi sxva Rire-

buleba. yovelive amiT SegviZlia viamayoT

da amitomac migvaCnia evropuli kultura

CvenTvis maxloblad. gasarkvevi is aris, ra

pirobebSi, ra formiTa da saSualebebiT (ra

institutebiT) xorcieldeba dRes isini iq

da aq. iq institutebi xangrZlivi istori-

uli periodis manZilze yalibdeboda da

es xdeboda sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri

stru qturebis cvlileba-ganviTarebis kva-

l dakval da maTTan misadagebiT. Cven ki

jer mxolod svla daviwyeT Tanamdrove

struqturebisken da daviwyeT igi zig-

zagebiT, SeferxebebiTa da ukusvlebTan

SewyvilebiT. amis Sedegia dasaxelebul Ri-

rebulebaTa sxvadasxvagvari deformacia da

maTi araTanmimdevruli ganxorcieleba.

amis Sedegia Cveni mkveTri CarmoCenac

iseTi RirebulebiTi orientirebis dacvaSi,

rogorebicaa kanonis uzenaesoba da samarT-

lianoba, romlebic asevea dasaxelebuli

evrokavSiris dokumentebSi zemoT CamoTv-

lil RirebulebaTa gverdiT. kanonis up-

ativcemulobas safuZveli Caeyara ukve

sab WoTa xanaSi, rodesac xelisufleba

veRar akavebda Crdilovani ekonomikis

zrdas da rodesac mdidruli an Tund

normaluri cxovrebis ZiriTad wyarod

masobrivad iqca yalbismqneloba. kanoni

erTs iTxovda, cxovreba _ meores da am

dapirispirebam Sva mZlavri korufciuli

manqana. postsabWouri periodis Tavda-

pirvelma qaosma kidev ufro gaamZafra es

procesebi. maT Soris privatizaciac elit-

arul-mimtacebluri niSniT warimarTa. Tu

imxanad samarTals samarTlianobis raRac

niSanwyali daetyo, es moxda paradoqsulad

_ mimteveblurad wvril kanondamrRvevTa

mimarT, romelTa umravlesobas arsebobis

sxva saSualeba aRar gaaCnda. xolo arakan-

onierebis miteveba, saTaveSive Tu ara, mere

da mere mainc, korufciis Senakadi xdeba.

korufciul manqanas dro mxolod

saxes ucvlida, Torem igi, patar-patara

pauzebis Semdeg, kvlav welSi imarTeboda

da arc axlaa Seqmnili imis pirobebi, rom

man kvlav ufrodaufro ar ibartyos. so-

cialuri diferenciaciac, bunebrivia,

CvenTan sabazro meqanizmis Sedegad ki ar

gaRrmavda, aramed _ usamarTlobis Sedegad

da yvelaferze metad aman gamoiwvia Rire-

bulebiTi orientirebis sistemuri deform-

acia.

viTarebis gasajansaReblad Cven uTuod

dagvWirdeba evropuli gamocdilebis Ses-

wavla da gaziareba, maram evropasTan “fex-

awyobil” svlas, jerjerobiT mainc ver

SevZlebT da nurc SevecdebiT. arc in-

ercia mogvcems amis saSualebas da arc

sadReisod Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebriv-

ekonomi kuri struqturebi. samarTlebrivi

institu tebis administraciul `gamagre-

bas~ ki, vaiTu, mxolod is mohyves, rom

Cveni korufcionerebis nawilma, romelic

dRes xisti meTodebiTac gadis fons, `fexi

auwyos~ dasavleTSi gamoyenebul ~civilur~

meTodebs. iqac xom aris korufcia!

amtkiceben, korfuciis virusi fineTSi

verasdros ixarebso da amas finelTa is-

eTi RirebulebiTi orientirebiT xsnian,

rogoricaa: finelebs ara aqvT fufun-

ebisaken swrafva _ fufuneba sulelTa

Suasaukuneebis aRmosavlur garTobad mi-

aCniaT; isini xalxis moZuleobad Tvlian

mis xarjze gamdidrebas, xolo momavali

44



Taobebis moZuleobad _ sabiujeto sax-

srebis gaflangvas: maT swamT, rom jobs

maTma Svilebma da SviliSvilebma TviTon

gaikafon cxovrebis gza; swamT, rom qurdi

versdros gaxdeba Tavisufali, raki ver

ganTavisufldeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis

SiSisagan.

Rirs informaciis gavrceleba am maRal

da lamaz RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb, oRond

utopiuri iqneboda ocneba imaze, rom amiT

SevZlebT maT `gadmoRebas~. maT mxolod

dRevandeli struqturebi ki ar gadaRobe-

boda win, aramed TviT qarTvelic Tavisi,

finelisagan gansxvavebuli, xasiaTiT, rome-

lic sadReisod am struqturebsaa misadage-

buli. Torem ar gvgonia, fineli qarTvels

siyvarulis Tayvaniscemasa da siZulvilis

gmobaSi gaejibros. qarTveli mxolod imas

amjobinebs, rom TviTon gaswios xelgaSliT

qvelmoqmedeba da aqeT ar gaxdes misi mTx-

ovneli. am or variants Soris kidev aris

erTi: mosawyeni da xSir SemTxvevaSi, au-

taneli Raribuli cxovreba. Cveni xalxis

umravlesoba mieCvia mas, oRond _ ar Se-

hguebia. bevri gacvlida siRaribes fufun-

ebaze Tund didi riskis fasad. swored es

aris korufciis saSiSi rezervi.

Cven ar vudarebT erTmaneTs am ori

eris aq dasaxelebul RirebulebiT ori-

entirTa av-kargs. gamovdivarT mxolod

iqidan, rom maqsimalizmi sulac ar aris

qarTvelis bunebiTi naklovaneba _ rom misi

maxinji gamvlena arsebuli struqturebiTa

da mdgomareobiT aris ganpirobebuli. sanam

isini ar Seicvleba, propaganda da kanonis

gamkacreba ver mogvcems sasurvel Sedegs.

gamosavali is aris, rom qarTvelis maqsim-

alizmis daTrgunvas ki ar SevecadoT, aramed

im struqturebis Secvlas, romelic xels

uSlian mis saR gamovlinebas. saqme TiTqos

ukidegano sistemur-struqturul cv-

lilebebs exeba, magram, Cveni azriT, misi

gadawyvetis gasaRebi erTi demokratiuli

institutis ganviTarebaSi unda veZioT. es

institutia teritoriuli (adgilobrivi)

TviTmmarTveloba.

dasavleT evropaSi mas gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba mieqca 1980-ian wlebSi. ratom

ufro adre ara? ufro adre, 30-50-iani

wlebidan, makroekonomikur Teoriasa da

praqtikaSi ganxorcielebulma keinsianurma

revoluciam gazarda saxelmwifos maregu-

lirebeli funqciebi, rasac 70-ian wlebamde

warmateba warmatebaze mohqonda. saxelmwifo

“damZimda” da imis monaTesave seniT daavadda,

romliTac sabWoTa saxelmwifo: korufciiTa

da mouqnelobiT. 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze

ki mmarTvelobis saWesTan movidnen axali

Zalebi, romelTa mier ganxorcielebuli re-

formebis, kerZod _ gansaxelmwifoebrivebis,

nakadSi moeqca adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-

lobac: saxelmwifom gaafarTova misi

uflebebi da moaxdina Tavisi funqciebis

nawilis masze delegireba. demokratiis

ganviTarebas aman xeli uTuod Seuwyo, ma-

gram adgilobrivi aparati saxelmwifo

aparatis danamatad aqcia: mas daekisra im

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sazogadoebrivi

sikeTeebis miwodeba, romelsac saxelmwifo

ver gaswvda. igive modeli 1997 wlidan dain-

erga CvenTan da igi aq korufciuli manqanis

nawiladac iqca. evropaSi cdiloben mainc

imas, rom farTo sazogadoeba Caaban TviT-

mmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi, CvenTan msgavsi

mcdelobac formaluria. realuri rom

iyos, an maSin vin Seiwuxebda Tavs uangarod

_ sazogadoebriv sawyisebze _ mieRo mon-

awileoba, vTqvaT, biblioTekebis qselis,

gamwvanebis, dasufTavebis, saqalaqo trans-

portisa Tu sxva saerTo saqmeebis gadaw-

yvetaSi? aseTia sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis

buneba: yvelas unda, maTi miwodebis saqme

sxvisi xeliT akeTos.

WeSmariti TviTmmarTvelobis ver-

tikali mimarTuli unda iyos saxelmwifo

vertikalis sapirispirod, qvemodan ze-

moT (`rigiTebisgan~ TviTmmarTvelobis

organosken rogorc aRmsruleblisken)

da aris kidec mimarTuli iq, sadac namd-

vili TviTmmarTveloba arsebobs. ase ar

aris adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi da

verc iqneba (rogorc piradi kontaqtebiT

viciT, mas evropaSic uWirs). ver iqneba

imitom, rom igi saxelmwifosganaa inicire-

buli da ar aris `amoSenebuli~ qvemodan

anu ar aris Seqmnili TviT mosaxleo-

bis mier Tavisi mravalferovani inter-

esebis gansaxorcieleblad. am miznebiT

mosaxleoba aTasgvar (am sityvis pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT) gaerTianebas qmnis da aravis

mosdis azrad, rom erT struqturaSi moaxdi-

nos samomxmareblo tipis sazogadoebebisa

45



da sazogadoebriv sikeTeTa miwodebis funq-

ciebis sinTezi.

WeSmariti TviTmmarTveloba adgilo-

brivi xelisuflebis miRma arsebobs da

viTardeba (rogorc samomxmareblo, ise

sxva, saaqcio, partniorul) sazogadoe-

bebSi. misi arsebobis saZirkvels ar war-

moadgenda da arc dRes warmoadgens

sazogadoebriv sikeTeTa miwodeba. xolo

TviTmmarTvelobis piroba oria: monaw-

ileTa Tanasworoba da maTi monawileoba

saerTo sakuTrebaSi.

istoriuli Temic am principze iyo age-

buli: Tavisufali iqneboda Tu feodaluri

struqturis erTeuli, igi war moadgenda

teritoriul-sameurneo mTli anobas piradi

(kerZo) da saTemo sakuTre bis SexamebiT.

swored qarTulma Temma daudo saZirkveli

Cveni saerTo-erovnuli Rirebulebebis

umetesobas, romelTa Soris aq gansakuTre-

bulad aRvniSnavT Tanadgomas Wirsa Tu

lxinSi. qvriv-obols sofeli ganikiTxavda

da meurneobis gaZRolaSic igi exmareboda.

anu sameurneosTan erTad Temi socialur

funqciasac asrulebda. demokratiisa da

TviTmmarTvelobis cnebebi axlosaa erT-

mimeoresTan istoriul TemTan mimarTe-

baSi, maT Soris, axlosaa antikuri xanisa Tu

Suasaukuneebis qalaqebTan mimarTebaSic,

sadac TviTmmarTvelobis subieqtebad gamo-

diodnen priviligebuli fenebi _ patriciebi,

vaWarTa gildiebi, xelosanTa amqris os-

tatebi.

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebam, nat-

uralur meurnebaTa rRvevam da adgilobrivi

ekonomikuri kavSirurTierTobebis didi

nawilis gawyvetam bevri funqcia daukarga

adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas da daaknina

igi. aman pova gamoxatuleba, magaliTad,

imaSi, rom napoleonma msxvili istori-

uli provinciebi momcro departamentebiT

Secvala da amiT TviTmarTvad komunebze

zedamxedveloba gaaZliera. amave mimar-

TulebiT kidev ufro ganviTarda procesebi

XX saukunis Suxanebidan, razec zemoTac

iTqva. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom 1980-

ian wlebSi, TviTmmarTvelobis reformisas,

evropaSi aRaravis gaxsenebia misi tradi-

ciebi. isini ukve miviwyebuli iyo.

qarTvelma xalxma SeinarCuna is Ri-

rebulebebi, romlebic istoriul TemSi

Camouyalibda. samwuxarod, bolo aT-

wleulebis Znelbedobis fonze TandaTan

kargaven Zalas Zveli mezobluri da naTe-

sauri urTierTobebi, magram isini jerac

ar arian daviwyebuli da niadags uqm-

nian WeSmariti TviTmmarTvelobis gaCenas

Tavdapirvelad mcire teritoriul er-

TeulebSi, romlebidanac SesaZlebelia

momavalSi amoizardos teritoriuli TviT-

mmarTvelobis sistema. amis mcdelobas

jer kidev 1986-1991 welbSi hqonda adgili

eqsperimentuli samomxmareblo-sawarmoo

kooperaciul gaerTianeba `verisubanSi~,

romelic am striqoebis erTi Tanaavtoris

(m. gvelesianis) xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna da

romelsac saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis ekonomikis instituti meurveobda.

msgavsi mcdeloba dRevandel sainforma-

cio-teqnologiur pirobebSi meti warmate-

biT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes teritoriuli

saaqcio sazogadoebis formiT. saWiroa mxo-

lod sawyisi kapitali, romelze dayrdnob-

iTac mikroubnis mosaxleoba dainteresdeba

TviTmmarTveleobis am ujredis sameurneo

da socialuri funqciebiT da gawevriandeba

masSi [gvelesiani, 2002]. aq mxolod davas-

axelebT zogierT sakvanZo funqcias.

socialuri funqcia: dividendis an-

gariSze sazogadoebis sakuTrebasa an

TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli damxmare

meurneobis produqtebis SeRavaTian

fasad ganawileba (`verisubanSi~ es xde-

boda 50%-iani fasdaklebiT);

damxmare sameurneo funqcia: savaWro,

sazkvebis, satransporto, sayofacx-

ovrebo, pedagogiuri da sxva momsaxu-

rebisa;

damxmare saqmianobaSi mikroterito-

riaze mcxovreb umuSevarTa da nawi-

lobriv SromisunarianTa dasaqmebis

funqcia;

sakuTrebaSi (TanasakuTrebaSi) arse-

buli sameurneo obieqtebis marTvasa

da produqtis xarisxis kontrolSi mi-

kroteritoriuli erTeulis mcxovre-

bTa mozidvis funqcia;

mcire biznesis xelSewyobis funqcia;

adgilobrivi wvrilmani saerTo saqme-

ebis (sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis miwo-

debis sakiTxTa) gadawyvetaSi muni ci pa-

li tetebTan TanamSromlobis fu nq cia;

46



momxmareblis marketingis funqcia da

mravali sxva.

naTelia, rom TiToeuli am funqciis

ganxorcieleba RirebulebaTa ganxor-

cielebas gulisxmobs. mokled SevCerdebiT

zog maTganze.

mikroteritoriuli saaqcio sazoga-

do ebis TanamSromloba municipalitetTan

warmoadgens gzas, romliTac adamianebi

masobrivad gamoxataven TavianT nebas ama

Tu im saerTo (municipaluri) sakiTxis

gadawyvetaSi, anu realuri SinaarsiT avsebs

adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas.

rac Seexeba momxmareblis marketings,

aq albaT TviT es termini gaaocebs imaT,

visac marketingi mxolod firmebis saqmed

warmoudgeniaT. magram dRes marketings,

rogorc amas avtoritetuli mecnierebi

uTiTeben, axorcieleben momxmareblebic.

oRond momxmareblebi, umTavresad daq saq-

sulad, gaTiTokacebulad eZeben sai medo da

perspeqtiul mimwodebels. orga ni zebuli da

universaluri saqmianoba am mi marTulebiT

SeuZlia ganaxorcielos mxo lod terit-

oriul saaqcio sazogadoebas. dRes, gansak-

uTrebiT ki _ saqarTvelos dRevandelobaSi,

mxolod igi SeiZleba gadaiqces mimwodeblis

monopoliis sapirwone organizaciad, anu

Seakavos zewola moxmarebelze.

mas SeuZlia, gadaiqces mosaxleobis

socialuri dacvis erT-erT sayrdenadac.

1980-iani wlebis mijnaze margaret tetCeri

saTaveSi edga Tavis qveyanaSi privatizaciis

kampanias lozungiT _ `gadavaqcioT yoveli

britaneli aqcionerad~. reformas am mxriv

dadebiTi, magram umniSvnelo Sedegi hqonda.

teritoriul saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia

ufro soliduri Sedegis mocema.

am da msgavsi gzebiTa da meTodebiT

gvesaxeba saqarTveloSi CvenTvis monaTesave

evropuli Rirebulebebis ganxorcieleba.


1. gvelesiani, m. (2002). adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTveloba: guSin, dRes, xval. Tbilisi.

European Values: What Can We Implement from Them and How Can We Implement Them in Georgia

Merab GvelesianiDoctor of Economic Sciences, Georgian Technical University Professor emeritus

Shota VeshapidzeDoctor of Economic Sciences,Professor, David Aghmashenebeli National Defence Academy of Georgia

Key words:THE VALUES, ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE, EUROPEAN VALUES

Summary

The report deals with the use of which nations are taking each other to enrich the national values as a result. Analyzes the European and Georgian values proximity, on which still a great Ilia Chavchavadze claimed.

Speakers will talk at national values impact factors on the level of corruption; Giving a comparative analysis of local government reforms in Europe (where they began 1980) and Georgia (which began in 1997), It notes that in the beginning of self-governing Georgia took more formal, while the tradition of the Georgian people may create self-exemplary model.

47


saqarTvelos regionuli identobis politikuri ekonomia

mixeil ToqmaziSvili

ეკონომიკის მცნიერებათა დოქტორი, საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს წმიდა ანდრია პირველწოდებულის სახელობის ქართული უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

saqarTvelo, identoba, integracia

Sesavali

ekonomikur da institucionalur gan-

viTarebasTan erTad sul ufro rTuldeba

regionuli integracia centralur kavkasi-

aSi. saqarTvelo mezobel qveynebTan _

somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan, ruseTTan da

TurqeTTan _ daakavSirebulia geografi-

uli da savaWro urTierTobebiT. Tumca

es urTierTobebi SezRudulia qveynebs

Soris arsebuli politikuri da institu-

ciuri gaucxoebiTa da separatistuli ter-

itoriebis arsebobiT. saqarTvelo qmnis

Ria bazars mezobel qveynebTan, raTa xeli

Seuwyos kapitalis, saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis nakadebis Tavisufal moZraobas da

regionSi sagareo ekonomikuri politi-

kis koordinacias. ekonomikuri barierebi

Seqmnilia ZiriTadad eTno-politikuri

winaaRmdegobebisa da dapirispirebuli

politikuri veqtorebis gamo, romelmac

centraluri kavkasiis regionSi konfli-

qturi teritoriebi warmoqmna.

Cveni mizania, davaxasiaToT saqar-

Tvelos regionuli identobis ganmsazR-

vreli faqtorebi, geopolitikuri roli

da saqarTvelos regionuli TanamSrom-

lobis politika; ganvsazRvroT Tu ra

gavlenas axdens danawevrebuli sagareo

vaWroba kavkasiaSi, ruseTTan garTule-

buli urTierTobebi da teritoriebis sep-

aratizacia saqarTvelos ganviTarebaze.

ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebulia integraciis

ekonomikur konteqstze.

saqarTvelos regionuli

identobis ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebi

saqarTvelos regionuli identoba

dakavSirebulia mis ekonomikur da

politikur rolTan samxreT kavkasiaSi, in-

tegraciis mimarTulebebTan evrokavSirTan

da mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobebTan.

saqarTvelos, rogorc konfliqturi ter-

itoriebis arena da misi winaaRmdegobebi

ruseTTan metyvelebs regionis socialuri

da teritoriuli ganviTarebis rTul xasi-

aTze. es dabrkolebebi qmnian saqarTvelos

regionuli identobis determinantebs.

saerTaSoriso politikur procesebs,









48



romelsac kavkasiis qveynebi awarmoeben, ar

gaaCnia saerTo miznebi da Rirebulebebi

regionSi erTiani ekonomikuri strategiis

globalizaciis konteqstSi. centraluri

kavkasia, rogorc formaluri regioni,

aris “regionuli anarqiuli sazogadoeba”

[Hettne 1996]. igi warmoadgens ganviTarebis

veqtorebis winaaRmdegobas, romelic ab-

rkolebss integraciis procesebs.

kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTi-

erTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia gan-

viTarebis gansxvavebuli politikuri da

ekonomikuri veqtorebi: a) saqarTvelo -

azerbaijani da TurqeTi, b) saqarTvelo _

somxeTi ruseTi da g) ruseTi-somxeTi-ir-

ani. es veqtorebi, asaxavs regionuli pro-

cesebis rTul garemos kavkasiaSi.

ruseTTan daZabuli politikuri

urTierTobebi, gancalkevebuli terit-

oriebi da socialuri da ekonomikuri

saWiroebebi ganapirobeben saqarTvelos

mTavari veqtori warimarTos evropas-

Tan regionuli TanamSromlobisaken.

saqarTvelo cdilobs hqondes Ria da

diversificirebuli urTierTobebi ev-

rokavSirTan, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi

ganviTarebis moTxovnebs. evrokavSirsa da

saqarTvelos urTierTobebebSi institu-

ciuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba da wins-

vla gansazRvravs saqarTvelos regionul

identifikacias. saqarTvelo cdilobs,

gaxdes evropis nawili da gawevriandes ev-

ro-atlantikur struqturebSi, radgan,

am gziT, saqarTvelos SeuZlian gadarCes

da gaagrZelos demokratizaciis procesi

[Rondeli 2010: 307]. saqarTvelo miiRebs

konkretul sargebels evrokavSirTan Tavis-

ufali vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri, institu-

ciuri, samarTlebrivi da teqnologiuri

bazis reformirebis sferoSi. amiT igi

gaaumjobesebs Tavis konkurentunarianobas

da evrokavSirTan integraciis dones.

saqarTvelo aris erTaderTi qveyana

evraziaSi, romelic Zalian axlos mivida

evrokavSiris regionebTan da CaerTo mis in-

tegraciul procesebSi. es ganmtkicebulia

asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisa (AA) da misi

nawilis _ DCFTA moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

amiT igi uzrunvelyofs Tavis ekonomikur

ganviTarebasa da politikur stabiluro-

bas.

saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa kavkasi-

aSi, romelic yvela mezobel qvey neb Tan an-

viTarebs sxvadasxva formis re gionalizms:

socialur da ekonomikur TanamSromlobas,

saxelmwifoTaSoris TanamSromlobas da re-

gionuli integraciasa da TanamSromlobis

qsels [Hurrell 1995: 39-45]. saqarTvelos es

roli centralur kavkasiaSi da evraziis

kontinentze gansazRvravs mis regionuli

mniSvnelobas da identobas. es ukanaskneli,

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, efuZneba

savaWro da ekonomikur integracias.

saqarTvelo aris dasavleTsa da

samxreTs Soris xidi rogorc ekonomikurad,

aseve politikurad. mas aqvs perspeqtivebi

gaxdes CrdiloeTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris

damakavSirebeli qveyana. konkretuli geo-

grafiul arealSi misi saerTo tendenciaa

interesebis Tanxvedris xelSewyoba yvela

mezobel da partniori qveynebTan vaWrobis

liberalizaciis gziT da Ria regionalizmis

gatarebiT sagareo politikaSi [Bergsten

1997]. am funqciis gaZliereba saqarTvelos

globaluri identobis mniSvnelovani

amocanaa. Tumca, mouwesrigebeli urTier-

Tobebi saqarTvelos separatistul regi-

onebTan da rTuli urTierTobebi ruseTTan,

aferxebs mis, rogorc axlad aRmocenebuli

da ganviTarebadi regionaluri moTamaSis

rols.

regionuli TanamSromloba

da dapirispireba:

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

ganviTarebis veqtorebi

gasuli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

saqarTvelos hqonda ekonomikis aRmav-

lobis, sistemuri reformebisa da da-

cemis periodebi. saqarTveloSi gatarda

mravali reforma ekonomikis reorganiza-

ciis, liberalizaciisa da savaWro wesebis

gamartivebis mimarTulebiT. gamartivda

Tavisufali konkurenciis barierebi. daido

Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebebi

mezobel qveynebTan. aRsaniSnavia is faqti,

rom saqarTvelos aqvs yvelaze dabali

49

tarifi msoflioSi. saSualod MFN tarifi

1.4 procentia _ ix.: [http://www.wto.org/

english/thewto_e/countries_e/georgia_e.htm].

miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul winsvlas

hqonda adgili ekonomikuri integraciis

mimarTulebiT, centralur kavkasiaSi arse-

buli „gayinuli“ eTnikuri da politikuri

konfliqtebi da izolirebuli Sida bazrebi

ganapirobeben regionis dabali konkuren-

tunarianobas [Tokmazishvili 2014].

centralur kavkasiaSi savaWro da

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis strategi-

uli veqtorebia: 1. saqarTvelosTvis _

dasavleTi da evrokavSirTan Tavisufali

vaWroba; 2. somxeTisTvis _ ruseTTan erTob-

livi sabaJo kavSiri (evraziis ekonomikuri

kavSiri). 3. TurqeTi da azerbaijani ro-

gorc saqarTvelos mTavari ekonomikuri

partniorebi da konkurentebi qarTul baz-

arze.

somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris po-

litikuri konfliqtis gamo saqarTvelos

bazari gaxda erTaderTi adgili, sadac

ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi savaWro da eko-

nomikuri urTierTobebi waroiSva. amave

dros, imis gamo, rom eTnopolitikuri kon-

fliqtebi arsebobs afxazeTsa da samxreT

oseTSi, saqarTvelos bazari warmoadgens

danawevrebul ekonomikur erTeuls.

urTierTobebi saqarTvelosa da

azerbaijans Soris mudmivad viTardeba

da farTovdeba. azerbaijani saqarTvelos

meore savaWro partnioria TurqeTis Sem-

deg.

amasTan, saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan

politikuri da instituciuri integraciis

gaRrmavebasTan erTad xdeba misi ruseTidan

ekonomikuri gaucxoeba da rusul bazrebze

damokidebulebis Semcireba, miuxedavad im-

isa, rom orive qveyanas aqvs tradiciuli

urTierTobebi, romelic Seiqmna mravali

saukunis ganmavlobaSi da axasiaTebT ms-

gavsi moxmarebis kultura.

rusul bazars aqvs gansxvavebuli eko-

nomikuri roli centraluri kavkasiis

qveynebSi. igi kargavs Tavis pozicias

saqarTveloSi. misi roli droTa ganmavlo-

baSi mcirdeba, magram igi inarCunebs wamyvan

rols somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. dReisa-

Tvis saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sagareo

savaWro brunvaSi ruseTis wili 6-7.5%. es

wili oTxjer ufro metia somxeTSi [www.

stat.gov.az; www.geostat.ge; www.armstat.arm].

bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom seriozuli politikuri

uTanxmoebebi da konfliqtebia ruseTTan,

ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobma miiRo ax-

ali dinamika. 2013-2016 wlebSi ruseTTan

ormxrivi vaWroba gaormagda. Tumca ru-

suli bazari darCa arasando da sarisko

biznesisTvis.

saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan integ-

racias Tan sdevs radikaluri reaqcia

moskovSi. arsebobda imis SiSi, rom moskovi

reagirebda saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan

asocirebis xelSekrulebaze iseve, rogorc

ukrainaSi, magram sabednierod, es ar moxda.

saqarTvelos rusul bazrebze yofna

damokidebuli gaxda imaze, Tu ramdenad

aRiqvams moskovi Tbilisis politikur

qcevebs. es qmnis ruseTis bazarze gaurkvev-

lobas. Tavisufali vaWrobis manipulireba

gaxda politikuri ukmayofilebis sagani,

romelic aiZulebs saqarTvelos eZebos di-

versifikaciis gzebi.

erT-erTi axali ekonomikuri moTamaSe

centralur kavkasiaSi gaxda TurqeTi. igi

saqarTveloSi aris Sida samomxmareblo

bazris lideri. misi savaWro wili izrdeba

saqarTvelos regionebSi, maT Soris, afxaz-

eTis teritoriaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom

TurqeTi aRiarebs saqarTvelos terit-

oriul mTlianobasa da mis kanonmdeblobas,

misi vaWroba afxazeTis teritoriaze ara-

legalur xasiaTs atarebs.

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos eko-

nomikuri urTierTobebi evrokavSiris

wevr qveynebTan TandaTan gafarTovda. es

kavSirebi Zalian mgrZnobiarea kavkasiis

qveynebisTvis. igi xels Seuwyobs sainvesti-

cio SesaZleblobebis gazrdas, sxva mezo-

beli qveynebis Sesvlas evropul bazrebze

saqarTveloSi damzadebuli produqciis

saxelwodebiT: „warmoebulia evropaSi“. igi

aris institucionaluri instrumenti moiz-

idos sxva qveynebi.

gaCndeba kiTxvebi, Tu ramdenad gan-

xorcieldeba instituciuri harmonizacia,

m. ToqmaziSvili


50



arasatarifo barierebis moTxovnebis dak-

mayofileba, adgilobrivi warmoebis rekon-

struqcia da sxv, romelic evrokavSirTan

integraciis aucilebeli winapirobaa.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reformebis tempi

da warmoebis radikaluri gadaiaraReba

ar ganxorcielda, evrokavSirTan urTier-

Tobis mosalodneli sargebeli mizeruli

iqneba, Tumca igi ar iqneba negatiuri.

saqarTvelos regionalur identobas

gansazRvravs is, Tu rogor daukavSirdeba

evropasTan integraciis politika evraziis

ekonomikuri kavSiris (EAEU) Seqmnas. dRe-

isaTvis, evraziuli kavSiris vaWrobis

reJimebi da moTxovnebi (standartebis)

bundovania. naTelia mxolod, rom EAEU-Si

arsebebs maRali satarifo da arasatarifo

barierebi misi arawevri qveynebisaTvis,

romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios kavkasiis

bazris Semdgomi fragmentacia. es insti-

tuti Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aici-

lon evrokavSirTan konkurencia. am mizniT

gaTvaliswinebulia erTiani monetaruli

zonis SemoRebac. ruseTis energetikuli

mimzidveloba aris am zonaSi gaerTianebuli

qveynebis cduneba. ruseTis eqspertebi

aRiareben, rom EAEU SeqmniT ruseTma

SesaZloa dakargos zogierTi Semosavlebi

hidrokarbonatebis resursebidan, magram

sanacvlod, kompensaciis saxiT, ruseTs

eqneba garkveuli usafrTxoebis, geopol-

itikuri da politikuri dividendebi.

aseTma zonam SeiZleba uaryofiTad

imoqmedos saqarTvelos ganviTarebaze, gan-

sakuTrebiT mis urTierTobaze somxeTTan

da ruseTTan. kavkasiis bazrebis izolaciis,

gaurkvevlobisa da arastabilurobis Sede-

gad saqarTvelos savaWro diversifikacia

evropuli mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovnad ar-

bilebs axal riskebs.

aSkaraa, rom DCFTA da EAEU aris

ori dapirispirebuli veqtoris cent-

ralur kavkasiaSi. dReisaTvis ar arsebobs

am savaWro zonebis SeTavsebis mcdelobac

ki. es ki iwvevs kavkasiis qveynebSi savaWro

urTierTobebis kidev ufro metad

izolacias. EAEU ar aris saqarTvelos

strategiuli gza, radgan miiCneva, rom “Ta-

namedrove glo balur msoflioSi evrazi-

anizmis realizaciis ekonomikuri modeli

aris utopiuri koncefcia, xolo EAEU eko-

nomikuri modeli TavisTavad ara mxolod

arastabiluria, aramed araadeqvaturic”

[Papava 2016: 7].

saqarTvelo aris ori globaluri in-

teresis dapirispirebis adgili. ruseTi

evraziuli kavSiris garda separatistuli

teritoriebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs, Tavisi

usafrTxoebis koncefciis ganxorciele-

bas. maSin, rodesac evropuli mimarTuleba

gulisxmobs ekonomikur TanamSromlo-

bas, bazrebis gaxsna da demokratiuli cv-

lilebebis ganxorcielebas. saqarTvelo

aris ruseTis politikis „sasaniji qva“ sxva

danarCebi qveynebisaTvis. swored amitom

moaxdina man teritoriebis okupacia, rome-

lic ekonomikurad misTvis aramomgebiania.

ruseTis samxedro xarjebi da finansuri

ineqciebi, romelic am teritoriebis Senar-

Cunebas xmardeba, mniSvnelovnad aRemateba

im sargebels, romelsac igi „teritoriuli

iperializmis“ survilis dakmayofilebiT

Rebulobs. moskovis “damoukidebel saxelm-

wifoebad afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

aRiarebis” proeqti sruliad aramomgebiani

ekonomikurad, xolo misi xisti politika

uaryofiTad moqmedebs mis saerTaSoriso

imijze.

satransporto da

energetikuli derefnebis

regionaluri gavlena

“energetikuli xidis” da satransporto

derefnis roli centralur kavkasiaSi

gansazRvravs saqarTvelos regionul mniSvne-

lobas da mis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur fun-

qcias. geopolitikurad, saqarTvelos aqvs

yvelaze xelsayreli pozicia centralur

kavkasiaSi. dReisaTvis igi sami Zi riTadi

satransporto marSrutebis operaciiT

akavSirebs aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs. es gza

aris ruseTis kontro lirebadi milsadenebis

alternatiuli veq tori. saqarTvelos aqvs

potenciali, gax des CrdiloeT _ samxreTis

veqtoris da makavSirebeli qve yana, romel-

mac SeiZleba daukavSiros ruseTi irans

somxeTis gavliT an irani daukavSiris evro-

pas azerbaijanis gavliT.

51

dasavleTis qveynebi da evrokavSiri

dainteresebulni arian navTobisa da gazis

miwodebis diversificirebuli veqtorebiT.

saqarTvelo, rogorc energetikuli xidi,

rogorc dasavleTis, aseve ruseTis inter-

esebis sferoSia moqceuli.

energetikuli resursebis miwodebis

azerbaijani-saqarTvelo-TurqeTis veq to-

ri arsebiTad xels uSlis ruseTis domin-

antur pozicias am regionSi da emsaxureba

evrokavSiris miznebs. ruseTi cdilobs,

rom moipovos kontroli regionSi, maT

Soris samxedro ZalisxmeviT.

iranis gazi aris intersebis kidev

erTi dapirispirebis sfero. ruseTis

mTavari mizania, hqondes satranzito gza

iranTan, romelic absoluturad miuRe-

belia dasavleTisTvis. irans surs, gaxdes

aqtiuri monawile saerTaSoriso gazis

bazarze. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi

misi ZiriTadi konkurentia, maT Soris

mravali saerTo interesi arsebobs: win-

aaRmdegoba aSS-sTan da natosTan da sxv.

mas Semdeg, rac moixsna iranze dawesebuli

sanqciebi, ruseTi Seecdeba CrdiloeT-

samxreT veqtoris amoqmedebas. amisTvis ki

mas dasWirdeba saqarTvelos Tavisi ener-

getikuli politikisadmi daqvemdebareba.

amis mcdeloba ukve iyo ama wlis dasawyisSi

gadaesinjaT CrdiloeTi-samxreTis mimar-

TulebiT rusuli gazis tranzitis safas-

uri saqarTvelosTvis. mosalodnelia, rom

es sakiTxi axlo momavalSi kvlav dadgeba

didi simwvaviT. ruseTisaTvis gazis fasi

aris is „politikuri iaraRi,“ romliTc

igi zemoqmedebs rogorc vropis, aseve sxva

qveynebze.

saqarTvelo aris energopolitikis erT-

erTi regionuli moTamaSe da aqvs wamyva ni

roli usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis gan-

mtkicebaSi kavkasiis regionSi. politikur

Zalebs Soris regionuli geopolitikuri

balansi da ekonomikuri veqtori cent-

ralur kavkasiaSi ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu

ra pozicia eqneba saqarTvelos da gauZlebs

Tu ara igi ruseTis zewolas.

avtosatranzito da sarkinigzo gzebi

da megaproeqtebi aZlierebs saqarTvelos

regionul mniSvnelobas da xels uwyobs

Semdgom integracias. amasTan, saqarTvelos

satransporto derefani usafrTxoebis

SenarCunebis arsebiTi komponentia da

am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos roli da

identoba Zalian mniSvnelovania evropul

da evroatlantikur struqturebSi gawev-

rianebaSi.

daskvna

kavkasias sWirdeba evropa, nato da

ruseTi ekonomikuri reformebis ganxor-

cielebis miznebisaTvis. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo ver ganaxor-

cielebs regionuli ganviTarebis miznebs.

mas sWirdeba TanamSromloba da nor-

maluri urTierTobebi yvla qveyanasTan.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriidan

cnobilia, rom patara qveynis yvelaze

didi ubedurebaa iyos giganturi qveynis

mezobeli, miTumetes, Tu es giganti misi

yofili xelisufalia. saqarTvelos inter-

esebSia, iyos megobruli ruseTTan, ro-

gorc janmrTel da mdidar mezobelTan.

es imas niSnavs, rom ruseTi SeiZleba iyos

kargi rogorc bazari, rogorc investi-

ciebis wyaro, Tu igi gaxdeba demokratiuli

stabilizaciis faqtori mTel regionSi”

[Rondeli 2010: 307]. Tumca giganti mezo-

beli ver gaxda stabilurobis garantia

kavkasiaSi. mravali faqtori arsebobs imis

dasamtkiceblad, rom ruseTma SeiZleba

moaxdinos destabilizacia kavkasiaSi.

saqarTvelos winaSe dgas ruseTisgan momd-

inare realisturi safrTxeebi. dasavleT-

isken orientirebuli ganviTarebis veqtori

aris am safrTxeebis gamaneitralebeli

piroba. saqarTvelos unda, daamyaros bal-

ansi rogor ruseTTan, aseve evropasTan da

amiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi da centraluri

kavkasiis stabiluroba da ekonomikuri gan-

viTareba. es aris misi regionuli idento-

bis dominanturi Tviseba.



52




1. Hettne, B. (1996). Globalization, the New Re-

gionalism and East Asia, in the: Globalism and

Regionalism, Ed. by Toshiro Tanaka and Takashi

Inoguchi. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/glob-

alism.html.

2. Rondeli, A. (2010). It’s Georgia’s Interest to be

Friendly with Russia. Interview with Dr. Alexan-

der Rondeli. Caucasian Review of International

Affairs. VOL. 4 (3). CRIA. http://www.cria-online.

org/Journal/12/Done_Interview_with_Alexan-

der_Rondelli.pdf

3. Hurrell, A. (1995). Regionalism in Theoretical

Perspective, in Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hur-

rell (ed.), Regionalismin World Politics.Oxford:

Oxford University Press. PP.

4. Bergsten, F. (1997). Open Regionalism, Working

Paper 97-3, Peterson Institute for International

Economics. http://www.iie.com/publications/

wp/wp.cfm?ResearchID=152

5. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coun-

tries_e/georgia_e.htm

6. Tokmazishvili, M. (2014). New Realities in the

South Caucasus: Georgia-EC, Armenia-CU:

Contradictions and Opportunities for Cooper-

ation. In the book: Russia-Georgia: Challenges

and Perspectives in the Economic Sector. ICCN,

RIAC. Tbilisi.

7. www.stat.gov.az; www.geostat.ge; www.armstat.

arm

8. Papava, V. (2016). Georgia’s Choice: The European

Union or the Eurasian Economic Union. Geor-

gian Foundation for Strategic and International

Studies, Expert Opinion, N 57.

Political Economy of Regional Identity of Georgia

Mikheil TokmazishviliDoctor of Economic Sciences, Professor St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia,Ass. Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University

Key words:GEORGIA, IDENTITY, INTEGRATION

Summary

Discusses dominant features and characteristics of regional identity of Georgia, characterizes the vec-tors of development of Central Caucasian counties and role of Georgia in regional cooperation, assessed the impact of the foreign trade and confl ict between the EU and the Eurasian Union and determined the geopolitical function of Georgia in the Central Caucasus.

53









mosaxleobis migraciis gravitaciulimodelebis Sesaxeb

goCa TuTberiZe

ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, პრორექტორი

qeTevan fifia

სამცხე-ჯავახეთის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი

givi raqviaSvili

ფიზიკა-მათემატიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

paata kunWulia,

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,თბილისის ღია სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

mosaxleobis migracia, gravitaciuli modeli, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika

statiis mizania migraciis fenomenis

gan xilva fizikuri meTodebiT. interre-

gionalur, intersaxelmwifoebriv da inter-

kontinentalur migraciebs aqvT istoriuli

da politikuri mniSvneloba, magram gansak-

uTrebiT sainteresoa is ekonomikuri Sede-

gebi, romlebsac iwvevs adamianTa am masebis

moZraoba maT samSoblo qveyanasa da re-

gionSi, da Semdeg, im qveyanaSi, sadac isini

midian da xSirad samudamodac. es pro-

cesebi dakavSirebulni arian ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis progresTan da xSirad - re-

gresTanac, gansakuTrebiT, im qveyanaSi,

saidanac migracia xdeba. yvelaze dam-

Rupvelia ganviTarebadi qveynebidan maRali

xelfasisa da muSaobis ukeTesi pirobebis

saZieblad ganviTarebul qveynebSi kvalifi-

ciuri muSaxelis - mecnierebis da a.S. mi-

gracia, ramac miiRo saxelwodeba “tvinebis

gadineba”. Cven ar vexebiT am problemis

eTikur aspeqtebs, kerZod, qveynis mier im

specialistebis dakargvas, romelzec qvey-

anam bevri fuli daxarja, da, miuxedavad

imisa, rom es gasvla mcirericxovania, mas

seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi aqvs.

masobrivi migraciis, gansakuTrebiT,

SromiTi migraciis mizezebi mravalgvari

da uaRresad diversificirebulia. qvemoT

Cven CamovTvliT migraciis ZiriTad tipebs

mcire Seqcevadi migraciebis - mag., sezon-

uri, turistuli da sxva gamoklebiT. Tu

ar CavTvliT istoriis udides migraciebs

(mag., barbarosTa Semosevebs), da migra-

ciebs, romlebic gamowveulia bunebrivi


54



katastrofebiT, socio-politikuri kon-

fliqtebiT, omebiT da a.S., maSin SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom arsebobs migraciis ori ZiriT-

adi saxeoba:

1) migracia, romlis mizania cxovrebis

ufro maRali standarti, ukeTesi ga-

naTleba, saqmianobis Secvla da a.S;

2) dausaqmebeli an arakvalificiuri an

dabalkvalificiuri populaciis mi-

gracia, romelsac adgili aqvs ZiriT-

adad ekonimikuri recesiis dros;

migraciis am ori kategoriis

SemTxvevaSi, sazogadod, adamiani migri-

rebs sa muSaos saSovnelad an cxovrebis

ufro maRali standartis gamo, maRali

xelfasisTvis, ukeTesi umaRlesi gana-

Tlebis misaRebad da a.S.

jer kidev me-19 saukunis SuaxanebSi

amerikeli sociologi f. Kkeri aRniSnavda

analogias gravitaciul Zalebsa da

sazogadoebriv movlenebs Soris [2, gv.137,

2005]. 1929 wels v. reilma (aSS) Semoitana

sacalo vaWrobis gravitaciis kanoni, rom-

lis mixedviTac qalaqis sacalo vaWroba

izidavs klienturas mis garSemo arsebul

teritoriebidan “ZaliT”, romelic qalaqis

sididis proporciulia da ukupropor-

ciulia manZilis kvadratisa qalaqis cent-

ridan klientamde [2, gv. 137]. iqve naCvenebia,

rom gravitaciuli modeli SeiZleba dav-

udoT safuZvlad qalaqis gansaxlebis,

satransporto qselis gamtarunarianobas,

mrewvelobis sawarmoebis ganlagebas da sxva.

gravitaciis kanoni daudo aviagadazidvebis

modelirebas safuZvlad nimikma [3, 2003].

ekonomikisa da demografiis rigi proble-

mebis modelirebaSi gamoiyeneba fazuri

gadasvlebi [4], Termodinamika, kvanturi

meqanika, arawrfivi dinamika [5, 6] da sxva.

muSa Zalis, monetaruli nakadebis, sam-

omxmareblo saqonlis da sxva migraciebi

ekonomikuri mizidulobis centrebisken anu

atraqtorebisken, SeiZleba aRvweroT grav-

itaciuli da eleqtrostatikuri modelebis

saSualebiT. gravitaciul modelebisgan

gansxvavebiT eleqtrostatikur modelebis

saSualebiT SeiZleba ganzidvis mode-

lirebac, Tumca amas ara aqvs principuli

mniSvneloba. aqve SeiZleba avRniSnoT, rom

rac ufro metia manZili atraqtoramde

(aq manZili gvesmis ara marto pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc siZneleebi

tranzitSi, ekologiuri, ekonomiuri da

politikuri barierebi da sxva), miT ufro

metia misazidi elementebis danaxarjebi.

migraciis gravitaciuli modeli age-

bulia, mag., [7, 8]-Si. rac Seexeba migraciis

eleqtrostatikur models, Cveni ganxilvis

sagani iqneba [9]-Si SemoTavazebuli modeli

2

2

Raq

kM jiij

, (1)

sadac

ijM aris migrantebis masa i Raribi

qveynidan j mdidar qveyanaSi;

iq

aris Raribi qveynis mosaxleobis raodenoba;

j aris mdidari qveynis mosaxleobis

raodenoba;

a aris mdidari regionis zoma (radi-

usi);

R aris manZili am or qveyanas Soris;

k aris proporciulobis koeficienti;

aris qveynis “SeRwevadoba”, anu sxva-dasxva dawesebuli barieri.

modelis Sesafaseblad, rogorc wesi, (1)-is magivrad iyeneben mis logariTms da Tan

umateben axal parametrebs; am dros miiReba e.w. ganzogadebuli gravitaciuli modeli.

magaliTad, [10]-Si ganxilulia modeli

0 1 2 3ln( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ij i j ij ijM a a pop pop a rely a dist

4 5 6( )ij ij ija stock a LANG a CONT

7 ij ija LINK u ,

sadac

ijM aris migrantebis masa i Raribi qvey-

nidan j mdidar qveyanaSi;

ipop da jpop aris Sesabamisi qveynebis

mosaxleobis raodenoba;

ijrely aris j qveynis erT sulze Se-

mosavlis raodenobis Sefardeba i erT sul

mosaxleze SemosavalTan;

ijdist aris manZili qveynebs Soris;

ijstock aris i qveynidan ukve emigrirebuli

mosaxleobisraodenoba j qveyanaSi (rac ufro

metia igi, miT ufro advilia adaptacia);

55

ijLANG aRniSnavs am ori qveynis saxelm-

wifo enebis siaxloves;

ijCONT

aris am or qveyanas Soris

saerTo sazRvris parametric;

ijLINK aRniSnavs kolonialur bmas am

or qveyanas Soris;

iju aris logariTmulad normaluri

ganawilebis cdomilebis funqcia.

Cven aq moveliT, rom, magaliTad, 3a -s

aqvs uaryofiTi niSani.

Cven am statiaSi gavaanalizebT (1) mod-

els da SevecdebiT gamovTqvaT zogierTi

mosazreba, Tu rogor SeiZleba misi gaum-

jobeseba.

pirveli Sedegi. avRniSnoT

2

2

Rak j

da CavTvaloT, rom mudmivia; amocanis

pirobidan gamomdinare, cxadia rom 1 .

maSin t droSi mosaxleobis danakargi iqneba

tqS i

da 1t

drois gasvlis Semdeg i qveyanaSi mosaxleoba aRar darCeba. magram

praqtikulad aseTi ram SeuZlebelia. eko-

nomiuri recesiis damTavreba, axali bari-

erebis SemoReba, mosaxleobis Semcirebis

gamo i qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze Se-

mosavlis zrda garkveuli drois Semdeg

emigraciaSi wasvlis msurvelTa raoden-

obis Semcirebas iwvevs, rasac wonasworobis

damyareba mohyveba. daaxloebiT aseTi ram

moxda axlaxan saqarTveloSi _ mosaxleo-

bis aRweram gamoavlina, rom Cven gacile-

biT cotani davrCenilvarT, vidre gvegona

da qveyanaSi saSualo ekonomikurma maCve-

neblebma sagrZnoblad moimates.

meore Sedegi. (1) formula drois

faqtors ar iTvaliswinebs. es faqtori

gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegnairad: CavTvaloT,

rom drois garkveul SualedSi (romelsac

Cven erTeulad CavTvliT) populaciis gad-

ineba (1)-iT gamoisaxeba. maSin drois erTi

erTeulis (Sualedis) gavlis Semdeg qvey-

anaSi darCeba

)1(1 ijijij MMMSadamiani. drois ori Sualedis Semdeg

qveyanaSi darCeba

211 )1()( ijijijijij MMMMMSS

adamiani. maTematikuri induqciiT ad-

vilad mtkicdeba, rom drois n Sualedis

Semdeg i qveynis mosaxleoba Seadgens

nijn MS )1(

kacs. nS -is formulidan Cans, rom roca

n miiswrafvis usasrulobisaken, maSin nS

miiswrafvis nulisken, radgan ,01 anu

zRvarSi qveyanaSi mosaxleoba aRar darCeba,

Tumca, cxadia, aseTi interpretaciisas

qveynis dacarieleba ufro nela xdeba,

vidre pirvel SedegSi.

axla srulad gaviTvaliswinoT (1)-Si

drois faqtori. (1)-is ramdenime parametri

SeiZleba iyos cvladi, droze damokide-

buli: icvlebა Raribi da mdidari qveynebis

mosaxleobis raodenoba, manZili am or qvey-

anas Soris (radgan, rogorc avRniSneT, aq

manZili piradapiri azriT araa gagebuli),

icvleba qveynis “SeRwevadoba”, magaliTad,

vizalberalizaciis an piriqiT, axali bar-

ierebis dawesebis gamo. amitom, Tu (1)-s

CavTvliT populaciis migraciis siCqared,

maSin 0t drois gasvlis Semdeg i qveynidan

mosaxleobis gadineba unda gamoisaxos Sem-

degi gansazRvruli integraliT:

0

02

2

)()()()(t

ji dttRt

ttqkaS

. (2)

araa gamoricxuli, rom garkveul

pirobebSi k da a parametrebic icvle-

bodes.

amrigad, (1) modelSi drois faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebas mivyavarT mosaxleobis mi-

graciis modelamde, romelic (2) gansazR-

vruli integraliT gamoisaxeba. am integrals

iseTive nakli aqvs, rogorc pirvel da meore

Sedegebs, anu winaswarmetyvelebs mosaxleo-

bis mudmiv gadinebas. amitom integralqveSa

gamosaxuleba unda gavamravloT funqciaze,

romelic am nakl sgamoasworebs. amisTvis

)(tui -Ti avRniSnoT i qveynis mSp erT sul

mosaxleze, )(tu j -Ti j qveynis mSp erT sul

mosaxleze, xolo maTi Sefardeba iyos

)()(

)(tututu

j

iij

dtka2

g. TuTberiZe, q. fifia, g. raqviaSvili p. kunWulia


56



davuZaxoT mas fardobiTi mSp. mos-

alodnelia, rom roca )(tuij dabalia, maSin

mosaxleobis migraciisadmi midrekileba

didia, xolo rodesac )(tuij uaxlovdeba

erTs, es midrekileba mcirdeba da

metic, TiTqmis nuli xdeba. avRniSnoT

1 -iT fardobiTi mSp is mniSvneloba,

romelsac aqvs Tviseba, rom roca )(tuij

mas uaxlovdeba, maSin mosaxleobis mi-

graciisken swrafva mcirdeba, da 2-iT fardobiTi mSp is mniSvneloba, ro-

melsac aqvs Tviseba, rom roca )(tuij mas

uaxlovdeba, maSin mosaxleobis migra-

ciisken swrafva TiTqmis nulia ( 1 -is da

2 -is mniSvnelobebi unda davadginoT em-

piriulad an hipoTezis saxiT, romelic

Semdeg SeiZleba Semowmdes). maSasadame,

unda avagoT funqcia, romelic, roca

)(tuij mcirea 1 -ze, TiTqmis erTis to-

lia, xolo roca )(tuij uaxlovdeba 2 -s,

TiTqmis nuli xdeba. safuZvlad aviRoT

e.w. Secdomis, anu gausis funqcia )(xerf :

dxexerfx

x 0

22)(

,

romlis grafiks [-5;5] segmentze aqvs

saxe

grafikidan Cans, rom daaxloebiT

2x mniSvnelobis Semdeg funqcia mk-

veTrad izrdeba da 2x wertilze xdeba

misi mkveTri stabilizacia da is xdeba

TiTqmis 1-is toli. amis gaTvaliswinebiT

avagoT funqcia

12

21

21

)(2421

21)(

xerfx ,

romelic akmayofilebs saWiroTvise-

bebs. magaliTad, roca 4,01 da 8,02

gveqneba, rom

61021

21)( xerfx ,

da mis grafiks [-1;3] segmentze eqneba saxe

SevniSnoT, rom gaeros 2013 wlis mon-

acemebiT aSS-s mSp erT sul mosaxleze iyo

52391$, xolo saqarTvelosi ki 3715$, anu

14-jer naklebi; Sesabamisad,

07,0523913715

iju (!)D

amrigad, SegviZlia davuSvaT hipiTezis

saxiT, rom or i da j

qveyanas Soris

mosaxleobis migraciis eleqtrostatikuri

modeli warmodgenilia Semdegi formuliT

0

02

2

21

)()()()(t

ji

tRtttq

kaS

12

21

21

)(2421 dtxerf

cxadia, fardobiTi mSp-s magivrad SegveZlo

agveRo romelime sxva parametri an para-

metrebi, romelic (romlebic), Cveni azriT

gansazRvraven populaciis migracias.

SeniSvna. [11]-Si, gaeros 2015 wlis an-

gariSis mixedviT (ix. [12]), Sedgenilia

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamikis

cxrili (vertikalur RerZze gadazomilia

mosaxleobis raodenoba aTasebSi):

misi saSualebiT Excel-Si avageT Sesabam-isi grafiki da wrfivi regresiis gantoleba:

68,137 141017y x .

dt

10

07

dt

ka2

57

Tu am gantolebaSi SevitanT x=2016, miviRebT y=3652,808, rac sakmaod kargi miaxloebaa bolo aRweris monacemebTan,

romelic 3729635 adamians Seadgens. qve-

moT SedarebisTvis mogvyavs saqarTvelos

statistikuri sammarTvelos monacemebze

dayrdnobiT agebuli wrfivi regresiis gan-

toleba, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara

aqvs realobasTan.

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1998-2005 (aTasi)

68,137 141017y x wrfivi regresiis gantolebis grafiki



58




1. Chakrabarti, K. (2006). Econophysics and Socio-

physics.

2. Власов, М.П., Шимко, П. Д. (2005). Моде-

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5. Lambertini, L. (2000). Quantum Mechanics and

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6. Эконофизика. Современная физика в поис-

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ХаритоноваиА. А. Ежова), (2007). М.

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8. Sornette, D. A., Johansen, J. P., Bouchaud, J.

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http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/

Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf

59

Population Migration Gravitational Models

Gocha TutberidzeDoctor of Economic Sciences,European University Professor, Vice-rector

Ketevan PipiaSamtskhe-Javakheti State University PHD Student

Givi RakviashviliDoctor of Mathematics,Ilia State University Associate Professor

Paata Kunchulia Doctor of Economics,Tbilisi Open University Associate Professor

Key words:MIGRATION, THE GRAVITATIONAL MODEL OF POPULATION DYNAMICS

Summary

In the paper Anca Gheorghiu’s and Ion Spanulescu’s model is represented as integral of time t (i.e. it is ta-ken into account the possible change in the parameters of the model over time) and in this integralisinserted а factor, which guarantees the termination of the fl ow of migrants after the increase some economic indicators in the country’s with the poor economic; therefore, in our opinion, the new model is closer to reality.

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60











saxelmwifo qonebis gankerZoebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosa da postkomunistur sivrceSi

irakli makalaTia

ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, ა/ო „ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის ექსპერტთა ცენტრის“ პრეზიდენტი

maTe gardava

ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი, ა/ო „ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის ექსპერტთა ცენტრის“ დამფუძნებელი, მიწვეული სპეციალისტი

vefxia giorgaZe

ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი, ა/ო „ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკის ექსპერტთა ცენტრის“ ვიცე პრეზიდენტი, მიწვეული სპეციალისტი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

saxelmwifo qoneba, gankerZoeba, postkomunisturi sivrce

sabazro ekonomika moiTxovs kerZo sak-

uTrebis dominirebas. saqarTvelo, rogorc

postkomunisturi saxelmwifo, jer ki dev

ver axerebs mis formirebas. dRes saxelm-

wifo sakuTrebaSia qveynis ZiriTadi aqt-

ivebis 60-70%, romelTa umetesi nawili unda

iyos kerZo mesakuTreebis sakuTrebaSi.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia:

1. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis 65%

2. xe-tyis resursis 100%

3. sasargeblo wiaRiseuli (oqro,

vercxli, spilenZi, TuTia da a.S.) 100%

4. Senoba-nagebobebi, romlebic saxelmwi-

fos mier gamouyenebelia

5. 1400 saxelmwifo kompania

erTaderTi gza, rom moxdes am qonebis

transformacia kerZo sakuTrebad, aris

misi ufaso privatizacia!

vercerTi saxelmwifo, Tavisi qone bis

amxela wilis gayidvas ver SeZlebs baz-

arze swrafad da efeqtianad! am qonebis

bazrisTvis miwodeba niSnavs miwodebis

zrdis Sedegad arsebuli fasebis dabla

dawevas, kapitalis mozidvis yvela San-

sis gaqrobas. aseve es procesi gawelilia

droSi!

mesakuTreebad unda vaqcioT TiToeuli

Cveni moqalaqe! es SeuZlebelia am aqtivebis

gayidviT, radgan maTi umetesi nawili msy-

idvelobiTi unaris gareSea!

61

ratom aris saWiro

saxelmwifo qonebis

gankerZoeba?

magaliTad, rusTavelis gamzirze,

manam, sanam komerciuli farTebis mimwode-

beli da misi gamyidveli iyo saxelmwifo,

1 kv/m komerciuli farTis fasi Seadgenda

40 aSS. dolars. am aqtivebis gankerZoebas

moyva fasebis Tavisufali naxtomi da miaR-

wia 3000 aSS. dolars. fasebis aseTma zrdam

moizida kapitali da gazarda mesakuTreebis

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba!

aseve iyo sxva urabanuli miwebis fase-

bic. magaliTad, diRomSi, 1 kv/m miwis fasi

Seadgenda daaxloebiT 50 cents, manam, sanam

am qonebis mesakuTre da mimwodebeli baz-

arze iyo saxelmwifo. rogorc ki es qoneba

gadavida kerZo mesakuTreebis sakuTrebaSi

maSnve miviReT fasebis zrda daaxloebiT 30

aSS. dolaramde.

saxelmwifo qonebis srul gankerZoebas

moyveba am qonebis fasebis zrda, kapitalis

mozidva da Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebis eko-

nomikuri Tavisuflebis sxva sibrtyeze ga-

dasvla! am efeqts gansazRvravs ekonomikaSi

arsebuli kanoni, romelic cnobilia war-

moebis faqtorTa fasebis gamoTanabrebis

kanonad!

saxelmwifo qonebis srul gankerZoe-

bamde, mizanSewonili iqneba qonebis mcire

nawilis, maqsimum 1-5%-is gankerZoeba. Cven

mier SemuSavebulia sapilote programac,

romlis CamonaTvalSi Sedis:

18 000 miwis nakveTi

16 sabado

540 Senoba-nageboba

36 saxelmwifo komapania

procesi grZeldeba 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

yoveli Tvis dasawyisSi qveynis TiToeuli

moqalaqe irebs 1000 invests saCuqrad. maTi

miReba qveynis rezidentebs SeuZliaT spe-

cialurad SerCeul bankebSi piradobis dam-

adasturebeli mowmobis wardgenis Sedegad.

rogor xdeba aqtivebis

gankreZoeba?

maTi gankerZoeba xdeba Ria da daxurul

auqcionebze. Ria auqcionebze xdeba miwis

nakveTebis, Senoba-nagebobebis gankerZoeba.

daxurul auqcionebze _ sabadoebi, saxelm-

wifo kompaniebi.

yovel Tve moqalaqeebma ician im

qonebis raodenoba da angariSebi romlebic

gankerZovdeba. Ria auqcionebi xorcieldeba

dRes arsebuli meTodis analogiurad! msyi-

d velobiTi unari gaaCnia mxolod naCuqar

“investebs”! anu am qonebis yidva SesaZle-

belia “investebiT”.

Tvis pirvel ricxvSi

auqcionze daido miwis nakveTi #

XXX. moqalaqeebi axorcieleben

bijebs TavianTi “investebiT”. Tvis

bolos am miwis nakveTis mesakuTre

iqneba is, visac yvelaze maRali

biji eqneba gakeTebuli! es procesi

ganxorcieldeba onlain meTodiT.

yvela gatanili miwis nakveTi da

Senoba-nageboba gankerZovdeba mi-

Ti Tebul droSi, radgan misi yidva

ganxorcieldeba naCuqari “in-

vestebiT”!

rogor xdeba saxelmwifo

kompaniebis da sabadoebis

gankerZoeba?

maTi gankerZoeba xdeba daxurul auq-

cionebze.

saxelmwifo qmnis saaqcio sazogadoe-

bas

afasebs sabados maragebs

mocemuli maragebi gadaaqvs saaqcio

sazogadoebis balansze

uSvebs aqciebs

axdens aqciebis minimum 75 procentis

gankreZoebas

moqalaqeebi midian Tvis ganmav-

lobaSi bankebSi da winaswar cno-

bil angariSebze SeaqT “investebi”.

Tvis bolos angariSebi ixureba,

Sedegebi igzavneba saxelmwifos

mier Seqmnil samsaxurSi da xdeba

Sejameba. mesakuTreebis sia qveyn-

i. makalaTia, m. gardava, v. giorgaZe


62



deba araugvianes 3 dReSi.

Tu Tqven SeitaneT 1000 in-

vesti da jamSi Setanili in-

vestebis raodenoba aRmoCnda 100

000, maSin Tqven miiRebT saaqcio

sazogadoebis gansakerZoeblad

gamotanili aqciebis 1 procents.

aqcionerebi irCeven menejments.

saukeTesod am sakiTxs albaT

wyvets amerikuli modeli! Tumca

am sakiTxze muSaoba grZeldeba.

saidan Cndeba kapitali,

dafinanseba?

mocemul saaqcio sazogadoebas, ro-

melsac balansze aqvs qoneba wiaRis saxiT, ma-

gram jer saqmianoba ar dauwyia, gauWirdeba

gasvla saerTaSoriso birJebze. magal-

iTad londonis birJa moiTxovs listingis

gavlas, rac arc ise iolia. Tumca, radgan

mocemuli saaqcio sazogadoeba, praqtiku-

lad, Tavisufalia riskebisgan, is SeZlebs,

magaliTad, torontos da sxva saerTaSor-

iso birJebze aqciebis gatanas, sadac im

kompaniebs gaaqvT aqciebi, romelTac war-

moeba jer ar dauwyiaT.

ratom unda dainteresednen

investorebi am aqciebiT?

investorebma kargad ician is, Tu ram-

denad saintereso SeiZleba iyos postkomun-

isturi qveynidan gasuli aqciebi. es imas

niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos mxridan Warbi mi-

wodebiT dakninebul fasebad gasul qone-

bas aqvs fasebis zrdis didi potenciali!

mocemuli wiaRis aqciebiT aseve daint-

eresedebian top kompaniebi, romlebic

maqsimalurad cdiloben TavianTi kalaTis

diversificirebas.

rogorc ki, saaqcio sazogadoebebis aq-

ciebis Tundac 1% gaiyideba saerTaSoriso

birJebze, es ukve niSnavs Cveni moqalaqeebis

xelT arsebuli aqciebis fasebis legit-

imacias, likvidurobis zrdas.

saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia,

kapitalis mozidvis mizniT, damatebiT

gamouSvas aqciebi, an arsebuli ukve lik-

viduri qonebis uzrunvelyofiთ moizidos

grZelvadiani da iafi sesxi. mocemuli

kapitali saaqcio sazogadoebisTvis iqneba

Tanamedrove teqnologiebis SeZenis da

rentabelobis miRwevis winapiroba.

saerTaSoriso birJebze didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi ver SeZleben integracias ukve

gankerZoebuli saxelmwifo kompaniebi, ma-

gram zogierTi maTgani SesaZloa gaxdes

momgebiani da dRevandelisgan gansxvavebiთ

TviTon daafinansos biujeti.

saaqcio sazogadoebebs, romelTac ar

dauwyiaT warmoeba, magram balansze aqvT

sabadoebi qonebis saxiT, ar gauWirde-

baT msoflio birJebze integracia! sur-

vilis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia mogawodoT im

birJebis kriteriumebi, romelTa dakmay-

ofilebac maT Tavisuflad SeeZlebaT.

mocemul 8 TveSi moqalaqeebi iswavlian

process. SesaZloa pirvel Tves zogierTi

maTgani iafad da iolad Seelios saCuqrad

miRebul 1000 invests. magram momdevno Tves,

roca isev iReben imave raodenobiT invests,

ukve ecodinebaT Sedegi. anu roca moqalaqe

dainaxavs, rom mis mier gaflangulma 1000-

ma investma wina Tves iyida, magaliTad, erTi

heqtari miwa, momdevno Tves ase iolad ar

Seelevian naCuqar qonebas (1000 investi).

amiT Tavidan avicilebT investebis uyair-

aTod gamoyenebas da qonebis koncentracias

adamianTa mcire wris sakuTrebaSi.

pilotis damTavrebis Semdeg, Sede-

gebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli iqneba

qonebis sruli transformacia saxelmwifo

sakuTrebidan kerZo sakuTrebaSi.

konkretuli SemTxveva:

pilotis ganxorcielebis mesame Tve.

01.03. 2016-dan 01. 03. 31-mde

saprivatizaciod gatanili qonebis

nusxa:

miwebi: sul (1800 erTeuli)

1. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTi, sa-

kadastro kodi 20.33.65.256 (guria)






63

kadastro kodi 50.33.65.256 (samegrelo)

1800. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTi,

sakadastro kodi 30.33.65.256 (raWa)

Senoba nagebobebi: sul (540 erTeuli)

1. Senoba nageboba #304, sakadastro

kodi, damatebiTi informacia (fo-

tomasala da a.S.)

2. Senoba nageboba #704, sakadastro

kodi, damatebiTi informacia (fo-

tomasala da a.S.)

540. Senoba-nageboba #202, sakadastro

kodi, damatebiTi informacia (fotomasala

da a.S.)

saxelmwifo kompaniebi: sul (36 er-

Teuli)

1. saaqcio sazogadoeba “sanerge”, aqci ebis

10%, sul 170 000 aqcia (ix. damatebiTi

informacia danarTis saxiT);

2. saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelo

fosta”, aqciebis 10%, sul 220 000 aqcia

36. saaqcio sazogadoeba “ss soflis

meurneobis ganviTareba”, aqciebis 10%, sul

120 000 aqcia.

sasargeblo wiaRiseuli: sul (8 er-

Teuli).

1. ss “lopotas marmarilo”, aqciebis 10%,

sul 2,4 mln aqcia;

2. ss “bariti” aqciebis 10%, sul 0.7 mln

aqcia

3. ss “raWis spilenZi”, aqciebis 10%, 4,7

mln.

TiToeuli moqalaqe am TveSi iRebs

(iseve rogorc wina TveebSi) 1000 invests.

mas ukve aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, TviTon

ganaTavsos misi investebi zemoT CamoTv-

lili (am Tves xelmwisawvdomi) qonebis

Sesabamisad.

Tvis ganmavlobaSi moqalaqem ver

SeZlo Tavisi kuTvnili da aseve damate-

biT nayidi investebiT vercerT Ria auq-

cionze TavisTvis sasurveli qonebis yidva

(miwa, Senoba-nagebobebi), Tumca mis xelT

arsebuli 10 000 investis nawili ganaTavsa

ss “lopotas marmarilo”, aqciebis 10%,

sul 2,4 mln aqcia (damatebiti infroma-

cia ixileT nadarTis saxiT) da saaqcio

sazogadoeba “ss soflis meurneobis gan-

viTareba”, aqciebis 10%, sul 120 000 aqcia

specialur angariSebze (winaswar cnobil

bankebSi). Tvis bolos daixura angariSebi

da mocemul moqalaqes wilad xvda pirveli

saaqcio sazogadoebis 950 aqcia, xolo

meore saaqcio sazogadoebis 2033 aqcia.

momdevno Tves, Senaxuli investebiT,

aseve kuTvnili 1000 investiT, mas SeeZleba

isev miiRos monawileoba auqcionebSi (im

Tves arsebuli siis Sesabamisad).

8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi TiToeul sofels

unda mieces ufleba, waradginos da dax-

urul auqcionebze ganakerZoos prob-

lemuri miwis nakveTebi (romlebic aris

moqalaqeebis mflobelobaSi).

Tu Tanasoflelebi erTmaneTSi

SeTanxmebulni arian da maT erTmaneTis mi-

webis mimarT pretenziebi ar gaaCniaT, maSin

TiToeuli moqalaqe, minimaluri investebis

gamoyenebiT, am miwebs miiRebs kerZo sak-

TrebaSi. aseve, es moqalaqeebi ar gaeTiSe-

bian im mniSvnelovan process, romelic

paralelurad mimdinareobs da TavianTi

morCenili investebiT iqac aqtiurad iqne-

bian CarTuli.

sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom Tundac

am 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, yvela problemuri

miwa gadavides ukve kerZo sakuTrebaSi.

i. makalaTia, m. gardava, v. giorgaZe


64



The Importance of Privatization in Georgia and Post Communism Countries

Irakli MakalatiaDoctor of Economics, A / O “Economic Policy Experts Center “ President

Mate GardavaIvane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PhD student, A/O “Economic Policy Experts Center” Founder, invited specialist

Vefkhia GiorgadzeIvane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PhD student, A/O “Economic Policy Experts Center” Vice president, invited specialist

Key words:STATE PROPERTY, PRIVATIZATION, POST-COMMUNIST SPACE

Summary

Despite the privatization process in 90s. and after the Rose Revolution, the signifi cant part of assets still are under state ownership. As researches shows more then 65-70% of assets are owned by state and the rest of them are privatized. Signifi cant portion of land parcels (65%), forest and wooded land (100%), mining sites (100%), buildings, 1400 state companies are not still privatized. Right now,we face the underdeveloped capital market. we need more assets under private property to establish the basic institution of market economy – cap-ital market.

The core question is why these assets are not privatized yet? The answer is that it is impossible to privatized so huge amount of property for money in the short period of time. If we try to do this we will get undervaluation of those assets. What we actually should do is privatization without selling them for money.

In our scheme of privatization, people do not pay money to acquire property over some assets. They will receive special “money”- “Invest” (as it is called by us) from the government, only one thing that they can do with this money is to purchase an assets in auction (Of course, everyone can sell or buy “Invests”). Government sells thousands of land parcels, buildings, shares of state owned companies, some mining sites: marble, granite, bentonite clay and so on and people have right to acquire this property with “Invests”. This process includes pilot program, which continues during 18 months. After pilot programm, we can privatize all assets using „invests”.

65

biznesSi saxelmwifos Carevis Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb

iaSa mesxia

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, პროფესორი, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის კათედრის ხელმძღვანელი, საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის პრეზიდენტი

rusudan maisuraZe

ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

biznesi, saxelmwifo, globalizacia

dReisaTvis msoflios TiTqmis yvela

qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomika miCneulia

meurneobis marTvisa da regulirebis

yvelaze efeqtian modelad. ukeTesi jer-

jerobiT kacobriobam ver gamoigona.

uaxles istoriaSi kargadaa cnobili eko-

nomikis marTvis xelovnuri, direqtiuli

anu igive administraciul-gankargulebiTi

modeli, romelmac socialisturi sistemis

pirobebSi mkafiod gamoavlina Tavisi arae-

feqtianoba da mas samarTlianad Caenacvala

bunebrivi, Tavisufali sabazro modeli.

Tumca, es ukanaskneli misi mravali dadeb-

iTi mxareebis miuxedavad, srulad ver

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri da socialuri

procesebis warmatebul regulirebas mTeli

sazogadoebisa da TiToeuli moqalaqis in-

teresebis Sesabamisad. misi yvelaze didi

naklovaneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi ver

axdens garantirebuli samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnas, Semosavlebis samarTlian gadanaw-

ilebas, garemos dacvas da, rac yvelaze

mTavaria, mas ara aqvs socialuri mimar-

Tuleba, igi ver icavs Raribi da SezRu-

duli SesaZleblobis mqone mosaxleobis

fenas. garda amisa, ekonomikis sabazro mod-

eli, romelic efuZneba kerZo sakuTrebas,

ar aris dainteresebuli Tavisi kapitali

mimarTos iseT dabalmomgebian dargebSi,

romelTa funqcionireba sazogadoebisa-

Tvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia. amitomac

es saqme saxelmwifom unda aiRos sakuTar

Tavze. ufro metic, saxelmwifo iZulebulia

garkveulwilad Caerios kerZo mewarmeobaSi

imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli aris sabi-

ujeto Semosavlebis mTavari wyaro, ro-

melTa meSveobiT saxelmwifo axdens qveynis

erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da marTlwesri-

gis dacvas, pensiebis da Semweobebis gacemas

da sxva politikuri, ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri funqciebis Sesrulebas. bazari,

rac ar unda civiluri iyos igi, mainc ar

aris stabiluri da igi arc Tu iSviaTad

turbulentur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba










66



sxvadasxva egzogenuri da endogenuri

negatiuri faqtorebis (politikuri kr-

izisebi, omebi, miwisZvrebi, wyaldidobebi

da sxva) zemoqmedebis Sedegad, rac iwvevs

ekonomikur krizisebs, umuSevrobis donis

zrdas, inflaciur procesebs, warmoebis

dacemas da sxva negatiur movlenebs. aseT

viTarebaSi kidev ufro izrdeba saxelmwi-

fos roli ekonomikis regulirebaSi, radgan

mxolod saxelmwifoa is organo, romelsac

sxvadasxva administraciuli, ekonomikuri

da finansuri berketebis gamoyenebiT SeuZ-

lia warmoqmnili qasuri mdgomareobis

dabalanseba.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamed-

rove globalizaciis pirobebSi msoflios

yvela qveyanaSi saxelmwifos mudmivad

uwevs ekonomikis dabalansebis mimarTule-

biT saqmianoba da sameurneo saqmianobaSi

misi Carevis done damokidebulia bazris

qcevaze, qveyanaSi Seqmnil makroekonomkur

wonasworobaze da sxva mraval faqtorze.

Seqmnili ekonomikuri viTarebidan gamo-

mdinare saxelmwifo zrdis an amcirebs

ekonomikaSi misi Carevis dones. Tumca,

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Ses-

axeb saukuneebis ukan dawyebuli Teoriuli

diskusia kvlav grZeldeba. axla saubari

ara imdenad imazea, Caerios Tu ara saxelm-

wifo ekonomikaSi, aramed imaze _ ramde-

nad, ra doziT unda Caerios igi masSi.

cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebis dasasruls

merkantelistebi mxars uWerdnen ekonomi-

kaSi saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas eqsportis

waxalisebisa da importis SezRudvis gziT.

Semdgom a. smiTi safuZvels uyris sabazro

Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSis Teorias,

biznesis damoukideblobis koncefcias,

Tumca igi ar uaryofs saxelmwifos rols

adamianis sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis

sferoSi, agreTve ekonomikis im sferoebSi

sadac mewarmes damoukideblad ar SeuZlia

qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani

ekonomikuri saqmianobis efeqtianad war-

marTva. a. smiTis Teoriis Tanaxmad eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa

Tavisufali mewarmis kerZo interesebis

realizacia, riTac miiRweva rogorc misi

piradi, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis keTil-

dReobis amaRleba [smiti 1938]. magram

gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi j. kein-

zma uaryo klasikosTa Teoria ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb. kerZod, misi

Teoriis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo unda Caerios

ekonomikaSi, radganac Tavisufal bazars

ara aqvs saTanado berketebi saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi ekonomikis krizisidan

gamosayvanad. saxelmwifos ki SeuZlia

bazarze zemoqmedeba moTxovnis gazrdis

kuTxiT moqnili fulad-sakredito politi-

kis gatarebiT, agreTve safinanso-sabi-

ujeto politikis gamoyenebiT [keinzi 1995].

keinzis modelma sakmaod kargad imuSava

omisSemdgom periodSi 70-ian wlebamde,

rac ZiriTadad gamoxateboda ekonomikis

cikluri ryevadobis SemcirebaSi, Tumca,

Semdgom Tavi iCina Seusabamobam saxelmwi-

foebrivi regulirebis SesaZleblobebsa

da obieqtur ekonomikur pirobebs Soris,

Senelda ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi da

Semcirda saxelmwifos mier erovnuli Se-

mosavlis gadanawilebis SesaZlebloba,

daiwyo inflaciuri procesebi da dRis

wesrigSi dadga ekonomikis saxelmwifo

regulirebis sistemis kardinalurad

gardaqmnis amocana. amis pasuxad Seiqmna reg-

ulirebis axali neokonservatiuli Teoria,

rac gulisxmobda uaris Tqmas ekonomikaze

moTxovnis regulirebiT zemoqmedebaze da

mis nacvlad miwodebaze zemoqmedebisaTvis

iribi berketebis gamoyenebas. miwodebis

ekonomikis Teoriis Tanaxmad saWiroa

dagrovebis klasikuri meqanizmis Seqmna da

kerZo mewarmeobis sruli Tavisuflebis

uzrunvelyofa. aq ekonomikuri zrdis fun-

qcias warmoadgens kapitalis dagroveba,

romelic Tavis mxriv formirdeba mogebis

kapitalizaciisa da nasesxebi saxsrebisagan.

mokled rom vTqvaT, neoklasikuri Teoriis

Sesabamisad saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos

kapitalis dagrovebisa da Sromis mwarmoeb-

lurobis zrdisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Se-

qmna. aRniSnulis ganxorcielebaSi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani dabrkolebebia maRali ga-

dasaxadebi da inflacia, radgan pirveli

zRudavs kapitaldabandebebis zrdas, xolo

meore aZvirebs kreditis saxiT mozidul sax-

srebs. aseTi viTarebis dasaregulireblad

67

saWiro xdeba saxelmwifos mxridan anti-

nflaciuri RonisZiebebis gatareba, rac,

upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba mewarmeebis-

admi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gawevaSi.

Tumca, gadasaxadebis Semcireba negatiurad

aisaxeba biujetis SemosavlebSi, zrdis mis

deficits da bunebrivia riskis qveS ayenebs

stabiluri fasebis SenarCunebas. aRniS-

nulidan gamomdinare dRis wesrigSi dgeba

saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba, moTxovnis

SesanarCuneblad biujetis gamoyenebaze

uaris Tqma. aseT viTarebaSi SeizRudeba

sa xe lmwifi farTomasStabiani socialuri

programebis ganxorcieleba. gamosavali

unda veZeboT deregulirebis politikaSi,

rac gulisxmobs fasebis da xelfasebis

reglamentirebis likvidacias, kanonebis

liberalizacias, samuSao Zalis bazris Se-

qmnas da a. S. amrigad, saxelmwifos neokon-

servatuli modeli pirdapir Tu ara, iribad

mainc ereva ekonomikaSi, magram qveynis eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaSi mTavar Zalas mainc

bazari warmoadgens.

mkvlevarebs Soris dReisaTvis

diskusiis sagnad gamodis ekonomikis reg-

ulirebis ori Teoria _ monetaruli

[Фридмен 2002] da keinzianuri [keinzi 1995].

aqedan pirveli gulisxmobs ekonomikis

gaTavisuflebas saxelmwifos Carevisagan,

gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis Sem-

cirebas, xolo meore Teoriis Tanaxmad baz-

ars ar SeuZlia ekonomikuri problemebis

gadaWra, ris gamoc aucilebelia saxelm-

wifos Careva, magram ZiriTadad iribi meT-

odebis gamoyenebiT. swored es ukanaskneli

gza gamoiara saqarTvelom mas Semdeg, rac

aRidgina saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-

loba da daiwyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-

vla.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikis

liberalizaciis maRali done aRiarebulia

mraval avtoritetul saeraSoriso safin-

anso-ekonomikur institutebSi da qveynis

SigniTac, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSo

opoziciur politikur dajgufebebs, rom-

lebic amomrCevelTa mozidvis mizniT cnobi-

erad amaxinjeben realobas. pirdapir unda

iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri Teoriebi Teor-

iebad rCeba, xolo praqtikulad msoflio

ekonomika yovelTvis ar miyveba Teorias.

saubaria imaze, rom dReisaTvis msoflios

yvela qveyanaSi saxelmwifo pirdapir an

iribad ereva ekonomikaSi. igi akontrolebs

da aregulirebs ekonomikur zrdas,

SeimuSavebs ekonomikuri zrdis strategias

da samoqmedo programas, adgens biznesis

Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis kri-

teriumebs, xels uwyobs dasaqmebis prob-

lemis daregulirebas, exmareba Raribebs da

pensionerebs, uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifosa

da ekonomikis normalur funqcionirebas.

ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi

gacilebiT ufro Rrma da mravalwaxn-

agovania, igi gamoirCeva TaviseburebebiT

[Абалкин 1997, Папава 1993, WiTanava 1999],

rac gamowveulia im ekonomikuri re-

formebiT, romelTa gatareba aucilebelia

civiluri sabazro urTierTobaTa dasamk-

vidreblad. cnobilia, rom nebismieri sare-

formo ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba miiReba

mTavrobis mier, rac niSnavs saxelmwifos

pirdapir Carevas ekonomikasa da biznesSi.

cnobili debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom bazari

TviTregulirebadia da masSi saxelmwifo

ar unda Caerios kategoriulad miuRebelia

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis.

amitomac, faqtobrivad, am tipis qveynebSi

saxelmwifo atarebs uwyvet reformebs eko-

nomikaSi pirdapiri da iribi Carevis gziT,

rac, Cveni azriT, arc unda gaxdes Teori-

uli diskusiis sagani.

saqarTveloSi sabazro urTierTobebis

damkvidrebas mudam Tan axlda da dResac

Tan axlavs saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva

ekonomikasa da biznesSi. es, upirveles

yovlisa, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom qveyana

gadadioda gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro

ekonomikaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabazro

urTierTobebze gardamavali procesi

SeiZleba CaiTvalos damTavrebulad [papava

2015], dReisaTvis mainc dgas ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos Carevis aucilebloba, Tumca,

winandelTan SedarebiT ufro mcire doziT.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevisa da re-

formebis gatarebis xarisxis kriteriumiT

SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli etapi.

i. mesxia, r. maisuraZe


68



pirveli etapi moicavs saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-

dgenidan qveynis konstituciis miRebamde

periods (1991-1995 ww.). am etapze mravali

egzogenuri da endogenuri negatiuri

faqtorebisa da porobebis zemoqmedenis

Sedegad ekonomikis dacemis sapasuxod

saxelmwifo iZulebuli iyo SesaZleblobis

farglebSi pirdapir Careuliyo ekonomikis

regulirebaSi. Seqmnili mZime ekonomikuri

krizisidan gamosvlis mizniT, saxelmwifom

marTvis adgilobriv organoebs aukrZala

nebismieri saxis sesxis aReba bankebisagan.

erovnulma bankma daiwyo qveynis sabanko

sistemis kontroli da daawesa masze

zedamxedveloba. saxelmwifo sabiujeto

saxsrebi Tavmoyril iqna erovnul bankSi.

gaZlierda regulirebadi fasebis admin-

istrireba, arsebiTad gaizarda tarifi

eleqtroenergiaze. daiwyo sacxovrebeli

binebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis

ufaso privatizacia da sxva. miuxedavad

amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom reformebis es

etapi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. yovelive es

iyo saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Careva

ekonomikaSi, Tumca maT arsebiTi xasiaTis

ekonomikuri Sedegebi ar mohyolia imis

gamo, rom qveynis institucionaluri da

samarTlebrivi garemo ar pasuxobda san-

azro urTierTobaTa moTxovnebs [mesxia

2015, Meskhia 2013].

meore etapze (1995-2003 wlebi) eko-

nomikasa da biznesSi saxelmwifos Car-

eva SedarebiT irib xasiaTs atarebda, rac

gamoixteboda biznesisaTvis xelsayreli

makroekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da

teqnologiuri garemos SeqmnaSi. saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondis da msoflio

bankis kreditebis daxmarebiT moiToka

hiperinflacia, SemoiRes axali fuladi er-

Teuli (lari), gatarda ufro gaazrebuli

makroekonomikuri politika. saxelmwifo

xarjebi mniSvnelovnad Seikveca, gamart-

ivda sagadasaxado sistema, moixsna rigi

SezRudvebi ucxouri investiciebis Semod-

inebaze da sagareo-savaWro operaciebze.

gaTavisuflad fasebi marcvleulze da

purproduqtebze, miRebul iqna kanoni

komerciuli bankebis, dabegvrisa da miwis

Sesaxeb, daCqarda mcire da saSualo sawar-

moebis privatizaciis procesi, vaWroba

gaxda ufri liberaluri, ganxorcielda

sxva socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis re-

formebi, ris Sedegadac daiwyo ekonomikis

TandaTanobiT zrdisa da qveynis krizisuli

situaciidan gamoyvanis procesi. Tumca

saxelmwifom ver SeZlo ekonomikis uzrun-

velyofa finansuri resurebiT, dasaqmebis

zrda da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis

arsebiTad amaRleba [Meskhia 2013].

ekonomikuri reformebis mesame etapi

moicavs 2004-2012 wlebs, roca ekonomi-

kis liberalizacis gaRrmavebas Tan axlda

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri, uxeSi,

kanonsawinaaRmdego Careva, rac gamoix-

ateboda, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis tempebis zrdaSi, xolo, meore

mxriv, kerZo sakuTrebisa da adamianis

uflebebis SezRudvaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom am etapze saxelmwifo ekonomikisadmi

mxardaWeris paralelurad axdenda masSi

negatiuri, Zalismieri kuTxiT Carevas, rac

gaxda SemdgomSi qveynis politikuri sis-

temis transformaciis safuZveli [Месхия

2014].

ekonomikuri reformebis meoTxe etapi,

saTaves iRebs 2012 wlis miwurulidan

da grZeldeba dRemde. am etapze biznesi

gaTavisuflda partiul-politikuri wnex-

isagan, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda ekonomikasa

da biznesSi Zaladobrivi Careva, saxelm-

wifom gaaqtiura saqmianoba biznesisadmi

pirdapiri mxardaWeris mimarTulebiT, gan-

sakuTrebiT agrarul da turistul sfer-

oebSi (soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis

fondis Seqmna, vauCerebis darigeba, koop-

eraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba, SeRavaTiani

agrokreditis samdoniani programa, sub-

sidireba, agrodazRveva, proeqti „awar-

moe saqarTveloSi“ da sxva), sagadasaxado

kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setana (jarimebis

Semcireba, daubegravi minimumis SemoReba,

mubuqi sagadasaxado amnistiis gatareba da

sxva). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am etapze

saxelmwifos mxri dan ekonomikaSi ara Tu

Carevam, aramed saTanado doneze Caurev-

lobam didi ziani miayena qveynis ekonomikas

da mosaxleobas. saubaria qarTuli valutis

69

gacvliTi kursis gaufasurebaze, romelic

gamowveuli iyo egzogenuri da endogen-

uri faqtorebis gavleniT. Tumca qveynis

ara sworma Sida savaluto politikam kidev

ufro gaaRrmava savaluto krizisi. amis

erT-erTi mizezi swored saWiro momentSi

saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi saTanado doneze

Caurevloba unda miviCnioT.

dRevandeli ekonomikuri saqmianobis

praqtika mkafiod gviCvenebs saxelmwifos

aqtiur Carevas saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi,

gansakuTrebiT mcire da saSualo biznesis-

admi pirdapiri mxardaWeris kuTxiT. Cveni

azriT, aq saWiroa garkveuli zomiereba da

grZelvadiani perspeqtivis gaTvaliswineba.

biznesSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva

(saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera) mizanSe-

wonilia kritikuli, forsmaJoruli situa-

ciebis dros, rodesac adgili aqvs bunebriv

stiqiur da sxva adamianisagan damoukidebel

movlenebs, romelic mosaxleobis yvela

fenas exeba. magram saxelmwifo saxsrebiT

fermerebisaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo in-

strumentebis SeZena, xvna-Tesvis organizeba

da sxva am saxis daxmarebebis yovelwli-

urad aRmoCena ganurCevlad beneficiaris

socialuri mdgomareobisa, erTi mxriv, mZ-

ime tvirTad awveba saxelmwifo biujets,

romlis arc Tu mcire nawili sagareo da

saSinao sesxebiT ivseba, xolo, meore mxriv,

mravaljerad aseTi daxmarebebi iwvevs ad-

amianis mewarmeobrivi stimulebis daqveiTe-

bas da gadayavs igi saxelmwifos mxridan

sistematuri daxmarebis molodinis reJimSi.

Cveni azriT, sawyis etapze aseTi preferen-

ciebi SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyo, Tumca

xangrZlivi vadiT misi SenarCuneba araa miz-

anSewonili da am mimarTulebiT saxelmwi-

fom unda Secvalos ekonomikuri politika

[Meskhia 2015].

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ga-

r damaval etapze saxelmwifo saqarTve-

los ekonomikaSi met-naklebad ereoda da

sruliad samarTlianadac. ekonomikis tal-

Risebri ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze

SeiniSneboda saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomi-

kaSi Carevisagan Tavis Sekavebac, ramac nega-

tiuri gavlena iqonia qveynis ekonomikur

ganviTarebaze da mosaxleobis cxovrebis

doneze. vidre qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibdeba

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika, kvlavac

iqneba saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi pirdapiri

da iribi meTodebiT Carevis aucileb-

loba. dRevandeli erovnuli ekonomika,

romelic globaluri procesebis gavlenis

qveSaa, metwil SemTxvevaSi ar “emorCileba”

klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriebis moTx-

ovnebs. es realobaa da amas adasturebs

rogorc msoflios ganviTarebuli, ise

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Tanamedrove eko-

nomikuri politika da praqtika.


1. smiti, adam. (1938). gamokvleva xalxTa

simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb.

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi.

2. keinzi, j. (1995). dasaqmebis, procentisa da

fulis zogadi Teoria, quTaisi.

3. Фридмен, М. (2002). Основы монетаризма. М.

4. Абалкин, Л. (1997). Роль государства в ста-

новлении и регулировании рыночной эконо-

мики,“Вопросы экономики”, N 6.

5. Папава, В. (1993). Роль государства в совре-

менной экономической системе, „Вопро сы

экономики“, N 11.

6. WiTanava, n. (1999). gardamavali periodis

socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi (eko-

nomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba),

Tbilisi.

7. papava, v. (2015). saqarTvelos ekonomika. re-

formebi da fsevdoreformebi, Tbilisi.

8. mesxia, i. (2015). socialur-ekonomikuri

reformebi saqarTveloSi: realoba da

gamowvevebi, saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-

nierebaTa akademia, Sromebi, tomi 12, Tb-

ilisi.

9. Meskhia, I. (2013). Political instability and eco-

nomic turbulence in Georgia, “Economics and

Business”, №5.

10. Месхия, Я. (2014). Сильные и слабые стороны

экономических реформ в посткомму нисти-

ческой Грузии, Ж., “Tht Cauca sus“, №2.

11. Meskhia, I. (2015). Peculiarities of Economical

Reform in Post Soviet Georgia: Challenges and

Prognosis, journal “The Caucasus”, April-June.

i. mesxia, r. maisuraZe


70



Government Intervention in Business Theory and Practice

Iasha Meskhia Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state UniversityHead of the Department of International Business,Prezident of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Georgia

Rusudan MaisuradzeDoctoral student Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University

Key words:

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, BUSINESS, THEORY, PRACTICE

Summary

The work analyzes the theory and practice discussion issues of Government intervention in economy and business. Reasoned that at all times and in every country the various levels of state interference in the economy is diff erent. In developed market economy the state intervenes indirectly, while in developing and crisis economy with direct and indirect methods. it analyses Georgian market economy in transition of state interference in business forms and methods. The conclusion is made that the the country’s undu-lations development of economy makes necessary to actively support the business, but it should not have a systematic character.

71

globalizacia da qarTuli ena

ramaz (isako) mefariSvili

ფილოლოგიის დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, თელავის იაკობ გოგებაშვილის სახელობის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

ena, memkvidreoba, warsuli, awmyo, momavali









ena _ genia, memkvidreoba, warsuli,

aw myo da momavali. misi saSualebiT xdeba

miaxleba kulturasTan da es ìdumali~ mi-

axleba sxva araferia, Tu ara genetikuri

sisxlis, sulierebis erTianoba. enis

siyvaruli sisxlSi unda gqondes gamjdari.

enam sulma da sisxlma unda gaiTavisos.

humbolti werda: èna sulia erisa~

saWiroa enis sulisa da gulis Segneba.

enaSi bgeris JReradoba fizikuri movlenaa,

rom bgerebis saSualebiT raRac xdeba,

rom es aris ena da adamianebi erTmaneT-

Tan urTierToben. magram arasodes unda

gvaviwydebodes, rom ena ar aris mxolod

sakomunikacio saSualeba. enas gaaCnia

logosuri buneba, romliskenac mxolod

suliereba miemarTeba. albaT, am azriTaa

ena eris suli.

imisaTvis, rom àr daviviwyoT mamulisa

Cveulebisamebr svlaY~ kargad unda gav-

iSinaarsoT XXI saukunis dadgoma. es aris

ori niSniT gamorCeuli saukune. dRemde

arnaxuli SesaZleblobis saukune. es aris

is, rasac mokled globalizacias vuwodebT,

romlisganac Tavdacvac ar arsebobs da ar-

caa saWiro. globalizacias brZola ki ara,

gaazreba sWirdeba, oRond ise, rom `mam-

ulisa Cveulebisamebr svlaY~ SeinarCuno da

erTiani kacobriobis ojaxis wevrad iqce.

es rom SeZlo gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

unda mieqces qarTuli enis siwmindisa da

swavlebis sakiTxs, metadre maSin, roca bil-

ingva, anu orenovneba asea `moZalebuli~.

enasTan suliT unda mixvide da ise

elaparako. Tu enis suliT laparako glob-

alizacia saSiSi araa. SeiZleba adamians

bevri ram aswavlo, magram verasodes as-

wavli enis suliT sacnaurobas. amas Sin-

agani qarTveloba sWirdeba. mTeli samyaro

rom dagadges Tavze, verafers gaxdeba, Tu

mSob liuri enis siyvaruliT suli gamzi-

anebuli ar gvaqvs, Tu arasodes dafiqre-

bulxar daviT guramiSvilis sityvebze: `vin

aris, saidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao...~

[d. guramiSvili, 1955. 33].

dResdReobiT uamravi Teoriebi arse-

bobs enis kvdomasa da mis gadarCenasTan

dakavSirebiT. enaTmecnierebaSi kargadaa

gaazrebuli, Tu rogor moqmedebs orenov-

neba adamianis bunebasa da xasiaTze. amitom

globalizaciis Jams ùcxo enas ar SeuZ-

lian gauwios ers samSoblo enis samsax-

uri. deda ena yvela mowafeSi aviTarebs

da zrdis qarTvel adamians [damowmebulia

giorgi gogolaSvilis wignidan sibrZne

iakobisa, 11.2014]. orenovanebas aqvs Tav-


72



isi naklovaneba, magram amavdroulad aqvs

upiratesobac. amis utyuari dasturia Svei-

cariisa da irlandiis saxelmwifoebis mox-

moba, sadac orenovneba Cveulebrivi ambavia.

Cingiz aiTmatovi erovnebiT yirgizia,

magram wers rusulad. gamodis rom rusi

mweralia. orenovnebam mwerals sakuTari

erovneba daakargvina, radgan ra enaze wer,

im eris Svilad iTvlebi. rogor moxda es,

sxva sakiTxia da amaze ar SevCerdebiT.

vityodiT mxolod erTs, meti sifrTxilea

saWiro orenovnebasTan mimarTebaSi. gansak-

uTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces iakob

gogebaSvilis `dedaenas~, romelsac Zalas

sZenda: `pirveli gakveTili ia, ai _ ia. es

aris qarTul sinamdvileSi yvela droisTvis

yvelaze didi migneba, epoqaluri aRmoCena,

zneobrivi saxelmZRvanelo [g. gogolaSvili,

`sibrZne iakobisa~, 12. 2014]. orenovnebis

damarcxebiT imarjvebs monolingvizmi.

SeiZleba Tu ara am procesis SeCereba? _

ara, bilingvizmis safexurebrivi gaazreba

amis saSualebas ar iZleva.

enis sakiTxi Tanamedrove globalize-

bul epoqaSi erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad

iqca. mecnierebi mTeli msoflios masSta-

biT CarTulni arian am saqmeSi, radgan kar-

gad esmiT, nebismieri enis kvdoma kidev

erTi feris dakargvaa samyarosTvis.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi

enis oTx mniSvnelobazea miTiTebuli, ro-

melTagan pirveli mis biologiur daniSnule-

bas xsnis, meore mis socialur Rirebulebas,

mesame _ meoTxe mis sametyvelo mxares. sulxan-

saba orbelianis leqsikonis erTtomeulSi ena

asea formulirebuli: `saubris aso, piris~

[orbeliani, 124, 1993]. ilia abulaZesTan

saerTod ar aris ganmartebuli.

`mamaTa swavlebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `enaY

zraxavs mas, romelsa moscems guli da

gonebaY~ [m. sw. 17. 1955]. rogorc vxedavT,

ena gulisa da gonebis nayofia. e.i. rasac

guli da goneba karnaxobs adamians, mas gad-

moscems sityvebiT, sxvagvarad eniT.

elodeba Tu ara mcire erebs enis sik-

vdili globalizaciis pirobebSi? sanam am

kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemT mokle eqskursi

CavataroT amasTan dakavSirebiT. devid

kristali wers: `ena kvdeba, rodesac masze

aravin laparakobs~ [Crystal, 1. 2000]. an, maSin,

roca erTi mosaubre rCeba da mas aRaravin

hyavs, rom elaparakos.

mei aRniSnavs, rom enis dakargva da

enis gadarTva yovelTvis xdeboda is-

toriis mTel manZilze, magram rac aris

`Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli XXI saukuneSi,

aris uprecedento masStabis dakargvisa da

dacemis procesi~ [May, 2. 2008].

dorianis mixedviT ena kvdeba maSin,

roca: `mosaubreTa Semcirebuli ricxvia,

enis realizebas moklebuli aqvs sferoebi

da enis struqtura gamartivebulia~ (Dorian,

85-94. 1980).

vilfordi aRniSnavs, rom `zogierTi

ena qreba erT wamSi, erTaderTi cocxali

mosaubris sikvdilTan erTad. sxva enebi

ikargeba TandaTan bilingvur kulturebSi

mag. adgilobrivi enebi ispoba dominanturi

enebis mier skolebSi, savaWro adgilebSi,

televiziiT da a.S~ [Wilford, 19. 2007].

amerikelma enaTmecnierma kraumsma

ganacvifra msoflio akademiuri samyaro,

rodesac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom 2100 wl-

isTvis msoflio enebis 90% arsebobas

Sewyvetda. cnobili frangi lingvisti

klode hagiji wers: `xalxis umravlesobas

saerTod ar ainteresebs enebis sikvdili.

Tu Cven frTxilad ar viqnebiT inglisur-

Tan mimarTebiT, is imdenad progresiT mii-

wevs win, man SesaZloa sabolood moklas

enebis umravlesoba~ [Hagage, 2009].

Tu enis gaqrobis arsebul lingvistTa

Sexedulebebs SevajamebT da qarTul enas

miusadagebT, miviRebT:

qarTuli ena gaqreba, roca am enaze

ukanaskneli molaparakeba mokvdeba

qarTuli ena ar imyofeba arastabilur

bilingvur enobriv sazogadoebaSi

qarTuli ena priviligebuli da sax-

elmwifo enaa, rasac sxva ena ver da-

Crdilavs.

qarTuli ena saqarTveloSi umravle-

sobis enaa

qarTuli ena Seuwyvetliv gadaecema

STamomavlobas.

dorianis mier gansazRvruli enis si-

kvdilis samive niSani qarTul enas ar

emuqreba, radgan:

73

1. mosaubreTa ricxvi ar Semcirebula

2. enis realizaciis sferoebi farToa

(afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebis

gamoklebis miuxedavad)

3. enis struqturuli gamartiveba ar

xdeba.

rad Rirs martod aRebuli zmna _ Semas-

meneli (prediqati). qarTuli enis sicocxl-

isunarianoba mis sintaqsSia. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi ena ver gauZlebda egrerigad

momravlebul neologizmebs. enaSi ucxo

sityvebis Semotana gamarTlebulia, ma-

gram es ar unda niSnavdes arsebulis uary-

ofas. kerZod, ar SeiZleba enaSi arsebuli

sityvebis magivrad ucxouridan Semosuli

analogiis damkvidreba, rogoricaa ivenTi,

sensituri, feSenebeluri, dabuqva, daklikva

da a.S. es sityvebi Cven araferSi gvWirdeba,

radgan qarTul enasac aqvs maTi Sesabam-

isi Sesatyvisi. yovelive es Tanamedrove

metyvelebis umniSvnelovanes problemas

warmoadgens. enis codna mxolod gram-

atikuli normebis marTebuli gamoyeneba ar

aris, erT-erTi umTavresi swored qarTuli

sityvebis codna _ arcodnis sakiTxia. aseT

dros (globalizacia) gadamwyveti sityva

qarTulma filologiam unda Tqvas.

ar arsebobs jer magaliTi imisa, rom

erT Zlier enas meore susti daendos.

yvelaferi damokidebulia patara enis Sin-

agan sicocxliunarianobaze. `enebs Soris

iseve mimdinareobs brZola, rogorc,

zogadad bunebaSi: didebi ZalauflebisaTvis

ibrZvian, patarebi gadarCenisTvis. aqac iseve

Cagraven Zlierebi sustebs, rogorc yvelgan

_ mcenareTa, frinvelTa Tu cxovelTa sam-

yaroSi~ [q. gigaSvili, novaTuSebis Tanamed-

rove eTno-sociolingvisturi profili,

241. 2014]. globalizaciis dros ki ufro

metad mZafrdeba brZola mcire erebis enis

gadarCenisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod saliteraturo

enis normebs, aramed enis saxismetyvelebiT

ganfenilobas, rom ena sulieri gagebiT ers

gulisxmobs. Zvelad erTianobaSi gaizrde-

boda `eri da enani~ [gamocx. 147].

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobs

qarTul enasTan SedarebiT kidev ufro pa-

tara enebi (afxazuri, osuri). modiT, ufro

masStaburad SevxedoT am sakiTxs. af xazebi

da osebi imdenad gadarTulni arian meore

enisadmi (rusuli), rom TavianTi ena la-

mis daviwyebisTvisaa ganwiruli. Sors rom

ar wavideT, aviRoT TbilisSi mcxovrebi

afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli

Cveni Tanamoqalaqeebi. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ori aTeul welze metia moswydnen sak-

uTar sivrces, mainc rusulad metyveleben.

aqedan, advili warmosadgenia, Tu ra mdgo-

mareobaSia dRes afxazuri, osuri enebi im

teritoriaze, sadac qarTuli iurisdiq-

cia ar vrceldeba. am dros Tbilisis ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetSi mTeli ZalisxmeviT iswavle-

boda afxazuri da osur enebi. batoni revaz

siraZe igonebda, rom samecniero konfer-

enciebze soxumSi qarTveli mecnierebi

afxazur enaze kiTxulobdnen moxsenebebs.

afxazebi pirad saubrebSi ar faravdnen im

did siTbos, rac maTi enisadmi iyo gamo-

Cenili. grZnobdnen, eimedebodaT qarTveli

mwignobarni, ase Zalumad rom edgnen

afxazur enas gverdiT. maT kargad esmodaT,

rom okeane STanTqavda afxazur enas, xolo

mdinareSi advili iyo gadarCena. Semdgom

rTulad warimarTa yvelaferi, magram ze-

moaRniSnuli dResac axsovT mxcovan afxaz

mecnierebs, romlebic aucileblad ga-

dascemen momaval Taobebs, Tu ra didi

mniSvneloba aqvs globalizaciis pirobebSi

qarTul enasTan Taanarsebobas, radgan qar-

Tuli ena samwerlobo enaa da kulturo-

logiis gadmosaxedidan arcerT sxva enaze

meti Tu ara naklebi araa. muxran maWavari-

anis sityvebiT: marto wvimas cxra saxeli

aqvs... an sveticxoveli _ mesveticxovla,

alaverdi _ mealaverda, gelaTi _ megelaTa

da a.S. es ukve sxva ganzomilebaa. metad es-

Tetikuria ena qarTuli.

saqarTveloSi yovelTvis iyo orenov-

noba, magram qarTuli ena axerxebda TviTmy-

ofadobis SenarCunebas. araoda, siamovnebiT

iwereboda: `sparsTa enisa sitkboman, mas

surda musikobani~ (Teimurazi). es pirda-

piri aRiarebaa sparsuli enis upiratesobis.

marTla zedmeti mouvida mefe-poets. amiT

rom qarTul enas araferi daklebia, ar

viqnebiT marTalni. es aris periodi spar-

r. mefariSvili


74



seTSi (irani) sufizmis damkvidrebisa.

sufizmi ki tkbobas, modunebas, uojaxobas

qadagebda da amis danergva Cvens qveyanaSi

yovlad miuRebeli iyo. amitom dasaZlevi

gaxldaT es da qarTuli enis Sinaganma bune-

bam aseT dros SeuZlebeli SeZlo.

Tu gadavxevdaT Cveni samSoblos is-

torias, kargad davinaxavT, rogor ibrZoda

qarTuli ena Cveni saxierebis Sesanar-

Cuneblad. Zneli iyo berZnuli enis daZleva,

radgan TviT ioane petriwi werda: `mindoda

qarTuli ena berZnulad gavwyo da me ar-

istotelao~ (i. petriwi) e.i. filosofiuri

qarTuli Semeqmnao. Seqmna kidec!

warmovidginoT: berZnuli, arabuli,

spar suli, rusuli enebis daZleva Tu saWiro

gaxdeba, momavalSic davZlevT, radgan sxva

mraval aspeqtTan erTad qarTuli enis Za-

lmosileba sintaqssa da saxismetyvelebiT

potencialSia. orenovnebam qarTul enas

veraferi daaklo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi

ganviTareba ar SeCerebula, risi naTeli

dasturicaa qarTuli anbanis sami saxeoba:

mrgvlovani, nusxuri, mxedruli. iSviaTia

eri, romelsac anbanis amdeni saxeoba aqvs,

rac qarTuli enis udides sisavseobaze mi-

uTiTebs. amitomac bilingvizmis daZlevis

SesaniSnavi magaliTia qarTuli ena. aq ar

gamodgeba imis mtkiceba, rom qarTuli mk-

vidri ena iyo. diax, iyo! magram berZul

enaze maRla mdgomi?!

miuxedavad amisa, qarTulma enam SeZlo

ar aRreuliyo sxva enaSi. es SemTxveviTi am-

bavi araa. amaze gvmarTebs meti dafiqreba

da qarTul enasTan mimarTebaSi meti mRviZ-

areba.

ra SeiZleba am samyaroSi naTelze

wminda iyos? ena, oRond ena azris, logosis

matarebeli., kacobriobas uyvars azri. enis

sazrisi kulturuli ganfenilobiT gan-

isazRvreba. aseT SemTxvevaSi is nebismier

globalizacias uZlebs. qarTulma enam

daZlia uamravi `izmi~ da dRes erT-erTi

cxovelmyofeluri enaa. globalizacias

uyvars gamowvevebi, qarTul enas ki amasTan

dakavSirebiT SesaSuri gamocdileba aqvs da

swored es aris safuZvelTa-safuZveli si-

axlesTan miaxlebis, siaxles ki mTeli civ-

ilizebuli samyaro eswrafvis.


1. gogolaSvili, g. (2104). sibrZne iakobisa.

Tbilisi.

2. guramiSvili, d. (1955). daviTiani. Tbilisi.

3. gigaSvili, q. (2014). novaTuSebis Tanamed-

rove eTno-socialingvisturi profili.

Tbilisi.

4. mamaTa swavlani (1955). Tbilisi.

5. orbeliani, s. (1986). sityvis kona. Tbilisi.

6. Srustal, D. (2000). Language Death, Cambridge.

7. Hagege, C. (2009). Qand A: The Death of Lan-

guages.

8. May, St. (2008). Language and minority Rights.

9. Wilford, W. (2007). Languages Die, but Not Theit

Last Words.

75

Globalization and the Georgian Language

Ramaz (Isaac) MefarishviliDoctor of Philology, European Teaching University professor,Telavi Yakob Gogebashvili State University professor

Key words:THE LANGUAGE, HERITAGE, PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

Summary

XXI century is the century of two specifi c features. It’s an unprecedented opportunities century. This is what is called globalization, from which there is no defense, and neither is required. Globalization needs understand-ing and not fi ghting, but in a way to maintain national view and to become a member of the family of humanity. To aff ord this, specifi c attention should be paid to Georgian language teaching issues, especially nowadays when bilingualism is common for the modern world.

There are three main signs developed by Linguists:1) reduce the number of speakers2) existence of the spheres for language realization 3) structural defi nition of a language.Georgian language is not in danger, because all of these three signs are satisfi ed by Georgian language.

Most of the language strength is revealed under globalization. In this way, Georgian language has been over-come a lot of “ism” (from the Greek, Persian, Arabic, Ottoman, and Russian). Therefore, if it is necessary, it can be overcome in the future, because the most inner nature of the Georgian language is identifi ed in syntax.

r. mefariSvili


76



Crdilovani ekonomikis Suq-Crdilebi

lia pitiuriSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი

ambrosi griSikaSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი

sakvanZo sityvebi: Crdilovani ekonomika, sagadasaxado sistema, finansuri gadaricxvebi,Crdilovani ekonomikis gansazRvra

vidre Temaze msjelobas daviwyeb-

deT, vfiqrobT, marTebulia ganisazRvros

Tavad Crdilovani ekonomikis raoba. ro-

gorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSi miRebulia,

Crdilovani ekonomika warmoadgens qveynis

erovnuli meurneobis im nawils, romelic

saxelmwifo kontrols ar eqvemdebareba da

Sesabamisad, arc ibegreba. mis gansasazRv-

ravad gamoiyeneba aseve termini _ araform-

aluri ekonomika, an ekonomika CrdilSi.

es terminebi warmosdgeba inglisuridan:

shadow economy.

Crdilovan ekonomikas gavlena aqvs

qveynis meurneobis yvela monawileze:

saxelmwifo biujeti ver iRebs Tavis

kuTvnil Semosavals, rogorc firme-

bis, ise fizikuri pirebis mxridan;

misi arsebobisas sameurneo obieqtebs

uWirT araTavisufal, arajansaR kon-

kurenciaSi saqmianoba, mis gamo kar-

gaven bazris garkveul nawils;

momxmarebels garantirebuli ar aqvs,

rom mis mier SeZenili am sferoSi

nawarmoebi produqcia Sesabamisi xar-

isxis iqneba.

ekonomistebi cdiloben im mizezebis

dadgenas, romlebic produqciis warmoebis

Crdilovan sferoSi gadasvlas uwyoben xels.

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iseTi

sistemuri mizezi, rogoricaa saxelmwifos

mier dawesebuli mravali maregulirebeli

norma. aseT dros mewarme dgeba altern-

ativis winaSe: an Sewyvitos oficialuri,

legaluri saqmianoba an Crdilovan eko-

nomikaSi gadavides.

Crdilovani ekonomikis warmoSobis

mizezebidan gamosayofia aseve sameurneo

obieqtebis dabali sagadasaxado zneoba,

Semosavlebis damalvisadmi midrekileba da

a.S. Crdilovan ekonomikaSi arsebul zo-

gierT saqmianobas sruliad danaSaulebrivi

xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca yoveli aseTi saqmianoba

rodia sameurneo xasiaTis, anu damate-

buli Rirebulebis Semqmneli (magaliTad,

narkobiznesi, brakonieroba).

warmoebis CrdilSi gadasvlas gansak-

uTrebiT xels uwyobs mZime da mravalmxrivi

sagadasaxado tvirTi. aqve unda dasaxeldes

sxva saxis xarjebic, romlebic war-

moebis oficialur ganxorcielebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, salaro apar-

atebis Rirebuleba, muSakTaTvis so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis dawesebuli

gadasaxadebi, minimaluri xelfasis normis









77

daweseba da sxva. rac ufro mZimea es tvirTi,

miT ufro meti midrekileba uCndeba me-

warmes Crdilovan ekonomikaSi gadasvlis.

gansakuTrebiT mravali formalobis

Sesruleba uxdebaT iseTi profesiebis war-

momadgenlebs, rogorebicaa saadvokato

praqtikis ganxorcieleba, taqsiT momsax-

ureba, zogierTi saxis samedicino momsax-

ureba da sxva. aqve unda dasaxeldes aseve

sagadasaxado kodeqsis sirTulec. rac ufro

rTulia sagadasaxado sistema, miT ufro

metia mewarmis daintereseba Crdilovani

ekonomikiT.

Crdilovani ekonomikis, romelic

upirobod uaryofiTi movlenaa, arsebobis

gamarTlebad SeiZleba dasaxeldes misi

zogierTi segmentis dadebiTi momentebi.

magaliTad, am sferoSi dasaqmebas hpovebs

egreT wodebuli marginaluri samuSao

Zala (umuSevrebi, pensionerebi, studen-

tebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi da sxv), ris

Sedegadac garkveulad mcirdeba qveyanaSi

sazogadoebrivi daZabulobis done, klebu-

lobs siRaribe da mcirdeba dawola sabi-

ujeto socialur xarjebze.

rogorc msoflio gamocdilebidan Cans,

Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebis Sesam-

cireblad, an miT ufro, aRmosafxvrelad,

gacilebiT ukeTesia sistemuri cvlilebebis

gatareba, vidre represiuli RonisZiebebis

dawyeba. gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania naRdi

fulis mimoqcevis nacvlad unaRdo angar-

iSworebis arealis gazrda. xom cnobilia,

rom Crdilovani ekonomikaSi finansuri

gadaricxvebi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, xor-

cieldeba naRdi fuliT, ris Sedegadac

dokumentebi, anu kvali, riTac sameurneo

saqmianobis Catarebis damtkiceba iqneboda

SesaZlebeli, ar rCeba.

Crdilovani ekonomikis

masStabebis dadgena

marTalia, Crdilovani ekonomika Tavisi

bunebidan gamomdinare cdilobs, Tavidan

aicilos administraciuli registracia da

dakvirvebebi, magram ekonomikaSi is mainc

tovebs Tavis kvals. amis Sedegad SesaZle-

beli xdeba SemuSavdes meTodebi, romelTa

daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba misi

donis dadgena.

ai, zogierTi maTgani:

Sromis bazris analizi;

fiskaluri analizi;

monetaruli sferos analizi;

erovnuli angariSebis analizi _ sao-

jaxo meurneobebis Semosavlebsa da ga-

savlebs Soris gansxvaveba da sxv.

aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT

dgindeba, rom araa msoflioSi darCenili

qveyana, sadac Crdilovan ekonomikas ara

hqondes adgili. is evrokavSiris qveyneb-

Sic ki sakmaod maRalia da misi saSualo

done 2016 wlis monacemebiT, TiTqmis 18%-s

Seadgens (Crdilovani ekonomikis Sefardeba

oficialur mTlian Sida produqtTan),

Tumca masSi Semaval qveynebSi es maCve-

nebeli gansxvavebulia. is TvalsaCinod

maRalia kavSiris wevr yofil socialistur

qveynebSi. kerZod: bulgareTSi Seadgens

30.2%, rumineTSi _ 27.6, estoneTSi _ 24.9,

litvaSi _ 24.2%.

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad

dabalia klasikuri kapitalizmis qveynebSi.

magaliTad: fineTSi Seadgens _ 12%, ger-

maniaSi _ 10,8%, holandiaSi _ 8,8%, avstri-

aSi _ 7,8 %-s da a.S.

Sromis bazris analizi saSualebas iZ-

leva, SevafasoT muSakTa daintereseba Crdi-

lovani ekonomikiT. kerZod, am meTodiT

erTmaneTs udardeba daregistrirebuli

umuSevrebisa da dausaqmebelTa saerTo ri-

cxovnoba, romelic gamoyvanilia Sromis

saerTaSoriso organizaciis (International

La bour Offi ce) mier SemuSavebuli meTodikiT.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Crdilovan

ekonomikaSi dasaqmebul muSakTa nawili sak-

uTari arCevaniT midis iq samuSaod, maSin,

rodesac meore nawils ar hyofnis kval-

ifikacia, raTa oficialurad registri-

rebul firmebSi imuSaos da iZulebulia

Crdilovan ekonomikaSi moqmed sawarmos

Seafaros Tavi.

Crdilovani ekonomika Tavis kvals

tovebs monetarul agregatebzec. iseTebze,

rogorebicaa naRdi fulis brunvis siCqare

da maRali nominalis banknotebze gazrdili

moTxovnileba. es iqidan gamomdinareobs,

l. pitiuriSvili, a. griSikaSvili


78



rom swored aseTi banknotebi gamoiyeneba

Crdilovan ekonomikaSi monawileTa mier.

Crdilovani ekonomikis zomis

dasadgen kidev erT, gacilebiT Zvel meT-

ods warmoadgens saojaxo meurneobebis

Semosavlebisa da xarjebis urTierTSepiris-

pireba. maT Soris mkveTri gansxvaveba

Crdilovan ekonomikaSi miRebul Semosavle-

bze miuTiTebs.


sameurneo mniSvneloba

ra Tqma unda, Crdilovan ekonomikaSi

saqmianoba negatiuri movlenaa, Tumca, eko-

nomikuri Teoria mis garkveul pozitiur

_ mikro da makro mxarezec miuTiTebs.

Crdilovan ekonomikas mimarTaven rogorc

daregistrirebuli firmebi, ise iseTebic,

romlebic saerTod ar aCenen TavianT saqmi-

anobas.

daregistrirebis SemTxvevaSi firma na-

wilobriv oficialurad aCvenebs Tavisi

saqmianobis Sedegebs, xolo saqmianobis na-

wils farulad axorcielebs. sxva sityve-

biT, pirvel nawils TavianT sabuRaltro

CanawerebSi aCveneben da Sesabamisad, am monace-

mebs awvdian sagadasaxado organoebs, rogorc

dasabegrav bazas, maSin, rodesac saqmianobis

meore nawils malaven da Semosavals srulad

Tavad iTviseben. dauregistrireblobis

dros firmis saqmianoba sagadasaxado or-

ganoebisaTvis misawvdomi araa da cxadia,

aqedan miRebul mTel Semosavals warmoebis

organizatorebi inawileben.

Crdilovani ekonomikis gansakuTrebiT

seriozuli uaryofiTi mxarea misi nega-

tiuri gavlena sabazro konkurenciaze da

Sesabamisad mTel erovnul meurneobaze .

Crdilovan ekonomikaSi moqmedi firmebi

xSirad gacilebiT konkurenciuli xdebian

maTTan SedarebiT, romlebic legalurad

da kanonTan sruli SesabamisobiT muSaoben.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom Crdilovani eko-

nomika niSnavs gadasaxadebisagan Tavis ar-

idebas, upatiosno mewarmes saSualebas

eZleva Tavis klients saqoneli da mom-

saxureba gacilebiT iafad SesTavazos. es

xSirad iseTi fasebia, romelsac wesieri,

gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli mewarme ver

daadebs Tavis saqonels (momsaxurebas).

konkurenciuli bazris wesebis dar-

Rveva Crdilovan ekonomikaSi momuSave

firmebis mxridan xSirad iseT viTarebas war-

moSobs, rodesac sabazro konkurenciis um-

niSvnelovans faqtorad fasebi gvevlineba.

Sedegad, mewarmeebi TandaTan ufro mcire

yuradRebas uTmoben konkurenciuli

brZolis iseT elementebs, rogorebicaa

xarisxi Tu produqciis Tanamedroveoba,

yuradRebas amcireben kvlevebsa da gan-

viTarebaze. amas makroekonomikur doneze

is Sedegebi moaqvs, rom ecema ekonomikis in-

ovaciuroba da saerTaSoriso konkurenciu-

loba, rac uSualo gavlenas axdens qveynis

ekonomikur zrdaze.

Crdilovani ekonomikis sxva, uaryofiT

makroekonomikur aspeqts warmoadgens mis

mier saxelmwifos saSemosavlo bazis Sem-

cireba-dasusteba. CrdilSi momuSave sawar-

moebi arc pirdapir da arc irib gadasaxads

ar ixdian, ris gamoc saxelmwifo biujets

sagrZnobi zarali adgeba, Tumca ra zomis,

amis gamoTvla urTulesia. es iqidan gamomd-

inareobs, rom Tuki Teoriulad davuSvebT,

rom erT mSvenier dRes am saxis ekonomika

Sewyvets arsebobas, masSi Sefarebuli saqmi-

anobis mxolod nawili miiRebs legalur

xasiaTs. amas mravali faqtori ganapirobebs

_ Crdilovan ekonomikaSi moqmedi firmebisa

Tu kerZo pirebis nawili amjobinebda

saerTod xeli aeRo saqmianobaze, vidre

legarulad, oficialurad gaegrZele-

bina is. zogi mewarme firmis registra-

ciaSi veraviTar motivacias ver dainaxavda,

sxvebi konkurenciul brZolas waagebdnen,

da bazarze Tavs ver SeinarCunebdnen. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, praqtikaSi gvxvdeba

firmebis/kerZo pirebis jgufi, romelTac

mxolod Crdilovan ekonomikaSi SeuZliaT

funqcionireba. aqedan gamomdinare, hipo-

Tetikuri daSveba imisa, rom Crdilovani

ekonomikis likvidacia raime damatebiT

Semosavals moutanda biujets, swori ar

iqneba. amis Tqma Zalian Znelia.

rogorc Cans, Zalze rTulia Crdilovan

ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis

gamovlena, maTi saqmianobis motivaciis

79

dadgena. sxva rom araferi, am sferoSi

dasaqmebul adamians eSinia amaSi gamoty-

domis, radgan es kanonis darRvevaa.

rogorc Temis Seswavla aCvenebs,

Crdilovan ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulia ga-

cilebiT bevri mamakaci, vidre qali. amasTan,

maTi raodenoba icvleba sezonebis mixed-

viT da Warbobs zafxulobiT. irkveva isic,

rom maTi naxevarze metisaTvis am sferoSi

muSaoba cxovrebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, meore

naxevrisaTvis ki is damatebiTi Semosavlis

wyaroa. amasTan, am sferoSi ZiriTadad Sua

xnis adamianebi saqmianoben,

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi SexvdebiT

gamoTqmas, rom Crdilovani ekonomika

„meurneobis sacxebi masalaa“. igulisxmeba,

rom Crdilovani ekonomika SesaZlebels

xdis iseTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebas

iseT sferoebsa da situaciebSi, rodesac

es saqmianoba ver ganxorcieldeboda ofi-

cialuri firmebis mier.


SezRudvis gzebi

marTalia, Crdilovani ekonomikis zemoT

moyvanili dadebiTi momentebi gasaTval-

iswinebelia, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom Crdilovani ekonomika gamowveulia

ekonomikuri sistemis arasrulyofilebiT,

romelic firmebsa da momxmarebelTa nawils

aiZulebs `daimalos“ Crdilovan ekonomi-

kaSi. xazgasasmelia isic, rom Crdilovan

ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli es zogierTi

dadebiTi elementi ver cvlis am movlenis

saerTo negatiur Sefasebas.

amitom, saxelmwifo unda ebrZodes

mas da cdilobdes Tu srulad vera, misi

gavlenis Sesustebas mainc. am brZolis meT-

odebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos:

sagadasaxado sistemis gamartiveba da

srulyofa;

fiskaluri tvirTis Semsubuqeba;

sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSireb-

uli araekonomikuri xarjebis Semcire-

ba-gauqmeba;

regulaciebis raodenobis, m.S. kon-

cesiebisa da nebarTvebis Semcireba,

aucilebel minimumamde dayvana;

firmebis reviziisa da kontrolis

raodenobis maqsimaluri Semcireba;

unaRdo angariSsworebisaTvis xelSe-

wyoba da ganviTareba (maT Soris, ele-

qtronuli gadaricxvebis ganviTareba,

naRdi angariSsworebis praqtikis

SezRudva).

warmoebis gamoyvana Crdilovani eko-

nomikidan unda moxdes upirveles yovl-

isa, saTanado ekonomikuri politikis

gatarebiT, romelic mimarTuli iqneba

im sistemuri faqtorebis likvidacii-

saken, romlebic xels uwyoben Crdilovani

ekonomikis ganviTarebas. amis saboloo

efeqti iqneba mewarmeTa TandaTan naklebi

midrekileba Crdilovani ekonomikisaken

im riskebis SiSiT, romelic am process

Tan axlavs. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

Crdilovani ekonomika iarsebebs manamde,

vidre mewarmeebisaTvis msgavsi faruli

warmoeba mogebis momtani iqneba. samagi-

erod, mas Semdeg, rac dauregistrirebel

SemosavlebTan dakavSirebuli riskebis

saboloo jami gadaaWarbebs am Semosavlebis

dafarvis Sedegad miRebul sargebels,

Crdilovani ekonomika bunebrivi gziT kle-

bas/Semcirebas daiwyebs.

amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom, marTalia,

Crdilovani ekonomikis gamovlenis Semdeg

saxelmwifo represiul aparats aamoqmedebs,

magram amas gacilebiT sjobs, Tu is kidev

ufro aqtiurad profilaqtikur meTodebs

gamoiyenebs. kerZod, man sazogadoebris Segne-

baSi unda danergos is rwmena, rom Crdilovani

ekonomika mavnebelia sazogadoebisaTvis da

rom mis interesSia am sferos maqsimaluri

SezRudva. sazogadoebisaTvis naTeli unda

iyos, rom rodesac misi wevrebi raime produq-

cias/momsaxurebas Seisyidian Crdilovan eko-

nomikaSi, amis saboloo efeqti maTi saziano

iqneba, rom amas Sedegad mohyveba saxelm-

wifo Semosavlebis Semcireba, samagierod,

gadasaxadebis gazrda wesieri, kanonmor-

Cili mewarmeTaTvis. saerTod, gadasaxadebis

gazrda sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis, an

saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebisaTvis gasawevi

momsaxurebis masStabebis Semcireba.

erTgvar profilaqtikur RonisZiebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos kampania, romelmac,



80



sxvaTa Soris, mraval qveyanaSi mtkiced moi-

kida fexi, qviTrebis latarea. mis mizans

warmoadgens myidvelTa daintereseba gamy-

idvelisagan qviTrebis aRebaSi.

Crdilovan ekonomikasTan

brZolis formebi sxvadasxva

qveynebSi

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT Tavi gamoiCina

italiam. am qveyanaSi Zalze didi yuradReba

eqceva eleqtronuli gadaricxvebis gan-

viTarebas. kerZod, iq, rogorc wesi, aTas ev-

roze metis gadaxda mxolod eleqtronuli

gadaricxvis formiT xdeba. dawesebulia

aseve sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi eleqtronuli

gadaricxvebis ganmaxorcielebeli firmebisa-

Tvis savaWro-momsaxurebis sferoSi; mis

paralelurad moqmedebs seriozuli jarimebi

im sacalo movaWreTaTvis, romelTac bolo

xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samjer daumtkiceben

klientisaTvis SeZenil saqonelze/momsax-

ureobaze qviTris gamouwerlobas.

am aspeqtSi sainteresoa samxreT koreis

gamocdilebis gacnobac, qveynisa, romlis

ekonomikac, institucionaluri mowyobis

TvalsazrisiT bevr qveyanas magaliTad

gamoadgeba. samxreT koreaSi bevri ram

keTdeba eleqtronuli gadaricxvebis

gansaviTareblad (magaliTad, maRaziis,

romelic wliurad 20 aTas evroze mets

vaWrobs, gadaxdis aparatebis dadgmis dav-

aldebuleba). Sedegad, Tu 90-ian wlebSi

gadaxdis baraTebiT vaWrobis moculoba

mTel gadaxdebSi oden 5%-s Seadgenda, 2009

wels gadaxdebis naxevarze meti am baraTe-

biT xorcieldeboda. sainteresoa isic, rom

am qveyanaSi ara mxolod savaWro obieqtebs

aqvs garkveuli SeTavaTebi unaRdo angariSs-

worebiT sargeblobisas, aramed klientsac,

Tuki magaliTad, Tu is Tavisi Semosavlis

25% xarjvas unaRdo angariSworebiT axor-

cielebs (20% sakredito baraTiT).

meqsikaSi xelisuflebam daafuZna

sagangebo fondi, romelic mcire maRaziebis

mesakuTreebs sagadamxdelo terminalis

dasadgmelad da Semdeg maTi gamarTu-

lad muSaobisaTvis saxsrebs gamouyofs.

Sedegad, msgavsi terminalebis raodenoba

200 procentiT gaizarda, xolo savaWro

-samomsaxuro obieqtebze baraTebiT gan -

xorcielebuli operaciebis raodenobam 300

procentiT moimata.

singapurSi Tavdapirvelad Tavad

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebma daiwyes ele-

qronuli gadaricxvebi. mas gansakuTrebiT

aqtiurad iyenebdnen muSakTa dajildoebis,

premiebis gacemis an jarimebis daricxvis

SemTxvevebSi.

kidev ufro aqtiurad xorcieldeba

unaRdo angariSsworeba ganviTarebul

qveynebSi _ aSS, did britaneTSi, germaniaSi,

safrangeTSi da sxv.

Crdilovani ekonomika

saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos statistikuri samsaxuri

Crdilovan ekonomikaze mwir monacemebs

aqveynebs. maTi safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom Crdilovan seqtori qveynis ekonomi-

kis daaxloebiT mesameds moicavs. amasTan,

wina wlebSi am mxriv SesamCnevi iyo negati-

uri tendencia. kerZod, Semosavlebis dam-

alva wlidan wlamde ufro did masStabebs

iRebda. kerZod, Tu 1996 wels Crdilovani

ekonomikis moculobas 27%-is doneze iyo,

2001 wels am cifrma ukve 33%-s miaRwia.

aseTia statistikis saxelmwifo departa-

mentis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi.

gamokvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda

Crdilovani ekonomikis moculoba calkeul

sferoebSi. magaliTad, samrewvelo seqt-

orSi Crdilovani ekonomikis procenti

40%-s aRemata, mSeneblobaSi _ 55%-s,

transportSi _ 34%-s, vaWrobaSi _ 56%-s,

sastumros biznessa da restornebSi _ 65%-

s, kavSirgabmulobaSi _ 17%-s.

ganaTlebis sferoSi komerciuli dawe-

sebulebebis Semosavlebis faqtiuri maCve-

neblebi orjer aRemateba deklarirebul

maCveneblebs, xolo samedicino dawesebule-

bebSi _ oTxjer. arasaxarbielo situ aciaa

navTobproduqtebis realizaciis sferoSic.

departamentis specialistTa azriT,

Crdilovani ekonomikis aseTi maRali pro-

centis mizezia korufcia da maRali saga-

dasaxado ganakveTebi.

81

Positive and Negative Sides of Shadow Economy

Lia Pitiurishvili Doctor of Economics

Ambrosi Grishikashvili Doctor of Economics

Key words: SHADOW ECONOMY, TAX SYSTEM, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS

Summary

Shadow economy is a part of national economy which is not controlled by the state, and consequently it is not taxed. Shadow economy is also named by the term “informal economy” or “economy in shadow”. These terms originate from English language shadow economy.

Shadow economy infl uences all participants of country’s economy: The state does not get income from it; Economy units have diffi culties in business in non-liberal competitive environment; Customers have not guarantee of suitable quality on the products produced by this share.

Reasons which helped shadow economy being founded are low tax ethics of economy units,attempts to hide incomes,etc. Heavy and multi-sided tax system causes production to be turned into shadow production.

Besides it should be mentioned other expenses which are connected with legal producing: such as ex-penses for cash register, expenses for social safety of employees,fi xed minimal wages standards, etc. The wold experience shows that in order to decrease or root out shadow economy it will be better systemic changes than repressions. The most dangerous quality of shadow economy is its negative infl uence on competitiveness and accordingly on national economy. Firms existing in shadow economy become more competitive than those which are legal ones.

Although shadow economy has so many negative sides,it should be mentioned that it has positive sides too which help it to survive. That”s why we come across such term in economy “shadow economy is ointment for economy”. It means that shadow economy gives possibility to be active in those shares and structures where legal fi rms are disable.

In any way shadow economy itself is fully negative and it is necessary to fi ght with it. It should be separated some methods for fi ghting against it:

To simplify and improve tax system; To make light fi scal load; To decrease and abolish non-economic expenses connected with business activities; To decrease and minimize regulations such as concessions and permissions; Maximal reduction of fi rms” audit and control: _ Development of non-cash system.



82



msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

guguli yuraSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

Tamar beriZe

ტექნიკის დოქტორი,საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi: globalizacia, msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigi, gaero

msoflio ekonomika ganviTarebis

axal etapze gadavida, sadac saxelm-

wifo urTierTobebis umTavresi monawile

erovnuli saxelmwifo, rogorc instituti,

mniSvnelovan transformacias ganicdis. am

etapze msoflio axal wesrigs qmnis.

msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigi gulisx-

mobs wesrigs rogorc erovnul ekonomikebs

Soris urTierTobebSi, aseve calkeuli

erovnuli ekonomikis funqcionirebis

procesSi. amrigad, msoflio ekonomikuri

wesrigi moicavs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

wesrigs da gulisxmobs wesrigs Sida da

sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, rom-

lebic xSir SemTxvevaSi urTierTganpirobe-

bulia.

Tanamedrove etapze, saerTaSoriso

eko nomikuri wesrigi dafuZnebulia qve-

ynebs Soris aRniSnuli urTierTobebis li-

beralizaciaze, rac gamoixateba saqonlis,

momsaxurebis, kapitalis moZraobis liber-

alizaciiT. amave dros, msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi Sida ekonomikuri urTierTobe-

bic, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri liberalizmis

principebs eyrdnoba. aqedan gamomdinare,

naTelia, rom swored ekonomikuri urTier-

Tobebis liberalizmi war mo adgens arse-

buli msoflio ekonomiku ri wesrigis

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis um Tavres ganma-

pirobebel mizezs. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT,

rom msoflios arcerTi qveyana ar uaryofs

sxva qveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis aucileblobas. Tanamedrove etapze,

msoflio ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba

obieqturi aucileblobiT moiTxovs glob-

alizaciis politikisa da calkeuli qveynis

(gansakuTrebiT gardamavali da ganviTare-

badi ekonomikis qveynebi) interesebs Soris

garkveul Tavsebadobas.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan naTelia,

rom globalizaciis procesma obieqturi

aucileblobiT daayena axali msoflio eko-

nomikuri wesrigis koncefciis SemuSavebis

sakiTxi, romlis mcdelobas didi xnis is-

toria aqvs. globalizaciis procesma

dRis wesrigSi daayena kompleqsurad

urTierTdamokidebuli, urTierTgamawonas-

worebeli instituciuri struqturebiT









83

integrirebuli msoflio wesrigis aucileb-

loba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyobs

xels globaluri winaaRmdegobebis Se-

sustebas.

globalizaciis pirobebSi msoflio

ekonomikuri wesrigis ZiriTadi mimarTu-

le bebi aucilebelia, iTvaliswinebdes

qve y nebis ganviTarebis doneebs Soris

arse bul gansxvavebas da aqedan gamomd-

inare, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organ-

izaciebis mxri dan calkeuli qveynisadmi

(ganviTareba di da gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebi) unificirebuli midgomis difer-

encirebuliT Secvlas. axali msoflio eko-

nomikuri wesrigis koncefcia unda saxavdes

globalizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sem-

cirebis, maTi ganviTarebis stimulatorad

transformaciis mimarTulebebs.

yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdin-

are, aucileblobas warmoadgens calkeuli

qveynis ganviTarebis donis gaTvaliswinebiT

SemuSavebuli msoflio ekonomikuri wesri-

gis koncefcia, romelic uzrunvelyofs

ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikebis

qveynebSi postindustriuli ekonomikis

formirebis daCqarebas, rac, saboloo anag-

riSiT, msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebis

sawindaria.

axali msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigi,

globalizaciis, rogorc calkeuli qveynis,

aseve mTlianad msoflio ekonomikis gan-

viTarebis xelSemwyob faqtorad gadaqceva

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli arsebuli

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis moderniza-

ciis procesTan. msoflio eko nomikis

zogierTi mkvlevari miuTiTebs e. w. ”eko-

nomikuri gaeros” Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic

politikurisagan gansxvavebiT, nakleb bi-

ourokratiul organizaciad unda Camoy-

alibdes, ramdenadac finansuri resursebi

gadaadgilebis maRali siswrafiT gamoir-

Ceva da Sesabamisad, moiTxovs regulirebis

ufro met siswrafes da efeqtianobas, vidre

politikuri procesebi. Cven viziarebT

im mecnierebis mosazrebas, romlebic mi-

uTiTeben ”globalizaciis saerTaSoriso

organizaciis an gaeros Sesabamisi qvedanay-

ofebis” Seqmnis aucileblobaze [mesxia,

kvaracxelia 2003:112-113]. qarTvel mec-

nier e. eTerias azriT, romelsac Cvenc

vuWerT mxars, upriania gaeros ekonomikuri

da socialuri sabWos SemadgenlobaSi

”globalizaciisa da msoflio ekonomikis

ganviTarebis” komisiis Camoyalibeba, rom-

lis funqcionirebis umTavresi mizani iqneba

calkeuli qveynebisaTvis globalizaciis

problemebis met-naklebi zomiT daZlevis,

msoflioSi globalizaciis dadebiTi efeq-

tebis simetriuli ganawilebis mizniT reko-

mendaciebis SemuSaveba. radgan es komisia

ukve Seiqmna da igi rogorc yvela komisia

mxolod saWiro dros da saWiro proble-

maze muSaobs, Cven migvaCnia, rom igi unda

gadakeTdes mudmivmoqmed struqturad, sta-

biluri StatiT da stabiluri anazRaure-

biT, raTa imuSaos ganuwyvetliv.


1. baraTaSvili, n. (2002). globalizacia da

erovnuli aspeqtebi, J.: ”inteleqti”, №3,

Tbilisi.

2. eTeria, e. (2008). g,lobalizacia da anti-

globalisturi moZraoba, Sromebis kre-

buli.Tbilisi.

3. eTeria, e. (2008). globalizaciis eko-

nomikuri ganzomileba, Sromebis krebuli

”globalizacia da saqarTvelos eko-

nomikuri ganviTareba”, Tbilisi.

4. kvaracxelia, d. (2003). globalizacia,

suverenuli saxelmwifo, erovnuli eko-

nomika, Tbilisi.

5. mesxia, i., kvaracxelia, v. (2003). global-

izaciisa da ekonomikuri suverenitetis

Tavsebadobis sakiTxisaTvis, J.: ”socialu-

ri ekonomika”, №3.

g. yuraSvili, T. beriZe


84



Theoretical Aspects of the World Economic Order

Guguli Kurashvili Doctor of Economics, Georgian Technical University Professor

Tamar Beridze Doctor of Technics, Georgian Technical University Professor

Key words:GLOBALIZATION, THE ECONOMIC WORLD, THE UNITED NATIONS

Summary

The world economy has passed to development of new level where the main participant of the state re-lations is the national state as the institute which is in process of important transpharmacy. At the moment the world creates a new order.

The world economic order means an order, as in the national economic relations, so in the course of func-tioning of national economy. At the present stage, the international economic order, is based on the liberaliza-tion relations between the countries. Liberalism of the economic relations has the main contradictory character defi ning the reason of the operating world economic order. It is necessary to pay attention that not one country of the world doesn’t deny need of the economic relations with other countries.

The new world economic order, considerably depends on processes of modernization of the operating international organizations. Some scientists of world economy point to creation of the so-called “Economic UN” which diff ers in the high speed of the movement of fi nancial resources and therefore, demand bigger fl exibility and effi ciency of regulation, than political processes. We keep creation of the commission for “developments of globalization and world economy” for the purpose of the solution of global problems in the conditions of globalization

85

korufcia, rogorc socialuri movlena da globaluri biznesis determinanti

Teimuraz Sengelia

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი,ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

korufcia, globalizacia, biznesi

korufcia aris istoriuli movlena,

is arsebobda mravali saukunis ganmavlo-

baSi. Tumca rogorc socialuri fenomeni,

is pirvelad gvxvdeba Sumeruli civiliza-

ciis qalaq-saxelmwifo laggasSi (Zv w. arR.

2319-2311 wlebSi). Zv. welTaRricxviT IV

saukuneSi, Zvel indur filosofiur tra-

qtatSi `artaSastrSi~, mefis mrCeveli Cana-

kia aRwers xazinis qurdobis 400-mde xerxs

[Sengelia 2016: 108]. herodotes cnobiT Zv

w.aR. VI saukuneSi sparseTis mefe kambisma

qrTamis aRebisaTvis cocxlad gaaZro tyavi

mosamarTles da mis adgilze daniSna misi

Svili, raTa ukanasknels ar gaebeda qrTamis

aReba. genialurma italielma filosofosma

makiavelim korufcia im avadmyofobas

Seadara, romlis gankurnebac SeuZlebelia.

mefe nikoloz I-is moRvaweobis periodSi,

korufcia yvaoda ruseTSi. mematiane aR-

wers, rom man Tavis vaJs SesCivla: `Cemi da

Sen garda ruseTSi yvela Cinovniki iparavso~

[http://genia.ge/?p=10547]. korufciis problemas farTo adgili

eTmoba bibliaSi: „qrTams nu aiReb, radgan

qrTami abrmavebs Tvalxiluls da as-

xvaferebs marTalTa saqmeebs“ [biblia. gamosvla 23:8]. bibliaSi weria, rom korum-

pirebuli adamiani unda daisajos, radganac:

„raki swrafadve ar isjeba boroti saqme,

amitom bedavs kaci borotebis Cadenas“ [bib-lia. eklesiaste 8:11]. „fulis moyvaruli

fuliT ver gaZReba, — aRniSnavs solomoni,

— da arc simdidris moyvaruli Tavis Se-

mosavliT“ [biblia. eklesiaste 5:9]. rogorc vxedavT, korufcias farTo

adgili uWiravs, rogorc adamianebis ma-

terialur yofaSi, aseve sulier sferoSi.

sazogadoebis evoluciis periodSi is ufro

metad iCens Tavs, vidre nebismier sxva dros.

cnobili amerikeli sociologi da polit-

ologi samuel hantingtoni korufciis

problemas aanalizebs Tavis SromaSi „mod-

ernizacia da korufcia“. mecnieris azriT,

impresionistuli sinamdvile cxadyofs,

rom korufciis masStabi urTierTkavSirSia

swraf socialur da ekonomikur moderniza-

ciasTan. me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis ameri-

kis politikuri cxovrebisTvis korufcia

naklebad iyo damaxasiaTebeli, vidre me-

18 saukunisaTvis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas

me-17 da me-19 saukuneebis bolo periodis

britaneTze. cxadia, rom korufcia aris

efeqtiani politikuri institucional-

izmis deficitis Sedegi [hantingtoni].










86



yuradsaRebia mecnieris daskvna, romlis

mixedviTac, korufciis sixSire mTliano-

baSi naklebia im qveynebSi, sadac samTav-

robo resursebi moxmarda politikuri

partiebis mSeneblobas, vidre iq, sadac

partiebi sustebi darCnen. es modeli as-

axa dasavleTis istoriulma gamocdile-

bam. partiebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad

biurokratiis wurbelebad gvevlinebian,

sabolood gardaiqmnebian mis garsad, rome-

lic mas klanisa da ojaxis gamanadgurebeli

kaliebisagan icavs [hantingtoni].

miCneulia, rom korufcia mxolod ua-

ryofiT zegavlenas axdens nebismier situa-

ciaSi yvela qveynis ekonomikaze. amasTan,

cnobili mecnieris duglas hiustonis

gamokvleviT `korufcia da adamianuri gan-

viTareba~ [Leite, Weidmann 1999] dasturdeba,

rom es kanonzomiereba yvela SemTxvevaSi

rodi muSaobs. im qveynebSi, sadac dominirebs

marTvis ara efeqtiani sistema, korufcia

SeiZleba kanonis uzenaesobas Caenacvlos,

ekonomikis stimulizatorad mogvevlinos

da amis Sedegad, moklevadian periodSi poz-

itiuri ze gavlena moaxdinos qveynis eko-

nomikur zrda ze [Leite, Weidmann 1999:104].

korufciisadmi negatiuri damokide-

buleba gamomdinareobs utilitaruli

mosazrebidan, romlis mixedviTac, is ro-

gorc kanonis sawinaaRmdego movlena zrdis

ekonomikur danaxarjebs, zRudavs invest-

iciebis produqtiulobas da uaryofiTad

aisaxeba ekonomikur zrdaze. im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu es dakavSirebulia iseT mdgomareo-

basTan, rodesac pirovnuli uflebebi da

sakuTreba kanoniT aris daculi, es ar-

gumentebi sruliad logikuria, magram,

ramdenad legitimuria es mosazreba im

qveynebSi, sadac kanonis uzenaesoba ar aris

dadgenili da Sesabamisad kanoniereba ar

aris daculi. s. hantingtoni da n. leiTi

miiCneven, rom korufcia aris kanonierebis

Semcvleli im qveynebSi, sadac sakanonm-

deblo baza moisustebs. ufro zustad,

korufciis sargebeli gamoixateba imaSi,

rom mis mier Seqmnili Rirebuleba SeiZleba

aRematebodes danaxarjebs. es SesaZlebelia

mxolod maSin, rodesac biznesis warmarTvis

kanonieri SesaZleblobani SezRudulia

[Huntington 1998: 115]. d. sterfildi gamoy-

ofs korufciis or saxes: romelic zRudavs

ekonomikur ganviTarebas da afarToebs

mas [Marff 1964: 319]. xSirad, korufcia

gvevlineba „rentis miTvisebis~ formad,

magaliTad, rodesac kerZo kompaniebi icaven

sakuTar Semosavlebs konkurentebisagan

saxelmwifos meSveobiT. korufcias aseve

SeuZlia migviyvanos ekonomikuri saqmian-

obis maStabebis zrdamde maSin, rodesac

Cinovnikebis mosyidviT kompaniebi Tavs

arideben ugunur kanonebs. korufcias zo-

gjer axlavs iribi upiratesobac. magal-

iTad, k. marfi, a. Sleiferi, s. viSni [Marff

1964:213] miiCneven, rom es aisaxeba am gziT

araefeqtiani mwarmoeblebis mxardaWer-

aSi. miuxedavad am problemaze mecnierul

azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, erTi ram cxadia,

rom stabiluri ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi

korufciis negatiuri Sedegebi aRemateba

pozitiurs, xolo araefeqtiani ekonomi-

kis mqone qveynebSi Cans korufciis zo-

gierTi pozitiuri efeqti. am koncefciis

dasabuTebas mieZRvna mauros `korufciis

ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis modeli [Mauro

1995:123].

ukanasknel wlebSi korufciam ax-

ali Tvisebebi da formebi SeiZina da

sxvadasxva mimarTulebebic gamoavlina.

korufcia globalizaciis paralelurad

ganviTarda da ufro mravalferovanic

gaxda. literaturuli wyaroebis mixed-

viT, globaluri ewodeba korufcias,

romelic eqsportirdeba saerTaSoriso

safinanso-ekonomikuri organizaciebis,

transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da sxva

saerTaSoriso struqturebis saqmianobis

Sedegad msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi. xSir

SemTxvevaSi swored korufciaa msoflio

qveynebis CamorCenilobisa da siRaribis

mizezi.

msoflioSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs qvey-

ana, romelic korufciisagan srulad Tav-

isufalia. amaze metyvelebs „korufciis

aRqmis indeqsi“, romliTac xdeba qveynebisa

teritoriebis Sefaseba imis mixedviT, Tu

ramdenad korumpirebulad ganixileba maTi

sajaro seqtori. 2005 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisufle-

87

bis erT-erT prioritetad korufciasTan

brZola gamocxadda. sainteresoa, rom ko-

rufciis aRqmis indeqsSi (CPI) 2014 wels,

saqarTvelos 100 SesaZleblidan 52 qula

aqvs miniWebuli. am monacemiT is 175 qveyn-

dan 50-e adgilzea. 2012-2014 wlebSi saqarT-

velos qulis dinamika qveyanaSi korufciis

aRqmis donis mniSvnelovan cvlilebaze ar

metyvelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom koruf-

ciis aRqmis dones saqarTveloSi bolo 3

wlis manZilze mniSvnelovani progresi ar

ganucdia. saqarTvelos Sedegi (52 qula 100

SesaZleblidan) imaze miuTiTebs, rom qvey-

anaSi kvlavac arsebobs mniSvnelovani prob-

lemebi korufciis kuTxiT.

2014 wlis `korufciis arqmis indeqsSi~

50 qula, romelic saqarTvelom daimsaxura,

TavisTavad miuTiTebs qveyanaSi proble-

mebzec. ~saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba~

miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia, dabalansdes

xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Zlieri Sto

da, amasTan, gaZlierdes makontrolebeli

institutebi [www. reportingproject.net/occrp/

index.php/en/ccwatch]. korufciis sakiTxebze momuSave saer-

TaSoriso da adgilobrivi eqspertebi

saqarTveloSi did winaaRmdegobas aw-

ydebian, rodesac saqme exeba elituri

korufciis, anu xelisuflebis maRal eS-

elonebSi arsebuli korufciis kvlevas.

arc erTi xelisufleba ar aRiarebs, rom

qveyanaSi elituri korufcia arsebobs. amas

martivi mizezi aqvs _ sityva „elituri“

TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom masSi

politikuri elita aris CarTuli. Tumca

elituri korufciis Sinaarsze, mis gamoxat-

ulebasa da ekonomikur Sedegebze, maT

Soris saqarTveloSi, saerTaSoriso organ-

izaciebi sakmaod detalurad saubroben.

magaliTad, arasamTavrobo organizacia

(Betselmann Foundation 2014) miuTiTebs, rom

elituri korufciis ZiriTadi gamoxat-

uleba aris sajaro saxsrebis gaflangvisa

da sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli pirebis

mxridan samsaxureobrivi uflebamosilebis

borotad gamoyenebis tendenciebi. xolo

organizacia Freedom House miaCnia, rom

elituri korufciis msgavsi magaliTebi

iwvevs saxelmwifos mxridan favoritizms

da Sida garigebebs biznesis calkeul war-

momadgenlebTan [www.justice.gov.ge/fi les/De-

partments/Analytical/] xelisuflebis mxridan

ukve gaxmaurebulia elituri korufciis

erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli magaliTi e.w.

televiziebis amnistia. 2010 wlis sagadasax-

ado amnistiiT saxelmwifom telekompaniebs

„rusTavi 2“, „imedi“ da „sazogadoebrivi

arxi“ 36 milionamde davalianeba Camoawera;

analogiuri aqti ganaxorciela saxelm-

wifom 2012 wlis oqtomberSi. kiTxvas

iwvevda ara Tavad amnistiis aqti, radgan

misi ganxorcielebis ufleba yvelas aqvs

da arc is, rom misi ganxorcielebis dros

romelime telekopania „SeizRuda“ aramed

is, rom amnistia yvela televizias Tanab-

rad ar Seexo. zemoT warmodgenili ormagi

standarti saxelmwifos mxridan favor-

itizmis naTeli magaliTia, rac Tavisu-

fal konkurencias uSlis xels. swored

aseTi precedentebis gamo saerTaSoriso

eqspertul wreebsa da organizaciebSi

saqarTveloSi arsebul korufciasa da eko-

nomikur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT araer-

Tgvarovani Sefaseba arsebobs. organizaciis

„saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba“ mier 2012

wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynebuli angariSis

Tanaxmad, saqarTvelom TiTqmis srulad

SeZlo aRmoefxvra wvrili meqrTameoba.

(Transparency International, October 2012). re-

formebi mimarTuli iyo sajaro samsax-

urebSi gamWvirvalobis da efeqtianobis

asamaRleblad, Sedegad korufcia aRmoi-

fxvra dabal da saSualo doneebze. Tumca

qveyana dadga axali problemis winaSe -

dainerga korufcia maRal eSelonebSi.

(Betselmann Foundation 2013). aSS-s saxelm-

wifo departamentis 2012 wlis angariSSi,

magaliTad, aRniSnulia, rom arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis da opoziciis warmomadgen-

lebis mier miwodebuli informaciiT,

saqarTveloSi politikuri niSniT xdeboda

sagadasaxado wnexis gamoyeneba kompan-

iebis mimarT; adgili hqonda sagadasaxado

struqturebis mxridan kompaniebis dajar-

imebas, rac maTi politikuri xedviT iyo

ganpirobebuli. sagadasaxado struqturebi

sajarimo sanqciebs iyenebdnen daSinebis

meqanizmad im kompaniebis winaaRmdeg, visac

T. Sengelia


88



kavSiri hqonda im droindel opoziciis

warmomadgenlebTan [www.justice.gov.ge/fi les/

Departments/Analytical/].

es daskvnebi dResac aqtualuria,

radgan axali xelisuflebis ZiriTadi Zal-

isxmeva swored am faqtebis gamomzeurebisa

da dasjisken unda iyos mimarTuli. Tumca

korufciasTan realuri brZola ara mxolod

warsulSi, aramed _ arsebulis wiaRSi war-

moSobili problemebis winaaRmdeg brZolas

gulisxmobs. magaliTad aSS saxelmwifo de-

partamentis 2012 wlis angariSSi dasaxele-

buli darRvevebi dRes, faqtobrivad, kvlav

sayuradReboa. naklebsavaraudoa, rom ax-

ali xelisuflebis pirobebSi gaumjobesdes

politikuri oponentebis mxardamWeri

biznesis Seviwrovebis maCvenebeli. aseve

sayuradReboa favoritizmis garkvuli niS-

nebi, kerZod is, rom axali xelisuflebis

pirobebSi 2013 wlis ianvridan praqtiku-

lad yvela sajaro uwyebam Seicvala kor-

poratiuli nomrebi da satelekomunikacio

kompania „jeoselis“ qselidan „magTis“

qselSi gadaerTo; analogiuri myisieri cv-

lileba Seexo navTobis sferosac _ kom-

pania „lukoilma“ mTlianad Caanacvla

sajaro uwyebebis momsaxurebaSi mTeli

saqarTvelos masStabiT kompaniebi „galfi“

da visoli“; Riad moxda dazRvevis sistemis

gadanacvleba sadazRvevo kompania ̀ qarTus~

mimarTulebiT; Riad aris aseve aRiare-

buli da gamarTlebulic ki favoritizmisa

da proteqcionizmis farTod damkvidreba

sajaro samsaxurSi kadrebis dasaqmebis

TvalsazrisiT. dedaqalaqis meriaSi

dafiqsirda msxvili maStabis korufciuli

garigeba (jodokia bodokias saqme), ramod-

enime municipalitetSi, korufciuli

garigebebis gamo dakavebul iqna maRali

Tanamdebobis pirebi; gamovlinda sasoi-

flo-sameurneo teqnikis ukanono Sesyidva

soflis meurneobis saministroSi da sxva

[www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5253].

2014 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis mier gamoqveynebuli regionaluri

angariSis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi araform-

aluri ekonomikis zoma mSp-is TiTqmis 20%-

ia, rac aRemateba belorusis, TurqeTis,

litvis, rumineTis, bulgareTis, xorvatiis

da sxva ganviTarebuli Tu ganviTarebadi

qveynis monacemebs. araformaluri saqmi-

anoba gadasaxadebis gverdis avliT xor-

cieldeba, rac TavisTavad vnebs sajaro

finansebs. angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom Zir-

iTadi faqtori, rac ganapirobebs araform-

aluri ekonomikis maRal maCvenebls aris

korufcia, arasamarTliani sagadasaxado

regulaciebi, biznesis sawarmoeblad Seqm-

nili uTanasoworo pirobebi, rac ZiriTadad

gamoxateba monopoliebis arsebobasa da Tav-

isufali konkurenciis dabal maCvenebelSi.

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi zemoaRniSnuli

mizezebidan gansakuTrebiT gamokveTili

iyo maregulireblebis wnexi da institu-

ciebis xarisxi. maregulireblebis wnexi

moicavda araTanabar pirobebSi moqceul

biznesebs, monopoliebs, rac gamoxatulia

calkeuli biznesebis mier bazarze domin-

irebiT; instituciebidan gamoyofili iyo

sasamarTlo sistemis gaumarTaoba, gamWvir-

valobis dabali xarisxi [www.state.gov/r/pa/

ei/bgn/5253].

sainteresoa sajaro moxeleebis Se-

mosavlebis gamWvirvaleobis sakiTxi. aq

saubaria ara xelfasebze, rac regulirdeba

kanoniT, aramed danamatebze, romelic

aseve gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli kanonm-

deblobiT, kerZod, sajaro samsaxuris kod-

eqsiT, magram ar aris detalizebuli maTi

dadgenis meqanizmi. vin da ra kriteriumebiT

afasebs premirebis subieqts gaugebaria.

saqarTveloSi statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris mier gamoqveynebuli 2015 wlis

siRaribis maCvenebelis mixedviT, mosaxleo-

bis daaxloebiT 10%, anu 430 aTasamde ad-

amiani RatakTa kategorias miekuTvneba.

xazgasasmelia, rom ramdenime welia qvey-

anaSi siRaribis maCvenebeli ar icvleba.

es niSnavs, rom saxelisuflebo cvlileba,

axali sainvesticio proeqtebi, asobiT gax-

snili virtualuri sawarmo, mosaxleo-

bis cxovrebis dones ver cvlis. is, rom

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi mZime so-

cialuri mdgomareobaa, amaze „jinis” in-

deqsic miuTiTebs. statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris mier gamoqveynebuli informa-

ciiT, mTliani fuladi xarjebis mixedviT,

„jinis” indeqsi - 0,47-ia. cnobilia, rom

89

rodesac „jinis” indeqsi 0,40-s aWarbebs,

qveyanaSi saSemosavlo da qonebrivi difer-

enciacia maRalia.

am pirobebSi sruliad alogikuria im

saxelfaso danamatebis daweseba, rome-

lic dominirebs sajaro seqtorSi da xels

uwyobs mosaxleobis socialur difer-

enciacias. 2014 wlis 15 ivliss saqarTvelos

mTavrobam gamosca dadgenileba, romlis

mixedviTac ganisazRvra premiis gacemaze

uflebamosili pirebi, gaCnda premiis ga-

cemis dasabuTebis aucilebloba, garkveuli

SezRudvebi dawesda premiis gacemis period-

ulobasa da odenobaze. aRsaniSnavia is, rom

saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT gark-

veulwilad daregulirda mxolod mTavro-

bas daqvemdebarebul uwyebebSi premirebis

sistema, Tumca aRniSnul dadgenilebaSi

araferia naTqvami saxelfaso danamatebze,

romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

premiis msgavsad sajaro moxelis damate-

biTi anazRaurebis analogiur saSuale-

bas warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi arsebuli

saxelfaso politikis zogadi SefasebisTvis

mniSvnelovania agreTve monacemebi, ro-

melic ukanasknel wlebSi saxelmwifo bi-

ujetidan Sromis anazRaurebisaTvis gaweul

xarjebs asaxavs. rogorc irkveva, 2014 wels

StatiT gaTvaliswinebul TanamSromelTa

Sromis anazRaurebis yvelaze maRali niS-

nuli fiqsirdeba 1 296 186 185 lari, rac

daaxloebiT 109 milioni lariT aRemateba

2013 wlis Sromis anazRaurebaze daxar-

jul Tanxebs, xolo 247 milioni lariT

2012 wlis maCvenebels, rac metyvelebs

imaze, rom saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebis prob-

lema wydeba ara biznesis gafarToebis,

aramed sabiujeto seqtoris zrdis xarjze,

rac `socialuri ekonomikis~ koncefciis

aRorZinebaze metyvelebs da mZimed awveba

gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs [zinaraSvili

2014].

korufciasTan brZola warmoadgens

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas, ro-

melzec bevrad aris damokidebuli qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTareba da stabiluroba.

am mimarTulebiT qveyanaSi unda gadaiWras

ramodenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rome-

lic xels Seuwyobs am mankieri movlenis

SezRudvas Cvens sazogadoebaSi.


1. biblia. gamosvla 23:8.

2. biblia. eklesiaste 8:11.

3. biblia. eklesiaste 5:9.

4. biblia. ioane 5:19, gamocxadeba 12:9.

5. biblia. maTe 4:8, 9.

6. korufciis istoriidan. http://genia.ge/

?p= 10547

7. Marff, K. (1964). Economic Development Through

Bureaucratic Corruption // American Behavioral

Scientist. Vol. 82. № 2. P. 337–341.

8. Mauro, P. (1995). (Corruption and Growth //

Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 110. № 3.

P. 681-712.

9. zinaraSvili, s. (2014). wels Tanamdebobis

pi rebze orjer meti saxelfaso danamati

gaica, vidre premia. pirveli radio, 2015.

10. Sengelia, T. (2016). globaluri biznesi.

Tbi lisi. 11. hantingtoni, s. modernizacia da korufcia.

http://liberty.ge/.

12. Huntington, S. (1998). Political Order in Changing

Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.

13. Leite, C., Weidmann, J. (1999). Does Mother

Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corrup-

tion, and Economic Growth. Washington: Inter-

national Monetary Fund, (= IMF Working Paper

№ 85).

14. Huston, D. (2006). Corruption and Human Devel-

opment // Cato Journal. . Vol. 26. № 1. P. 29–46.

15. Wikipedia /korufcia/.

16. www. reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/

ccwatch

17. www.justice.gov.ge/files/Departments/Analyt-

ical/.

18. www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5253.

19. www.eprc.ge/index.php?a=main&pid.

20. www.justice.gov.ge/files/Departments/Analyt-

ical/.

21. www./idfi .ge/.

T. Sengelia


90



Corruption as Social Phenomenon and Determinant of Global Business

Teimuraz ShengeliaDoctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Key words:MODERN GLOBALIZED WORLD, CORRUPTION, GLOBAL BUSINESS

Summary

In modern globalized world, study of the problem of corruption in diff erent cultures becomes more urgent and actual. The present problem has an active infl uence on socio-economic stability of world coun-tries.

Corruption in broad understanding is non-targeted use of the state power is illegitimate and, as a rule, is used for secret, personal well-being. Practice of illegal fi nancing, which is legitimate in one country, can be illegitimate in another. That’s why apprehension of corruption is diff erent according to the countries. To draw a line of distinction between the justice and corruption is quite diffi cult, because in separate countries the policy of support to the groups of interests and the practice of lobbying is acceptable, but in other countries it is con-sidered to be corruption. The present work discusses the problem of corruption apprehension in Georgia and its infl uence on business.

91









saxelmwifo da ekonomika

jamlet janjRava

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი,სასწავლო ეროვნული უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

saxelmwifo, ekonomika, liberaluri modeli

imisTvis, rom qveyana iyos damoukide-

beli, suverenuli, moagvaros rTuli so-

cialur-ekonomiuri problemebi da naTlad

gansazRvros momavlis ekonomikuri da

politikuri perspeqtivebi aucilebelia

swori ekonomikuri politikis gatareba.

Zlieri ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoebi

avtomaturad floben Zlier politikur

Zalauflebas. amis sapirispirod, mravlad

arian iseTi saxelmwifoebi, sadac, marTalia,

aris Zlieri politikuri Zalaufleba, ma-

gram ekonomika savalalo mdgomareobaSia.

ra mdgomareobaa mxriv saqarTveloSi,

romelic saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis 25

wlis Semdeg ver axerxebs Seqmnas iseTi sta-

biluri ekonomika, romelic uzrunvely-

ofda did ekonomikur zrdas. saxelmwifoSi

periodulad adgili aqvs ekonomikur stag-

nacias, erovnuli valutis devalvacias,

umuSevrobis zrdas da a.S.

logikurad ismis aseTi kiTxva, ra

roli unda Seasrulos am mZime viTarebaSi

qarTulma saxelmwifom, raTa moxdes Cveni

qveynis ekonomikis aRorZineba.

saxelmwifos ekonomikur rolze eko-

nomikur TeoriaSi aris 2 gansxvavebuli

midgoma: pirveli midgoma aris klasikuri

(liberaluri) da meore aris keinzianuri.

klasikuri (liberaluri) midgomis mixedviT,

ekonomika mocemulia, rogorc stabiluri

elementi da saxelmwifos Careva sxvadasxva

procesSi aRqmulia, rogorc Semaferxebeli

faqtori sabazro konkurenciisa meqanizmis

muSaobaSi, amitom saxelmwifos monawileoba

minimumamde unda iqnas dayvanili. aRniS-

nuli Teoriis mimdevrebi iyvnen nobelis

premiis lauriatebi pol samuelsoni da

milton fridmani. p. samuelsonma ganacx-

ada, rom saxelmwofos unda daekisros fun-

qcia, gansazRvros ekonomikuri miznebi da

Zalaufleba, ZiriTadad, gamoiyenos iseTi

problemebi gadasawyvetad, rogoricaa jan-

mrTelobis dacva, ganaTleba da garemos

dabinZureba. milton fridmani moTxovnisa

da miwodebis kanonebs ganixilavs, rogorc

yvelaze qmediT da potenciur Zalas eko-

nomikuri problemebis mosagvareblad. Tu

mTavrobas surs, daexmaros ekonomikas, is

ar unda Caerios mis moqmedebaSi da `daaca-

dos bizness, akeTos Tavisi saqme”.

Tumca zogierT sakiTxSi maT Soris iyo

azrTa sxvadasxaoba, magaliTad, ̀ minimaluri

xelfasis” kanoni. p. sameulsons miaCnda,

rom es iyo dabalxelfasiani mSromelebis

daxmarebis saSualeba. m. fridmani ki Tvl-

ida, rom es sazianoa upirvelesad maTTvis,

visTvisac aris gankuTvnili es daxmareba.

m. fridmani acxadebs, rom bevri firma ver


92



SeZlebs minimaluri xelfasis gadaxdas da

firmebi gakotrdebian. saboloos es adami-

anebi umuSevrebi darCebian.

samuelsoni mxars uWerda mTavrobis mier

binamSeneblobis da sasursaTo talonebis

dafinansebis koncefcias, rogorc siR-

aribebis daZlevis saSualebas. m.fridmani,

piriqiT, amjobinebs RaribebisTvis dam-

atebiTi Semosavlis uzrunvelyofas da

imas, rom maT TavianTi problemebi TviTon

unda gadawyviton. rogorc viciT, 2013

wels axlandelma xelisuflebam ganaxor-

ciela arnaxuli maStabis proeqti, romeli

agrarul seqtorSi 1 miliardi laris inve-

stirebas exeboda. Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, aman

garkveuli Sedegebi mogvca, magram erTi

wlis mere daaviwyda xalxs, radgan maT

meore welsac moundaT igive moculobis

Tanxis Cadeba, rac arsebuli viTarebidn

warmoudgeneli ram iyo. xom ar ajobebda

am 1 miliardi TanxiT sxvadasxa regionSi

sawarmoebi aSenebuliyo da xalxi dasaqme-

bul iyo. amaze xalxi ufro madlieri iqne-

boda.

swored klasikuri (liberaluri) eko-

nomikuri politikis mimdevari iyo, Tav-

isi moRvaweobiT pirvel wlebSi wina

xelisufleba, magram bolo wlebSi ar-

Ceuli kursi kardinalurad Seicvala da

daiwyo biznesis dateroreba saxelmwifos

mier da Crdilovani ekonomikis mzardi

lobireba, ramac didi daRi daasva upirve-

lesad politikur procesebs. mmarTveli

politikuri Zala enm, 2012 wels CamoSore-

bul iqna xelisuflebas. da mainc, ram gana-

piroba rogorc 2012 wlis saparlamento

arCevnebze iseve 2013 wels adgilobriv ar-

Cevnebze mmarTveli politikuri Zalis, er-

Tiani nacionaluri moZraobis damarcxeba.

ra Tqma unda, aq Tavisi dadebiTi roli iT-

amaSa baton biZina ivaniSvilis faqtorma da

im SesaZleblobebma, romelic mas gaaCnda,

magram me mainc mimaCnia, rom amomrCevelma

upirveles yovlisa uari uTxra Zvel xel-

isuflebas konstituciiT miniWebuli

umTavresi uflebis _ kerZo sakuTrebis

masobrivi xelyofas, biznesis daterorebas

da politikuri oponentebis mimarT war-

moebul agresiul politikas, oponentebis

sabrZolvelad mimarTuli kanonebis Seqm-

nas da cxovroebaSi gatarebas. amis naTeli

dadasturebaa qarTu bankis e.w. gakotreis

sqemis SemuSaveba da misi praqtikaSi damk-

vidreba.

liberali (klasikuri) modelis damk-

vidrebis iniciatori iyo ingliseli

eqimi, adam smiti, romelmac 1778 wels,

amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis

gamocxadebis wels, gamosca SesaniSnavi

wigni: “gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris

bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb”. a. smitma

Camoayaliba e.w. “uxilavi xelis Teoria”. am

Teoriis mixedviT, bazari TiTqos “uxil-

avi xeliT” saSualebiT karnaxobs mewarmes,

Tu rogor unda marTos misi egoisturi

miswrafeba sazogadoebis sasargeblod.

klasikuri (liberaluri) gagebiT, eko-

nomikuri procesebiT saxelmwifos pasiur

rolSi gvevlineba da ZiriTadad arbitris

funqciebi ekisreba, rac gamoixateba: sak-

uTrebis uflebis dacvaSi, moqalaqeebis

uflebis dacvaSi, mosaxleobis efeqturi

ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofaSi. TviTreg-

ulirebis instrumentad aq gvevlineba

moqnili xelfasi, moqnili saprocento

ganakveTi da a.S. klasikuri (liberaluri)

ideebis mimdevrebi iyvnen sxva cnobili cn-

obili ekonomistebi, rogorebic arian: d.

rikardo, a. pigu, f. kene, l. erhardi.

klasikosebis (liberalebis) sapiris-

pirod arsebobs meore, keinzianuri midgoma.

am mimdinareobas saxeli ewoda cnobili

britaneli mecnieris jon meinard keinz(s)

is sapativcemulod. keinzianebis mixedviT

saxelmwifo qveynis ekonomikis ZiriTadi

regulatoria. 1929-1933 wlis “didi de-

presia” imis naTeli magaliTia, rom bazari

damoukideblad uZluria iseTi ekonomikuri

problemebis winaSe, rogoricaa umuSevroba

da warmoebuli produqciis moculobis Sem-

cireba.

saqarTelosTvis liberaluri

(klasikuri) midgomis Seusabamobas cxady-

ofs qveynis makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis

SemaSfoTebeli maCveneblebi. magaliT-

isTvis umuSevrobis donis swrafi zrda

(2005-2009 wlebSi). saqarTvelos Sromis

bazari uZluri aRmoCnda am problemis mo-

93

gvarebis winaSe, Tu 2005 wels umuSevrobis

done 13,8%-iT ganisazRvreboda, 2009 wels

man 16,9%-mde aiwia. keinzianelobis mixed-

viT umuSevrobis problemis mogvareba war-

moudgenilia saxelmwifos aqtiuri Carevis

gareSe. efeqturi sabiujeto-sagadasaxado

da sakredito, e.i. aqtiuri monitoruli

da fiskaluri politikis gatarebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia umuSevrobis problemis mo-

gvareba. Tumca sanam moqmedi xelisuflebis

mier axleburi politikuri platformis Se-

qmnaze gadavalT, gasaTvaliswinebelia rigi

faqtorebi, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi zrdis arae-

feqturi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebas Sanss da sazogadoebis grZelvadian

interesebTan konfliqtSi modis.

1. politikosebis mier daSvebuli Sec-

domebi. politikosebis erT nawils ar

gaaCnia mwyobri ekonomikuri ganaTleba,

rac Zalian did avlenas axdens maT

mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.

politikosebis meore nawils kerZo

politikuri interesebi amoZravebT, magal-

iTad Semdgomi arCevnebis mogeba.

politikosebis mesame nawils Tav-

isi subieqturi warmodgena gaaCnia

sazogadoebis interesebis sakiTxze, rac

winaaRmdegobaSi modis qveynis farglebSi

Tanmxvedri politikuri kursis gatarebaSi.

2. yofili xelisuflebis gavlena. qveynis

mimdinare ekonomikuri politika xSir

SemTxvevaSi yofili xelisuflebis

mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT gan-

isazRvreba, miuxedavad imisa, iziare-

ben Tu ara dRevandeli politikosebi

wina xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli

reformebis siswores.

qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomkuri

realobis SefasebisTvis aucilebelia Zir-

iTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis anal-

izi, romelic garkveuli diagnozis dasmis

saSualebas iZleva da samomavlo perspeqt-

ivebis ganWvretis saSualebebs mogvcems.

yofili xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis 9

wliani periodi, mTliani Sida produqtis

maCvenebeli erTi da igive diapazonSi

viTardeboda. ufro metic, 2008 wlis ru-

seT-saqarTvelos omma mniSvnelovanwilad

Seaferxa qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba

da mSp-s procentuli maCvenebeli wina wlis

analogiur maCvenebelTan mimarTebebSi

3,8%-iT Semcirda. aseve savalaloa mTliani

Sida produqtis struqturac, radganac eko-

nomikis ZiriTadi mwarmoebluri dargebis

wili mSp-Si (sofli meurneoba, mrewveloba,

mSenebloba, transporti) zrdadi tempiT

mcirdeba.

Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa dasaqmebisa

da umuSevrobis xaziTac. rogorc viciT

civilizirebul qveynebSi umuSevrobis

bunebrivi maCvenebeli 4-6 procentamde

meryeobs. saqarTvelos statistikis

erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT umuSev-

robis done 2003 wels 11,3% iyo, igi 2009

wels 16,9 procentamde gaizarda. sxva, arao-

ficialuri monacemebiT es done realurad

30 procentamdea.

Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa importis

monacemebiT, dasturdeba, rom importi

sagareo savaWro brunvis 80% Seadgens, rac

imaze miuTiTebs, rom samomxmareblo baz-

ari da mTlianad ekonomika TiTqmis mTli-

anad aris damokidebuli importze.

Zalze mniSvnelovania iseTi makroeko-

nomikuri maCvenebli, rogoricaa pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi. pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis 52% modis ekonomikis iseT

seqtorebze, rogoricaa transporti da

kavSirgabmuloba, gadamamuSavebeli mrewve-

loba da energetika. zemoTaRniSnuli

dargebi mowinave qveynebSi saxelmwifo

daqvemdebarebaSia, xolo saqarTveloSi ki

absoluturad sapirispiro mdgomreoba.

saqarTveloSi statistikis erovnuli sam-

saxuris mier gavrcelebuli monacemebiT

2015 wels saqarTveeloSi sul 1,353 mil-

iardis ucxouri investiciebi ganxor-

cielda. aqedan 1,094 miliardi investicia

ganxorcielebulia TbilisSi, danarCeni ki

regionebze gadanawilda. gansakuTrebuli

kleba TvalSisacemi aWaris regionSi. am re-

gionSi 2015 wels 4 kvartlis monacemebiT

121,324 milioni dolaris pirdapiri ucx-

ouri investicia ganxorcielda, 2014 wlis

analogiuri maCvenebeli 159,275 milioni

dolari iyo. samegrelo zemo-svaneTis

regionSi pirdapiri ucxouri investi-

ciebis jamurma raodenobam 50,819 milioni

j. janjRava


94



dolari Seadgina. analogiuri maCvenebeli

aRniSnul regionSi 1014 wels iyo 93,648

milioni dolari. aseve Semcirebulia pird-

apiri uc xouri investiciebi imereTSi,

raWa-leCxumSi da qvemo svaneTSi (jamurad

2014 wels aq ganxorcielda 26.363 milioni

dolaris pirdapiri ucxouri investicia,

2015 wels ki iyo mxolod 6,009 milioni).

Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, arsebul viTare-

baSi qveynis ekonomikis wonaSe mdgari

ekonomikuri gamowvebebisaTvis, upriani

iqneba, rom qveyana gadavides e.w. keinzia-

nur modelze. amisaTvis ki saWiroa Semdegi

nabijebis gadadgma:

1. unda moxdes kanonSemoqmedebiTi da nor-

matiuli aqtebis, administraciuli kon-

trolis ganxorcieleba (antimonopoli-

uri(miuxedavad imisa, rom es samsaxuri

Seiqmna, misi margi qmedebis koefici-

enti sasurvelisgan Sorsaa) da antiko-

rufciuli sabWoebis Seqmna) da aqtiuri

muSaoba. saWiroa elitaruli korufciis

bolomde aRmofxvra, trestuli garige-

bebis aRkveTa da bazarze konkuren-

tunariani garemos Seqmna.

2. unda moxdes Sromis kodeqsis gad-

axedva. unda moxdes asakobrivi

diskriminaciis mospoba da staJiore-

bis uflebebis dacva. dRes arsebuli

normebiT farTod aris damkvidre-

buli araanazRaurebadi staJirebis

struqtura.es maxinji forma unda

Seicvalos. staJirebisas unda dawesdes

amave poziciaze dasaqmebuli adamiane-

bis anazRaurebis 75% mainc.

3. unda moxdes sagadasaxado sistemis

modernizeba. farTod unda dainer-

gos progresuli saSemosavlo gadasax-

adis sistema. unda Semcirdes mogebis

gadasaxadis da damatebuli Rirebuleb-

isd gadasaxadis nixrebi. fizikuri

pirebis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi 15-

dan 50%-mde unda gaizrdos. mets Reb-

ulob, meti gadaixade saxelmwifo xazi-

naSi.

4. unda moxdes saxelmwifo mewarmeobis

farTo danergva im dargebSi, romelsac

kerZo biznesi ar etaneba. yvelanairad

unda iyos es dargebi waxalisebuli.

5. transferebi, dotaciebi da subsi-

diebi. ucilebelia iseTi mniSvnelo-

vani regulatoris amoqmedeba, rogor-

icaa subsidia, subvencia. pirdapiri

da iribi saeqsporto subsidiebis mi-

zanmimarTulma amoqmedebam SesaZlebe-

lia udidesi roli Seasrulos eqspor-

tis waxalisebaSi. subsidiebis sistemis

swor dagegmvas socialuri probleme-

bis gadaWrac ZaluZs. magaliTad, sacx-

ovrebeli farTebis subsidirebis pro-

gramebi.

6. saxelmwifo vali. saWiroa perma-

nentuli nabijebis gadadgma, romelic

saxelmwifo valis sakiTxs ukavSird-

eba. 2004 wlidan saxelmwifo vali

gasammagda, amitom saswrafod unda

daiwyos valis Semcirebis procesi. mo-

mavalma Taobebma ar unda agon pasuxi

Cveni Taobebis mier aRebul valebze.

gansakuTrebiT kritikuli viTarebaa

sagareo valis mimarTebaSi, romel-

mac 2015 wlis bolos 15 miliardi am-

erikuli doladi Seadgina, rac qvey-

nis mTliani Sida produqtis 107%-s

Seadgens. 2015 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi

saqarTvelos mTliani sagareo vali

gaizarda 441,1 milioni aSS dolariT.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis cnobiT

sagareo valma eqvsi miliardi dolari

Seadgina, rac mTliani Sida produq-

tis 43,3 %-ia. am Tanxidan samTavrobo

seqtoris vals Seadgens 4,4 miliardi

dolari, rac mSp-s 31,5%-ia. saxelm-

wifo sawarmoebis obligaciebidan vali

Seadgens 782,4 milion aSS dolars (1,9

miliardi lari, rac mSp-is 5,6%-ia) da

sesxebi 650,3 aSS dolari (1,5 miliardi

lari da mSp-is 4,7%-i) saqarTvelos

erovnuli bankis monacemebiT sagareo

valma sabanko seqtorSi Seadgina 2, 9

miliardi dolari (7,1 miliardi lari,

rac mSp-is 21,1%-ia) mTliani sagareo

valis 94,7% demonirebulia ucxouri

valutiT, aRniSnuli monacemebi aris

aRmaSfoTebeli da am problemis ga-

daWris aucileblobaze miuTiTebs.

7. saswradod aris gasauqmebeli savizo

95

regulaciebi im qveynebTan, saidanac

turistebis nakadebi Semodioda, rac

qveynis ekonomikas aZlierebda da iyo

erovnuli valutis laris usafrTxoe-

bis erT-erTi garanti. amis naTeli maga-

liTia iranTan savizo reJimis gauqmeba.

irani islamuri respublokidan Semo-

suli vizitorebis ricxvi 12 gaizarda,

am qveyanasTan savizo reJimis gauqmebis

Semdeg.

8. aseve mniSvnelovania Tavisufali

savaWro zonebis amoqmedeba samaCa-

blosa da afxaxeTis mimdebari teri-

toriaze. samaCabloSi es teritoria

SeiZleba iyos ergneTi, sadac mravali

wlis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda e.w.

`ergneTis bazroba“. miuxedavad imisa,

rom es bazroba iyo moiwesrigebeli,

zogjer kriminaluri, magram mainc

dadebiTi roli Seasrula qarTveli

da osi xalxis daaxloebaSi. da, Tu es

Tavisufali savaWro zona iqneba ufro

mowesrigebuli da kanonierebas daqve-

mdebarebuli, man Seasrulos didi

roli Seasrulos am konfliqtis mog-

varebis saqmeSi.

9. saxelmwifom Zalian didi yuradReba

unda miaqcios fundamenturi mecniere-

bebis dafinansebas. swored am dargebSi

gvqonda warsulSi udidesi warmate-

bebi. aseve misasalmenelia mTavrobis

Zalisxmeva profesiuli ganaTlebis

mowesrigebis sakiTxSi. aq unda da-

visaxoT strategiuli mizani da pirvel

etaze unda ganvaviTaroT is dargebi,

romelzec bazarze didi moTxovnaa.

10. aucileblia qveynis mmarTvelobiTi xar-

jebis optimizacia da minimaluri xel-

fasis donis sakanomdeblo mowesrigeba.

unda gardaqmnas biujetis dagegmvis

praqtika. yvela wina biujeti, rogorc

wesi igegmeba maTi Sesrulebis anali-

zis gauTvaliswineblad da ekonomikuri

gaTvlebis gareSe. cifrebi gansakuTre-

biT saSemosavlo nawilSi moklebuli

yovelgvar dasabuTebas.

11. saqarTvelos mSp struqtura SeZlebels

xdis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebas.

piradi (kerZo) da saxelmwifo danazogebi

aris umniSvnelo da ver axdens investi-

ciaze gavlenas. amitom gadaudebel

aucileblovad mogvaCnia depozitebis

dazRvevis sistemis SemoReba.

Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, aRniSnuli Ron-

isZiebebi didad Seuwyobs xels ekonomikur

zrdas, umuSevrobis Semcirebas, erovnuli

valutis devalvaciis SeCerebas da saerTod

qveynis ekonomikis winsvlasa da ganviTare-

bas.


1. menqiu, g. (2008). ekonomikis principebi. Tb-

ilisi.

2. gamoyenebiTi ekonomika (2004). Tbilisi.

3. janjRava, j. (2007). ekonomikuri zrda _

ekonomikuri politikis umTavresi prior-

iteti, Jurnali „socialuri ekonomika“,

№3.

4. www.geostat.ge

5. mdivani, g. (2013). saxelmwifos roli eko-

nomikaSi. 15.09. www.google.ge

j. janjRava


96



State and Economy

Jamlet JanjghavaDoctor of Economics,Georgian Technical University Professor,Learning National University Professor

Key words:THE STATE, THE ECONOMY, THE LIBERAL MODEL

Summary

As it’s widely recognized that there are two dominant views regarding the role of the state in the economy: (1) classical (liberal); (2) Keynesian.

In our opinion, classical (liberal) approach didn’t work. From time to time there occur various problems, such as stagnation, growth of unemployment, devaluation of national currency. Economic growth in general is slowed.

The foregoing shows that there should be a shift to Keynesian approach and the following measures have to be carried out: 1. A very strict control should be exercised over legislative or regulatory acts; 2. Changes should be made in the Labor Code and the Tax Code; 3. Development of state entrepreneurship in the fi elds which aren’t popular among private businesses; 4. The country should fully utilize its tourism potential and the visa regulations with various countries, which have negative infl uence on the infl ow of tourists should be abol-ished. 5. More investments should be directed to science and education, particularly in fundamental sciences.

The above measures will promote economic growth and development of the country.

მაკროეკონომიკა, ფინანსები

და ინვესტიციები

MACROECONOMICS, FINANCES AND INVESTMENTS

98











The Development of Cooperation in Europe During Late XIX – Early XX Century: Structure, Principles

Natalya Zemzyulina Natalya Zemzyulina Phd., Professor of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy

Key words: Key words: COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT, ICA, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CONTACTS, SOCIAL RIGHTS, SELF-GOVERNMENT

Theme rationale. Cooperation is one of the dis-tinctive displays of human masses self-organization. The originally Latin word “cooperatio” became a part of many European nations’ languages, including Ukrainian, maintaining the only profound and humane meaning – “collaboration”. It is commonly known that successful col-laboration requires consolidation of eff orts and means of those willing to collaborate. The rationale of intro-duced research is stipulated by proactive development of cooperation in modern world economic fi eld. Thus, International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) unites 45 million cooperators, mainly heads of households, that allows es-timating the number of people working on forming so-cially protected and economically stable society at 200 million [Machima 1995].

Goal of the research lies in disclosing general trends of setting-up cooperation into world economic and public movement; in eff ort to uncover the process of establishment of international unions and organ-izations that supported the development of human rights and freedoms, their social activity and economic freedom.

The analysis of latest researches and publica-

tionsis rather diverse, both in its structure and in form.Special interest was attracted by the researches of in-ternational cooperation founders and documentary

material, in which the process of ICA establishment is described, as well as consequences for economics and social changes in public associations.

The foundation ofarticle sources base is formed by: InternationaleHandworterbuch des Genosseschaftswe-sens (International Cooperative Dictionary), published in three volumes under the editorship of Prof. Totomiants in Berlin and InternationaleStatistik der Genossenschaften, prof. Ihring (International Cooperative Statistics by prof. Ihring). These sources are followed by Appendix to the Report on the countries-members of International Co-operative Alliance. However, without a doubt these sources are not enough. Signifi cant part of material has been taken from the work of Watkins W.P. International Cooperative Alliance 1895-1970, in which the process of setting-up of world cooperation into international eco-nomic structure had been rather thoroughly stated.

Main material summaryThe initiative to practically implement the ideas

of international cooperative collaboration has been taken by English cooperators in late 19th century. In 1889, General Secretary of British Cooperative Union, Christian socialist Vansittart Nil established Initiative Committee out of organization of International union

99

of friends of cooperative manufacture. The Commit-tee addressed cooperative unions in various countries with the appeal to establish international cooperat-ive center with headquarters in London. V.Nil and his supporters aimed at founding a kind of international cooperative union that would contribute to establish-ment of production cooperatives in all countries in the fi rst place [Watkins 1970].

Christian socialists of late 19th century attrib-uted the development of this kind of cooperation to the way of solving social problems of society, op-portunity to eliminate contradictions between labor and capital, possibility to draw workers not just to participating in capital formation, but to enterprise management. They hoped that having become share-holders, workers would be utilizing incomes on the same level as entrepreneurs, and in such a way, the disputes between labor and capital will be resolved. Right socialists called upon drawing laborers to work-ing at and administrating consumer cooperatives that were involved in production. However, they were not supported by members of consumer cooperation that became the main reason of delay in establishment of ICA [Hall& Watkins 1934].

The eff orts to establish international cooperative organization were evidenced back in 1892 during in-ternational conference of friends of cooperative man-ufacturein London. Within the conference the statute of future international union has been considered and adopted, the decision to summon fi rst congress in 1893 – admitted, and the temporary committee headed by Heinrich Wolf (supporter of credit and rural cooperation) – founded. The latter addressed cooper-ative organizations of various types with the appeal to participate in international congress. However, the attempt to assemble the fi rst congress of ICA in 1893 was unsuccessful due to insignifi cant number of its participants and absence of agreement on pivotal questions of cooperative structuring [Watkins 1970].

First constituent international congress opened on September 19, 1895 in London. 207 delegates of cooperative organizations from Australia, Austria-Hun-gary, England, Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Serbia, USA, France, Switzerland and observers from a number of other countries participated in it. At that time the centralized cooperative authority that could become a member of ICA had not yet been es-tablished in Russia, therefore, it was represented by an observer. The questions in agenda were as follows: 1)

Statute of International Cooperative Alliance, 2) Or-ganization of international trade relationships, 3) Co-operative production, 4) Cooperative banking activity, 5) Consumer and rural cooperation.

Congress delegates discussed draft of ICA Stat-ute, which engendered a signifi cant number of argu-ments. Besides the organizational basis of ICA the 12 articles of the Statute stipulated that the Alliance shall not be engaged in questions of politics and religion. The Statute had not been adopted, while it has been decided that it should be elaborated and brought up for additional discussion at second congress. The Central Committee comprising of 15 people has been elected as a management authority till the next con-gress. The Statute draft determined the payment amounts for individual and collective members. At the start of its activities, the Alliance allowed the particip-ation of around 200 theoreticians and practitioners of cooperative movement. However, already in several years individual participation has been liquidated, as theoreticians belonged to opposite, often hostile political and ideological trends. Congress adopted the decision to incorporate the ICA headquarters in Lon-don and to conduct regular congresses once in three years. The International Commercial Agency had been established within ICA. Among the goals of ICA was to introduce cooperators from various countries to the work of national cooperative organizations, promote establishment of business relationships between co-operative organizations of diff erent countries, pop-ularize goal and targets of cooperation. In order to accomplish these tasks it had been decided to con-duct various arrangements: to convoke conferences for cooperators, to spread cooperative information, to study new problems of cooperative movement, to study possibilities of mutual cooperative actions and to propagandize ideas of the Alliance. The establish-ment of ICA, or how it used to be called – Cooperative international, has become an enormous progressive phenomenon in the social life of that time.

The transition of collaboration from national to international versatile level has started. Mutually be-nefi cial trade, material and moral support of laborers’ struggle, joint public statements to adopt special co-operative legislation promoted strengthening and development of cooperative movement around the world. Thus, the organization that united over 2 mil-lion members and was hard not to notice has emerged on the world stage [Banner 1929].

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A key to the long-term existence of ICA that sur-vived few crises and maintained the unity was the recognition of the cooperative movement basis by cooperators all over the world. Cooperative principles are implemented only in the system, in close interac-tion with each other. The violation of at least one of them leads to the destruction of a particular cooperat-ive structure. In matter, cooperative principles can be divided into economic and social. Economic principles lies in the foundation of cooperatives’ strengths: free membership, economic participation of members in the life of organization, autonomy and independency of organizations, social needs concern. Social prin-ciples: voluntary membership, professional prepara-tion, openness and shareholders’ control. They were aimed at the creation of favorable conditions for real-ization of economic principles on practice. Cooperat-ive principles were put down more than 150 year ago, almost simultaneously, by: theoretic Robert Owen, the Rochdale Pioneers in England (fi rst cooperation prac-titioners) and Decembrists in Russia. The set-up of ICA signalized the completion of the fi rst stage of global cooperative movement development and by the end of 19-thcentury, it entered a new phase [Lozovoi 1929].

The second phase of the global cooperative movement development began in 1896. In October 1896, the second congress of ICA was held in Paris. During the congress, the charter of the ICA that con-tained goals, principles and methods of the alliance activities was examined and adopted thus the legal basis for international cooperative relations was in-troduced that relied upon understanding of essence of cooperation in the fi rst place. It is stated in the Web-ster’s Dictionary that the word “cooperative” has been being in use since 1883 and is defi nes as “an enterprise or organization owned by and operated for the benefi t of those using its services” [Webster’s Ninth New College Dictionary 1985:288]. It should be noted that cooper-ative is a peculiar type of enterprise. Its uniqueness is in orientation not on maximization of profi t that would be normal for an enterprise but in orientation on full satis-faction of its members economic needs who are clients and owners of the cooperative at once. Basically, cooper-ative is highly organized form of mutual assistance. They should be viewed as a subsidiary or service structures for the economic goals that are set by the members of co-operative [Martos 1985: 358].

The goalsstated in the Statute of ICA, as a center for cooperative movement, were as follows: exchange

of experience in organizational and economical activities of cooperatives in diff erent countries; im-provement of cooperative legislation; propagation cooperative principles; organization of economic rela-tions between cooperatives from diff erent countries; formation of cooperative public opinion; participation of workers and servicemen in the profi t management of every association.

The Charter defi ned rights and responsibilities of ICA, that became the foundation of its activities later: to be the representative of cooperation organizations on each level that in theirs activities comply with Rochdale principles; to spread cooperative principles and methods all over the world; to promote the devel-opment of cooperation; to maintain partner relations between organizations that are the members of ICA; to retain interests of cooperative movement in all forms; to assist in development of partner and economic re-lations between cooperative organizations of all types on national and international arena; to contribute to the strengthening of peace and safety.

Principles of Rochdale Pioneers were put in the foundation of international cooperative principles. The Charter proclaimed the principles of political and religious neutrality of cooperation. According to the Charter from 1896, the superior body of ICA was con-gress that was held once every 3-4 years. During the congress, Central Committee (CC) was elected. Mem-bers of CC elected executive board. President of ICA was a member of the executive board. Every country was able to send from one to six persons to CC, de-pending on the number of cooperatives and value of cooperative movement in the country. This structure had not been changed until 1996. The defi nition of famous German specialist in the fi eld of cooperative law H. Munkner stated that cooperative principles is a system of abstract ideas, that cooperatives obtained from theirs own practical experience and proved to be the most relevant managerial set for those who wish to create and maintain the activities of cooper-ative organizations [Munkner 1981:18]. The defi nition of the other scientist, famous American cooperation explorer D. Barton states that cooperation principle is the supreme rule of leaders, general and basic truth, all-round and universal arrangement that refl ects spe-cial goals and uniqueness of cooperation form of busi-ness [Barton 1989:23].

Cooperation principles are the basis of under-standing of the idea, organizational identity, eco-

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nomic mechanism and social purpose of cooperative organization, they refl ect the genesis and evolution of cooperative idea. It is known that fundamental principles of cooperation that became internationally recognized include free and voluntary membership; democratic control (one member of cooperative – one vote); economic independence of cooperative; ap-portionment of profi ts (losses, risks etc.) depending on the participation in economic activity of cooper-ative; care about education of cooperative members. Even though cooperative idea is not a doctrine and cooperative principles are not postulates, there are some compliance criterion, for every cooperative (or economic entity) with conception of cooperative en-tity in the system of market economy. These criterion include: a) corporate character of the entity, when, as was highlighted by the classic of cooperative theory – I. Emelyanov, cooperative should be an aggregat-ive unity of private owners; b) the purpose of the co-operative is to be an “extension” of personal economy of its client-owner thus has an attendant character; non-profi table idea of cooperative entity that is ex-ecuted with the assistance of cooperative redemp-tions mechanism [Emelianoff 1948:112]. In addition to the defi nition of principles, cooperate society reached much more in social context – the essential etic values ofcooperation were proclaimed: mutual assistance, democracy, equality, justice and solidarity.

National cooperative organizations praised, by all means, the creation of one international center. Moscow unity of consumer entities (MUCE) declared its decision to enter ICA on the VIII meeting of repres-entatives on March 15, 1903. Annual membership fee of 3 pounds was paid in and execution board of ICA decreed to make (MUCE) an offi cial member. Thus, the latter became the fi rst Russian consumer member-or-ganization of ICA [Koryakov 1998].

ConclusionThe result of ICA set-up was the intensifi cation

of international connections between cooperatives. On the III congress of ICA in 1897, Dutch cooperat-ors off ered to establish “cooperative exchanges” with samples of cooperate goods from diff erent countries to move from episodic trade connections to perman-ent cooperation. French cooperators off ered to de-velop cooperative wholesale entities with external trade functions in every country. English cooperators stood up for the idea of international trade agency as a part of ICA. Congress adopted a resolution with an of-fer to all members of ICA – to create, in every country, foreign trade cooperative association to maintain con-nections with bureau of ICA headquarters in London.

Foreign trade association that had trade connec-tions with cooperative unities in European countries had been working since 1896 in England [Webb 1919].At the same time, production cooperatives were the most interested in the development of international trade. Cooperative distribution stimulates cooperat-ive production and production cooperatives strived for improvement of theirs position in the competition with big capital by eliminating intermediaries on ex-ternal market. At the same time, international cooper-ative trade house provided benefi ts for consumer and other types of cooperative because the expansion of the trade house improved the perspectives of the whole cooperative movement.

Therefore, legal and political set-up of the single cooperative center resulted in intensifi cation of in-ternational economic contacts and the increase in self-government of the society, its economic and so-cial autonomy.

1. Machima, P. (1995). Report of the national Sem-

inar on Consumes Cooperative Development, New

Delhi: International Co-cooperative Alliance.

2. Watkins, W. (1970). International Cooperative Al-

liance 1895-1970. – London.

3. Hall, F & Watkins, W. (1934). Cooperation: a sur-

vey of the history, principles and organization of

the cooperative movement in Great Britain and

Ireland – London.

4. Watkins, W. (1970). International Cooperative Al-

liance 1895-1970. – London.

5. Banner, A. (1929). British Cooperation: the his-

tory, principles, and organization of the British

Cooperative movement – London, 1970. – 407р.

6. Lozovoi, A. (1929). Cooperation course. Feature

of history and theory of cooperation. Kharkiv:

Proletariy.

7. Webster’s Ninth New College Dictionary (1985).

List of used sources:

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Merriam-Webster Inc. – Springfi eld, MS. – 1562p.

8. Martos, B. (1985). Theory of cooperation / B.

Martos // Ukrainian economic opinion. – K.:

Znannya. – P. 355-364.

9. Munkner, Hans-H. (1981). Cooperative Principles

and Co-operative Law. 4th Reprint. Institut fur

Kooperation in Entwicklungslandern, Marburg/

Lahn. P. 18

10. Barton, D. (1989). «1. What is cooperative? 2.

Principles». Cooperatives in Agriculture. Edited

by David Cobia. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey:

Prentice Hall. – P. 1–34. , P. 23.

11. Emelianoff, I. (1948). (Reprinted 1995). Economic

Theory of Cooperation: Economic Structure of

Cooperative Organizations / Ivan V. Emelianoff. –

Davis, CA : University of California.

12. Koryakov, I. (1998). Principles of cooperative

movement, - Chita: Publishing house ZIP of Si-

berian university of consumer cooperation.

13. Webb, B. (1919). Cooperative movement in Great

Britain / B. Webb. – Kh.: Publishing house of

All-Russian central unity of consumer associa-

tion.

The Development of Cooperation in Europe During Late XIX – Early XX Century: Structure, Principles

Natalia Zemzyulina Phd., Professor of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy

Key words:COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT, ICA, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CONTACTS, SOCIAL RIGHTS, SELF-GOVERNMENT

Summary

The article refers to the features of the international cooperative movement in the late 19th century. Set-ting it up as a working economic and social structure, relationships with other international organizations and specifi c proposals that came out of their cooperation. The basic principles stemming from the nature of cooper-ation, national characteristics, motivational factors that determine it and goals that it persuaded are stated in the article.

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Администрирование налогов как управленческая деятельность

Роксана Паславская Роксана Паславская кандидат экономических наук, ассистент кафедры финансов, денежного обращения и кредита Львовского национального университета имени Ивана Франко

Ключевые слова: АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЕ НАЛОГОВ, УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМОЙ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ, СУБЪЕКТЫ НАЛОГОВЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ, СИСТЕМА АДМИНИСТРИ РОВАНИЯ НАЛОГОВ, ФИСКАЛЬНЫЕ ОРГАНЫ, НАЛОГОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ.

На сегодняшний день сбалансированная налоговая политика является одним из ин-струментов стимулирования экономической активности. Однако формирование налого-вой политики невозможно без надлежаще-го процесса администрирования налогов. От эффективности функционирования системы ад-министрирования налогов зависит наполнение государственного бюджета, социальная защита населения и развитие предпринимательства.

Термин «администрирования налогов» в общественный оборот введен сравнитель-но недавно, хотя вид деятельности, который он обозначает, в практике государственно-го управления существует достаточно давно. Отечественные практики начали употреблять этот термин где-то со второй половины 90-х го-дов прошлого века. Он также часто случается в научной литературе, однако единства среди специалистов относительно трактовки сущнос-ти этого понятия нет.

Научные основы управленческой деятель-ности в сфере налогообложения заложены в трудах В. Андрущенко [2003], А. Воронко-вой [2014], А. Крысоватого [2012], В. Мельни-

ка [2008], Л. Олейникова [2014], К. Проскуры [2014] и многих других. Однако несмотря на значительное количество публикаций по дан-ной проблематике, вопрос о дефиниции адми-нистрирования налогов остается открытым.

Поскольку термин «администрирование» происходит от латинского «administration», что означает «управлять», то его применение в сочетании со словом «налоги» образует сло-восочетание «управление налогами». Таким образом, администрирование налогов можно определить как комплекс взаимосвязанных действий фискальных органов, направленных на органи зацию налогового процесса и осу-ществления контроля за соблюдением налого-вого законодательства, правильностью исчис-ления, полнотой и своевременностью уплаты в бюджет налогов, сборов и других платежей.

Согласно ст. 14.1.11 Налогового кодекса Украины (НКУ), администрирование налогов, сборов и других платежей определяется как «совокупность решений и процедур контроли-рующих органов и действий их должностных лиц, которые определяют институционную структуру налоговых и таможенных отноше-


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ний, организуют идентификацию, учет налого-плательщиков и плательщиков единого взноса и объектов налогообложения, обеспечивают сервисное обслуживание налогоплательщиков, организацию и контроль за уплатой налогов, сборов, платежей в соответствии с порядком, установленным Законом» [Налоговый кодекс Украины № 2755-VI от 2 декабря 2010].

В «Экономической энциклопедии» этот термин определяется как деятельность органов управления и руководящих лиц, что осущест-вляется путем издания приказов и распоряже-ний [Экономическая энциклопедия 2000: 25]. В то же время подчеркивается негативное зна-чение такого управления, которое предусма-тривает использование методов принуждения, требований беспрекословного выполнения приказов без их обоснования, и отмечается, что используется оно в административно-команд-ной экономике.

По нашему мнению, такое толкование тер-мина «администрирование» ложное, ведь ад-министрирования платежей является не одно-сторонним актом принуждения, а скорее кон-сенсусом, который основанный на осознании ответственности сторон в достижении обще-ственно важных целей. Хотя сегодня мы наблю-даем противостояние между государством и бизнесом, то есть отношения между налогопла-тельщиками и государственными фискальными органами не являются гармоничными. Причи-нами этого могут быть:

отсутствие четкого механизма защиты прав и интересов налогоплательщиков;

непрозрачность налоговой политики госу-дарства;

превышение служебных полномочий ра-ботниками фискальных органов и, как следствие, коррупция;

низкий уровень налоговой культуры; недоверие общества к органам госуда-

рственной власти, и, как следствие, пренебрежительное отношение налого-плательщиков к своей конституционной обязанности уплаты налогов.

В англоязычных словарях нет таких по-нятий, как «администрирование налогов» (tax administration), «система администрирования налогов» (tax administration system). А само

слово «administration» связано со словами «execution», «management», «performance», «supervision», что означает «организация», «управление», «исполнение», «контроль».

В. Мельник утверждает, что администри-рование налогов – это «управленческая дея-тельность органов государственной власти, ко-торая связана с организацией процесса налого-обложения, основывается на государственных законодательных и нормативных актах и использует социально обусловленные и восприняты правила» [Мельник 2008: 4]. Од-нако этот процесс не всегда основывается на социальном восприятии. Примером являются многочисленные забастовки налогоплательщи-ков осенью 2010 г. в связи с принятием НКУ.

И все же такая точка зрения достаточно аргументирована, ведь администрирования налогов основывается на соблюдении двух видов правил: тех, что введены государством и зафиксированные в законодательных и нормативных актах, и тех, что выработанные об-ществом в виде традиций и привычек. Первые – это действующее законодательство, а вторые так и обозначают термином «привычка».

Авторы «Экономической энциклопедии» определяют привычки (обы чаи) как «правила по-ведения в определенных сферах экономической дея тельности, деловой жизни, не отражены в законах, нормативных документах и догово-рах, но которых придерживаются на практике» [Экономическая энциклопедия 2000: 136].

Следовательно, привычки и законодатель-ство служат базовыми источниками для приня-тия решений в сфере администрирования на-логов, ведь именно они координируют деятель-ность субъектов налоговых отношений. Таким образом, администрирование налогов – это установлена законом, практикой и обычаями система управления налоговыми процессами со стороны государства и его органов.

В научной литературе администрирования налогов часто отождествляют с управлением системой налогообложения. Однако, по на-шему мнению, управление системой налогоо-бложения является более широким по своему содержанию понятием, чем администриро-вание налогов (рис. 1). Эти понятия близки по значению, но не тождественные, так же, как и

105

понятие «налоговая система» и «система нало-гообложения». Если налоговая система – это со-вокупность налогов, сборов, других платежей и взносов в бюджеты и государственные целевые фонды, то система налогообложения - поня-тие более широкое. Под понятием «система налогообложения» понимается совокупность взаимосвязанных и взаимообусловленных на-логов, сборов, других платежей и взносов в бюджеты и государственные целевые фонды, принципы, формы и методы их установления, изменения, исчисления, уплаты и взыскания, администрирования и отмены.

Управление системой налогообложения следует рассматривать как любую деятель-ность государства, что касается управления каждым элементом, который входит в понятие «система налогообложения». То есть это зако-нодательное установление перечня налогов и сборов, которые справляются на территории Украины; определение на законодательном уровне принципов, форм и методов деятель-ности уполномоченных органов власти в сфе-ре налогообложения; законодательное опред-еление прав, обязанностей, функций и заданий

фискальных органов, которые обеспечивают взыскание налоговых платежей и налоговый контроль.

Исходя из этого, администрирования налогов является органической составляю-щей управления системой налогообложе-ния, то есть управлен ческой деятельностью государственных органов, направленной на реализацию законодательных норм. Следова-тельно, администрирование налогов – это де-ятельность уполномоченных органов управле-ния, которая направлена, в первую очередь, на обеспечение и реализацию контроля за соблю-дением налогового законодательства всеми участниками налоговых отношений. Налоговые отношения, возникающие между субъектами процесса администрирования налогов, делятся на несколько видов (рис. 2).

Администрирование налогов, как следует из приведенных выше определений, является понятием более узким за управление налогоо-бложением, однако шире чем налоговый контр-оль. Налоговый контроль вместе с налоговым планированием, учетом и регулированием яв-ляются основными элементами процесса адми-

Рис. 1. Соотношение понятий «управление системой налогообложения» и «администрирование налогов»

Источник: составлено автором

r. paslavskaia


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нистрирования налогов.Контроль за соблюдением налогового зако-

нодательства является центральным элементом налогового администрирования. Согласно ст. 61.1 Налогового кодекса Украины «налоговый контроль – система мер, принимаемых контр-олирующими органами с целью контроля пра-вильности начисления, полноты и своевремен-ности уплаты налогов и сборов, а также соблю-дения законодательства по вопросам регули-рования обращения наличности, проведения расчетных и кассовых операций, патентования, лицензирования и другого законодательства, контроль за соблюдением которого возложен на контролирующие органы» [Налоговый ко-декс Украины № 2755-VI от 2 декабря 2010].

Налоговое планирование предусматри-вает разработку системы планов, в основе которых лежит оптимизация налогообложения. В частности, это составление и обеспечение выполнения плана налоговых и неналоговых поступлений, ведения плана проверок налого-плательщиков и т.п.

Учетная работа предусматривает учет на-логоплательщиков и учет налоговых поступле-ний.

Налоговое регулирование осуществляется с помощью комплекса правовых инструментов

и специфического стимулирующего механизма. Так, к методам налогового регулирования отно-сятся налоговые каникулы, инвестиционный налоговый кредит, налоговая амнистия, отсроч-ка и рассрочка налоговых платежей, налоговые вычеты, регистрация бизнеса в зонах с благоприятным налоговым климатом и др.

В. Андрущенко определяет налоговое администрирование как основную функцию управления, которая включает планирование, организацию, руководство, учет и контроль [Андрущенко 2003: 29]. Такое определение до-статочно аргументировано, ведь администри-рования налогов – это, действительно, управ-ленческая деятельность и ему свойственны все элементы управления, однако такая трактовка сущности данного понятия требует уточнения относительно того, какие именно действия включает в себя администрирование в пред-елах отдельных функций управления.

Так, составляющими налогового админи-стрирования являются следующие виды дея-тельности:

учет налогоплательщиков; учет налоговых поступлений; сбор, обработка и проверка налоговой

отчетности; контрольно-проверочная деятельность;

Рис. 2. Виды налоговых отношенийИсточник: составлено автором

107

оперативно-розыскные мероприятия; мониторинг процессов налогообложения; прогнозно-аналитическая работа; нормотворческая деятельность; массово-разъяснительная и консульта цио-

нная работа.Следовательно, для определения термина

«администрирование налогов» следует приме-нять системный подход, который бы учитывал конкретные процессы и функции управления процессами налогообложения. По этому воз-никает необходимость определения понятия «система администрирования налогов».

Система администрирования налогов предусматривает взаимодействие управляю-щей (фискальных и других центральных орга-нов исполнительной власти) и управляемой (налоговых платежей) систем, при чем управ-ленческая деятельность управляющей системы направлена на формирование налоговых поступлений в бюджеты разных уровней и государственные целевые фонды, что обеспе-чивает реализацию функций налогов в поряд-ке, предусмотренном законодательством.

Субъектами системы администриро-вания налогов является, с одной стороны, уполномоченные государством фискальные органы, а с другой - плательщики налогов, сбо-ров и платежей в бюджеты и государственные целевые фонды, а также другие субъекты, которые влияют на формирование и функцио-нирование системы администрирования нало-гов.

Под объектом администрирования на-логов мы понимаем то, на что направлена де-ятельность уполномоченных органов, то есть процесс мобилизации налоговых платежей в бюджет. Иными словами, объектом является выполнение налоговых обязательств.

На макроуровне процесс администрирова-ния налогов направлен на выполнение следую-щих заданий:

организация налоговых отношений; реализация норм налогового законода-

тельства; анализ макроэкономических процессов

налогообложения и разработка исходных данных для прогнозирования их развития;

оценка отклонений фактических значений

макропоказателей от прогнозных и выяснения причин таких отклонений.

На микроуровне выделяют такие задания: регулирования налоговых отношений; обеспечения ежедневной деятельности

фискальных органов по мобилизации нало-гов и сборов;

разработка и реализация организационных мероприятий, повышающих эффективность функционирования фискальных органов. При этом критерием эффективности администрирования налогов следует считать обеспечение мобилизации налогов и сборов в объемах, соответствующих научно обоснованным уровням налоговой нагрузки при минимальных затратах на функционирование налоговой системы.

В конечном итоге, основная цель процесса администрирования налогов предусматривает решение двух главных проблем:

1) обеспечение фискальных потребностей государства;

2) достижение высокого уровня доверия налогоплательщиков.

На основании этого можем выделить со-ответствующие функции системы администри-рования налогов: фискальную и стимулирую-щую. Однако выполнение фискальной функ-ции невозможно без надлежащего контроля, поэтому система администрирования налогов выполняет три функции: фискальную, стимули-рующую и контрольную.

Фискальная функция обеспечивает форми-рование и мобилизацию поступлений в бюджеты различных уровней и государственные целевые фонды, которые впоследствии будут использо-ваться для финансирования потребностей обще-ства. Суть стимулирующей функции заключает-ся в создании таких условий налогообложения, которые будут способствовать, с одной стороны, развитию экономических процессов и явлений (например, развитию предпринимательской деятельности), а с другой - повышению уров-ня добровольности уплаты налогов в стране. Контрольная функция предполагает контроль со стороны государства за финансово-хозяйствен-ной деятельностью субъектов хозяйствования, в частности за источниками их доходов и затрата-ми, с целью обеспечения своевременных и в по-

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лном объеме поступлений платежей налогового характера в бюджеты различных уровней.

Поскольку деятельность налогоплательщи-ков направлена на минимизацию налоговых платежей, а налоговое администрирование – на максимальную мобилизацию доходов для потребностей государства, то возникает кон-фликт интересов. Главной же целью админи-стрирования налогов является достижение ба-ланса общественных и личных интересов.

На основании изложенного выше, можем сделать вывод, что в современных условиях открытой экономики система администриро-вания налогов – одна из важнейших составля-ющих системы налогообложения. Невзирая на это, в теории налогообложения вопрос дефи-

ниции администрирования налогов остается актуальным. До сих пор среди исследователей нет единых и устоявшихся взглядов на эту про-блематику, а предложенные определения час-то свидетельствуют существенную разницу, а иногда и неопределенность содержания этого понятия.

По нашему мнению, администрирова-ние налогов - это управленческая деятель-ность фискальных и других центральных органов исполнительной власти, которая обеспечивает формирование налоговых по-ступлений в бюджеты различных уровней и государственные целевые фонды, а также реа-лизацию функций налогов.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ:

1. Андрущенко, В. (2003). Фискальная админи-

стрирования как наука и искусство / В.Л. Андру-

щенко // Финансы Украины. . - № 6. - С. 27-35.

2. Воронкова, А. (2014). Формирование поня-

тийного аппарата управления процессом на-

логообложения / А. Н. Воронкова // Наука и

экономика. - Хмельницкий, - Вып. 1 (33). - С.

235-243.

3. Крысоватый, А. (2012). Администрирование

налогов в Украине: организация и направ-

ления трансформации: монография / А.И.

Крысоватый, Т.Л. Томнюк. - Тернополь: ВПЦ

«Экономическая мысль ТНЭУ». - 212 с.

4. Мельник, В. (2008). К вопросу формирования

теоретических основ администрирования на-

логов / В.Н. Мельник // Финансы Украины. - №

9. - С. 3-9.

5. Олейникова, Л. (2014). Повышение фискальной

и экономической результативности налогового

администрирования в Украине / Л.Г. Олейнико-

ва // Финансы Украины. - №10. - С. 47-59.

6. Проскура, К. (2014). Налоговое администри-

рование в Украине в пост кризисный период:

эффективность и направления модернизации:

монография / К.П. Проскура. - К.: ООО «Эмкон».

- 376 с.

7. Налоговый кодекс Украины № 2755-VI от 2 дека-

бря 2010 [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим досту-

па: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17

8. Экономическая энциклопедия (2000): в 3 т. /

Отв. ред. С.В. Мочерний. - К.: Академия, Т. 1. -

864 с.

109

Tax Administration as Managment Activity

ROKSOLANA PASLAVSKACandidate of Economic Sciences, Assistant of Departments of Finances, Turnover and Credit of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Key words: TAX ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT OF TAXATION SYSTEM, SUBJECTS OF TAX RELATIONS, TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM, FISCAL AUTHORITIES, TAX CONTROL

Summary

In the article the main approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the term «tax administration» are considered and authorial interpretation over of this concept is brought. The basic theoretical aspects of functioning of the tax administration system in Ukraine are determined. Author distinguished the types of tax relations that arise up between subjects in the tax administration process.

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Tambaqos produqciaze aqcizuri gadasaxadiszogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb(saqarTvelos magaliTze)

ioseb arCvaZe

ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, ქუთაისის უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

irakli arCvaZe

საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს წმიდა ანდრია პირველწოდებულის სახელობის ქართული უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი

sakvanZo sityvebi: aqcizuri gadasaxadi, aqcizis ganakveTi, Tambaqos fasi

aqcizuri gadasaxadi sabiujeto Se-

mosavlebis formirebis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani, xolo saqarTvelos realobidan

gamomdinare, mzardi fiskaluri datvirTvis

komponentia. 2011 wels saqarTvelos

parlamentis mier miRebuli organuli

kanoniT „ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis Ses-

axeb“, saqarTveloSi axali gadasaxadebis

SemoReba an ukve moqmed gadasaxadebSi

sagadasaxado ganakveTis gazrda SesaZle-

belia mxolod sayovelTao referendumis

safuZvelze _ garda aqcizis gadasaxadisa.

Sesabamisad, miuxedavad am sakanonmdelo

muxlis araerTgvarovani, faqtobrivad,

populisturi datvirTvisa, igi dRemde

ZalaSia da nebismier xelisuflebas seri-

ozul diskomforts uqmnis sabiujeto

saxsrebis mobilizaciaSi, sagadasaxado

politikis da, zogadad, ekonomikuri da

fiskaluri RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi. aseT

pirobebSi aqcizur gadasaxads SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom umniSvnelovanesi fiskaluri

maSveli rgolis funqcia eniWeba da bolo

wlebSi faqtobrivad sagadasaxado Se-

mosavlebis matebis mzard wyaros war-

moadgens. magaliTad, Tu jer kidev 2012

wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, aqcizze modi-

oda biujetSi mobilizebuli gadasaxadebis

matebis mxolod 5.8 procenti, 2015 wels

man ukve 7.4 procents miaRwia, xolo 2016

wels - 33.0 procents gadaaWarbebs. aq-

cizis rolisa da mniSvnelobis amaRleba

saTanadod aisaxeba saerTaSoriso Sedare-

bebSic, romlis drosac aSkarad igrZnoba

aqcizuri sagadasaxado tvirTis asimetri-

ulad maRali done saqarTveloSi. magal-

iTad, sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi aqcizis

wili aSS-Si 2.8 procentia, saqarTveloSi ki

TiTqmis 4-jer ufro maRali - 11.0 procenti.

mosaxleobis erT sulze aqcizuri ga-

dasaxadi saqarTveloSi aSS-is analogiuri

maCveneblis 28.7% procentia, maSin, roca

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mixedviT aRniS-

nuli maCvenebeli mxolod 7.3 procenti,

111

xolo ga dasaxadi korporaciaTa Semosavle-

bze (mo gebis gadasaxadi) _ 7.0 procentia.

zogadad, aqcizuri gadasaxadis

SemoReba da zrda Tambaqos nawarmze miznad

isaxavs ramdenime fundamenturi sakiTxis

gadawyvetas:

1) socialuri _ qveyanaSi Tambaqos moxma-

rebis Semcireba da jansaRi cxovrebis

wesis kultivireba;

2) biujetis Semosavlebis zrda da fis-

kaluri datvirTvis gaZliereba;

3) gare faqtorebisa da sigaretis eqs-

port-importisas qveynis ekonomikuri

sazRvrebis gadalaxvis masStabebis

regulireba.

aseTi mzardi ekonomikuri, fiskaluri

funqciis SesrulebaSi SeiZleba iTqvas,

gadamwyveti roli ekuTvnis aqcizs Tambaqos

nawarmze. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier

faqtorivad aRebulia orientacia Tambaqos

produqciaze aqcizis yovelwliurad or-

jeradi matebis Taobaze, ris gamoc aqcizis

wili Tambaqoze aqcizis mTlian moculobaSi

yovelwliurad aranakleb 0.6 procentuli

punqtiT gaizrdeba. aRniSnulis Sedegadac

Tambaqos wili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bi-

ujetis aqcizur gadasaxadebSi 2014 wlis

17.9 procentidan 2019 wlisTvis 20.9 pro-

centamde, xolo 2025 wlisTvis - sul cota,

25 procentamde gaizrdeba.

2015 wlis pirveli ivlisidan ZalaSi

Sevida advaluri gadasaxadi Tambaqos

nawarmze. es iyo 5%-iani aqcizi produqciis

Rirebulebaze, romlis Semdgomi zrdis

„garantia“ oficialurad mTavrobis saxeliT

xelisuflebas da sazogadoebriobas fin-

ansTa ministrma misca. kerZod, 2016 wlis

pirveli ianvridan gaizarda rogorc spe-

cialuri aqcizi, ise advaluri da amJamad

(2016 wlis pirveli naxevris mdgomareobiT)

aqcizuri ganakveTi Seadgens filtrian

sigaretze (20-Rerian kolofze) 1.1 lars,

ufiltro sigaretze _ 0.3 lars, xolo ad-

valuri gadasaxadi _ 10%-s.

miuxedavad zrdisa, aqcizis abso-

luturi sidide erT kolof sigaretze

saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT mniSvnelovnad

Camouvardeba saSualo msoflio da miT

ufro, evropul dones. _ amJamad msofli-

oSi aqcizis Rirebuleba erT kolof fil-

trian sigaretze daaxloebiT 1 dolaria,

maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli

TiTqmis 2,3-jer ufro dabalia. msoflio ban-

kis etalonuri modeliT ki aqcizis wili ar

unda iyos sigaretis sacalo fasis 67%-ze

naklebi. gansakuTrebiT maRalia moTxovnebi

sigaretis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT ev-

rokavSirSi, sadac miCneulia, rom yovel

1000 Rer sigaretze aqcizi ar unda iyos 90

evroze naklebi (anu erT 20 Rerian kolof

sigaretze aranakleb 1,8 evro).

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ganzraxuli

aqvs, rom uaxloes wlebSi gazardos aq-

cizuri gadasaxadebis wili sigaretebis

sacalo fasSi ara nakleb 60%-mde, xolo

advaluri gadasaxadi _ yovelwliurad

daaxloebiT 5 procentuli punqtiT.

zogadad, advaluri gadasaxadi miznad

isaxavs ara marto fiskaluri proble-

mebis mogvarebas, aramed sigaretis bazris

konkurentunarianobis zrdas, imis gaTval-

iswinebiT, rom specifikuri gadasax-

adis gamoyenebiT ufro meti SeRavaTiT

sargebloben ZviradRirebuli sigaretis

mwarmoeblebi, xolo iCagrebian Sedare-

biT iaffasiani sigaretis mwarmoeblebi da

realizatorebi. advaluri gadasaxadis miz-

ani aris aRniSnuli uTanasworobis maqsim-

aluri nivelireba.

iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa,

sadac Tambaqos saSualo moxmareba da Tam-

baqos mwevelTa kontingentis Tanafardoba

mTlian mosaxleobasTan aRemateba saSu-

alo evropul dones, aqcizuri ganakveTis

sistematuri zrda warmoadgens ara marto

fiskaluri datvirTvis komponents, aramed

garkveulwilad Tambaqos nawarmis mox-

marebis sawinaaRmdegod gadadgmuli konkre-

tuli socialur-politikuri nabijicaa.

marTalia, aqcizis wili sabiujeto sax-

srebSi mudmivad mzardia, magram Tu aRniS-

nul problemas _ Tambaqos moxmarebas _

SevxedavT ufro globalurad, sazogadoebis

wevrTa jansaRi cxovrebis wesisa da janm-

rTelobis dacvis amocanebidan, aRmovaCenT,

rom erToblivi, mTliani zarali Tambaqos

nawarmis moxmarebisagan ara Tu Camouvardeba,

aramed sagrZnoblad aRemateba Tambaqos in-

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dustriasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saxis

sabiujeto Semosavlebis jamur sidides. da-

dasturebulia, rom msoflio ekonomikaSi

Tambaqos nawarmis moxmarebiT miRebuli

pirdapiri zarali naxevar trilion dolars

aRemateba, maSin rodesac aqcizuri saga-

dasaxado Semosavali msoflioSi daaxloebiT

200 miliardi aSS dolaria, anu 2.5-jer na-

klebi. gansakuTrebiT maRalia is maRalgan-

viTarebul qveynebSi, xolo saqarTveloSi

moxmarebis masStabis gavrcelebis arealisa

da moxmarebis sixSiris gaTvaliswinebiT,

misgan miRebuli zarali, welze gaangar-

iSebiT, aranakleb 200 milioni laris ekviv-

alenturia. aRsaniSnavia, rom es monacemebi

garkveulwilad SefasebiTi datvirTvisaa,

xolo realuri masStabi SeiZleba kidev ufro

metic ki iyos, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moz-

ardebis garkveuli nawili cdilobs ojaxis

ufrosebs, mSoblebs daumalos Tambaqos mox-

mareba, xolo Tambaqos moxmarebis laten-

turi done gogonebsa da qalebSi, qarTuli

mentalobisa da tradiciebis gaTvaliswine-

biT, gansakuTrebiT maRalia. oficialuri

statistikiT, 14 welze uf rosi asakis qalebSi

Tambaqos nawarmis momxmarebelTa raodenoba

4 procents ar aRemateba, rac fantastikurad

dabali cifria (mamakacebSi Sesabamisi maCve-

nebeli 55 procentia).

bolo 15 wlis manZilze aqcizis gana -

kveTi sigaretze daaxloebiT 4.5-jer ga-

izarda, magaliTad 2001 wels adgilobrivi

warmoebis filtrian sigaretze igi mxolod

20 TeTrs Seadgenda, maSin, roca 2015 wl-

isTvis man 90 TeTrs, xolo 2016 wels - 1,10

lars miaRwia. ufiltro adgilobriv war-

moebis sigaretze imave periodSi aqcizi 7

TeTridan 30 TeTramde gaizarda. Tumca

rezervi am mxriv jer kidev maRalia imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aqcizis saerTo

gadasaxadis (specifikuri da advaluri

gadasaxadis jamuri maCvenebeli) amJa-

mad, faqtobrivad, orjer CamorCeba ev-

rokavSiris sarekomendacio niSnuls. es

niSnavs, rom uaxloes wlebSi aRniSnuli

gadasaxadis zrda kidev gagrZeldeba da

sacalo fasi 2020 wlisTvis 1 kolofze

daaxloebiT 6 lars, xolo 2025 wlisTvis _

10 lars miaRwevs.

dasabuTebulia, rom Tambaqos nawarmis

fassa da moxmarebas Soris arsebobs gark-

veuli uaryofiTi elastiuri damokude-

buleba. fasis zrda 10%-iT iwvevs moxmarebis

4%-iT Semcirebas, Tumca es zogadi kan-

onzomierebaa da calkeul qveynebSi, maT

Soris saqarTveloSi, pirdapir ar xor-

cieldeba. bolo wlebis dinamikis mixed-

viT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi

Tambaqos moxmarebis dinamika ufro maRal

korelaciaSia Semosavlebis zrdasTan, vidre

Tambaqos nawarmze fasebis matebasTan.

saqarTveloSi aqcizuri ganakveTis

gazrda, garda fiskaluri efeqtisa, miznad

isaxavs, pirvel rigSi mozardi Taobis war-

momadgenlebis dacvas Tambaqos adreul

asakSi moxmarebis dawyebisgan. korelacia

Tambaqos fassa da mis moxmarebas Soris gan-

sakuTrebiT maRalia, mgrZnobiarea swo red

16 wlamde asakis mozardebSi, ris gamoc

Tambaqos fasis zrda misi moxmarebis pre-

venciis erT-erTi qmediTi RonisZiebaa.

amJamad saqarTveloSi Tambaqos nawar-

mis saSualo fasi ar aRemateba 3.6 lars,

maSin rodesac evropis yvelaze CamorCenil

qveyanaSi bulgareTSi misi fasi daaxloebiT

6,2 laria, xolo gaerTianebul samefoSi -

23,9 lari. bulgareTSi aqcizis sidide erT

kolof sigaretze Seadgens 3,3 lars, xolo

irlandiaSi sadac es maCvenebeli yvelaze

maRalia _ 15.37 lars.

motanili monacemebi adastureben,

rom Tambaqoze aqcizuri ganakveTis abso-

luturi sididiT dasaxlebuli qveynebi

saqarTvelos gacilebiT metad uswreben,

vidre ekonomikuri ganviTrebis doniT, rac

am saxis produqciaze aqcizis Semdgomi

zrdis ekonomikur da socialur poten-

cials adasturebs.

saqarTveloSi sigaretis fasze da aq-

cizur ganakveTze gavlenas axdens ara

marto moqmedi kanonmdebloba, evrokavSir-

Tan asocirebis xelSekrulebis moTxovnebi,

mosaxleobis socialuri dacvisa da jan-

mrTelobis uzrunvelyofis programebi,

aramed saqarTvelos ZiriTad savaWro part-

niorebTan, mis uSualo mezoblebTan Tam-

baqos nawarmze arsebuli fasebis donec.

amJamad, valutis oficialuri kursis

113

gaTvaliswinebiT, sigaretis sacalo fasi

saqarTvelos saxmeleTo mezoblebSi da Zir-

iTad savaWro partniorebSi, garda somxeT-

isa, ramdenadme ufro maRalia.

saqarTvelos Ria, gaxsnili ekonomika

aqvs. amitom ekonomikur da savaWro urTier-

TobebSi Tambaqos nawarms gansazRvruli

roli ukavia. 2015 wels saqarTvelom, sabaJo

statistikis monacemebiT, moaxdina Tambaqos

nawarmis 7.3 mln aSS dolaris eqsporti

da 109.2 mln dolaris importi. 2014 wels

saqarTveloSi oficialurad importire-

buli iyo daaxloebiT 400 mln kolofze

meti filtriani sigareti, xolo Tambaqos

nawarmis importis Rirebulebam 125.3 mln. aSS

dolari Seadgina. Sesabamisad, Sida bazarze

importirebuli produqciis wili sakmaod

maRalia. faqtobrivad, miuxedavad imisa,

rom saqarTvelo erTdroulad Tam baqos

eqsportioricaa da importioric, igi mainc

ufro importiorad unda iqnas miCneuli _

eqsporti faravs importis mxolod 2.2 pro-

cents. 2000 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Se-

movida TiTqmis 1.1 miliardi aSS dolaris

da gavida mxolod 23 milioni dolaris

Tambaqos produqcia. Sesabamisad, kontra-

faqtuli da kontrabanduli produqciisagan

samomxmareblo bazris dacva _ es ara

marto ekonomikuri, fiskaluri problemaa,

aramed socialur-politikuri mniSvnelobis

amocanac.

amasTan, seriozul problemas war-

moadgens Tambaqos nawarmis wvril partiebad

Semotana-gatana da misi kontrabanda, rac

seriozul gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi aqcizuri

gadasaxadebis mobilizaciis masStabebze.

Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi Tambaqos

nawarmze aqcizebis gadasaxadis dadgenis

an cvlilebisaTvis aucileblad unda iqnes

gaTvaliswinebuli damatebiT ori komponenti:

erovnuli savaluto kursi da saqarTvelos

mezoblebSi da ZiriTad savaWro part-

niorebSi Tambaqos produqciaze aqcizuri

ganakveTis faqtobrivi sidide.

aRniSnuli politikis gatareba saSua-

lebas mogvcems movaxdinoT garkveuli

profilaqtikuri zomebi kontrabandis da

ukontrolo produqciis sazRvris gadak-

veTis masStabebis Tavidan asacileblad.

gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad uaxloes

wlebSi aqcizuri komponentis wilad mova

sacalo fasis 5-6 lari. gaTvaliswinebulia,

rom 2020 wlamde darCenil periodSi saSu-

alod aqcizis ganakveTi yovelwliurad ga-

izrdeba 0,7 lariT. aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis

Sedegad uaxloes wlebSi saqarTvelo miaR-

wevs evrokavSiris mier moTxovnil minim-

alur wils saSualo sacalo sarealizacio

fasSi (60,5%) xolo 2020 wlisTvis saerTo

aqcizis minimaluri moTxovnebis dones

(1,8 evros eqvivalenti larebSi) 1 kolof

filtrian sigaretze. aRniSnulis Sedegad

SesaZlebeli iqneba biujetSi aqcizuri ga-

dasaxadis mniSvnelovani zrda. kerZod, 2014

welTan SedarebiT 2020 wlisTvis sigaretze

aqcizuri gadasaxadi gaizrdeba 5,2-jer,

xolo 2016-2020 wlebSi Tambaqos aqciziT

mobilizebuli sabiujeto saxsrebis mocu-

loba gadaaWarbebs 1.2 miliard lars.

rac 2016 wlis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis

TiTqmis 14%-is eqvivalenturia. gaTval-

iswinebulia, rom Tambaqos fasebis zrdis

kvalobaze adgili eqneba misi moxmarebis

sagrZnob Semcirebas _ daaxloebiT 22-23%.

saqarTvelom ukve 10 weliwadze metia,

rac xeli moawera jandacvis msoflio or-

ganizaciis CarCo-konvencias, romliTac

gansazRvrulia Tambaqos nawarmze satarifo

da sagadasaxado zomebi da qveynis valde-

buleba sagadasaxado politikis gatare-

baze, misi Semdgomi zrdisa da Tambaqos

moxmarebis Semcirebis uzrunvelsayofad.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva zomebs

im mimarTulebiT, rom moxdes Tambaqos

nawarmis Canacvlebis riskisa da SedarebiT

iaf nawarmze gadasvlis SesaZleblobis min-

imizacia. am mxriv saqarTveloSi gatare-

bulia garkveuli zomebi da bolo wlebSi

adgili faqtobrivad aRar aqvs Tambaqos

mwevelTa kontingentis zrdas.

aqtiuri antinikotinuri kompaniis Sede-

gad SesaZlebeli iqneba rogorc Tambaqos

nawarmis momxmarebelTa SezRudva, aseve

fiskaluri Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani zrda,

romelic didwilad gamoyenebuli iqneba

sazogadoebrivi jandacvis xelSewyobisa da

qveynis moqalaqeTa jansaRi cxovrebis wesis

kultivirebisaTvis.

i. arCvaZe, ir. arCvaZe


114



About Some Aspects of Excise Tax on Tobacco Product(on the example of Georgia)

Joseb ArchvadzeDoctor of Economics,Kutaisi State University professor

Irakli ArchvadzePHD Student of St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Key words:EXCISE TAX, EXCISE TAX RATE, PRICE TAMMBAKOS

Summary

Considering Georgian reality excise tax is one of the most important and a growing component of the fi scal burden for the formation of budget revenue.

In fact Georgian authorities plan to increase excise tax on tobacco twice each year. Excise share on tobacco, in the total volume of excise will increase not less than 0.6 percentage points each year. Such a step is taken not only for fi scal policy, but also to some extent it is a concrete socio-political step against the consumption of tobacco products. It is aimed to protect younger generation against the consumption of tobacco products at an early age.

The combined total loss caused by the use of tobacco products is not less, but on the contrary, it is consid-erably more than the total quantity of any kind of budget receipts in connection with tobacco industry.

The dynamic of tobacco consumption in Georgia is in higher correlation with revenue growth, than with the rise in prices of tobacco products.

115









makroekonomikuri mowyvladobis Sefasebis statistikuri aspeqtebi: qveynis sabalanso uwyisi

nana aslamaziSvili

ეკონომიკის დოქტორი,საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკის მონეტარული სტატისტიკის განყოფილების უფროსი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

finansuri statistika, makroekonomikuri mowyvladobis Sefaseba

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mz-

ardi globalizacia araerTi gamowvevis

winaSe ayenebs erovnul ekonomikebs. aseT

gamowvevaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia sxvadasxva

ti pis wonasworobis darRveva finansur

aqtivebsa da valdebulebebSi, romelTa

adreul stadiaze gamovlenas da saTanado

prevenciuli zomebis miRebas Zalian didi

mniSvneloba aqvs.

erT-erTi aseTi gamowveva savaluto

Seusabamobebs (currency mismatches) ukav-

Sir deba. saqme is aris, rom rogorc Sin-

ameurneobebi, ise sawarmoebi, bankebi da sxva

instituciuri erTeulebi, TavianTi saqmian-

obis procesSi iReben Semosavlebs da ewevian

xarjebs, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva

valutiT aris ganxorcielebuli. Sesabamisad

maTi aqtivebi da valdebulebebic sxvadasxva

valutaSia da amdenad, maTi aqtivebis wminda

Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli

gacvliTi kursis tendenciebze.

rodesac saqme finansur aqtivebsa da

valdebulebebs exeba, aranakleb problem-

aturia maTi vadianobis Seusabamobis (ma-

turity mismatches) sakiTxi. aseT Seusabamobas

adgili aqvs maSin, Tu instituciuri er-

Teuli grZelvadian aqtivebs (magaliTad,

ipoTekur sesxebs) afinansebs moklevadiani

valdebulebebiT (magaliTad, moklevadiani

depozitebiT).

finansuri bazrebis arnaxuli tempebiT

zrda da gafarToveba araerT risks war-

moSobs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZle-

belia drouli da obieqturi informaciis

xelmisawvdomobiT. ama Tu im instituciuri

seqtoris finansuri stabiluroba bevrad

aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gzebiT

axdens igi ekonomikuri aqtivebis dafinanse-

bas - savalo instrumentebiT (debt fi nancing), Tu kapitalis instrumentebiT (equity fi nan-

cing). Tu igi pirveli saxis instrumentebs

aniWebs upiratesobas, Tavs iCens kapitalis

struqturis problemebi (capital structure

problems). amasTan, Cndeba gadaxdisunarian-

obis problemebi (solvency problems), rodesac

aqtivebi (moicavs momavali nakadebis mim-

dinare Rirebulebasac) ar aris sakmarisi

valdebulebebis (moicavs pirobiT valde-

bulebebsac) dasafarad.

zemoaRniSnuli da sxva finansuri

sakiTxebisadmi interesi, maTi raodenobrivi


116



Seswavlis aucilebloba aqtualuria ise,

rogorc arasdros. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva

qveynebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

TavianTi statistikuri prioritetebis

rigSi sul ufro wina poziciebze ayeneben

finansuri statistikis warmoebisa da misi

srulyofis sakiTxebs.

ras da rogor Seiswavlis finansuri

statistika? ramdenad masStaburia misi

Seswavlis sferoebi? ra instrumentebiT

axdens igi zemoaRniSnuli problematikis

kvlevas? es da sxva mravali sakiTxi Cveni

qveynis statistikuri sistemis praqtikaSi

jer-jerobiT gaSuqebuli ar aris. Cveni

mizania nabij-nabij gavaSuqoT es prob-

lematika. Sesabamisad, winamdebare statia

pirvelia am mimarTulebiT.

ras warmoadgens finansuri

statistika?

finansuri statistika, monetarul stat-

istikasTan erTad, erT-erTia im makroeko-

nomikur statistikur sistemebs (erovnul

angariSTa sistema, sagadasaxdelo balansis

statistika, samTavrobo finansebis stat-

istika) Soris, romlebic Seiswavlian ama Tu

im ekonomikis funqcionirebis praqtikulad

yvela mxares: realur, finansur da sagareo

seqtorebs da maTSi mimdinare procesebs.

finansuri statistika ama Tu im

ekono mikis finansuri stabilurobisa da

sistemuri riskebis analizis sakmaod kom-

pleqsuri instrumentia. raSi mdgomareobs

misi kompleqsuroba?

finansuri statistika erovnul an-

gariSTa sistemis organuli Semadgeneli

nawilia. rogorc cnobilia, erovnuli

angariSebis logikuri Tanmimdevroba

SesabamisobaSia warmoebis ciklTan: mim-

dinare angariSebis jgufs (warmoebis an-

gariSi, Semosavlebis formirebis angariSi,

Semosavlebis ganawilebis angariSi, Se-

mosavlebis gadanawilebis angariSi, Se-

mosavlebis gamoyenebis angariSi) mosdevs

dagrovebiTi angariSebi (kapitalis angar-

iSi, finansuri angariSi, gadafasebis angar-

iSi, aqtivebis sxva cvlilebebis angariSi)

da sabalanso uwyisebi (ix. sqema 1). swored

angariSebis bolo ori jgufi warmoadgens

finansuri statistikis kvlevis sagans,

swored es angariSebi Seiswavlian erovnuli

ekonomikis yvela seqtoris finansuri aqt-

ivebisa da valdebulebebis mdgomareobas

drois ama Tu im momentisaTvis (sabalanso

uwyisebi), agreTve im nakadebs, romlebic

iwveven cvlilebebs sawyis da saboloo

sabalanso uwyisebs Soris (dagrovebiTi an-

gariSebi). finansuri angariSi warmoadgens

bolo angariSs, romliTac mTavrdeba

erovnuli angariSebis mwkrivi. igi asaxavs

finansuri instrumentebis moculobebis cv-

lilebebs, romlebic gamowveulia finansur

aqtivebTan da valdebulebebTan dakavSire-

buli operaciebiT. finansuri angariSis

damabalansebeli muxlia wminda dakred-

iteba, anu „wminda gasesxeba (+)/wminda ses-

xeba (-)“, romelic erovnuli angariSebis

agebis zogadi principebidan gamomdinare,

tolia wina angariSis, anu kapitalis an-

gariSis, damabalansebeli muxlisa. swored

am muxliT ukavSirdeba finansuri angariSi

erovnuli angariSebis yvela wina angariSs

da amdenad asaxavs mimdinare angariSebsa da

kapitalis angariSSi asaxuli ekonomikuri

procesebis saboloo finansur Sedegebs. amdenad, ekonomikuri angariSebis zemoT

aRwerili struqtura da urTierTkav Sirebi

naTlad miuTiTebs finansuri statistikis

Rrma da kompleqsur Sinaarsze, romlis

daniSnulebaa ekonomikis yvela seqtors da

am seqtorebsa da danarCen samyaros Soris

finansuri nakadebis moZraobis asaxva,

finansuri aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis

mdgo mareobis Seswavla, maT Soris Seusaba-

mobis gamovlena da am SeusabamobebiT gan-

pirobebuli mowyvladobis analizi.

uwonasworoba finansur

aqtivebsa da valdebulebebs

Soris da misi gamovlenis

statistikuri instrumentebi

iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad

xelmisawvdomia saWiro monacemTa wyaroebi,

finansuri statistika monacemTa detal-

izaciis sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.

kerZod, igi isea organizebuli, rom saSuale-

117

bas iZleva monacemebis warmoeba moxdes ara

marto finansuri instrumentebis naSTebisa

da nakadebis mixedviT, aramed cal-calkec:

calke naSTebis da calke - nakadebis mixed-

viT seqtorebis WrilSi, agreTve institu-

ciuri seqtorebis finansuri aqtivebisa

da valdebulebebis naSTebisa da nakadebis

mixedviT, kontragenti seqtorebis WrilSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, finansuri statistikis

warmoeba SesaZlebelia or da samganzomile-

bian parametrebSi, anu rogorc SedarebiT

naklebad, ise sakmaod detalur WrilebSi.

organzomilebiani finansuri sta ti-

stika asaxavs: finansuri ins tru mentebis

naSTebs da nakadebs (operaciebi, Rirebu-

lebis cvlilebebi, sxva cvlilebebi cal-

calke) seqtorebis mixedviT.

sabalanso uwyisi finansuri statisti-

kis samganzomilebian Wri lSi warmodgenis

instrumentia, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi

sqema 1. erovnuli angariSebis Semoklebuli struqtura, damabalansebeli

muxlebis miTiTebiT

n. aslamaziSvili


118



„visgan-vis“ (“from-whom-to-whom”) meqan-

izmis gamoyenebiT asaxavs debitorebsa da

kreditorebs Soris urTierTobebs, fin-

ansuri instrumentebis mixedviT. Sesabam-

isi monacemebis analizi e.w. sabalanso

midgomis analizis (Balance Sheets Approach;

BSA) saxeliTaa cnobili. igi saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tvali mivadevnoT vin vis afin-

ansebs, romeli finansuri instrumentiT

da ra moculobiT. es midgoma gamoiyeneba

qveynis sabalanso uwyisis mdgomareo-

bisa da masSi warmoqmnili SeusabamobebiT

ganpirobebuli mowyvladobis analizisa-

Tvis, iseve rogorc aseTi SeusabamobebiT

warmoqmnili Sokebis erTi seqtoridan

meoreze SesaZlo gadacemis kvlevisaTvis.

analogiuri midgoma finansuri nakadebis

SemTxvevaSi fondebis nakadebis statisti-

kis („fl ow-of-funds” statistics) saxeliTaa cn-

obili.

sabalanso uwyisi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabalanso

uwyisi warmoadgens finansuri statistikis

warmodgenis instrumentebs Soris erT-erT

yvelaze kompleqsur saxeobas, romelic sak-

maod Rrma ekonomikuri analizis saSuale-

bas iZleva. amis sailustraciod qvemoT

warmodgenilia sabalanso uwyisis Semok-

lebuli sqema, romelic asaxavs ekonomikis

seqtorebs Soris finansur damokidebule-

bas, TiToeuli finansuri instrumentisa

da denominaciis valutebis mixedviT (ad-

debitori

seqtorebi

kreditori

seqtorebi

centraluri banki ... danarCeni samyaro

moTx-

ovna

valde-

buleba

wminda

mdgo-

mare-

oba

moTx-

ovna

valde-

buleba

wminda

mdgo-

mare-

oba

moTx-

ovna

valde-

buleba

wminda

mdgo-

mare-

oba

centraluri

banki

instrumenti

adgilobrivi

valuta

ucxouri

valuta

...

...

...

danarCeni

samyaro

adgilobrivi

valuta

ucxouri

valuta

sul

adgilobrivi

valuta

ucxouri

valuta

sqema 2. sabalanso uwyisis Semoklebuli sqema

119

gilobrivi da ucxouri). Garda amisa, igi

asaxavs erovnuli ekonomikis instituciuri

seqtorebis finansur urTierTobebs sazR-

vargareTTan.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom finansuri

sta tistikis warmoebis rTuli da sakmaod

Sro matevadi saqme mxolod sawyis etapzea

sa qarTvelos erovnul bankSi (statistikis

am dargis mwarmoebel organoSi), Cven Sevec-

adeT grafikulad gagveanalizebina qveynis

sabalanso uwyisis empiriuli monacemebi

2001-2015 wlebisaTvis (ix. grafiki 1 da 2).

2001-2015 wlebis agregirebuli sabal-

anso uwyisi gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi

saqarvelos ekonomika mkveTrad gamoxat-

uli uaryofiTi wminda ucxouri savaluto

poziciiT xasiaTdeba, romlis odenobam

2015 wlis me-3 kvartlis bolos mTliani

Sida produqtis -52.6 procenti Seadgina.

es niSnas, rom qveynis ucxouri valde-

bulebebi mkveTrad aRemateba ucxour aqt-

ivebs. wminda ucxouri savaluto poziciis

gauareseba daiwyo 2005 wlidan, roca qvey-

anam mniSvnelovani sagareo valdebulebebis

aReba daiwyo, xolo amis gasaneitraleblad

ar iyo sakmarisi saeqsporto da sxva sa-

valuto Semodinebebi. 2008 wels ganviTare-

buli samxedro konfliqti, erTi mxriv, da

globaluri finansuri krizisi, meore mxriv,

is faqtorebi aRmoCnda, romelTa Sedegebis

aRmofxvris mizniT mkveTrad gaizarda

sagareo finansuri valdebulebebi. Sesabam-

isad, mkveTrad gauaresda wminda ucxouri

savaluto pozicia, romelmac dReisaTvis

mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi 50

procents gadaaWarba. Tu analogiurad gavaanalizebT sabal-

anso uwyisebs TiToeuli instituciuri

seqtoris mixedviT, davinaxavT araerT

mizez-Sedegobriv damokidebulebas, rac

mniSvnelovani informacia unda iyos po-

litikis gamtarebelTa xelSi Sesabam-

isi daskvnebis gasakeTeblad adekvaturi

ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis

TvalsazrisiT.

amdenad, sabalanso uwyisis analizis

pra q tika mowodebulia, metad Rirebuli in-

fo rmacia Seqmnas momxmarebelTaTvis. am mi-

marTulebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis

saqmianoba marTlac axali etapia qveynis

statistikuri sistemis ganviTarebaSi.


n. aslamaziSvili

120



Statistical Aspects of the Macrofi nancial Vulnerabilities Analysis:

Balance Sheet Approach

Nana AslamazishviliDoctor of Economics, National Bank of Georgia, Monetary statistics Head of department

Key words:FINANCIAL STATISTICS, MACROECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Summary

Recent globalization of fi nancial relations leads to various unbalances of fi nancial assets and liabilities of the emerging economies. However, appropriate statistical tools for facilitating adequate analysis are still under development and implementation. This paper provides practical introduction on how National Bank of Georgia try to design statistical framework to study such kind of unbalances in the economy and represents fi rst attempt of empirical analysis of the balance sheet of the country.

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sainvesticio politika da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi

maia gelaSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,სამცხე-ჯავახეთის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

xaTuna beriSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

sainvesticio politika, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi

msoflio safinanso krizisis pirobebSi

saqarTveloSi investiciebis mozidva da ra-

cionaluri gamoyeneba qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

problemaa. globalizaciis epoqaSi qvey-

ana mravali gamowvevis winaSe dadga. am

gamowvevebis gadasawyvetad erT-erTi au-

cilebeli piroba qveyanaSi ekonomikis

ganviTarebaa. qveynis ekonomikuri zrda,

ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaR-

leba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia

sainvesticio aqtiurobis doniT da sain-

vesticio saqmianobis masStabebiT, kerZod,

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebiT, romlis

done gviCvenebs, ramdenad stabiluria qvey-

ana, rogoria misi ekonomikuri politika,

sainvesticio garemo, ekonomikuri zrdis

perspeqtiva da a.S. axali ekonomikuri sis-

temis mSeneblobis procesSi saqarTvelo

urTulesi politikuri, socialuri da

ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda,

rac gulisxmobs stabilizacias, inflaciis

daZlevas, safinanso-saban ko sistemis gam-

yarebas da erovnuli valutis damkvidrebas.

yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom sazogadoe-

baSi cxovrebis donis amaRlebis wyaro in-

vesticiebia, rac pirdapir kavSirSia axal

samuSao adgilTan da SemosavalTan, ro-

melic saboloo jamSi mimarTulia qveynis

ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad.

qveynis ekonomikis konkurentunari anobis

CamoyalibebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs in-

vesticiebis ganTavsebis formebsa da mimar-

Tulebebs. ucxoel investorTa ga mokiTxvis

mixedviT dadginda, rom saqarTveloSi

yvelaze perspeqtiuli dargebia tur-

izmi, transporti, komunikaciebi da kvebis

mrewveloba. SedarebiT naklebi mxar daWera

moipova sabanko sferom, energetikam,

vaWrobam da soflis meurneobam. mZime

mrewvelobisa da mZime manqanaTmSeneblobis

ganviTareba, maTi azriT, perspeqtiuli ar


122



aris. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2007 wels

sakmaod mniSvnelovani investiciebi ganxor-

cielda saqarTveloSi rogorc sabanko,

sadazRvevo, aseve telekomunikaciebSi,

transportSi, sastumroebSi, energetikasa

da sxva sferoebSi. 2008 wels ki yvelaze

meti investicia ganxorcielda trans-

portSi, kavSirgabmulobasa da energetikaSi.

marTalia, qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania ucx-

ouri investiciebis mozidva magram, rogorc

wesi, ucxoel investors moaqvs ara mxolod

kapitali, aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mohyavs

damsaqmebelic da amis mizezad asaxelebs

adamianuri resursebis dabali kvalifika-

ciis dones qveyanaSi, sadac investicias ax-

orcielebs. imas, rom ucxoeli investorebi

marTvis aparatSi, maRalanazRaurebadi

inJiner-teqnikuri personalis da zogjer

muSebis Tanamdebobebs TavianTi kadrebiT

akompleqteben, adasturebs bolo wlebis

manZilze saqarTveloSi ucxour invest-

iciebze Semosuli dasaqmebulTa stat-

istikac. kerZod: saqstatis informaciiT,

2008 wlis cnobili movlenebis Sedegad

daiwyo investiciebis Semcireba. investi-

ciebi mkveTrad Semcirda 2009-2010 wlebSi,

Tumca 2011 wlidan igrZnoboda mateba. 2014

wels, 2007 welTan SedarebiT, investiciebi

1,6-jer aris Semcirebuli. Seicvala um-

sxvilesi investori qveynebic da maTi wilic.

kerZod, 2014 wlis monacemebiT, yvelaze

meti investicia Semovida niderlandebidan

(331 mln $), azerbaijanidan (302 mln $),

CineTidan (195 mln $), gaerTianebuli same-

fodan (114 mln $), seriozuli investiciebi

Semovida luqsemburgidan, aSS-dan, Tur-

qeTidan, ruseTidan, panamidan da maltidan.

2014 wlisaTvis umsxvilesi pirdapiri ucx-

ouri investiciebi ekonomikis seqtorebis

mixedviT ase gamoiyureba: transporti da

kavSirgabmuloba-27%; mSenebloba-23%,

damamuSavebeli mrewveloba-13%; ener-

getika - 8%; uZravi qoneba - 7%; safinanso

seqtori - 6%; samTomompovebeli mrewve-

loba -3%; danarCeni seqtori - 12%. [http://

geostat.ge/]

2015 wels saqarTveloSi $1.3 mil-

iardis moculobis pirdapiri ucxouri in-

vesticiebi (FDI) Semovida, rac 2014 welTan

SedarebiT 23%-iT naklebia. investiciebis

SemcirebiT 2015 wels saqarTvelo aTi um-

sxvilesi sainvesticio dargidan xuTSi

moxvda. investiciebis Semcireba 2015 wels

eqsportisa da fuladi gzavnilebis Sem-

cirebasTan erTad laris gaufasurebis

erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo.

seqtorebis mixedviT Semcireba Seim-

Cneva iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa:

energetika - $100 milioni - 52%-iani

kleba;

damamuSavebeli mrewveloba - $91 mil-

ioni - 55%-iani kleba;

mSenebloba - $129 milioni - 59%-iani

kleba;

uZravi qoneba - $48 milioni - 65%-iani

kleba;

sastumroebi da restornebi - $61 mil-

ioni - 51%-iani kleba.

investiciebis zrda SeimCneva trans-

portisa da kavSirgabmulobis seqtorSi

(+27%), soflis meurneobaSi (+59%), safin-

anso seqtorsa (+40%) da jandacvis seqt-

orSi (+80%). qveynebis mixedviT ki pirvel

adgilze azerbaijania ($542 milioni), meore

adgilze ki - gaerTianebuli samefo ($198

milioni).

wyaro: http://geostat.ge/

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

Semadgeneli nawilebi aris Semomavali na-

kadebi, anu sul ra odenobis pirdapiri

ucxouri investicia Semovida qarTul

bazarze da investorebis mimarT valde-

bulebebis Semcireba, raSic investorebis

mimarT valdebulebebis Semcireba da di-

videndebis gacema igulisxmeba. garda amisa,

gamaval nakadebSi Sedis savaWro kreditis

123

davalianebis, sesxisa da procentis Tanxis

gadaxdac. 2015 wels Semomavali investi-

ciebis raodenobam Seadgina $2.4 miliardi.

biznesmenebis mier gadaxdilma valdebule-

bebma, anu saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSi gad-

inebulma Tanxam ki - $1.1 miliardi.

aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom investorTa

stimulirebisaTvis sagadasaxado kodeqsSi

SemoRebul iqna ori specialuri statusi:

saerTaSoriso sawarmo da ucxouri kom-

paniis filiali, dawesda sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebi ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. Za-

lze sayuradReboa isic, rom saqarTvelos

socialuri

ganviTarebis strategiaSi (saqarTvelo

2020) pirdapir miTiTebulia, rom

saqarTvelos mTavroba iqneba sakuTrebis

uflebis dacvis mTavari garantori,

saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris Rrma da yovlis-

momcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis

farglebSi ganxorcieldeba sabaJo kanonm-

deblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan

harmonizacia [5]. minimizebuli iqneba cv-

lilebebis Setana saqarTvelos sagadasax-

ado kodeqsSi da a.S.

rogorc zemoTqmulidan Cans, mTav-

roba sakanonmdeblo regulaciebiT xels

uwyobs saqarTveloSi ucxouri investi-

ciebis mozidvas, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

investorebisaTvis damabrkolebel faqt-

ors warmoadgens adgilobriv mosaxleo-

basTan urTierToba. xSirad adgili aqvs

konfliqtebs investorsa da mosaxleobas

Soris, rac investorebis ukmayofilebas da

calkeul SemTxvevebSi ama Tu im proeqtis

Cavardnasac ki iwvevs.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri

zrdis mdgradobis uzrunvel sayofad

saWiroa sabazro institutebis gaZliereba.

praqtika cxadyofs, rom pirdapir ucxour

investiciebs SeuZlia damatebiTi finansebis

uzrunvel yofa, teqnologiisa da nouhaus

Semotanis stimulireba da saeqsporto

bazrebSi SeRwevis gadaadgileba. isini,

aseve, zemoqmedeben adgilobriv ekonomikaze

Sida momwodebelTan kavSirebis meSveobiT

da xels uwyoben mwarmoeblobis gaumjobe-

sebas. pirdapir ucxour investiciebsa

da ekonomikur zrdas Soris namdvilad

arsebobs korelacia. magram misi qmedebis

mimarTuleba ar aris naTeli: xSirad SeiniS-

neba ormxrivi mizez-Sedegobrivi urTier-

Tqmedeba brunvis sasargeblo efeqtiT.

mTavrobam qveyana mimzidveli unda gax-

ados („sainvesticio klimati“) ucxouri

investorebisTvis da xeli unda Seewyos

eqsportze orientirebuli investiciebis

dabandebas imisTvis, rom sagadamxdelo

balansis negatiuri efeqti Sesustdes.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdi-

lebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas rom

ekonomikuri maCveneblebi ucxouri invest-

iciebis mozidvis ganmsazRvreli faqtori

ar aris, radganac gadamwyveti mniSvne-

loba qveynis politikur stabilurobas

eniWeba. saxelmwifos sameurneo komple-

qsis funqcionireba yovlad SeuZlebelia

investiciebis gareSe, radgan investiciebi

uzrunvelyofen kvlavwarmoebis uwyveto-

bas, xels uwyoben sawarmoo, inovaciuri da

socialuri proeqtebis realizacias, mon-

awileoben warmoebis moculobis zrdisa da

sazogadoebrivi efeqtianobis Semdgomi am-

aRlebis saqmeSi.

amrigad, yovelive aRniSnuli saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ucxouri in-

vesticiebis mosazidad didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba: a) erovnul ekonomikaSi arse-

buli investoris aqtivobas; b) iseT eko-

nomikur garemos, sadac mesakuTres gaaCnia

kapitalis dacvisa da zrdis garantiebi; g)

sanam ar iqneba gacnobierebuli, rom prob-

lema aris ara kapitalis simwireSi, aramed

axali teqnologiebis Seqmnis arcodnaSi,

riTac saqarTvelo CamorCeba iseT qveynebs,

sadac cxovrebis done maRalia, verasodes

gamovalT am krizisidan. xolo rac Seexeba

ucxouri investiciebis regulirebas maTi

mozidvis Semdeg aucilebelia iseTi zom-

ieri midgomebis SemuSaveba, romelic Tanab-

rad iqneba misaRebi, rogorc ucxoeli

investoris, aseve qveynis interesebisaTvis,

rac saqaraTvelos mTavrobis erT-erT pri-

oritetul mimarTulebad gvesaxeba.

m. gelaSvili, x. beriSvili


124




1. baraTaSvili, e. magraqveliZe, d. (2009)

saqarTveloSi sainvesticio garemos

srulyofis principebi. Tbilisi.

2. erqomaiSvili, g. (2013) saqarTvelos eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetebi. Tb-

ilisi.

3. erqomaiSvili, g. (2010) erovnuli konkuren-

tunarianobis ganmsazRvreli ekonomikuri

politika. samecniero Sromebis krebuli

`ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebis

tendenciebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi.

4. Sengelia, T. (2016) globaluri biznesis.

Tbilisi.

5. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis strategia, (saqarTvelo 2020),

saqarTvelos mTavroba (2013). Tbilisi.

6. http://geostat.ge/

7. www.mof.ge

Investment Policy and Direct Foreign Investments in Georgia

Maia GelashviliDoctor of Economics,Javakheti State University Associate Professor

Khatuna BerichviliDoctor of Economics,Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Associate Professor

Key words:INVESTMENT POLICY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Summary

To improve the investment climate in Georgia it is important to study the tendencies and directions of international business development, to determine their infl uence on the potentials existing in Georgia for at-traction of investments. All this enables us to conclude that for attraction of foreign investments of great im-portance is: a. intensive activity of an investor existing in national economy; b. such economic environment, in which an owner possesses guarantees for protection and growth of the capital; c. until we get well aware that the problem is not in scarcity of capital, but in that with knowledge of forming the new technologies we are well behind the countries with far higher level of life than in our country, we’ll never manage to overcome the crisis. As for regulation of foreign investments, after their attraction it is necessary to elaborate such moderate approaches, which will be equally acceptable both for a foreign investor and for the interests of the country. This, in our opinion, should be one of the priority directions of the government of Georgia.

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sagadasaxado auditis zogierTi aspeqti

nazi gvaramia

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, სოხუმის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

nanuli ZimceiSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, სოხუმის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

sagadasaxado auditi, auditorul saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba, sagadasaxado monitoringi

Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTo-

bebSi auditoruli saqmianoba marTvis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes elements war-

moadgens. kerZo mewarmeobis da kapitalis

bazris mzardma ganviTarebam, ekonomikuri

subieqtebis swrafvam TviTregulaciisaken,

mesakuTreTa da kreditorTa dabandebuli

saxsrebis dacvis garantis moTxovnebma

warmoSves aucilebloba, Camoyalibebuliyo

da ganviTarebuliyo auditoruli saqmian-

obis sistema, rac, cxadia, Tavis mxriv eko-

nomikur aRmavlobas uzrunvelyofs. yvela

saxis auditi warmoadgens specifikur

sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs

gakeTdes daskvna kompaniis saqmianobis

efeqturobis xarisxa da misi srulyofis

gzebze. rogorc cnobilia, audits yofen

or saxed: gare da Sida auditi. amave dros

“auditis” cnebas akavSireben iseT Semow-

mebasTan, romelsac axorcieleben eko-

nomikuri subieqtis mesakuTreebisagan,

aqcionerebisagan da saaRmsruleblo or-

ganoebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli

auditorebi angariSgebis sarwmunoobaze

obieqturi azris gamoxatvis mizniT. gare

auditi unda Catardes damoukidebeli aud-

itoris mier, misi damoukidebloba ki gan-

isazRveba rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve

eTikis normebiT. auditoris winaSe arse-

buli miznebisa da amocanebis mixedviT gare

auditi iyofa savaldebulo da sainiciativo

auditad. savaldebulo auditi tardeba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca misi vadebi da moculoba

gansazRvrulia sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT.

sainiciativo auditi ki tardeba nebismier

dros im moculobiT, romelic ganisazRvreba

kompaniis moTxovniT gaformebuli xelSek-

rulebis farglebSi. savaldebulo auditis

Catarebisas auditoris winaSea erTaderTi

mizani-Sesamowmebeli buRaltruli angar-

iSgebis arsebiTi aspeqtebis utyuarobis

Sesaxeb azris formireba da Semdgom gamox-

atva. am procesSi auditors SeuZlia gadaw-

yvitos Sualeduri amocanebi: gansazRvros

kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli gari-

gebebis Sesabamisoba kanonmdeblobasTan,

Seamowmos sagadamxdelo-saangariSsworebo

dokumentebi, sagadasaxado angariSswore-


126



bebi da a.S. sainiciativo auditis procesSi

ki auditoris winaSe dgas konkretuli

amocana, romelic emsaxureba xelSekrule-

biT gansazRvruli miznis miRwevas. aseTi

amocanebi SeiZleba iyos: konsultaciebi,

finansuri mdgradobis analizi, mimox-

ilviTi Semowmeba, angariSsworebaTa Se-

mowmeba da a. S. am dros dasaxuli miznebi

SeiZleba iyos mravalmxrivi: gamovlenil

naklovanebaTa aRmofxvra, personalis

swavleba, strategiuli dagegmva, aqtivebis

uzrunvelyofis Semowmeba da sxva.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aud-

itoruli saqmianobis roli ekonomikur

saqmianobaSi sakmaod aqtualuria da

Sesabamisad, interess iwvevs sakiTxi imis

Taobaze, Tu rogor viTardeba aRniSnuli

sfero msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,

rogor xorcieldeba Tanamedrove eta-

pze auditoruli saqmianobis regulireba

saqarTveloSi, maT Soris, sagadasaxado

auditis, rogor aris gansazRvruli aseve

sajaro zedamxedvelobis mizani am sfer-

oSi. Cvens samecniero naSromSi swored aR-

niSnul sakiTxebs davuTmobT yuradRebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dResdReobiT

msoflioSi auditorul saqmianobaze

zedamxedvelobis mravalgvari sistema arse-

bobs, romelTa daxvewa, cxadia, mudmivad

mimdinareobs iseTi mizezebis gamo, rogor-

icaa warumatebeli fi nansuri angariSgebebi,

TviTregulirebad sistemebSi aRmoCenili

sisusteebi, axa li kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi

da sxva. istoriulad, auditorul saqmi-

anobaze ze da mxedveloba TviTregulirebis

formas iRe bda. aseTi midgomebis dros

xSirad gamoiyeneboda eqspertuli mimox-

ilva kompaniis saqmianobis gare Sefasebis

paralelurad, romelsac sxva praqtikosi

profesionalebi asrulebdnen da Sesabamis

angariSs warudgendnen TviTregulirebadi

kompaniis sabWos. ukanasknel periodSi regu-

lirebis sistemebi ganviTarda damoukidebel

zedamxedvelobaze gazrdili moTxovnis

Sesabamisad, ramac ganapiroba erovnuli reg-

ulatorebis Camoyalibebis tendencia ufro

Tanmimdevruli da globaluri masStabebiT.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1977

wlidan sertificirebul buRalterTa

amerikuli instituti (AICPA) xelmZR-

vanelobda fasiani qaRaldebis komisiis

(SEC) praqtikis ganyofilebas (SECPS),

romelic iyo TviTregulirebadi or-

gano fasiani qaRaldebis komisiaSi re-

gistrirebuli auditoruli kompaniebis

saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobisaTvis. aR-

niSnuli struqtura atarebda auditis

samuSaoebis periodul eqspertul Se-

fasebebs naklovanebaTa gamosavlenad da

Sesabamisad, maT aRmosafxvrelad, rac

cxa dia, mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels

auditorul kompaniebs. amerikis Seer-

Tebul StatebSi 2002 wels kompaniebis

buRaltrul aRricxvaze zedamxedvelobis

sazogadoebrivi sabWo gaxda auditis pro-

fesiis zedamxedvelobis ZiriTadi organo.

sabWos Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba sabWosa

da misi TanamSromlebisagan, romelTa roli

rig sxva sakiTxebTan erTad regularuli

auditoruli inspeqciebis CatarebiT Semoi-

fargleba. aRniSnuli tendencia gaZlierda

evrokavSiris me-8 (savaldebulo auditis)

direqtivis miRebis Semdeg 2006 wlis ivn-

isSi. igi Seexeba savaldebulo auditis

Catarebis, sajaro zeadmxedvelobisa da

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs. me-8

direqtiva xels uwyobs da SesabamisobaSi

mohyavs savaldebulo auditis sakiTxebi ev-

rokavSiris masStabiT da adgens auditorul

saqmianobaze sajaro zedamxedvelobisa da

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis principebs.

kapitalis bazris ufro efeqturi fun-

qcionirebisaTvis finansuri angariSgebis

sistemaSi monawile TiTeuli dainterese-

buli piri gonivrulad unda moqmedebdes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kapitalis bazrebze

auditorebi dainteresebuli mxareebis

mxolod erTi jgufia, isini gadamwyvet

rols asruleben finansuri angariSgebis

sandoobis uzrunvelyofaSi, kerZod, xar-

isxian audits SeuZlia pirdapir gamoiw-

vios finansuri angariSgebis procesis da

zogadad, kapitalis bazris sistemis mimarT

sazogadoebis ndobis amaRleba. auditorul

saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba mniSvnelovani

saSualebaa finansuri angariSgebis auditis

xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad. damoukidebeli

zedamxedveloba dainerga msoflios mz-

127

ardi kapitalis qveynebSi da bevr qveyanaSi

amJamadac mimdinareobs es procesi. sajaro

zedamxedvelobis pirobebSi kompaniebs,

romelTac surT klientebs SesTavazon

gar kveuli tipis auditoruli momsax-

ureba (sazogadod, savaldebulo auditi an

safondo birJebze kotirebuli kompaniebis

auditi), moeTxoveba daregistrirdnen maTi

profesiisagan damoukidebel organoSi.

amrigad, registracia da Sesabamisad misi

SenarCuneba warmoadgens auditoruli

saqmianobis ganxorcielebis winapirobebs.

am organos wevrebis daniSvna gamWvirvale

procesi unda iyos, raTa uzrunvelyos

kvalificiuri pirebis SerCeva, romlebic

sazogadoebriv interesebs moemsaxurebian.

sagadasaxado auditis cnebaSi igulisxmeba

saxelmwifo sagadasaxado organoebis Tu

saxelmwifosgan nebadarTuli pirebis mier ne-

bismieri gadasaxadis gadamxdelis Semowmeba,

kontroli da monitoringi. igi ukavSirdeba

mxolod dabegvrisa da ekonomikur terit-

oriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebis Semowmebis

aspeqtebs. istoriulad damou kidebeli aud-

itorebis gamoCena cxadia dakavSirebulia

ara sagadasaxado auditTan, aramed zogadad

auditTan. oficialurad auditis warmoSobis

TariRad iTvleba 1844 w. rodesac inglisSi

miiRes kanoni saaqcio sazogadoebebis Ses-

axeb, ris safuZvelzec saaqcio sazogadoe-

bebs unda moewviaT damoukdebeli piri,

romelic yovelwliurad warmoadgenda am

sawarmos Sesaxeb Sesabamis finansur daskvnas,

rac TavisTavad ganixileboda rogorc saaq-

cio sazogadoebis menejmentis yovelwliuri

angariSgebis forma aqciis mflobelebis mi-

marT.

sagadasaxado auditi gulisxmobs ara

damoukidebel auditorul sarekomendacio

xasiaTis Semowmebas, aramed gadasaxadis

gadam xdelTa sagadasaxado kontrols, ro-

melsac SeiZleba saxelmwifo iZulebis

forma hqondes. Tanmedrove etapze

saqarTveloSi sagdasaxado auditi, rogorc

ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi mimar-

Tuleba, calke, damoukidebel aspeqtad

ar ganixileba da analogiuria am kuTxiT

ucxouri praqtikac. sagadasaxado auditi

moicavs sagadasaxado kontrolsa da mon-

itorings. aqedan gamomdinare, sagadasax-

ado auditis Seswavlis sagania gadasaxadis

gadamxdelTa da saxelmwifos Soris saga-

dasaxado urTierTobaTa kontroli da

prevencia saxelmwifosa da mis mier ufle-

bamosil pirTa mier, rac, cxadia, dakavSire-

bulia gadasaxadis gadamxdel pirTa mier

gadasaxadis gaangariSebasTan, gadaxdasTan

da am procesSi dabegvris subieqtebsa da

saxelmwifos Soris warmoqmnil samar-

Tlebriv urTierTobebTan. amasTan erTad

sagadasaxado auditi moicavs saxelmwi-

fos mier dabegvris subieqtis iZulebas,

gadaixados kuTvnili gadasaxadebi, masTan

dakavSirebuli jarimebi da sauravebi.

saqarTveloSi auditis Catarebis samar-

Tlebrivi safuZvlebi ganisazRvreba sa qa-

rTvelos kanoniT “buRaltruli aRricxvisa

da finansuri angariSgebis auditis Ses-

axeb”, romelic adgens Cvens qveyanaSi buR-

altruli aRricxvis warmoebis, finansuri

angariSgebis momzadebis, wardgenis da fin-

ansuri angariSgebis auditis Catarebis

samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. Sesabamisad, am

kanonis mizania buRaltruli aRricxvis war-

moebis, finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa

da wardgenis samarTlebriv safuZvlebis,

finansuri angariSgebis auditis Catarebis

pirobebisa da wesebis gansazRvra.

saqarTveloSi auditi tardeba auditis saer-

TaSoriso standartebis (ISA) Sesabamisad.

sagadasaxado auditi, rogorc wesi, ar

aris nebayoflobiTi sagadasaxado Semowmeba,

Tumca igi SeiZleba Catardes gadasaxadis

gadamxdelis iniciativiT. aqedan gamomdin-

are, sagadasaxado auditis Catarebis baza

sagadasaxado aRicxvas efuZneba. am mimar-

TulebiT mniSvnelovania aseve sagadasaxado

riskebis sistemis gamoyeneba. sagadasaxado

riski ganisazRvreba rogorc sagadasaxado

valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis didi al-

baToba. sagadasaxado organoSi muSavdeba ga-

dasaxadis gadamxdelTa Sesaxeb informacia da

ganisazRvreba riskis kriteriumebi, romle-

bic gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis matarebelia. ase

magaliTad, gadamxdelis mier dokumentebis

gayalbeba, saeWvo garigebebi, sagadasaxado

deklaraciebis an angariS-faqturebis xSiri

koreqtirebis faqtebi da a. S. Sesamowme-

n. gvaramia, n. ZimceiSvili


128



beli pirebis gamovlena xdeba eleqtronu-

lad (programulad), maRali sagadasaxado

riskebis monacemebis matarebeli niSniT da

Sesabamisi riskis qulebis miTiTebiT.

auditori valdebulia, daicvas saga-

dasaxado kanonmdebloba yvela aspeqtSi.

man unda daicvas damkveTis interesebi,

amave dros Segnebulad ar unda damalos

misi Semosavlebi, aRkveTos sagadasaxado

samsaxuris SecdomaSi Seyvanis da damkveTis

mier gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis aridebis

mcdeloba. auditors SeuZlia Sewyvitos

saqmianoba im angariSgebis Semowmebisas,

romelSic aRmoCenilia mcdari informacia,

an adgili aqvs informaciis gamotovebas

an dafarvas. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis

darRvevis faqtebis, gadasaxadebis gaangar-

iSebasa da gadaxdaSi Secdomebis aRmoCen-

isas auditori valdebulia, amis Taobaze

werilobiT acnobos damkveTis administra-

cias, sameTvalyureo sabWos da misces maT

rekomendaciebi aRmoCenili darRvevebisa

da Secdomebis gasworebis Sesaxeb.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, uaR-

resad mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado auditis

sakiTxebisadmi jerovani yuradRebis daT-

moba da cxadia, misi Semdgomi srulyofa

qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ga-

jansaRebis mimarTulebiT.


1. uridia, გ. (2012). sagadasaxado auditi. Tb-

ilisi.

2. yamarauli, ს., CokolaSvili, m., 3. yamarauli, l. (2010). gadasaxadebi da

dabegvra. Tbilisi.

4. veruliZe, v. (2008). gadasaxadebi da saga-

dasaxado dabegvra, saxelmZRvanelo. Tbil-

isi.

5. montgomeri, r. (2006). auditi. Tbil-

isi.saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi.

17.02/2015

6. saqarTvelos kanoni buRaltruli aR-

ricxvisa da finansuri angariSgebis

auditis Sesaxeb. 2012 w. 29 ivnisi.

7. saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2010 w.

31 dekembris brZaneba #5568 sagadasax-

ado auditis saxelmZRvanelos damtkicebis

Taobaze.

8. http://rs.ge/

9. http://sao.ge/

Some Aspects of the Taxation Audit

Nazi GvaramiaDoctor of Economics,Sokhumi State University Associate Professor

Nanuli DzimtseishviliDoctor of Economics,Sokhumi State University Associate Professor

Key words:

TAX AUDIT, AUDITOR OVERSIGHT, MONITORING TAX

Summary

The paper highlights the key issues, which are at the present stage in our country in general audit, namely the taxation audit on the legislative and practical levels. The paper studies the taxation audit role and import-ance in economic relations, its important issues and peculiarities. The paper also focuses on the auditor’s profes-sional responsibility and ethics important aspects, as provided in legislation.

129









sajaro finansebis marTvis sistema Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

merab vaniSvili

ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის მიწვეული პროფესორი

leqso lemonjava

ბიზნესის ადმინისტრირების დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასისტენტ-პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

sajaro finansebi, finansebis marTva, kontroli

Sesavali

sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis

Semdeg, radikalurad Seicvala finansebis

marTvis sistema saqarTveloSi. finansTa

saministrosTan erTad, finansebis marTvis

mniSvnelovani organizaciuli struqture-

bia: saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri,

damoukidebeli auditoruli finansuri

kontrolis samsaxurebi da a.S.

centralizebuli sabiujeto sis-

tema Secvala axalma sabiujeto sistemam,

romlis amosavali safuZveli sxvadasxva

donis biujetebis erTmaneTisagan realuri

damoukidebloba da Tanasworuflebianobaa.

igulisxmeba sakuTari Tu maregulirebeli

gadasaxadebiT Semosavlebis formireba da

maT gaxarjvaSi (kanoniT gansazRvruli) Tav-

isufleba. amasTan, maT Soris axali urTier-

Tobebi da valdebulebebic Camoyalibda.

saxelmwifo biujeti avtonomiuri resub-

likebis da adgilobriv biujetebs gadascems

transferebs.

kvlevis Sedegebi

saqarTveloSi finansebis marTva

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros,

saqarTvelos konstituciisa da parla-

mentis mier miRebuli Sesabamisi kanonebis

safuZvelze xorcieldeba. kerZod, samin-

istro Tavis saqmianobaSi xelmZRvanelobs

saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saerTaSor-

iso xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT,

„saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis,

uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Ses-

axeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT, saqarTvelos

sabiujeto kodeqsiT, saqarTvelos saga-

dasaxado kodeqsiT, sxva sakanonmdeblo

aqtebiT, saqarTvelos prezidentis norma-

tiuli aqtebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis

da saqarTvelos premierministris samar-

Tlebrivi aqtebiT, saministros debule-

biTa da sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebiT.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mi-

zani, amocanebi, funqciebi, pasuxis mgebloba

da uflebamosilebani Camoyali bebulia sa-

ministros debulebaSi, ro melsac amtkicebs

saqarTvelos premier-ministri. saministro

angariSvaldebulia mTavrobis winaSe da as-

rulebs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul an mTav-

robisa da premierministris mier kanonis

safuZvelze dakisrebul amocanebs.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sis-

temaSi Semavali avtonomiuri respublikebis


130



saministroebia: 1. afxazeTis avtonomiuri

respublikis finansTa saministro da 2. aWa-

ris avtonomiuri respublikis finansTa da

ekonomikis saministro.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mma-

r Tvelobis sferoSi Semavali saxelmwifo

saqveuwyebo dawesebulebebia:

saxazino samsaxuri;

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros

sagamoZiebo samsaxuri.


mmarT velobis sferoSi Semavali sajaro

samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia:

Semosavlebis samsaxuri;

safinanso-analitikuri samsaxuri;


momsaxurebis saagento;

finansTa saministros akademia;

aTaswleulis gamowvevis fondi „sa-

qarTvelo“.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministro aris

centraluri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

organo, romelic axorcielebs saxelm-

wifo mmarTvelobas safinanso-sabiujeto

da sagadasaxado sferoSi; uzrunvelyofs

saqarTvelos teritoriaze sabiujeto, saga-

dasaxado da saaRricxvo kanonmdeblobis

SemuSavebas da dacvas; axorcielebs eko-

nomikuri danaSaulis sferoSi prevenciul

operatiul samZebro saqmianobas, mokvl-

evasa da winaswar gamoZiebas.

finansTa saministros ZiriTadi kom-

petenciebi da uflebamosilebebia:

saqarTvelos wliuri saxelmwifo biu-

jetis momzadeba, aseve momdevno 4 wli-

saTvis mTavrobis ZiriTadi monacemeb-

isa da mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba;

saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis mim-

dinareobis monitoringi, Sesrulebis

angariSis momzadeba da wardgena sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobisa da parlamentis-

Tvis;

mTavrobis fuladi saxsrebis marTva;

qveynis sagadasaxado politikis Zir-

iTadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvra da

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis srul-

yofa;

saxelmwifo valis marTva;

saerTaSoriso safinanso institu teb-

Tan da ormxriv partniorebTan Tan-

amSromloba da koordinacia;

saerTaSoriso sareitingo kompanieb-

Tan TanamSromloba qveynis suverenul

reitingTan dakavSirebiT;

Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi ga-

dawyvetilebaTa miReba, romlebic

Sesasruleblad savaldebuloa sa-

qarTvelos saministroebisa da uw-

yebebisaTvis, misi avtonomiuri re-

spublikebisa da saqarTvelos sxva

teritoriuli erTeulebis mmarTvelo-

bis organoebisaTvis, dawesebulebeb-

isaTvis, sawarmoebis, iuridiuli da

fizikuri pirebisaTvis daqvemdebareb-

isa da sakuTrebis formebis miuxeda-

vad;

saministro angariSvaldebulia mTav-

robis winaSe da asrulebs kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul, mTavrobisa da pre-

mier-ministris mier kanonis safuZ-

velze dakisrebul amocanebs.

amrigad, saministro SeimuSavebs fiska-

luri politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa

da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis pro-

eqtebs, saqarTvelos konstituciasa da

sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb kanonze dayrd-

nobiT ganixilavs winadadebebs afxazeTisa

da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis da sa-

qarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis

mmarTvelobis organoebis mier SemuSavebu-

li biujetebis Sewonasworebis sakiTxs. amas-

Tan, saministro SeimuSavebs saqarTve los

saxelmwifo biujetis proeqts, af xa zeTisa

da aWaris avtonomiuri respubli kebis, sxva

teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebis

formirebis, ekonomikuri normativebisa da

am biujetebisaTvis gadasacemi an maT mi-

er gadmosacemi transferebis saproeqto

sidideebs, xelmZRvanelobs sabiujeto

SemosavlebiT saxelmwifo biujetis sta-

bilur uzrunvelyofas, saxelmwifo fu-

ladi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas.

Sesabamis adgilobriv organoebTan erTad

axorcielebs RonisZiebebs qveynis yvela

donis biujetebis Sesrulebis uzrunvel-

sayofad.

saministros xelmZRvanelobs minis-

tri, romelsac Tanamdebobaze niSnavs

131

saqarTvelos premier-ministri. finansTa

ministri: warmoadgens saministros, war-

marTavs mis saqmianobas da wyvets saminis-

tros gamgeblobis sferosTvis mikuTvnebul

sakiTxebs; pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos

konstituciis, saerTaSoriso xelSek-

rulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis, sakanonm-

deblo aqtebis, saqarTvelos prezidentis

normatiuli aqtebis, saqarTvelos mTav-

robis dadgenilebebis da gankargulebebis,

saqarTvelos premierministris brZanebebis

SesrulebisaTvis im sferoSi, romelic sa-

ministros mmarTve lobas ganekuTvneba.

ministrs hyavs pirveli moadgile da oTxi

moadgile. ministris pirvel moadgilesa

da moadgileebs, ministris wardginebiT,

Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan

aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos premier-min-

istri. ministris pirveli moadgilisa

da moadgileebis uflebamosilebani gan-

isazRvreba ministris Sesabamisi brZanebiT.

ministris pirveli moadgile ministris

aryofnisas xelmZRvanelobs saministros

saqmianobas da koordinacias uwevs samsax-

urebis urTierTobas. ministris erT-erTi

moadgile ministris davalebiT axor-

cielebs saparlamento mdivnis funqcias.

saministros qvedanayofebis xelmZR-

vanelebs da maT moadgileebs, agreTve, sxva

pasuxsageb Tanamdebobaze specialistebs

niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs

ministri.

sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnaTa Sesabam-

isad, finansTa saministro mudmiv sruly-

ofas ganicdis. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos

finansTa saministros struqturuli

qvedanayofebia: saxelmwifo valisa da

sagareo da finansebis departamenti; iur-

idiuli de par tamenti; administraciuli

departame nti; sabiujeto departamenti;

Sida auditis departamenti; sagadasax-

ado politikis de partamenti; fiskaluri

prognozirebis de partamenti; anal-

itikuri departamenti; ministris aparati;

sazogadoebasTan ur TierTobis samsaxuri;

davebis ganxilvis samsaxuri; parlamentTan

urTierTobis samsaxuri; adamianuri re-

sursebis marTvis sam saxuri; informaciuli

usafrTxoebis samsaxuri.

finansebis marTvis done sistematur

srulyofas ganicdis. igi didadaa damo-

kidebuli safinanso aparatis organiza-

ciul struqturaze, safinanso muSakebis

kvalifikaciaze, pasuxismgeblobasa da

disciplinaze, im formebsa da meTodebze,

romlebic gamoiyeneba finansuri marTvis

procesSi.

saqarTvelos samTavrobo dokumentis

(„saqarTvelos sajaro finansebis marTvis

reformis strategia, 2014-1017“) Tanaxmad,

sajaro finansebis marTvis sferoSi gansa-

xorcielebeli reformebi moicavs Semdeg

xuT prioritetul mimarTulebas:

fiskaluri disciplinis SenarCuneba

da fiskaluri prognozirebis gaum-

jobeseba;

saxelmwifo finansebis dagegmvis gaum-

jobeseba;

saxelmwifo saxsrebis marTva, aRricxva

da angariSgeba;

saxelmwifo Sida kontroli;

saxelmwifo eleqtronuli servisebis

ganviTareba sajaro finansebis marT-

vaSi da donorebis koordinacia.

daskvna

saqarTvelos samTavrobo dokumentis

(„qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimar-

Tulebebi 2015-2018 wlebisaTvis“) Tanaxmad:

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sajaro fin-

ansebis marTvis sruyofas imisaTvis, rom

biujetiT, erTi mxriv, xorcieldebodes

prioritetuli sferoebisa da socialuri

xarjebis zrda, xolo, meore mxriv, xeli

Seewyos qveynis ekonomikis stimulirebas

da amave dros SenarCunebul iyos qveynis

fiskaluri stabiluroba.

sajaro finansebis marTvis reformis

farglebSi, biujetirebis mimarTule-

biT dasaxuli RonisZiebebi uzrunvely-

ofs sajaro finansebis efeqtian marTvas

da gamWvirvalobas, sxvadasxva seqtoris

ganviTarebis mizniT dasaxuli politi-

kis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro resur-

sebis mobilizebas fiskaluri mdgradobis

SenarCunebis pirobebSi da socialuri

valdebulebebis dafarvis paralelurad

m. vaniSvili, l. lemonjava


132



ekonomikis zrdis xelSemwyobi fiskaluri

politikis gatarebas.

SemuSavdeba dagegmvis erTiani

standartebi, romelic daukavSirdeba ro-

gorc erovnul, ise dargis da sxva seqtorul

sa Sualovadian strategiul dokumentebs.

saSualovadiani gegmebi gamoyenebuli

iqne ba rogorc efeqtiani instrumenti

fiskaluri stabilurobis misaRwevad. eko-

nomikis stimulirebis mizniT, biujetis

xarjviTi nawilis zrdis paralelurad,

SesaZlebelia, konkretul periodSi gaiz-

ardos sabiujeto deficiti, Tumca, saSu-

alovadian periodSi SenarCunebuli iqneba

misi dabali maCvenebeli. saSualovadian

da grZelvadian periodSi mniSvnelovania

ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri da fiskaluri

indikatorebis iseT maCveneblebSi Senar-

Cuneba, romlebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba

gaumjobesdes sareitingo kompaniebis Se-

fasebebi da qveyana iyos mimzidveli sain-

vesticio klimatis TvalsazrisiT.

daixveweba finansTa saministros mak-

roekonomikuri analizisa da prognozirebis

mimarTuleba. sabiujeto dagegmvis pro-

cesis gaumjobesebis mizniT gaumjobesdeba

saxelmwifo da naerTi biuetis sagadasax-

ado Semosavlebis saSualovadiani pro-

gnozirebis procesi;

moxdeba prognozebis arealis gafar-

Toeba imisaTvis, rom ekonomikis seqtorebi

ufro farTod iyos moculi; gaizrdeba

prognozebis droiTi areali, rac gazrdis

fiskaluri seqtoris grZelvadiani dageg-

mvis SesaZleblobas.

saxelmwifo valis formirebisas

uzrunvelyofili iqneba valis portfelis

mdgradoba. sesxebis mozidva moxdeba

maqsimalurad SeRavaTiani pirobebiT, au-

cileblobidan gamomdinare. am procesSi

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba adgilobrivi

fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebisa

da ekonomikuri aqtivobis xelSewyobis au-

cilebloba.

gagrZeldeba muSaoba programuli bi-

ujetis danergvisa da Sesabamisi meTodo-

logiis daxvewis mimarTulebiT, maT Soris,

SemuSavdeba meTodologiuri miTiTebebi

mxarjavi dawesebulebebisaTvis, rac maT

programuli biujetis momzadebis Sida

procesis efeqtianad marTvis uzrunvely-

ofaSi daexmareba.

uzrunvelyofili iqneba Sedegze ori-

entirebuli biujetirebis srulyofilad

danergva. biujetiT gansaxorcielebeli

programebisa da qveprogramebis, agreTve

maTi mosalodneli Sedegebis warmodgenis

meqanizmebi miuaxlovdeba saerTaSorisod

aRiarebul standartebs.

gagrZeldeba muSaoba biujetis gam-

Wvirvalobisa da informaciulobis

gazrdis mizniT da uzrunvelyofili iqneba

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis yvela

saintereso da saWiro informaciis martivi

formiT miwodeba.

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli

pirebis, avtonomiuri respublikebisa da

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis

biujetebis angariSebi gaixsneba xazinis er-

Tiani angariSis sistemaSi da maTi marTva

ganxorcieldeba saxelmwifo xazinis fin-

ansebis marTvis erTiani sainformacio

sistemis meSveobiT, riTac miiRweva yvela

donis biujetebisa da sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli pirebis saxsrebiT ganxor-

cielebuli operaciebis sruli da drouli

angariSgeba da gaumjobesdeba angariS-

valdebulebis xarisxi.

etapobrivad dainergeba sajaro seqt-

oris buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSor-

iso daricxvis standartebi, romelTanac

sruli Sesabamisobis miRwevis Semdeg,

yovelwliurad gamoqveyndeba mTavrobis

finansuri angariSgeba, dafuZnebuli dar-

icxvis me Todze.

dabolos, daixveweba rogorc Siga, ise

gare kontrolisa da auditis meqanizmebi

sajaro finansebis marTvis sferoSi. sabi-

ujeto procesis gaumjobesebis mizniT,

uzrunvelyofili iqneba saxelmwifo audi-

tis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli dask-

vnebisa da rekomendaciebis gamoyenebis

efeqtiani meqanizmi.

133


1. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 17 dekem-

bris №341 dadgenileba „saqarTvelos fin-

ansTa saministros debulebis damtkicebis

Sesaxeb“: http://www.mof.ge /4585.

2. saqarTvelos sajaro finansebis marTvis

reformis strategia 2014-2017: http:// www.

mof.ge/common/get_doc.aspx?doc_id=11148.

3. qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTule-

bebi 2015-2018 wlebisaTvis: www. parliament.

ge/ge/law/6881.

4. Финансы (2012). Учебник /А.С. Нешитой, Я.М.

Воскобойников. 10-е изд. - М.: Дашков и К.

С.107-121.

Public Financial Management System in Modern Georgia

Merab Vanishvili Doctor of Economics,Europian Education University Professor

Lekso LemonjavaDoctor of Economics,Europian Education University, Assistant Professor

Key words:PUBLIC FINANCES, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, CONTROL

Summary

After the transition to market economy, drastically sheivala fi nance management systems in Georgia. Min-istry of Finance, together with the fi nancial management of the organizational structures of the State Audit Offi ce, an independent audit of the fi nancial control services, etc.

Centralized budget system was replaced by the new budgetary system, starting with the budgets of vari-ous levels are the basis for real independence and equality. If your taxes are meant to regulate the formation of the revenue and expenditure of freedom. At the same time, including new relationships and responsibilities established. State budget of the Autonomous Republic and local budgets to hand transfers.

m. vaniSvili, l. lemonjava


134











globalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda Tanamedrove gamowvevebis fonze

maia Wania

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, სოხუმის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასისტენტ-პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

globalizacia, postindustriuli sazogadoeba, ekonomikuri zrda

globalizacia mravalwaxnagovani kat-

egoriaa, romelic aCqarebs adamianebs, aseve

saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobaTa ga-

farToebas, erTiani sainformacio sivrcis,

kapitalis, saqonlis, samuSao Zalis

msoflio bazris formirebas, ekologiuri

da socialuri problemebis internacion-

alizacias.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi nebismieri qve-

ynis ekonomikuri zrda mniSvnelovanwilad

sayovelTao globalizaciis procesebiT

ganisazRvreba. qveyanaSi arsebuli eko-

nomikuri zrdis problemebis Seswavla da

analizi erT-erT yvelaze ufro aqtualur

problemad gadaiqca. msoflio globaliza-

ciis procesebi sul ufro metad moicavs

mTels msoflios, masSi sul ufro meti

axali saxelmwifo erTveba da sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT

kidev ufro aqtiuri monawile xdeba Ta-

namedrove globalizaciuri procesebisa.

am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa.

msoflio sazogadoeba da maT Soris

qarTveli eri imyofeba postindustriuli

ganviTarebis etapze, romelic xasiaTdeba

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis

globaluri integraciiT. Tanamedrove pi-

ro bebSi Znelia, vipovoT iseTi erovnuli

meurneoba, romelic araa CarTuli

msoflio meurneobis sistemaSi. global-

izacia-integracia msoflio ekonomikis

ganvitarebis Seuqcevadi tendenciaa, rome-

lic xasiaTdeba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris

urTierTdamokidebulebebis zrdis marali

xarisxiT. es urTierTobebi aris glob-

aluri ekonomikis Camoyalibebisa da gan-

viTarebis safuZveli.

integraciis procesSi kavkasia aR-

moCnda msoflio mniSvnelobis strategiul

interesTa gadakveTis gzajvaredinze. erTi

mxriv, natos wevri qveynebi da evrokavSiri,

meore mxriv, ruseTi, irani da CineTi.

am fonze sakmaod rTulia, magram au-

cilebelia globalizaciis metwilad da-

debiTi mxareebis Cvens sasargeblod

gamoyeneba, romlebic qveynis ekonomikuri

zrdis umniSvnelovanesi sawindaria.

gazrdili sagareo vaWroba; informaciis

moZraobis maRali tempi; axali ideebis

teqnologiebis, “nouhaus” Tavisufali

gadaadgileba; saqarTvelos msoflio eko-

nomikasa da politikasTan integrirebis

SesaZlebloba; yovelive zemoT CamoTv-

lilis gaTvaliswineba da qveynis sasikeTod

gamoyeneba, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

zrdis mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoadgens.

135

saqarTvelo an nebismieri sxva qveyana

erovnul TviTmyofadobas, Taviseburebebs,

kulturas, tradiciebs, gamorCeulobas,

ekonomikur siZlieres ekonomikuri zrdis

maRal tempebs ver SeinarCunebs, Tu igi

globalizaciis mier Seqmnili sakacobrio

simdidris mxolod pasiur momxmareblad

iqca. saqarTvelo unda gaxdes Semqmneli

msoflio mniSvnelobis produqtis, ino-

vaciebis, gamogonebebis, romlebzec didi

moTxovna iqneba msoflio bazarze.

saqarTveloSi bevri ram gakeTda eko-

nomikuri zrdis tempebis gasazrdelad, ma-

gram es bunebrivia, araa sakmarisi imisaTvis,

rom saqarTvelom Tavisi mniSvnelovani

sityva Tqvas msoflio bazarze, daZlios

siRaribis da umuSevrobis problemebi. sam-

wuxarod, saqarTveloSi dRemde ganxor-

cielebuli makroekonomikuri politika

winaaRmdegobrivia, daubalansebelia.

metad mniSvnelovania iseTi makroeko-

nomikuli politikis ganxorcieleba, ro-

melic uzrunvelyofs misi Semadgeneli

yvela elementis dabalansebas. ekonomikuri

zrdis problemebis Seswavlisa da gaanal-

izebisas aqcentirebuli yuradReba unda

mieqces ekonomikuri zrdis xarisxisadmi

prioritetis miniWebas. mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod ekonomikuri zrda, aramed eko-

nomikuri zrdis xarisxi, romelic miiRweva

socialuri, struqturuli, instituciuri,,

teqnologiuri ganviTarebis daCqarebiT,

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi

qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebiT,

adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebiT.

zemoT aRniSnuli cxrilidan Cans mSp-

is zrdis tendencia. Tumca, bunebrivia,

es araa sakmarisi da aucilebelia ufro

radikaluri, ufro qmediTi RonisZiebebis

gatareba. mSp-is maRali tempiT zrda

tradiciuli midgomebiT, upiratesad fiz-

ikuri kapitalis gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba.

aseTi maRali tempebis miRwevas mravali

qveyana axerxebda, magram Tanamedrove

2010 2011 2012 I 13 II 13 III 13 IV 13 2013 I 14* II 14* III 14* IV 14* 2014*

მშპ მიმდინარე ფასებში, მლნ.

ლარი20743.4 24344.0 26167.3 5776.8 6544.5 6835.0 7691.0 26847.4 6307.2 7162.8 7540.1 8176.8 29187.0

მშპ მუდმივ 2003 წლის ფასებში, მლნ. ლარი

12835.0 13757.2 14637.7 3269.30 3725.03886

44243.0 15123.7 3504.1 3919.4 4102.2 4318.8 15844.6

მშპ-ის რეალური ზრდა,

პროცენტული ცვლილება

6.2 7.2 6.4 2.4 1.6 1.4 7.6 3.3 7.2 5.2 5.6 1.8 4.8

მშპ დეფლატორი, პროცენტული ცვლილება

8.6 9.5 1.0 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 1.9 4.0 4.5 4.4 3.8

მშპ ერთ სულზე (მიმდინარე

ფასებში), ლარი4675.7 5447.1 5818.1 1288.4 1459.6 1524.4 1715.3 5987.6 1404.6 1595.1 1679.1 1820.9 6499.7

მშპ ერთ სულზე (მიმდინარე ფასებში), აშშ დოლარი

2623.0 3230.7 3523.4 777.0 884.5 918.6 1017.6 3599.6 802.9 905.0 962.1 1008.3 3680.8

მშპ მიმდინარე ფასებში, მლნ. აშშ დოლარი

11636.5 14438.5 15846.8 3483.9 3965.7 4118.9 4562.8 16139.9 3605.3 4064.1 4320.4 4527.8 16528.5

წყარო: http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=118&lang=geo

mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba da misi dinamika

(mimdinare fasebSi; mln. lari) mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

m. Wania


136



pirobebSi am gziT qveynis ekonomikuri

zrdis problemebi ver gadawydeba, radganac

sa surveli struqturuli gardaqmnebi, ko-

nkurentunarianobis amaRleba, eqsportis

seriozuli gadideba mainc miuRweveli

rCeba. ekonomikur zrdas saqarTveloSi

afe rxebs ara TavisTavad mxolod invest-

iciebis ukmarisoba, aramed danazogebis,

mosaxleobisa da sawarmoebis Semosavlebis

simcirec, rac, ZiriTadad, samuSao Zalis

dabali profesiuli momzadebis, gamoSve-

buli produqciis arakonkurentunarian-

obis Sedegia. amitom ekonomikuri zrdis

daCqarebis mTavari faqtoria konkuren-

tunariani samuSao adgilebis Seqmna maRali

kvalifikaciis mqone kadrebis momzadebiT,

anu ganaTlebis sistemis prioritetuli

ganviTarebiTa da uaxlesi teqnologiebis

danergviT, teqnologiuri miRwevebis ind-

eqsis amaRlebiT.

ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis proble-

mebis gadawyvetis mTavari da yvelaze efeq-

tiani gza aris momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis,

ganaTlebis, codnis amaRleba, anu invest-

iciebi adamianur kapitalSi, mecnierebisa

da teqnologiebis inovaciuri sferos gan-

viTareba. inteleqtualuri da inovaciuri

ganviTareba fizikuri kapitalis xarisxis

amaRlebasac iwvevs da ekonomikuri zrdac

kidev ufro stimulirdeba. prioriteti

Tavidanve unda mieniWos investiciebs gana-

TlebaSi, mecnierebaSi, janmrTelobaSi, so-

cialur infrastruqturaSi.

aucileblad migvaCnia mcire da saSu-

alo biznesis prioritetuli ganviTarebis

uzrunvelyofa, gansakuTrebiT soflis

meurneobaSi, kvebisa da msubuq mrewvelob-

aSi, mrewvelobis mecnierebatevad dargebSi,

momsaxurebis sferoSi. mcire biznesis gan-

viTarebis upiratesoba is aris, rom igi

dasaqmebis problemis gadawyvetis um-

niSvnelovanesi faqtoria. aq investiciebi,

samuSao adgilebis Rirebuleba SedarebiT

msxvil sawarmoebTan sagrZnoblad mcirea,

xolo ukugeba, Semosavlianoba da efeq-

tianoba _ maRali, rac ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis daCqarebas iwvevs. amasTan erTad,

aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs struqtur-

uli Zvrebis ganxorcielebas realur eko-

nomikaSi, gansakuTrebiT informaciuli

da politikuri seqtorebis ganviTarebis

daCqarebas. es aucilebelia ara marto ax-

ali teqnologiebis danergvisaTvis, aramed

agreTve ganaTlebis, inovaciuri sferos,

tele-komunikaciebis infrastruqturis.

maRalSemosavliani dargebis ganviTarebis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

dRes yvelaze ufro mTavar sakiTxad

swored instituciuri gardaqmnebis daC-

qareba gvesaxeba, kerZod, sagadasaxado

sistemis srulyofa, gadasaxadebis mastim-

ulirebeli funqciis aRdgena, maTi Sem-

cirebisa da gamartivebis gziT, xelfasebis

mateba, Crdilovani ekonomikis minimalur

zomamde dayvana. Crdilovani ekonomikis,

korufciis, kontrabandis daZlevis gareSe

qveyana verasodes ver gadawyvets siRaribis

problemas, Sesabamisad, danazogebis, in-

vesticiebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis seri-

ozulad daCqarebis problemas.

am miznebis miRweva SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba proficituli biujetiT, martivi

da dabali gadasaxadebiT, ucxouri invest-

iciebis mozidviT, sakuTrebis uflebis

dacviT, liberaluri savaWro da satrans-

porto politikiT, eqsportis zrdiT,

soflis meurneobis seqtoris komercial-

izaciiT, dasaqmebisa da dagrovebis stimu-

lirebiT, “momavali Taobebis fondisa” da

“stabiluri ganviTarebis fondis SeqmniT”.

metad mniSvnelovania aseve saga-

dasaxdelo balansis wonasworobis miRweva,

romlisTvisac aucilebelia misi kompensa-

ciuri potencialis amaRleba, pirvel rigSi

eq sportis prioritetuli gafarToebiT,

sagareo valis SemcirebiT, pirdapiri ucx-

ouri investiciebis farTod mozidviT.

eqsportis swrafi zrda ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis daCqarebis unmiSvnelovanes

faqtorad gvevlineba. amis SesaZleblobas

iZleva saqarTvelos gawevrianeba msoflio

savaWro organizaciaSi, rac saerTaSoriso

bazrebze maqsimalurad SeRavaTiani pirobe-

biT zrdis miRwevis saSualebas iZleva. ma-

gram amisaTvis aucilebelia msoflios

bazrebze maRali xarisxis konkurentunari-

ani produqciis miwodeba, eqsportis

seriozuli gafarToeba, aseve saWiroa eqs-

137

portis diversifikacia - liTonis nawarmis,

marganecis, ekologiurad sufTa soflisme-

ur neobrivi produqciis, sursaTis,

fa r makologiuri, informaciuli, mecni-

e re ba tevadi, teqnotevadi produqciis

sae qsporto warmoebis TandaTan Seqmna in-

ovaciuri firmebis CamoyalibebiT, maTi

sa qmianobis organizaciiT specialuri

miznob rivi programebis safuZvelze. eqs-

portis yovelmxrivi xelSewyobis politika

ar gamoricxavs importSemcvleli mimar-

Tulebebis mxardaWeras iq, sadac konkur-

entuli upiratesoba gvaqvs da efeqtiani

warmoebis swrafi zrda SesaZlebelia.

fiskaluri, fulad-sakredito da savaWro

politika swored am amocanebis gadaWras

unda emsaxurebodes mastimulirebeli

dabegvris, dakreditebis, mecnierul-teqno-

logiuri uzrunvelyofis meSveobiT.

magram saqarTvelos sakuTari invest-

iciuri SesaZleblobani Zalian mokrZale-

bulia, amitom efeqtiani fulad-sakredito

da savaWro politikis ganxorcielebiT

msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani

produqciis masStaburi warmoeba, eqs-

portis seriozuli gafarToeba mxolod

sakuTari investiciebiT ver moxerxdeba.

amisaTvis, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT,

saWiroa agreTve ucxouri pirdapiri in-

vesticiebis farTod Semosvla, romelsac

Tan axlavs yovelTvis uaxlesi teqnolo-

giebi da menejmenti. aseTi Semosavlebis

mTavari pirobaa qveyanaSi instituciuri

wesrigis arseboba, Crdilovani ekonomikis,

korufciis daZleva, investiciuri garemos

Camoyalibeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi ucxouri

pirdapiri investiciebi saqarTveloSi ar

Semova, Sesabamisad zrdis daCqarebisa da

sagadasaxdelo balansis gawonasworebis

pirobebi ar gadawydeba.

amgvarad, ekonomikuri zrdis prob-

lemebis daZlevis mniSvnelovan mimar-

Tulebad migvaCnia ekonomikuri zrdis

xarisxisadmi prioritetis miniWeba, so-

cialuri, struqturuli, instituciuri,

teqnologiuri ganviTarebis daCqareba,

qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba,

adamianuri kapitalis ganviTareba. wina

planze unda gamovides zrdis xarisxis

uzrunvelmyofi socialuri, struqtur-

uli, mecnierul-teqnologiuri, eko-

logiuri politika. makroekonomikiuri

politikis ganmsazRvrel prioritetad

unda miviCnioT investiciebi adamianur

kapitalSi. ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, jan-

mrTelobis sferoebis ganviTareba, adami-

anis ganviTarebis potencialis indeqsisa

da teqnologiuri miRwevebis indeqsis amaR-

leba, rac saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis

daCqarebisa da CamorCenilobis daZlevisa-

Tvis damatebiTi resursebis uzrunvely-

ofis mTavari piroba iqneba.

swored zemoT CamoTvlili pirobebis

realizacias SeuZlia moitanos sistemuri

makroekonomikuri efeqti zrdis temp-

isa da xarisxis amaRlebis saxiT. mravali

qveynis uaxlesi gamocdileba gviCvenebs,

rom ganaTlebis, savaWro liberaliza-

ciis, telekomunikaciebis ganviTarebiT

SesaZlebelia qveynis mSp-is zrda sakmaod

mniSvnelovani tempebiT, xolo intitu-

ciuri ganviTarebiT, kidev ufro maRali

tempebiT daCqardes. bolo aTwleulSi

mravali qveyana viTardeba Zalian maRali

tempebiT. saqarTvelosac SeuZlia, Tu

igi sistemur makroekonomikur politikas

ganaxorcielebs.

m. Wania


138



Globalization and Economic Growth of Georgia in Conditions Modern Challenges

Maia ChaniaDoctor of Economics,Sokhumi State University Professor Assistant

Key words:GLOBALIZATION, POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, ECONOMIC GROWTH

Summary

The lack of social end intellectual development directly determines a low of economic growth and its quality in Georgia. Georgia is characterized with world competitiveness, competitiveness of growth, and current competitiveness, product effi ciency, including low level of territorial intensifi cation of industry. Insuffi cient insti-tutional end structural development, high level of shadow economy end corruption, signifi cant disproportion between the factors of economic growth are obviously watched in the country.

In our opinion, it is necessary to assign highest priority of macroeconomic policy to the investments into the human capital, development of education, science, public health, increase of an index of technological achievements.

139









fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Camoyalibebis TaviseburebanisaqarTveloSi

vasil xuciSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

fasiani qaRaldebis bazari, birJa, safinanso bazari

90-iani wlebidan, roca saqarTvelo

kvlav daadga sabazro ekonomikur urTier-

Tobebze gadasvlis gzas, saWiro gaxda

sabazro infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani

elementis _ fasianis qaraldebis bazris

formireba. dRes ukve sadavo aRaraa is, rom

meurneobis sabazro meTodebis aRdgenisa

da damkvidrebis erT-erT mTavar saSuale-

bas warmoadgens fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

Camoyalibeba da normaluri funqcionireba.

fasiani qaraldebis bazari misi Tanmxlebi

safinanso institiutebiT is sitemaa, sadac

realizirdeba sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi,

formirdeba ekonomikuri zrdis finansuri

wyaroebi, Tavs iyris da nawildeba sain-

vesticio resursebi. investiciebis gadide-

bas ki qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

dargebSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eni-

Weba warmoebis gamosacocxleblad, eko-

nomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad. fasiani

qaRaldebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba invest-

iciebis procesi, radgan es ukanaskneli isea

mowyobili, rom investiciebi miemarTeba

saxalxo meurneobis yvelaze efeqturi

sferoebisken. mas iReben yvelaze ufro si-

cocxlisunariani sabazro struqturebi.

1995 wlis dekemberSi pirveli licenzia

mieca Tbilisis bankTaSoris savaluto bir-

Jis safondo ganyofilebas.

1995 wlis seqtemberSi „kavkasiis birJam“

da „Tbilisis safondo birJam” vauCere-

biT erToblivi vaWroba moawyves. birJaze

vaWrobebi Tavdapirvelad Ria wesiT mimdin-

areobda da masSi nebismier adamians SeeZlo

monawileobis miReba. Semdeg vaWrobebi

daixura da mxolod Tbilisis safondo

birJisa da kavkasiis birJis sabrokero

kantorebi monawileobdnen.

1995 wlis meore naxevrisTvis (laris

SemoRebis periodSi) TbilisSi sami birJa

moqmedebda: „Tbilisis safondo birJa”,

„kavkasiis safondo birJa” (romlebic er-

Tobliv vaWrobebs awyobdnen), bankTaS-

oris savaluto birJa da „mTavari safondo

birJa”. vaWrobebi ZiriTadad vauCerebiT

mimdinareobda.

fasiani qaRaldebis meoradi brunvis

Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebi TiTqmis ar

arsebobs, vinaidan saaqcio sazogadoebebi

Tavad awarmoeben saregistracio wignebs da

informaciis Tavmoyra arsad ar xdeba. aseve

Zalian mcirea axali fasiani qaRaldebis


140



emisiebi, Tu ar CavTvliT saxelmwifo sawar-

moTa aqcionirebas. amave dros, TiTqmis ar

xdeba fiqsirebuli Semosavliani valde-

bulebebis emisia (saxazino val debulebebis

garda). ukanasknel wlebSi, kom paniebis mier

rigi obieeqturi da subieqturi mizezebis

gamo, ugulvebelyofilia sasesxo kapitalis

bazarze Suamavlebis gareSe saxsrebis

mozidvis yovlegvari cda. sawarmoebi mi-

jaWvulni arian sabanko kreditze, romelic

aSkarad ar warmoadgens pirdapiri dafin-

ansebis alternetivas.

fasiani qaRaldi yovelTvis doku-

mentaluria, imisgan damoukideblad, igi

qaRaldis sertifikatis saxiT arsebobs,

Tu angariSebze Canawerebis formiT. doku-

mentaluriba fasian qaRaldebs aZlevs

sa boloo „materialur” saxes. mxolod

doku mentma SeiZleba daafiqsiros misi

mimoqcevis piroba da gamoyeneba, uzrun-

velyos misi, rogor erTi da imave saqonlis

xelidan xelSi gadasvlis mravaljeradoba.

safondo instrumentebi, romlebsac

pretenzia aqvT fasian qaRaldebze, aRiare-

bulni da cnobilni unda iyvnen saxelmwifos

mier, rac uzrunvelyofs maT regularobas

da sazogadoebis mxridan ndobas.

fasian qaRaldebs aucileblad unda

axasiaTebdes likviduroba _ swrafi gayid-

visa da fulad formad gadaqcevis unari,

misi mflobelisaTvis raime mniSvnelovani

danakargis gareSe. fasiani qaRaldebis Se-

Zena garkvulwilad yovelTvis dakavSire-

bulia riskTan, vinaidan safinanso sfero

sawarmoo seqtorTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT

mgrZnobiarea araxelsayreli faqtorebis

moqmedebisadmi.

safinanso bazarze gamoSvebuli fasi-

ani qaRaldebi 2 jgufad iyofa: sabazrod

da arasabazrod. sabazros miekuTvneba

mimoqcevaSi myofi fasiani qaRaldebi.

mimoqcevaSi iglisxmeba maTi Tavisufali

yidva-gayidva da kanonmdeblobiT gaTval-

iswinebuli mflobelobis SecvlasTan

dakavSirebuli sxva moqmedebebi.

fasiani qaRaldebi mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben sabazro struqturebis, kompan-

iebis, asociaciebis da saxelmwifo sawar-

moTa dafinansebaSi.

arasabazro fasiani qaRaldebi Zir-

iTadad socialurad orientirebuli

sabazro meurneobis ganviTarebis Sede-

gad Semovida xmarebaSi da gansakuTrebuli

saxis qaRaldebs warmoadgenen. maT ricxvs

miekuTvneba: saSemnaxvelo obligaciebi

da serTifikatebi, sapensio fondis ob-

ligaciebi da serTifikatebi da a.S. es fasi-

ani qaRaldebi gansazRvrul fondSi sxva

da sxva socialuri saWiroebis dasakmay-

ofileblad dabandebuli kapitalis mflo-

belobis uflebas iZleva. arasabazro fasian

qaRaldebs a.S.S.-Si da sxva ganviTarebul

qveynebSi miekuTvneba ucxo qveynis cent-

ralur bankebSi ganTavsebuli obligaciebi.

ukanasknel wlebSi SeiniSneba arasabazro

fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis gafarToeba

da maTi saxeobebis gazrda.

fasiani qaRaldebis kvalifikacia

SeiZleba moxdes:

1. Semosavlis mixedviT;

2. emitenetis xasiaTis mixedviT;

3. moqmedebis vadisa da funqcionirebis

adgilis mixedviT;

Semosaclis mixedviT fasiani qaraldebi

SeiZleba iyos sasesxo da sainvesticio.

sasesxo fasiani qaRaldi gulisxmobs emit-

entis valdebulebas gadaixados procenti

da dafaros ZiriTadi Tanxa SeTanxmebuli

grafikisa da vadebis mixedviT. sainvesticio

fasiani qaRaldi mis mflobels aZlevs emit-

entis aqtivebis nawilis sakuTrebis ufle-

bas. es serTifikati warmoadgens mowmobas

firmis kapitalis nawilze. sasesxo fasian

qaRalds miekuTvneba yvela saxis obligacia

da Tamasuqi emitentisa da maTi arsebibis

xangrZlivobisagan damoukideblad.

sainvesticio fasian qaRalds ki

miekuTvneba yvela saxis aqcia. sasesxo da

sainvesticio fasiani qaRaldebi aisaxeba

firmis balansis sxva da sxva mxares. emit-

entisaTvis sasesxo fasiani qaRaldebi esaa

grZelvadiani an moklevadiani sesxebi, isini

Seitaneba „pasivis” nawilSi. sainvesticio

qaRaldis emitentisaTvis mocemuli in-

vesticia moTavsdeba „sakuTari kapitalis“

ganyofilebaSi.

fasiani qaRaldebis klasifikaciis

safuZvelSi Cadebulia kidev erTi principi

141

- vin uSvebs maT. emitenti SeiZleba iyvnen

saxelmwifo institutebi, xelisuflebis

municepaluri organoebi, korporaciebi,

safinanso institutebi, nebismieri ufle-

bamosili iuridiuli piri.

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis

fulad bazarze momoqcevadi fasiani

qaRaldebis ZiriTadi tipebia: saxazino

Tamasuqebi, repoebi, komerciuli Tamas-

uqebi (bankis aqciebi) da moklevadiani muni-

cipaluri obligaciebi, aseve grZelvadiani

fasiani qaRaldebi, romelTa dafarvamde

1 welze naklebi rCeba. investorebi fasi-

ani qaRaldebis SeZenisas ZiriTadad Semdeg

faqtorebs iTvaliswineben: momgebianoba,

likviduroba da emitentis avtoriteti.

Cveulebrivi moqalaqisTvis Znelia

praqtikuli sargeblis miReba gaCerebuli

an naklebrentabeluri sawarmoebidan. eseni

unda moxvdes im biznesmenTa xelSi, romle-

bic aamoqmedeben maT da mogebas miscemen

sakuTar Tavs da saxelmwifosac. amave dros,

saxelmwifo qonebis aqciebis mosaxleobaze

gadacemis SemTxvevaSi maTi gayidvac Zlier

gaZneldeba da xalxis didi umravlesoba

uzarmazari diskontirebiT Tu moaxerxebs,

sakuTari Tanxis isedac mcire nawilis miRe-

bas. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTi iyo e.w. vau-

Cerebi, romelTa sabazro fasi nominalurs

saSualod 6-jer Camouvardeboda. saukeTeso

gamosavali iqneboda aRniSnuli valdebule-

bebis grZelvadian obligaciebad gaformeba

(10-dan 15 wlamde vadiT). obligaciebis

gamoSveba socialurad ufro samarTliania,

vidre pirdapiri etapobrivi dafarva,

vinaidan saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleo-

bas imavdroulad isargeblos sakuTari

saxsrebiT, xolo ganaRdebamde mocdis

SemTxvevaSi inflaciisagan mainc daicavs mas.

fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funq-

cionirebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs

investorTa ndobas. amis uzrunvelsayofad

saWiroa TiToeuli emisiis jerovani kon-

troli da aRricxva, fasiani qaRaldebis

mimoqcevis meTvalyureoba yvela etapze,

arakeTilsindisieri pirebisa da insti-

tutebis bazridan CamoSoreba.

Zalian mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso

safinanso organizaciebis daxmareba fasi-

ani qaRaldebis bazris saqmianobis pro-

cesSi. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs „Tacis”-is

da msoflio bazris programebi, romlebic

moicavs daxmarebas specialistTa momzade-

baSi, kanonSemoqmedebaSi, safondo birJis

da damoukidebebli registratorebis nor-

maluri muSaobisaTvis.

sawarmoTa stabilurad mzardi gan-

viTareba potenciur investorebs Tav-

isi dabandebebis usafrTxoebis rwmenas

umtkicebs. sawarmoebs gauCndebaT SesaZleb-

loba, moipovon fuladi resursebi uSu-

alod maTTagan, visac isini Warbad aqvT

da amiT gverdi auaron komerciul bankebs.

es procesi warmoSobs garkveul metoqeo-

bas bankebis mier saxsrebis mozidvisa da

ganTavsebis ganakveTebs Soris, erTi mxriv

da municipalur da kerZo kompaniaTa ob-

ligaciebis sargebelis ganakveTebs Soris,

meore mxriv. gaCndeba niadagi sasesxo

kapitalis bazris sxvadasxva segmentebs

Soris konkurneciis, rac udavod gazrdis

kapitalis efeqtur brunvadobas da kargi

winapiroba Seiqmneba warmoebis asaRorZ-

ineblad.

kapitalis amoZravebam warmoSva iseTi

organos Seqmnis aucilebloba, romlis meS-

veobiTac SesaZlebelia erTmaneTs Sexvdes

fuladi resursebis gacemisa da miRebis

msurvelTa interesebi, vinaidan kapitali

miiswrafvis iqiT, sadac is swrafad, iolad

da momgebianad realizirdeba. amgvar

movlenaTa jaWvurma ganviTarebam gamoiwvia

fasiani qaRaldebis organizebuli bazris

Camoyalibeba. didi odenobiT kapitalis

koncentrirebulma moZraobam warmoSva spe-

cializirebuli Suamavali rgolebi, ro-

melTa mizani da saarsebo wyaroa myidvelTa

da gamyidvelTa interesebis dakavSireba.

swored aseTi Suamavlebi gaxdnen birJaTa

Seqmnis iniciatorebi da ara ise, rogorc

xdeba saqarTveloSi - jer iqmneboda birJebi

da Semdeg sabrokero firmebi; birJebi Tavi-

anTi wesdebiT mogebis misaRebad iqmneboda

da ara vaWrobis xelSewyobisaTvis. opera-

ciaTa sakmaod didi ricxvi koncentrire-

bul adgilze saSualebas aZlevs saSuamavlo

firmebs Seamciron fiqsirebuli xarjebis

wili SemosavalTan mimarTebiT. es aiafebs

v. xuciSvili


142



maT momsaxurebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, dadeb-

iTad moqmedebs operaciaTa raodenobis

Semdgom zrdaze, myidvelTaTvis da gamy-

idvelTaTvis arasasurveli dabrkolebebis

Semcirebis gamo.

qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebis au-

cilebeli winapirobaa janmrTeli sabanko

sistemisa da fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

arseboba. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

formirebis daCqarebis xelSewyoba saxelm-

wifo politikis rangSi unda iyos ayvanili.

fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

formirebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eqneba

gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis gauqmebas

(an Zlier Semcirebas) maT emisiasTan da

mimoqcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es saxsrebi

biujetis saSemosavlo nawilSi umniSvnelo

rols asrulebs, samagierod, maTi gauqmebiT

mni Svnelovnad gaioldeba aqciebisa da rac

ufro mniSvnelovania, savalo valdebule-

bebis emisia. es ki esoden saWiroa qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi mravlad moiZebneba mdi-

dari ideebis mqone mewarmeebi, romlebsac

SeuZliaT sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi

warmatebiT gamoiyenon arsebuli sawar-

moo simZlavreebi da gazardon warmoebis

moculoba. aseTi mewarmeebisTvis gaxsnilia

gza birJisken, rogorc dafinansebis mTav-

ari wyarosken mimavali. amis paralelurad,

droulad unda damTavrdes saxelmwifo

sawarmoTa privatizacia, raTa mosaxleobis

farTo fenebs mieceT saSualeba SeiZinon

maTi aqciebi da amiT gardaiqmnan mesak-

uTreebad. aseTi saxiT wardgeba birJaze

iuridiuli piri.

qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

srulyofis dasaCqareblad aucilebelia

ramdenime RonisZiebis gatareba: fasiani

qaRaldebis Sesaxeb kanonis amoqmedeba;

safondo birJebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis

saxelmwifo inspeqciis yovelmxrivi gaZ-

liereba; saxazino valdebulebebis lik-

vidur aqtivad cnoba; fasiani qaRaldebis

meoradi bazris Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba;

fasiani qaRaldebis gadasaxadebisgan ganTav-

isufleba; monocentruli sabirJo sistemis

normaluri formirebis xelSewyoba; moTx-

ovnili safinanso angariSgebis daxvewa da

buRaltrul angariSTa gegmis gaumjobe-

seba.

qarTuli ekonomikis realuri aRmas-

vla da fasiani qaRaldebis organizebuli

bazris ganviTareba saqarTveloSi erT-

maneTis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

Securities Market Structure’s Peculiarities in Georgia

Vasil KhutsishviliDoctor of Economics, Associated professor

Key words:SECURITIES MARKET, STOCK EXCHANGE, FINANCIAL MARKET

Summary

The article refers to the Georgian economy up and organized securities market in Georgia, the current picture of the testimony, in this regard, securities liquidity factors in determining the securities to defi ne the role of market structures and state-owned enterprises in fi nancing, problematic issues, securities market review, analysis of international securities and cash - the credit market in Georgia, further actions to determine the country’s market economy in transition period.

რეგიონული, სექტორული და

ტექნოლოგიური პრობლემები

REGIONAL, SECTORAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

144











Методические аспекты анализа и оценки эффективности териториального размещенияи специализации аграрногосектора экономики региона

Наталья АндрусякНаталья Андрусякдоктор экономических наук, профессор Черкасского Национального Университета имени Богдана Хмельницкого

Ключеве слова:ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ, ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЕ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЕ, СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Рациональное размещение и специализация аграрного комплекса является значительным резер-вом увеличения производства продукции с наимень-шими затратами труда и средств. Целесообразность размещения и специализация агропромышленного комплекса обусловлено природными и экономиче-скими факторами, которые могут быть благоприят-ными для выращивания одних и почти или совсем неблагоприятными для других сельскохозяйствен-ных культур. Это позволяет определить место и роль региона в едином экономическом пространстве страны, объективно идентифицировать произ-водственную специализацию территорий и выявить её соответствие природно-ресурсному потенциалу. Решение проблем размещения производительных сил аграрного сектора региональной экономики сдерживается отсутствием научных исследований и необходимого опыта по реализации этого сложного процесса. В настоящее время назрела объективная потребность совершенствования методических ас-пектов анализа и оценки эффективности территориаль-ного размещения и специализации аграрного сектора экономики региона.

Большой вклад в изучение теоретико-приклад-ных аспектов анализа и оценки эффективности терри-ториального размещения и специализации аграрного

сектора экономики сделали такие известные отече-ственные ученые, как В. Андрийчук, А. Бугуцкий, Ф. Горбонос, Г. Дмитрийчук, О. Здоровцов, В. Кри-воручко, А. Лебединская, Л. Мельник, Н. Рунчева [Рунчева 2014: с. 55-59], В. Рудь, П. Саблук, К. Оле-фир, В. Ткачук, И. Червен, и др. Однако недостаточ-но изученными остаются пути совершенствования методических аспектов анализа и оценки эффектив-ности территориального размещения и специализации аграрного сектора экономики на региональном уров-не. Необходимость решения отмеченных вопросов, их сложность и актуальность для экономики Украи-ны обусловило выбор темы исследования.

В сложившихся условиях значение эффектив-ности аграрного сектора экономики регионов резко возросло. Повышение его конкурентоспособности на мировых аграрных рынках предполагает сосре-доточение круга показателей, отражающих, в целом, эффективность производства и сбыта продукции. Особое значение при этом придается оценке эф-фективности функционирования агропродоволь-ственных рынков и его инфраструктуры, а также инвестиционных процессов в условиях научно-тех-нического прогресса, непосредственно влияющих на процессы территориального размещения и спе-циализации в аграрной экономике.

145

На современном этапе развития аграрного сектора региональной экономики с внедрением государственной программы по его поддержке расширяются возможности повышения экономи-ческой эффективности современного агробизнеса. Накопленный экономический потенциал страны, существенная господдержка, внедрение новых тех-нологий, квалифицированные кадры, а также воз-растающая материальная заинтересованность в высоких конечных результатах, обусловленных требованиями рынка, позволяют наращивать производство продукции растениеводства и живот-новодства, снижать издержки и повышать рента-бельность в условиях рыночного их размещения в оптимальной природной среде.

В условиях рыночной экономики для определения конкурентоспособности проектов специализации и территориального размещения целесообразно использовать систему показателей. Необходимость использования системы пока-зателей экономической эффективности размещения агропроизводства и его специализации обусло-влена как различным характером измерения экономического эффекта, так и различным хара ктером ресурсов и затрат, которые также отличаются по своей экономической природе и не всегда сопоставимы. Показатели экономической эффективности аграрного сектора экономики региона подразделяют на частные и обобщающие. К числу частных показателей эффективности относят объемы производства и качество продукции, производительность труда (трудоотдачу), зем-ле отдачу, фондоотдачу, материалоотдачу, себе-стоимость продукции, обратные им показатели и др.

Данные показатели, будучи результативными, в наибольшей мере отражают реализацию цели аграрного сектора экономики территорий, направленной на более полное удовлетворение потребностей населения в продуктах питания, промышленности – в сырье. Поэтому сведение категории экономической эффективности аграрного сектора только к его экономичности, означало бы отрицание определяющего воздействия цели производства на формирование ее сущности и критерия.

Степень удовлетворения потребностей людей зависит не только от количества производимой продукции, но и от ее качества. В ряде случаев повышение качества продукции равнозначно

увеличению количества пищевых продуктов, а улучшение качества сельскохозяйственного сырья для легкой промышленности является необходимым условием более полного удовлетворения спроса населения в товарах широкого потребления.

В современных условиях перехода украинской экономики на инновационный путь развития, вне-дрения наукоемких технологий особая значимость придается показателю роста производительности труда, который, как и трудоотдача (трудоемкость), характеризует эффективность затрат живого труда в процессе производства определенного количества продукции за единицу рабочего времени. И, таким образом, этот показатель характеризует конечные результаты оценки размещения производственных агропромышленных объектов и их специализации в условиях инновационного развития отрасли.

На примере производства овощей открыто-го грунта в сельскохозяйственных предприятиях Черкасской области Украины проведен анализ пока-зателей экономической эффективности специализа-ции (табл.).

Как свидетельствуют данные, с повышением удельного веса товарной продукции овощей откры-того грунта в общей денежной выручке сельскохо-зяйственных предприятий региона, улучшаются показатели экономической эффективности произ-водства [Андрусяк 2007]. Так, в четвертой группе предприятий с наибольшим удельным весом де-нежной выручки от реализации продукции (бо-лее 10%) по сравнению с первой группой (до 3,0%) урожайность овощей открытого грунта является большей в 3,4 раза.

С ростом удельного веса овощей в товарной продукции сельскохозяйственных предприятий Черкасской области снижаются затраты труда на 1 ц продукции и себестоимость. В четвертой группе по сравнению с первой группой затраты труда на 1 ц продукции уменьшились в 1,8 раза и составили 3,7 чел.-час., а себестоимость 1 ц овощей соответ-ственно снизилась на 4,59 дол. США. Производство овощной продукции является прибыльным видом деятельности в третьей группе предприятий с удель-ным весом товарной продукции в общей денежной выручке более 6,0%. В этой группе сельскохозяй-ственных предприятий уровень рентабельности производства овощей открытого грунта составляет 12,4%. Однако высокий уровень рентабельности производства (13,2%) обнаружен в четвертой группе

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предприятий, где средний уровень удельного веса товарной продукции овощей открытого грунта в об-щей денежной выручке занимает 14,3%.

Действенным средством в плане реализации предложенной системы оценки эффективности территориального размещения и специализации сельского хозяйства становится применение эко-номико-математических методов по оптимизации сочетания отраслей и специализации производства. В результате применения подобной оптимизационной модели, возможно, определить не только состав и размеры главной, основной и дополнительных отраслей, но и рациональную структуру посевных площадей, плотности размещения поголовья скота, а также основные результативные показатели – стоимость валовой продукции, рентабельность, производительность труда, подсистемы показателей внутрихозяйственного землеустройства, социа-льной и экологической эффективности. При этом в качестве основного критерия оптимальности следует использовать максимум прибыли.

Таким образом, совершенствование методи-

ческих аспектов анализа и оценки эффективности территориального размещения и специализации аграрного сектора экономики региона, позволит обеспечить формирование системы показателей эффекта.

Литература:

1. Н. В. Рунчева (2014). Ефективність спеціалізації

та концентрації виробництва у корпоративних

агроформуваннях / Н. В. Рунчева // Вісник

Бердянського університету менеджменту та

бізнесу. – Бердянськ. – №1(25). – С. 55–59.

2. Н. О. Андрусяк (2007). Аналіз стану виробництва

овочів відкритого ґрунту / Н. О. Андрусяк,

В. М. Андрусяк // Вісник Черкаського

національного університету імені Богдана

Хмельницького. – Черкаси. – № 153. – С. 68–72.

3. Статистична інформація: сільське господарство

України (2016). / Державний комітет статистики

України. – Режим доступу: http://www.ukrstat.

gov.ua.

Показатель

Группа предприятий из удельного веса товарной продукции овощей открытого

грунта в общей денежной выручке, %ІV

в %, +/-к ІІ ІІ ІІІ ІV

до 3,0 3,1–6,0 6,1–10,0 более 10,0

Количество предприятий 15 14 9 5 -

Удельный вес товарной продукции овощей открытого грунта в общей денежной выручке, %

1,8 4,6 8,2 14,3 в 7,9 р.

Урожайность, ц/га 42,1 77,8 116,3 145,2 в 3,4 р.

Затраты труда на 1 ц,чел.-час. 6,7 6,1 4,8 3,7 -44,8

Производственная себестоимость 1 ц, дол. США

16,62 13,24 12,24 12,03 -27,62

Прибыль (убыток), дол. США:на 1 га

на 1 ц

Уровень рентабельности (убыточности), %

Таблица

Экономическая эффективность специализации овощеводства открытого грунта в сельскохозяйственных предприятиях Черкасской области Украины

(в среднем за 2013-2015 гг.) [Статистична інформація: сільське господарство України 2016]

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Methodological Aspects of the Analysis and Evaluation of Eff ectiveness of Territorial Distribution and Specialization

Agricultural Sector of the Region

Natalya AndrusyakPhd., Professor of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy

Key words:EFFICIENCY, TERRITORIAL LOCATION, SPECIALIZATION

Summary

Investigated methodological aspects of the analysis and evaluation of territorial location and specializ-ation of the agricultural sector in the region. For example, production of fi eld vegetables in the agricultural enterprises of the Cherkassy region of Ukraine analyzes the indicators of economic effi ciency of specialization. According to the results of the study, it is proposed as the main criterion of optimality territorial location and specialization to use the maximum profi t.

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Повышение значимости института оценочной деятельности Республики Беларусь в современных экономических условиях

Татьяна Борздова Татьяна Борздова Доктор техники, Ассоциированный профессор Белорусский государственный университет, Государственный институт управления и социальных технологий, Заведующий кафедрой управления недвижимостью Государственного института управления и социальных технологий БГУ

Ключеве слова:ИНСТИТУТ ОЦЕНОЧНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ, НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВАЯ БАЗА, СИСТЕМА СТАНДАРТОВ

Оценочная деятельность в Республике Бела-русь находится на начальном этапе своего развития, в особенности, если брать во внимание опыт стран Западной Европы и Соединенных Штатов Америки. Она существенно активизировалась в ходе прива-тизации и переоценки основных фондов: предпри-ятиям было разрешено привлекать независимые экспертные организации для определения рыноч-ной стоимости имущества. Естественно, что столь важный вид деятельности должен быть урегулиро-ван. Регулирование оценочной деятельности – это система мер и процедур, направленных на повы-шение качества услуг оценщиков и соответствие их определенным критериям, устанавливаемым про-фессиональным сообществом оценщиков (само-регулирование) или государственными органами (государственное регулирование) либо совместно [1, с. 80]. В Беларуси на данном этапе выбран путь государственного регулирования, которому харак-терны следующие черты: аттестация оценщиков Государственным комитетом по имуществу; веде-ние государственного реестра оценщиков; разра-

ботка и принятие стандартов профессиональной деятельности осуществляется государственными органами.

1. Особенности нормативно-правовой базы оценочной деятельности

С учетом практики государственного регули-рования оценочной деятельности в других государствах, необходимо сказать, что в странах с развитыми традициями рыночных отношений и находящихся на достаточно стабильных социально-экономических условиях, роль государственного регулирования уменьшается, и основные рычаги регулирующих воздействий сосредотачиваются в негосударственных (общественных, саморе-гу лируемых) профессиональных структурах. В реформируемых же экономиках (к которым от-но сится и экономика Республики Беларусь), в условиях близких к кризисным, регулирующая роль государства объективно и заметно возрастает. В

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настоящее время в Республике Беларусь происходит становление оценочной деятельности, в том числе развитие законодательной базы, обучение специалистов, поэтому многие эксперты считают, что на этом этапе необходимо государственное регулирование этого вида деятельности.

До 2006 года оценочная деятельность в Республике Беларусь осуществлялась, как правило, на основании ведомственных актов. Чтобы заниматься оценочной деятельностью, юридическим, физическим лицам и индиви-дуальным предпринимателям было достаточно заявить в своих учредительных документах, что одним из видов их дея тельности является оценка, в том числе и госу дар ственного имущества. Специальных тре бо ваний к юридическим и фи зическим лицам, индивидуальным пред-принимателям, занимающимся этим видом деятельности, не предъявлялось.

Ситуация изменилась в 2006 годом, с принятием Указа Президента Республики Беларусь № 615 от 13.11.2006 «Об оценочной деятельности в Республике Беларусь», в котором существенными являются следующие моменты [2]:

компетенция Президента Республики Бела-русь, Совета Министров Республики Бела-русь, Государственного комитета по имуще-ству Республики Беларусь и других органов государственного управления в области оценочной деятельности;

обязательная аттестация оценщиков; условия оценки государственного имуще-

ства; виды оценки, на которые не распространя-

ется данный Указ и др. В соответствии с данным Указом Президент

Республики Беларусь определяет государственную политику в области оценочной деятельности, а Совет Министров реализует государственную политику в области оценочной деятельности, осуществляет контроль деятельности государ ственных органов в данной сфере и определяет методы оценки объектов гражданских прав для осуществления отдельного вида сделок. В свою очередь, Государственный комитет по имуществу ведет государственный реестр оценщиков; представляет интересы Республики Беларусь в международных организациях по вопросам оценки стоимости объектов гражданских прав; принимает нормативные правовые акты в

области оценки стоимости объектов гражданских прав в соответствии с Указом.

Объектами гражданских прав, подлежащими оценке, являются:

предприятия как имущественные компле ксы; земельные участки; капитальные строения (здания, сооруже-

ния), изолированные помещения, не завер-шенные строительством объекты;

машины, оборудование, инвентарь, транс-портные средства, материалы, доли в устав-ном фонде юридического лица, ценные бумаги, имущественные права и другое имущество;

объекты интеллектуальной собственности.В зависимости от цели проводимой оценки и

от количества и подбора учитываемых факторов оценщик рассчитывает один из видов стоимости объекта. Основными видами стоимости являются: рыночная стоимость; инвестиционная стоимость; ликвидационная стоимость; восстановительная стоимость; утилизационная стоимость; балансовая стоимость и др.

Для оценки стоимости объектов в Республике Беларусь могут использоваться рыночные методы оценки (сравнительный метод, доходный метод, затратный метод) и иные методы оценки

(индексный метод, метод балансового накопления активов, метод кадастровой оценки).

Для соблюдения интересов государства в Указе предусмотрено, что оценка госуда-рственного движимого и недвижимого имущества для совершения с ним сделок и иных юридически значимых действий производится исключительно государственными организациями либо органи-зациями с обязательным наличием в их уставном фонде доли государства более 50%.

Кроме этого, вместе с Указом Президента Республики Беларусь утверждено «Положение об оценке стоимости объектов гражданских прав в Республике Беларусь», которое определяет порядок оценки таких объектов гражданских прав, как предприятия как имущественные комплексы; капитальные строения (здания, сооружения), изо-лированные помещения, не завершенные стро-ительством объекты; земельные участки; машины, оборудование, инвентарь, транспортные средства, материалы и другое имущество, а также объекты интеллектуальной собственности.

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2. Система стандартов оценки стоимости объектов гражданских прав

В Республике Беларусь разработана и дейс тву-ет система стандартов оценки стоимости объектов гражданских прав, которая является обязательной для применения как для государственных, так и для оценщиков-индивидуальных предпринимателей. Она представляет собой комплекс взаимоувязанных стандартов, устанавливающих положения, правила и требования, обеспечивающие нормативное, методическое и организационное единство при определении стоимости объектов оценки, предоставлении услуг по оценке, а также взаимодействии заинтересованных сторон в области оценочной деятельности. Наименование стандарта оценки включает групповой заголовок и подзаголовок. Групповой заголовок – это полное наименование системы, т.е. «оценка стоимости объектов гражданских прав», а подзаголовок – непосредственный объект стандартизации (например, СТБ 52.1.01-2011 «Оценка стоимости объектов гражданских прав. Оценка предприятий как имущественных комплексов (бизнеса)»). В 2011 году Государственным комитетом по имуществу Республики Беларусь были разработаны, а Государственным комитетом по стандартизации утверждены восемь государственных стандартов по оценке объектов гражданских прав [3, c. 22], связанные с теми или иными объектами оценки.

В целях повышения качества оценочных ра-бот Госкомимуществом в декабре 2008 г. создан Интернет-ресурс «Цены на недвижимость в Белару-си» (электронный адрес: http://pr.nca.by), предна-значенный для предоставления на безвозмездной основе оценщикам недвижимости сведений о ценах купли-продажи объектов недвижимости из догово-ров купли-продажи, зарегистрированных в едином государственном регистре недвижимого имущества, прав на него и сделок с ним. Интернет-ресурс создан в увязке с реестром цен, регистром стоимости госу-дарственного земельного кадастра, единым государ-ственным регистром недвижимого имущества, прав на него и сделок с ним. Имеющаяся в Интернет-ре-сурсе информация позволяет оценщикам в полной мере использовать сравнительный метод при оценке недвижимости и опираться в своих расчетах на ин-формацию обо всех зарегистрированных сделках с недвижимостью на соответствующей территории.

3. Аттестация оценщиков в Республике Беларусь

Для работы в качестве оценщика нужна аттестация. Целью аттестации является проверка профессиональных знаний физических лиц и умения применять их при проведении независимой оценки стоимости объектов оценки. К аттестации допускаются физические лица, постоянно проживающие на территории Республики Беларусь, имеющие высшее экономическое, юридическое или техническое образование. Аттестационный экзамен проводится в форме тестирования. Тесты и варианты правильных ответов готовятся и утверждаются аттестующим органом – Государственным коми-тетом по имуществу Республики Беларусь и разрабатываются отдельно по каждому виду объекта оценки. Количество правильных ответов, являющихся основанием для признания результатов тестирования положительными, должно составлять не менее 80 процентов от количества вопросов, содержащихся в тесте [4].

В случае принятия аттестационной комиссией положительного решения об аттестации претендента ему после уплаты государственной пошлины в течение пяти рабочих дней выдается свидетельство об аттестации оценщика. После получения свидетельства оценщик имеет право получить личную печать оценщика и проводить независимую оценку. На личной печати должны быть указаны его фамилия, имя, отчество, номер свидетельства.

Претендент может быть повторно допущен аттестационной комиссией к прохождению аттестации, но не ранее чем через один месяц после принятия аттестационной комиссией решения об отказе в выдаче свидетельства. Претендент, не прошедший повторно аттестацию, может подать заявление на последующие аттестации по истечении шести месяцев с даты последней аттестации [4].

По информации Государственного комитета по имуществу [5], в Республике Беларусь насчитывается 622 аттестованных оценщика, задействованных в пяти сферах оценочной деятельности. Всего выдано 1004 свидетельства об аттестации. Распределение аттестованных оценщиков по сферам деятельность представлено в таблице 1.

151

Исходя из данных Государственного комитета по имуществу, почти половина аттестованных оценщиков задействована в сфере оценки капитальных строений. В первую очередь, это объясняется крайне высокой стоимостью недвижимости и тем фактом, что большинство белорусов за всю свою жизнь совершают только одну сделку с недвижимостью. Именно поэтому практически все сделки с недвижимостью сопровождаются предварительной оценкой ее стоимости. Примерно треть оценщиков задей-ствована в сфере оценки машин, обору дования, инвентаря, транспортных средств и другого имущества. В сфере оценки земельных участков в Республике Беларусь работают лишь 15% от общего числа аттестованных оценщиков. Большинство из них занимаются кадастровой оценкой, т.к. рыночная оценка земельных участков еще не получила должного распространения в нашей стране. Кадастровая оценка, по своей сути, является массовой оценкой и не требует больших временных затрат. Именно этим и обуславливается небольшое количество оценщиков, задействованных в данной сфере. В свою очередь оценка предприятий как имущественных комплексов и оценка объектов интеллектуальной собственности в Республике Беларусь только начинают развиваться и носят единичный характер. Именно поэтому в данных сферах задействованы менее 10% от общего числа аттестованных оценщиков.

Заключение

Развитие рыночной экономики в Беларуси привело к многообразию форм собственности и к увеличению количества объектов собственности в хозяйственном обороте. У каждого, кто задумывает реализовать свои права собственника, возникает достаточно большое количество различных вопро-сов, основным из которых является вопрос о стои-мости соответствующего объекта собственности. С этим вопросом сталкиваются предприятия, фирмы, акционерные общества, финансовые институты. Акционирование предприятий, развитие ипотеч-ного кредитования, фондового рынка и системы страхования также формируют потребность в оценке стоимости объектов и прав собственности.

Таким образом, необходимым условием даль-нейших экономических преобразований в нашей стране является создание развитой инфраструкту-ры рыночной экономики, важнейшим элементом которой является оценочная деятельность.

Таблица 1 – Распределение аттестованных оценщиков по сферам деятельности

Виды объектов оценки

Количество аттестован-ных оценщи-

ковПредприятия как имущественные комплексы, доли в уставном фонде

юридического лица, ценные бумаги и имущественные права на них22 оценщика

Земельные участки и имущественные права на них 154 оценщикаКапитальные строения (здания, сооружения), изолированные помещения, не

завершённые строительством объекты и имущественные права на них443 оценщика

Машины, оборудование, инвентарь, транспортные средства, материалы и имущественные права на них, другое имущество

316 оценщиков

Объекты интеллектуальной собственности и имущественные права на них 69 оценщиков

t. borzdova


152



Литература:

Increasing Improtance of the InstituteValuation Activities of the Republic of Belarus

in the Current Economic Conditions

Tatiana BorzdovaDoctor of Technics, Associate professor Belarusian State University, the State Institute of Management and Social TechnologiesHead of the Department of Real Estate Management of the State Institute of Management and Social Technologies of BSU

Key words:INSTITUTE OF VALUATION ACTIVITIES, THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, THE STANDARDS SYSTEM

Summary

This work is devoted to the analysis of assessment activities in the Republic of Belarus. It examines the state regulation of the activity: legislative framework, the system of standards of valuation of objects of civil rights, the organization of certifi cation of appraisers in the country.

1. Федотов, М. (2000). Оценка недвижимости и

бизнеса: Учебник. М.

2. Об оценочной деятельности в Респ. Беларусь:

Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 13

октября 2006 года № 615 (2014). Национальный

правовой интернет-портал: http://www.labrate.

ru/discus/messages/11/18.html.

3. Саяпина, Л. (2011). Сфера применения стан-

дартов оценки стоимости гражданских прав

расширяется /Л.Г. Саяпина, Н.А. Соловьева //

Стандартизация. – № 2, с. 22-23.

4. Об утверждении Положения о порядке прове-

дения аттестации оценщиков и Положения о

порядке ведения государственного реестра

оценщиков № 148 от 5 февраля 2007 г. (2014).

Национальный правовой интернет-портал

Республики Беларусь: http://pravo.by/main.as-

px?guid=3871&p2=5/24666 .

5. Сведения из реестра оценщиков (2015).

Государственный комитет по имуществу РБ.:

http://www.gki.gov.by/activity_branches/val/

vcert/aed70a49f9e1e4e3.html.

153









turizmis industriaSi sahaero transportis roli da misi mniSvneloba turistebis gadayvana/gadazidvebSi

manana aladaSvili

ბიზნესის ადმინისტრირების დოქტორი, ასოცირებული პროფესორი

daviT lolua

ტექნიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi: turizmis industria, sahaero transporti, qarTuli aviakompaniebi

adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mogza-

uroba, Tavgadasavlebis Zieba, axlis Secnoba

da drodadro adgilsamyofelis Secvla.

dasaxuli miznebisaTvis igi miemgzavreba

sxvadasxva adgilebSi, qveynebSi da kontin-

entebze. gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba ki mo-

gzaurobis Tavisuflebis fundamentia da es

etapi mniSvnelovania turizmis organizaciis

saqmeSi. am etapis dagegmva, organizacia da

gaZRola, turoperatorebisa da gadamyvanTa

erToblivi saqmianobaa. gadaadgileba dan-

iSnulebis adgilamde miRwevis saSualebaa,

sadac xorcieldeba mogzaurobis ZiriTadi

faza (dasveneba, garToba da sxv.,). sahaero

transportis roli ganuxrelad izrdeba

saerTaSoriso turizmSi. igi, siswrafis gamo,

Sors gasamgzavreblad saukeTeso saSuale-

baa. „egzotikuri” qveynebis popularobis mk-

veTrad zrdam, aqtualuri da perspeqtiuli

gaxada sahaero transporti.

saerTaSoriso turistuli gadazid-

vebis 51% sahaero transportze modis. amJa-

mad, msoflioSi 1300-ze meti kompaniaa, maT

yovelwliurad 1,5 miliardamde adamiani

gadahyavT. msoflios umsxviles aviakompan-

iebad gadazidvebis raodenobis mixedviT,

iTvleba: Delta Airline, American United (aSS), New Men (iaponia), Air France (safrangeTi),

Lufthanza (germania) da sxv.

sahaero gadazidva _ es aris mgzavrebisa

da maTi bagaJis, tvirTis da fostis trans-

portireba sahaero xomaldebiT, sahaero

gadazidvaTa wesebisa (erovnuli da saer-

TaSoriso) da gadazidvis xelSekrulebaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT.

arsebobs: a) regularuli reisebi, rom-

lebic sruldeba konkretuli marSrutiT

garkveul dReebSi ganrigis mixedviT mgza-

vrebis raodenobisgan damoukideblad da b)

Carteruli, anu ganrigis gareSe reisebi.

sahaero gadamzidvelebi mgzavrebs

uweven rogorc myari ganrigiT regularul

reisebze momsaxurebas, aseve uganrigod

Carterul reisebze.

Carteris qveS igulisxmeba sahaero

xomaldisa da misi ekipaJis fraxti

(daqiraveba), erTi reisis an frenaTa gark-

veuli programis Sesasruleblad myari


154



ga n rigis gareSe. Carterul reisebs orga-

nizebas ukeTeben kompaniebi, romlebic Car-

terul reisebze arian specializebulni

(charter airline an air charter company). Car-

teri, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba SekveTebis

pirobebis Tanaxmad. risks, mgzavrTa na-

klebobis SemTxvevaSi, damqiravebeli eweva.

mgzavrTa ukmarisobisa da bargis wonis na-

klebobis SemTxvevaSi, aviakompania itovebs

uflebas, gadaiyvanos mgzavrebi, fosta an

tvirTi. am dros Carteris damkveTi aranair

kompensacias ar iRebs.

sahaero gadazidvebis saerTaSoriso

wesebis mixedviT, reisis Seferxebebisas,

Carteruli aviakompaniis mizeziT, aviakom-

pania SemkveTs uxdis garkveul Tanxas,

romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Carteris

xelSekrulebiT.

Carteruli reisebi xSirad xorcieldeba

maSin, rodesac aviaxazebis gegmiuri reisebi

veRar umklavdebian datvirTvas (sezonuri

datvirTva), an rodesac mocemul punqtSi

ar aris pirdapiri reisebi; kidev konfer-

enciebis, yrilobebis, delegaciaTa viz-

itebis dros da turistuli programebis

ganxorcielebisas. Carteris damkveTad

xSirad gvevlineba turistuli sawarmo, an

sawarmoTa jgufi. adgili aqvs ramdenime

turoperatoris mier Carteruli reisebis

erTobliv arendas (fraxti). gadamzidav-

isaTvis Carteri yovelTvis xelsayrelia,

radgan igi Rebulobs winaswar Tanxas mT-

lian (srul) Carterze da ar aris damokide-

buli TviTmfrinavis an vertmfrenis

datvirTvaze. Carteris programas or an

met ports Soris ewodeba bach-to-bach, ro-

melSic dagegmilia gaCerebis minimaluri

dro, ama Tu im aeroportSi Cafrenisas, mg-

zavrTa dalodinebisa da imave marSrutiT

ukan gadafrenis mizniT.

aseTi jaWvuri programa gamoi-

yeneba sezonurad, msxvili turistuli

programebis ganxorcielebis mizniT.

pirveli Carteri mifrinavs:

a) iqiT - savse da ukan carieli brundeba;

b) frenaTa sixSire turistuli jgufe-

bis moZraobis drois adekvaturia,

mag. erTi kvira mTliani datvirTviT -

orive mxares;

g) es ukanaskneli mifrinavs, iqiT _ car-

ieli, brundeba _ savse. ase rom, gamodis

erTi gadafrena iqiT da ukan (orive

mxares), datvirTvis gareSe; es aris is

wageba, romlis Tavidan acilebac Seu-

Zlebelia, amotom wageba nawildeba

programis yvela Carterul reisebs

Soris. rac metia frenaTa raodenoba

programis mixedviT, miT metia mogeba.

kompaniebi yovelTvis cdiloben gamoi-

yenon e.w. jaWvuri Carteruli reisebi,

rom gamoiricxos `carieli” frena.

xSirad, Carteruli reisebi xor-

cieldeba, rodesac TviTmfrinavi yovndeba

portSi, turistuli jgefebisa an delega-

ciis mosvlamde. es ufro arasezonis dros

xdeba, rodesac TviTmfrinavebis datvirTva

ar aris maqsimaluri. am SemTxvevaSi, aviakom-

pania ixdis garkveul Tanxas TviTmfrinavis

aeroportSi gaCerebisaTvis, agreTve

anazRaurdeba danaxarjebi ekipaJze, portSi

yofnisas (transferi, dabinaveba, samjeradi

kveba).

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier arCeulma

axal ma „Ria cis” politikam sruliad

Secvala arsebuli aviakompaniebis damokide-

buleba sahaero gadayvana-gadazidvebTan da -

ka vSirebiT. warmoiSva mZafri konkurencia

uc xour da erovnul aviakompaniebs Soris,

ba zarze konkurentebis ricxvi qarTuli

aviakompaniebis ricxvs 4-jer aRemateba.

frenebis 10% qarTuli aviakompaniebis,

xolo 90% konkurentebis mieraa Sesrule-

buli.

cvlilebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios Sem-

degma mizezebma: produqciis danergva,

globalizacia, cvlileba danaxarjebis da

momsaxurebis stuqturaSi, cvlileba kanon-

mdeblobaSi da sxva.

maRalfasian segmentze germanuli

„lufhTanza” muSaobs. bileTis fasi evropis

mimarTulebiT 350 evrodan 1170 evromde

meryeobs. maRal safaso segmentze muSaobs

„britiS mendlendi~, londonSi ormxrivi

bileTis fasi 520 evrodan 1700 evromdea.

saqarTvelos aviaxazebs evropis mimar-

TulebiT minimaluri fasi 229 evrodan 430

evromde aRwevs. „TurqiS earlainsis” Tbil-

isi-stambulis reisze bileTi 195-dan 550

155

evromde Rirs. 310-dan 930 evromde jdeba

Tbilisi-stambuli-londonis mimarTuleba.

bazarze yvelaze dabali fasi kompania

„pegasuss” aqvs Tbilisi-stambuli 79 evro,

Tbilisi-antalia 99 evro Rirs.

bileTebis gaiafebas ar apirebs yvelaze

ZviredRirebuli „lufhTanza”. is dabal-

biujetian aviakompaniebs konkurentebad

ar miiCnevs. msxvili evropuli aviakompan-

iis gayidvaSi biznes klass 20%-mde ukavia

da Semosavlis 40% moaqvs. miuxedavad im-

isa, rom bileTi Zviri Rirs, cota iyideba,

samagierod mogebis marJa maRalia.

rac Seexeba qarTul aviabazars au-

cilebelia moxdes fokusireba mTavar da

damxmare mimarTulebebze. Sesabamisad,

SevamciroT xarjebi im aviakompaniebze, rom-

lebic nakleb mogebas iZlevian da Zalebi

ufro mniSvnelovani mimaTulebiT gavwioT,

orientireba gavakeToT xarisxze mgzavrTa

meti nakadis mozidvisaTvis, amisaTvis au-

cilebelia marketinguli kampaniis dawyeba

dakarguli momxmareblebis, gansakuTrebiT

- biznes-mgzavrebis ukan dasabruneblad.

turistuli gadazidvebis qvegan yo-

fi lebebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben tu -

ristul firmebTan, romlebic dakavebulni

arian individualuri da jgufuri tur-

istuli gadazidvebis dajavSnisa da ga-

formebis sakiTxebiT, xSirad SeimuSaveba

Carteruli programebic. korporciuli mo-

mxmareblebi arian organizaciebi, romelTa

TanamSromelebi, samsaxuridan gamomdinare,

xSirad iyeneben aviakompaniis momsaxure-

bas. aseTi organizaciebisaTvis aviakompania

iyenebs specialur tarifebs fasdaklebiT.

maTi SekveTis swrafad dakmayofilebisa-

Tvis aviakompanias SemuSavebuli aqvs

SekveTis gaformebis specialuri proced-

urebi. msoflio bazarze didi aRiareba

hpova aviabileTebis internetiT realiza-

ciam. mgzavrTa moTxovnilebebis swrafi

da xarisxiani dakmayofileba pirdapirpro-

porciulad moqmedebs moTxovnis zrdaze.

aviakompaniebis ofisSi Rebulobs turisti

pirvel warmodgenas aviakompaniis Sesaxeb,

Seafasebs personalis profesionalizms da

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor daikmayofilebs

sakuTar moTxovnilebebs, iRebs gadaw-

yvetilebas mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. mgzavrTa

momsaxurebis xarisxis erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli faqtoria im

personalis profesionalizmi, romlebic

uSualod axorcieleben aviabileTis da-

javSna-realizacias, rac xels uwyobs mud-

mivi klientebis gaCenas.

aviakompaniebis saqmianobaSi mniSvne-

lovania: klientebi, usafr Txoeba, stabilu-

roba, Tanamedroveoba, gax s niloba. klienti

- klientisadmi urTierTdamokidebulebis

ma rTva warmoadgens biznesis strategiis naw-

ils, romlis mizans warmoadgens moTxovnis

Seqmna, ganviTareba, gamyareba. usafrTxo-

eba - strategiis damuSaveba, danergva da

ganviTareba, marTvis sistemebi da meTodebi

da maTi Sesabamisi procedurebi ise unda

SemuSavdes, rom kompaniis mTeli person-

ali da yvela klienti darwmunebuli iyos

imaSi, rom kompaniis moRvaweoba srulad

Seesabameba usafrTxoebis umaRles zomebs.

stabiluroba - aviakompaniebSi Camoyalibe-

buli safuZvlebi, gamyarebuli SeZenili

gamocdilebiT saSualebas aZlevs mas

imoZraos win. Tanamedroveoba - aviakompaniam

yovelTvis unda imoZraos Tanamedroveobis

nabijiT. maTi saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes

sxva etalonebs.

gaxsniloba - aviakompania gaxsnili unda

iyos TanamSromlobisTvis. man formireba

unda gaukeTos turistebs mozidvis mizniT,

saaviacio momsaxureba unda SesTavazos

axali doniT, gamyarebuli usafrTxoebis

moTxovnebiT. momxmareblis moTxovnebiT

da dargis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tend-

enciebiT Catarebulma analizma cxadyo,

rom qarTuli aviabazari warmoadgens erT-

erT swrafad ganviTarebad bazars, ma-

gram bazris zrdis miuxedavad erovnuli

aviakompaniebis xvedriTi wili bolo wlebSi

sagrZnoblad mcirdeba.

samoqalaqo aviaciis Semaferxebeli

faqtori gaxda, rogorc msoflio eko-

nomikuri krizisi, aseve am sferoSi mimd-

inare krizisi. bazarze aviagadamzidavebs

Soris gamwvavda konkurencia, erT-erTi

kritikuli sakiTxi frenis siZvirea, radgan

frena saqarTvelodan sxvadasxva qveynebis

mimarTulebiT sakmaod Zviri jdeba. amas

m. aladaSvili, d. lolua


156



Tan erTvis gaZvirebuli fasebi sawvavze,

ramac gazarda aviatransportis momsax-

urebis fasi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis

gadawyvetilebiT erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

faqtori, rac bileTis fass gaaiafebs ax-

ali aviakompaniebis Semosvla da pirdapiri

reisebia. qarTul aviabazarze Semosvla

daiwyes dabaltarifianma aviakompaniebma.

ZiriTadi mizezebi, ramac gamoiwvia tur-

istTa mgzavrTnakadis gadayvana-gadazid-

vebis Semcireba erovnuli aviakompaniebSi

SeiZleba, aixsnas Semdegi garemoebiT:

saqarTvelos erToblivi Sida pro-

duqtis, erovnuli produqtis da

mosaxleobis piradi Semosavlebis Sem-

cireba da maTi ganawileba;

siRaribis zRvars qveviT myofi

mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis zrda;

ruseTTan ekonomikuri da politikuri

urTierTobebis moSla;

qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabiluri po-

li tikuri viTareba, samxreT oseTSi da

afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTareba;

demografiuli mdgomareobis

cvlilebebi;

msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi;

umuSevrobis donis zrda;

dargSi konkurenciis done;

bazris tevadoba.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier tur-

izmis gamocxadeba prioritetul dar-

gad xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos ZiriTad

aeroportebSi gadayvana-gadazidvebis mo-

culobebis zrdas. saqarTvelos aviasawar-

moebis saqmianobis Sida analizma aCvena,

rom qarTuli aviakompaniebi finansuri

siZneleebis gamo toveben aviabazars.

amas xels uwyobs organizaciis marketin-

gis da menejmentis saqmianobaSi dabali

gamocdileba, rac saSualebas ar aZlevT

gamoiyenon lizingis SesaZleblobebi.

mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic gard-

atexas Seitans Seqmnil situaciaSi, aris

stratrgiuli menejmentis SesaZleblobebis

danergva sawarmoebis menejmentSi.

mogzaurobis zrdis maRali tempebi da

misi mniSvnelovani xvedriTi wili mgza-

vrTa nakadis ganviTarebaSi did gavlenas

axdens saaviacio transportis ganviTre-

baze. turistebis mier gaweuli xarjebi

gardaiqmneba saaviacio sawarmoebis Se-

mosavlebis mniSvnelovan wyarod, rac, ro-

gorc raodenobrivad, ise xarisxobrivad

aumjobesebs sahaero transportis materi-

alur-teqnikur bazas.

sahaero transportis teqnikuri sruly-

ofa amcirebs mgzavrobis xangrZlivobas da

turists meti dro rCeba qveynis RirsSes-

aniSnaobaTa dasaTvaliereblad da dasasve-

neblad, amitom sahero transportis roli

turebis organizaciisa da mogzaurobis

saqmeSi aqtualuri xdeba.

sabazro procesis globalizaciis da

turizmis biznesis ganviTarebis pirobebSi

saqarTvelos aviatransporti asrulebs gan-

sakuTrebul rols. mxedvelobaSi miiReba

qveynis geografiuli mdebareobis specifika

msoflio rukaze. analizi aCvenebs, rom

saqarTvelos satransporto momsaxureba

ami erkavkasiis regionSi da saerTaSoriso

xazebze ganuwyvetliv gaizrdeba, rac Seqm-

nis winapirobebs konkurenciuli brZolis

gamwvavebisa da turistuli nakadebis moz-

idvas.

saqarTvelom, rogorc gardamavali

ekonomikis qveyanam, mniSvnelovani nabiji

gadadga satransporto infrastruqturis

teqnikuri modernizaciisa da nacionaluri

aviakompaniebis aviagadazidvebis mocu-

lobis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT. samg-

zavro sahaero gadazidvebis zrdam 2014

wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT Seadgena 51.97%

marto 2014 wlis ianvar-agvistoSi mTlianad

saqarTvelos 1793449 vizitori estumra,

rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels 43%-

iT aRemateba. turizmis erovnuli saa-

gentos mier 2013 wels Catarda ucxoeli

mogzaurebis kvleva, romelmac aCvena, rom

vizitorebis mier turpaketis fasis (1784$) - 600$ - transportis saxeobebis mixedviT

modis saaviacio transportze.

rac Seexeba qarTul aviabazars au-

cilebelia, moxdes fokusireba mTavar da

damxmare mimarTulebebze. Sesabamisad,

SevamciroT xarjebi im aviakompaniebze, rom-

lebic nakleb mogebas iZlevian da Zalebi

ufro mniSvnelovani mimaTulebiT gavwioT,

orientireba gavakeToT xarisxze mgzavrTa

157

meti nakadis mozidvisaTvis. amisaTvis au-

cilebelia marketinguli kampaniis dawyeba

dakarguli momxmareblebis, gansakuTrebiT,

biznes - mgzavrebis ukan dasabruneblad.

erT-erT mTavar upirate so bad ucxouri

aviakompaniebisaTvis bi leTis dabali fasi

rCeba, Tuki erov nuli avikompaniebis fin-

ansuri mdgomareoba amis saSualebas ar

iZleva, kargi iqneba, Tu gamoviyenebT bo-

nusebs da fasdaklebebs. SesaZloa, es

moxdes dResaswaulebze, raime konkretul

movlenasTan da kavSirebiT. Tu adgilobriv

bazarze momxmarebelTa moTxovnas davak-

virdebiT da movaxdenT maT segmentacias

zustad gvecodineba ra mimarTulebiT dav-

niSnoT meti frenebi.

bazarze dRes arsebuli qarTuli

aviakompaniebi turistul saagentoebTan

er Tad gaerTiandnen erTi klasteris (klas-

teri, rogorc firmaTaSorisi urTierTo-

bis organizaciis qseluri forma, iZleva

garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebze swrafi

reagirebis SesaZleblobas) qveS. amiT maT

saSualeba eqnebaT, sruli paketi Ses-

Tavazon turistebs. es sakmaod Zlieri

meqanizmia konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebisaTvis. Tavis mxriv es politika dadeb-

iTad imoqmedebs rogorc aviakompaniebze,

aseve turizmze da rac mTavaria qveynis

ekonomikaze, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac,

rom qarTul bazarze am mxriv moTamaSeTa

ricxvi agrZelebs zrdas, adgili ki sakmaod

mcirea, kargi gamosavali iqneboda maTi er-

Tad moqmedeba, amiT ufro srulyofili

momsaxurebis da erTi Zlieri sistemis Cam-

oyalibebaa SesaZlebeli.

gamoyenebuli literatura: internet-resursebi:

1. aCuaSvili, n. (2012). sadisertacio naS-

romi Temaze: „saqarTvelos aviasawarmoebis

strategiuli menejmentis problemebi da

misi gaumjobesebis gzebi” Tbilisi.

2. geferiZe, d. (2009). „saerTaSoriso sahaero

samarTali” Tbilisi.

3. dangaZe, i., gigolaSvili, m. (2009). menej-

menti transportze. quTaisi.

4. koWlamazaSvili, l., yandaSvili, T. (2008).

turizmi da transportis industria. Tb-

ilisi.

5. kandelaki, z. (2009). sahaero transportis

komerciuli eqspluatacia. Tbilisi.

www.questa.com/librerry/

www.orient-express.com

www.aerofl otbonus.ru

www.cruiseweb.com

www.unwto.org

www.tourism.org

www.travel.ru

m. aladaSvili, d. lolua


158



Tourism Industry and its Role in the Air Transport of Tourists a Transfer / Transport

Manana AladashviliDoctor of Business Administration,Associate Professor

David LoluaDoctor of Technical Sciences,Associate Professor

Key words:THE TOURISM INDUSTRY, AIR TRANSPORT, GEORGIAN AIRLINES

Summary

The Georgian economy is signifi cantly progressing due to market transformation, and the important role in it is assigned to the air transport. After transition of our country to the market economy the new approach to the functioning of the air transport became a necessity. The thesis work is devoted to the mechanisms of stra-tegic management of air entities. The origination and development of civil aviation, current state of air entities are considered, and basic Georgian airports and navigational support of fl ying are reviewed in the work. Special consideration is given to the review of Georgian aviation market and its general characteristics. The essence, content of strategic management and current status of its action in the Georgian air entities is considered in the work. In the modern age, for which high scientifi c and technical level and competition are characteristic, com-panies are forced to operate in quick-change environment, and elaborated long-term strategies will assist to adjust to it. The strategy itself contains the unity a variety of diff erent ideas, which provide a commercial success of the companies. Elaboration of long-term objectives and the determination of strategy of their achievement should be based on the real opportunities of the airline company, in such case the intended objective will be im-plemented and the task will be executable. Strategic management of the airline company should be of market-ing nature and should contain market estimation of business direction. Leading world-wide airline companies actively use the methodology of strategic planning in their activity that allows them to take and preserve dom-inant position in the segment of air service market under conditions of fi erce competition. Correct coordination of the global experience and national specifi city amplifi es the application of general scientifi c methods and contains the potential of successful market activity of average airline companies and promotes the gradual ex-pansion of competitive advantages. All this sustains the importance of strategic planning and modern methods of management, which are used by foreign airline companies in order to obtain high indices of eff ectiveness.

159









adamiani da ekologia garemos menejmentis sistemaSi

naira galaxvariZe

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

eldar gugava

სოფლის მეურნეობის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი,აგრარული უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

adamiani, ekologia, garemos menejmenti

adamianis ekologia - socialuri eko-

logia, Tu anTropoekologia erT-erTi

umTavresi ganmsazRvrelia globaluri eko-

logiisa.

cnobilma mecnierma da politikurma

moRvawem a. b. iablokovma Tanamedrove eko-

logias „kacobriobis gadarCenis stra tegia“

uwoda. arsebuli mecnierebebis (geografiis,

qimiis, fizikis, medicinis, sociologiis,

Teologiis da kulturis Teoriis) meTodo-

logiuri SerwymiTa da axali TvalTaxedvis

SeqmniT ekologia bilogiuri mecnierebis

viwro CarCoebidan gamoiyo da gadaiqca

codnis umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebad.

XXI saukunem memkvidreobiT miiRo

rTuli globaluri problemebi - SimSilTan

da siRatakesTan brZola, bunebrivi resur-

sebis mzardi degradacia da amowurvasTan

brZola; ekologiuri problemebi - atmos-

ferosa da wylis resursebis daWuWyianeba,

mineraluri resursebis araracionaluri

gamoyeneba, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo

narCenebiT garemos danagvianeba, tyis far-

Tobebis Semcireba - es nusxa, faqtobrivad,

warmoadgens „adamianis ekologiis“ erT mT-

lian globalur problemas.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

mier garemos dacviT Tematikaze miRebul

mraval dokuments Soris gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia „konferencia mdgradi gan-

viTarebis“ Sesaxeb, romlis debulebebs

Soris yuradRebis centrSi mosaxleobaa,

romelsac aqvs ufleba janmrTeli da nay-

ofieri cxo vrebis bunebasTan harmoniaSi.

amasTanave, garemos dacva unda gaxdes ganuy-

ofeli komponenti ganviTarebis procesisa

da ar unda ganixilebodes gancalkeve-

bulad. garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis

moTxovnebi unda vrceldebodes ara marto

axlandel Taobebze, aramed momaval Taobe-

bzec. am sakiTxebzea gaeros Semdgomi kon-

ferenciebi - bonis mesame konferencia

klimatze da 2002 wlis „gaeros meoTxe sam-

iti“ iohanesburgSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia 1977

„garemos analizi unda keTdebodes ara

marto maSin, rodesac cvlilebebi Seuqceva di

xdeba“

/kenet r. endriusi/


160



wels Catarebuli Tbilisis saerTaSoriso

konferencia garemos dacviTi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb, kiotos 1997 wlis konferencia.

am Sexvedrebma, problemebis gadaWris

mizniT, safuZveli Cauyares erTobliv

qmedebebs, garemos dacviTi saqmianobis au-

cileblobis aRiarebas, rogorc TiToeuli

qveynis SigniT, aseve aRniSnul problemebze

qveynebis kordinacias.

ekologia esaa mecniereba calkeul or-

ganizmebsa an jgufebis urTierTobebze maT

Soris da garemomcvel garemosTan.

problemaTa umravlesoba intenacion-

alur xasiaTs atarebs. maT miekuTvneba:

saerTaSoriso wylebis dabinZureba

navTobiT;

sasazRvro regionebis hidroresurse-

bis gamoyeneba;

mdinareebSi, romlebic miedineba sxva

saxelmwifos teritoriaze, dabinZure-

buli wylebis Cadineba;

atmosferoSi gamonabolqvis transsas-

azRvro gadatana;

atmosferos ozonis fenis dazianeba;

iSviaTi cxovelebisa da mcenareebis

gaq roba;

atmosferos siTburi da radiaciouli

dabinZureba da sxva.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi miwis wiaRidan

yovelwliurad amoaqvT 100 miliardi tona

madneuli. mindvrebze mimoifrqveva 92 mln.

tona sasuqi, 2 mln Sxamqimikati, atmosfer-

oSi gamoifrqveva 200 mln tona naxSirbadis

oqsidi, 53 mln tona azotis oqsidi, 250

mln. tona mtveri da sxva.

garemomcveli garemos zrdadi da-

binZureba dakavSirebulia mrewvelobisa da

energetikis ganviTarebasTan. mosaxleobis

janmrTelobis mdgomareoba warmoadgens

ganzogadebul integralur maCvenebels,

sadac mniSvnelovania sacxovrebeli gare-

mos xarisxi da misi zegavlena adaminis cx-

ovelqmedebaze.

adamianis ekologia warmoadgens ekolo-

giur-socialur-ekonomikur codnis dargs,

sadac yvela socialuri, ekonomikuri da

bunebrivi pirobebi ganixileba, rogorc

adamianis sicocxlis erTmniSvnelovani Se-

madgeneli garemo da misi moTxovnilebe bis

sxvadasxva mxaris uzrunvelmyofeli. amas-

Tan dakavSirebiT dasabuTebulad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos adamianis ekologiis blokur

modelad Semdegi: [a.s. levini:1996]

1. qimiuri ekologia - esaa kompleqsuri

disciplina, romelic ikvlevs qimiuri

kavSirebis mTel erTobliobas cocxal

bunebaze da maT qimiur urTierTkav-

Sirs sicocxlesTan. erT-erT aqtua-

lur sakiTxad iqca planeta dedamiwis

biosferos anTropogenuri geoqimiuri

dabinZureba.

2. socialuri ekologia - esaa mecnieruli

disciplina, romelic ganixilavs sa-

zogadoebis Sesabamisobas geografiul,

socialur da kulturul garemosTan

e.i. adamianis garemomcvel garemosTan.

3. gamoyenebiTi ekologia moicavs adami-

anis mier biosferos ngrevis meqaniz-

mebis Seswavlas am procesebis Tavidan

acilebis saSualebiT da bunebrivi

resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis

principebis SemuSavebiT sasicocxlo

garemos degradaciis gareSe.

aqve moiazreba

3.1.sainJinro ekologia, kompleqsuri

mecnieruli disciplina, romelic Se-

iswavlis samrewvelo warmoebis ur-

TierTzemoqmedebas bunebriv garemo-

sTan da sxvadasxva rangis bunebriv

samrewvelo sistemis racionalur da

uz runvelmyofeli funqcionirebis

Seq mnas. ZiriTadi amocanaa, SemuSaveba

da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba

teqnikurad SesaZlebeli ekonomikurad

mizanSewonili da ekologiurad auci-

lebeli RonisZiebebis, romelic

uzrunvelyofs bunebrivi resursebis

racionalur gamoyenebasa da dacvas

Tanamedrove da momavali Taobebis in-

teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

3.2.sasoflo sameurneo ekologia Seis-

wavlis kulturuli mcenareebisa da

Sinauri cxovelebis erTmaneTSoris

ur TierTdamokidebulebasa da maT

zemoqmedebas bunebriv garemoze.

3.3.samedicino ekologia, esaa samecniero

codnis sfero integrirebuli adami-

anis higienis, toqsikologiis, anatomi-

161

isa da fiziologiis mTlian komple-

qsSi.

3.4.qalaqis ekologia moicavs mis sacx-

ovrebel da samrewvelo zonebis for-

mirebis Sefasebisa da prognozirebis

procesebs, gansaxlebis sistemebs. bu-

ebrivi garemos SesaZlebeli lokaluri

anda regionuli negatiuri cvlilebeb-

isa da adamianze am cvlilebebis zega-

vlena. bunebis dacviTi RonisZiebebis

SemuSaveba am negatiuri Sedegebis

likvidaciisa anda SezRudvisaTvis.

amgvarad, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis

mdgomareoba, rogorc adamianis ekologiis

sagani, ganisazRvreba konkretuli regionis

ekologiuri fonis bunebrivi da antropo-

genuri urTierTkavSiriT.

mecnieri p.g. tkaCevi adamianis eko-

logias gansazRvravs, rogorc mec-

nierebas, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis

urTierTdamokidebulebas garemomcvel

bunebriv garemos yvela faqtorTan da adgens

adamianis organizmze am urTierTdamokide-

bulebis optimalur normativebs ekologi-

uri faqtorebis kompleqsuri SefasebiT.

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba mo-

iTxovs bunebrivi garemomcveli garemos

dacvis mdgomareobis Seswavlasa da brZolis

meTodebs misi teqnogenuri warmoSobis

produqtebiT dabinZurebisagan bunebrivi re-

sursebis gaqrobis safrTxeze gafrTxile biT

da a.S. Tavis mxriv, garemomcveli bunebrivi

garemos xarisxis gauaresebis mizezebis an-

alizi da bunebaTsargeblobis regulirebis

ekonomikuri instrumentebi safuZvlad udevs

sicocxlisunariani politikis Seqmnas mimar-

Tuls xarisxis gaumjobesebaze.

garemomcveli garemos xarisxis

marTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi SeiZleba

daiyos sam jfgufad, romlebic istori-

uli, politikuri, eTnokulturuli da sxva

faqtorebis ZaliT gansazRvruli Tanafar-

dobiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. es

meTodebia: administraciuli, ekonomikuri

da sabazro meTodebi.

es midgoma SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sa-

war moo procesis sxvadasxva stadiaze da

ganxilul garemomcvel garemoze misi

SesaZlo zemoqmedebis urTierTobaSi. mo-

cemuli zemoqmedeba damokidebulia pirve-

ladi resursebis Semadgenlobaze, sawarmoo

procesebis specifikaze, gamoyenebul bune-

badacviT teqnologiebze, romlebic ga re-

momcvel garemoSi ayalibeben gamonabolqvsa

da narCenebs.

administraciul regulirebaSi iguli-

sxmeba normatiuli strategiebisa da

SezRudvebis SemoReba. agreTve, pirdapiri

kontroli da bunebaTsargeblobis pro-

cesebis licenzireba, romelic miuTiTebs

mwarmoeblis im CarCoebze, romelic man

unda daicvas, gaiTvaliswinos.

ZiriTadi standartebi, romlebic

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos administra-

ciuli midgomis CarCoebSi warmoadgens:

garemomcveli garemos xarisxis stan-

dartebi da garemomcvel garemoze ze-

mo qmedebis standartebi;

teqnologiuri standartebi, romle-

bic sawarmoo procesisaTvis anda ga-

mwmendi teqnologiebisaTvis aweseben

gansazRvrul moTxovnebs;

produqciis xarisxis standartebi

(magaliTad sabavSo saTamaSoebis war-

moebisaTvis gamoyenebuli plasmasis

saxeebis SezRudva).

aRniSnulis paralelurad SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT pirdapiri akrZalvebi im

SemTxvevaSi Tu garkveuli warmoeba anda

pirveladi resursebi garemomcvel gare-

moze axdenen iseT arasasurvel ze-

moqmedebas, rom sruli akrZalva xdeba

erTaderT efeqtur saSualebad.

Tu amocana mdgomareobs mxolod ze-

moqmedebis maStabebis SezRudvaSi, maSin

miiReba limitebi da kvotebi. zogjer lim-

itebis SemoReba win uZRvis mTliani akrZ-

alvebis miRebas. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba

moviyvanoT 1985 wlis venis konvencia da 1987

wlis monrealis oqmi, romelic gansazR-

vravs mocemul dokumentebze xelmisawv-

domobas, saxelmwifoebisaTvis Semcirebisa

da akrZalvis amocanebs ozono damSleli

niv Tierebebis warmoebasa da moxmarebaze.

am dokumentebis Sesabamisad mocemuli

nivTierebebis gamoSveba etapobrivad unda

Semcirdes, xolo calkeuli maTganis gamoS-

veba unda aikrZalos.

n. galaxvariZe, e. gugava


162



marTvis ekonomikuri meTodebi

gvTavazoben gamoviyenoT dabinZurebaze ze-

moqmedebis iribi berketebi gadasaxadebisa

da safasuris aseve jarimis saxiT. e.i. eko-

nomikuri iZulebis sistemiT.

safasuris done narCenebsa da gamon-

abolqvze ganisazRvreba an dabinZurebis

socialur-ekonomikuri zaralidan an teri-

toriis asimilaciuri potencialis eko-

nomikuri Sefasebidan, anda sxva romelime

maCveneblis safuZvelze.

amgvarad, garemomcveli garemos

dabi nZurebaze da sxva saxis saziano ze-

moqmedebaze safasuri warmoadgens eko-

nomikur stimuls imaze, rom sawarmoebi

romelTa saqmianoba dakavSirebulia gare-

momcveli garemos mavne zemoqmedebaze

damoukideblad miiRon RonisZiebebimisi

dabinZurebis Semcirebaze ekologiuri kan-

onmdeblobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

savaldebulo pasuxismgeblobis sistema.

Tu CavTvliT, rom garemocveli garemos sak-

uTrebis ufleba ekuTvnis mTel sazogadoe-

bas, maSin firma damabinZurebeblebma unda

aiRon pasuxismgebloba miRerbul zaralze.

Tu gadasaxadi dabinZurebaze anda safas-

uri narCenebze asaxavs zRvrul zarals

dabinZurebidan gansazRvruli na rCenebisa

da gamonabolqvis faqtamde, maSin savalde-

bulo pasuxismgeblobis sistemaSi zarali

gaiangariSeba gadmonayaris faqtis TiT-

oeuli SemTxvevisaTvis.

ekologiuri dazRvevis arsi (sqema 1)

163

pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva da sakon-

pensacio fondebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

rogorc nebayoflobiT sawyisebze, aseve

aucilebeli dazRvevisa da rezervirebis

TanmimdevrobiT (ix sqema 1). saSualebaTa

rezervirebis miznobrivi sistema narCenebis

utilizaciaze (girao) da Senatanebis dab-

runeba (gadasaxadi-girao) mimarTulia

momxmareblis stimulis Seqmnaze damate-

biTi xarjebis ganxorcielebaze: saqonlis

SeZenis momentSi, winaswar gansazRvruli

mosalodneli dabinZurebisas xorcieldeba

Senatani, romelic brundeba narCenebis

utilizaciis gamoyenebis Semdeg. regu-

lirebis ekonomikuri meTodis gamoyeneba

iseve rogorc admianistraciuli meTodisa

moiazrebs sawarmos Semdeg xarjebs:

gamonabolqvisa da narCenebis

standartebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana adminis-

tra ciuli meTodiT, gadasaxadis SenataniTa

da bunebis dacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxor-

cieleba regulirebis ekonomikuri me To diT,

aseTma mdgomareobam miiRo „damabin Zurebeli

ixdis~ principis saxelwodeba.

bunebis sargeblobis sabazro regu-

lirebis ZiriTad berketad unda gamovides

gamoyenebuli resursebis faswarmoqmnis

iseTi meqanizmi, romlis SemTxvevaSi nebis-

mieri mwarmoeblisaTvis momgebiani iqneboda

resursebis raodenobis Semcireba erTeul

warmoebul produqciaze am SemTxvevaSi

qreba bunebrivi resursebis araracion-

aluri gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, mcirdeba

narCenebis raodenoba. warmoiqmneba mis-

wrafeba srulyofili teqnologiebis

SemuSavebaze, maT Soris, Caketili ciklis

teqnologiebisa, saboloo angariSiT gare-

moze zewolis Semcirebaze, agreTve bunebis

dacviTi xarjebis ekonomia mocemuli gare-

momcveli garemos xarisxze.

gamomdinare sabazro midgoma ar niSnavs

sabazro iZulebis uqonlobas bazari unda

gamoviyenoT ufro efeqtiani miRwevebisa-

Tvis garemomcveli garemos mocemul xar-

კრიტერიუმები ინსტრუმენტები

ნორმატივები კვოტებით ვაჭრობა საფასური გადასახადი

გარემოს ხარისხის გარანტიის უზრუნველყოფა + + +/- -

ერთეულ პროდუქციაზე ნარჩენების შემცირება + + + +

ნარჩენების აბსოლუტური მნიშვნელობის შემცირება - ++ + +

ბუნებრივი გარემოს მოცემული ხარისხის მიღწევაზე ხარჯების მინიმიზაცია

- ++ + +/-

წარმოების განვითარების შესაძლებლობა - ++ + +

სახელმწიფო მართვაზე მოთხოვნა ++ +/- + +/-

ასიმილაციური პოტენციალის ექსპლუატაციიდან შემოსავლის მიღება

- +/- + +

სტიმული ინოვაციებზე +/- +/- +/- +/-

bunebis dacviTi saqmianobis marTvis meTodebis Sedareba

(cx.1)

„-~ negatiuri wili;

„+~ pozitiuri;

„+/-~ zemoqmedebis araerTmniSvneloba;

„++~ Zlieri pozitiuri zemoqmedeba



164



isxze. saxelmwifos rolia dabinZurebis

maqsimaluri donis regulireba dadgenis

gziTa da kontroliT, xolo bazrisa ki -

misi miRwevis ukeTesi meTodebis Ziebaa.

marTvis sabazro meTodebi gulisx-

moben bazris formirebas erTeuli dabi-

nZurebisaTvis, rac gulisxmobs sabazro

infrastruqturis ZiriTadi elementis Se-

qmnas, narCenebze momsaxurebisa da uzrun-

velmyofi garigebebis vaWrobaze ufleba.

(ix. cx. 1.)

amrigad, garemos xarisxis regulirebis

TiToeul meTods aqvs Tavisi efeqtianad

gamoyenebis sfero. zogierTi problema

SeiZleba efeqtianad gadaWras, magram rig

SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba aramizanSe-

wonilia, amitom aucilebelia garemomcveli

bunebrivi garemos xarisxis regulirebis

meTodebisa da instrumentebis racion-

aluri Sexameba.

reziume

adamiani da ekologia

garemos menejmentis

sistemaSi

ocdameerTe saukenem memkvidreobiT

miiRo rTuli globaluri problemebi, rom-

lebic faqtobrivad warmoadgens „adamianis

ekologiis“ erT mTlian globalur prob-

lemas.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

mier garemos dacviT Tematikaze Catare-

bulma Sexvedrebma problemebis gadaWris

mizniT safuZveli Cauyares erTobliv

qmedebebs, rogorc TiToeuli qveynis Sig-

niT, aseve aRniSnul problemebze qveynebis

koordinacias, radgan ekologiur problem-

aTa umravlesoba internacionalur xasiaTs

atarebs.

mecnieri a. s. levini „adamianis ekolo-

gias“ ganixilavs blokur modelad, rome-

lic moicavs qimiur ekologias, socialur

ekologias, gamoyenebiT ekologias, saso-

flo-sameurneo ekologias, samedicino

ekologias, qalaqis ekologias.

garemos xarisxis marTviT gamoyenebuli

meTodebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad,

romlebic istoriul, politikur, eTnok-

ulturuli da sxva faqtorebis ZaliT

gansazRvruli TanafardobiT gamoiyeneba

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. es meTodebia: admin-

istraciuli, ekonomikuri da sabazro meT-

odebi.

garemos xarisxis regulirebis Ti-

Toeul meTods aqvs Tavisi efeqtianad

gamoyenebis sfero - mas SeuZlia zogierTi

problema efeqtianad gadaWras, magram rig

SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba aramizanSe-

wonilia, amitom aucilebelia garemomcveli

bunebrivi garemos xarisxis regulirebis

meTodebisa da instrumentebis racion-

aluri Sexameba.


1. mcxeTa-mTianeTis teritoriis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri da demografiuli

ganviTarebis problemebi (2012). Tbilisi.

2. Анисимов, А. В. (2009). Экономический мене-

джмент.Ростов на Дону: Феникс.

3. Келина, И. Ю. Безручко, Н. В. (2009). Экология

чело века“ Ростов на Дону: Феникс.

4. Глухов, В. В. Некрасова, Т. П. (2003). Экономи-

ческие основы экологии. Питер.

165

Human and Ecology in the Environmental Management System

Naira GalakhvaridzeDoctor of Economics, European University Associate Professor

Eldar GugavaDoctor of Agricultural Sciences,Agricultural University Professor

Key words:PEOPLE, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Summary

Twenty one century inherited a diffi cult global problems, which actually represents a “human ecology” a whole one global problem.

United Nations environmental issues in order to solve the problems of the meetings laid the foundation for joint actions, as each country, as well as the problems of coordination, because environmental problems are international in nature.

A scientist C. Levin “human ecology” is considering a block model, which includes chemical ecology, social ecology, using ecological, agricultural ecology, medical ecology, urban ecology.

Environmental quality control methods can be divided into three groups, which are historical, political and cultural, and other factors identifi ed in the ratio used in diff erent countries. These include administrative, economic and market methods.

Each method has its eff ective use in the fi eld of environmental quality regulation can eff ectively solve some problems, but in some cases it is not reasonable to use, so it is necessary to regulate the quality of the surrounding natural environment, the rational combination of methods and tools.



166











qarTuli brauzeri “Browser G”

andro gafrindaSvili

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის მაგისტრანტი,ჟიული შარტავას სახელობის პოლიტიკოსთა სადოქტორო სკოლა, ვებ-დეველოპერი

Teimuraz sturua

ტექნიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

qarTuli brauzeri, vebstandartebi, informaciuli teqnologiebi

dReisaTvis, informaciuli saukunis

epoqaSi, internetis gareSe Tanamedrove

adamianis cxovreba TiTqmis warmoudgene-

lia. kompiuteri da zogadad informaciuli

teqnologiebi Cveni cxovrebis Tanamgza-

vri gaxda, Tumca internetis gareSe Ta-

namedrove kompiuterebis gamoyeneba azrs

kargavs. internet sivrceSi Cvens „mogza-

urobas“ mTeli rigi teqnikur saSuale-

baTa krebuli da programuli saSualebebi

uzrunvel yofs. pirveli brauzeri 1990

wels ser tim berners lis mier Seiqmna

da misi saxeli iyo WorldWideWeb. Tumca,

pirveli yvelaze gavrcelebuli brauzeri,

romelsac grafikuli interfeisi gaaCnda

NCSA Mosaic iyo, romelic Ria program-

uli kodis reJimSi gavrcelda. SemdgomSi

Netscape Navigator da Internet Explorer (IE) brauzerebma sawyisi programuli kodebi

swored NCSA Mosaic-sagan aiRes. NCSA Mo-

saic-s Tavis uaryofiTi mxareebi gaaCnda,

rac Semdgom Netscape-is mier SemuSavebul

Netscape Navigator brau zerSi iqna gamos-

worebuli. Semdgomi periodi ki korpora-

cia Microsoft-isTvis aRmoCnda warmatebuli,

romelmac Windows operaciuli sistemi-

sTvis brauzeri saxelwodebiT Internet Ex-

plorer Seqmna. igi, misi winamorbe debisgan

gansxvavebiT, dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

da TiTqmis yovel wliurad, ufro daxvewili

saxiT warmogvidgeba. IE-i Windows opera-

ciul sistemaSi CaSenebuli brauzeria,

iseve rogorc brauzeri Safari Apple-is Mac

OS operaciuli sistemisaTvis. ufro mogvi-

anebiT kompiuterul sam yaros Mozilla Firefox

moevlina, romelsac IE-Tan SedarebiT ufro

gaumjo besebuli SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda,

rac misi popularobis sawindari gaxda.

dReisaTvis ki kompania Google-is brauzerma

saxelwodebiT Google Chrome Zalzed didi

popularoba moipova.

amJamad, rogorc IE, aseve Mozilla Fire-

fox, Apple Safari da Google Chrome momx-

mareblebis mier aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli maTgani ufaso

programul uzrunvelyofas warmoadgens.

zemoT CamoTvlili brauzerebis garda uam-

ravi sxva dasaxelebis brauzeri SegiZliaT

daainstaliroT Tqvens kompiuterSi da maTi

funqciebiT isargebloT.

167

albaT yvelas hqonia SemTxveva, rode-

sac Mozilla Firefox-is logoze mausis daWeris

Semdeg kompiuters SedarebiT ufro didi

dro dasWir vebia programis Casatvir-

Tad, vidre magaliTad, Google Chrome-s.

sxvada sxva brauzerebi sxvadasxva progra-

mul kodzea dawerili da Sesabamisad sis-

temuri resursebis mimarT maTi moTxovnebi

gansxvavebulia. dRes brauzerebis te-

stirebis uamravi grafiki arsebobs, sadac

informacia drois mikrowamebis da pro-

centebis maqsimaluri sizustiTaa asaxuli,

Tumca maTi eWvqveS dayeneba yovelTvis

SeiZleba. SevecdebiT zogadi statistikis

mixedviT vixelmZRvaneloT da brauzerebis

swrafqmedebis Sesaxeb zogadi suraTi war-

mogidginoT. testirebebi, romlebic zogad

suraTs iZleva, erTi da imave kompiuterzea

Catarebuli, sadac zustad erTi da igive

brauzerebia dayenebuli da sistemis kon-

figuraciac erTnairia.

testireba Windows operaciul siste-

maze ganvixiloT, radganac igi momxmare-

belTa ricxvis mixedviT dRemde pirvel

adgilzea.

IE _ pirvel rigSi is faqtia gasaTval-

iswinebeli, rom IE Windows operaciul

sistemaSia CaSenebuli da net framework-is

versiis Sesabamisia, anu am brauzeris sis-

temasTan integracia ufro warmatebulad

unda ganxorcieldes, Tumca CatvirTvis

dros igi sxva brauzerebTan Sedare biT ga-

cilebiT ufro xSirad „Camoekideba“ xolme.

misi xangrZlivi Camot virTvis e.w. „Cam-

okidebis“ mizezi sistemuri resursebis mi-

marT maRali moTxovna ki ar gaxlavT, aramed

veb-gverdis HTML, CSS da JavaScript kodis

CamotvirTvis stilia. kerZod, vebgverdis

kodSi Secdomis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi an

gverdze ganTavsebuli didi moculobis in-

formaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi brauzeri

garkveuli droiT Cerdeba, ekrani TeTri

foniT ifareba da Semdeg vebgverdi monit-

orze erTianad aisaxeba. amas Tanave, Tu veb-

gverdis stili erT monakveTSia darRveuli

_ IE-s Semdgomi monakveTebic SecdomiT

gamoaqvs da vebgverdis mTliani stili ir-

Rveva. brauzeris xangrZlivi „Camo kidebis“

SemTxvevaSi Tu brauzers „iZulebiT“ gaTiS-

avT momdevno CarTvisas igi im gverdis gax-

snas SemogTavazebT, romlis drosac misi

„iZulebiTi gaTiSva“ moxda, maSinac ki Tu

kompiuters gaTiSavT da Tavidan CarTavT,

rac erTgvarad mis dadebiT Tvisebad

SeiZleba Sefasdes.

agreTve, unda aRiniSnos IE-is gansak-

uTrebuli aqtivoba Zalian dabali siCqaris

internet SeerTebis dros. kerZod, gverdidan

gverdze gadasvlisas, sxvadasxva bmulebis

monaxulebis dros, brauzeri erTi bmulidan

meoreze swrafad gadadis. amis mizezi ki isaa,

rom bmulze gadasvlisas brauzeri maSinve

wyvets mimdinare gverdis CamotvirTvas da

axal bmulze gadasvlas iwyebs, rac lodinis

dros amcirebs. aseTi SemTxvevis dros sxva

brauzerebi gacilebiT ufro did molodinis

reJims moiTxoven, radganac axal bmulze ga-

dasvlisas Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera

mimdinare gverdis CamotvirTvas maSinve ar

wyveten, Sesabamisad mimdinare dokumentis

CamotvirTva garkveuli periodis manZilze

isev grZeldeba da Semdeg xdeba axal bmulze

gadasvla.

IE 8, romelic operaciul sistema Win-

dows 7-s Tan mohyveba Tanamed rove HTML5, CSS3-is mxardaWeriT araa aRWurvili,

aseve vebgverdis stilis warmosaxvisas veb-

developerebi am brauzerisaTvis vebgver-

dis stils calke weren, radgan xSirad IE

vebgverdis stils arasworad gamosaxavs.

aRmoCnda, rom pirveli CatvirTvisas (sa-

nam programis keSireba moxdeba, romelic

xelmeored CatvirTvas 20%-iT aCqarebs) IE

bevrad ufro swrafia, vidre Mozilla Firefox,

Google Chrome an Opera, igive Sedegia meore

CarTvisas, xolo CarTvis Semdeg brauzeris

„Camokidebas“, misi vebgverdis kodis Cam-

otvirTvis stili gansazRvravs. operatiul

mexsierebasTan urTierTobis mxriv te-

stirebebis procesSi vlindeba, rom Mozilla

Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera anu Chromium

Zravze momuSave brauzerebi gacilebiT

ufro „momTxovnebi arian“. unda aRiniSnos,

rom IE 9, 10, 11 versiebs HTML5, CSS3-is

mxar daWera ukve gaaCniaT da maTi inetr-

feisic SedarebiT gaumjobesebulia.

brauzer Opera-s specialuri funq-

cia „daaCqare CamotvirTva dabali inter-

a. gafrindaSvili, T. sturua


168



net SeerTebis dros“ gaaCnia. es funqcia

dabali internet SeerTebis dros marTlac

mosaxerxebelia, radgan HTML kodis Sedegi

jer monitorze aisaxeba, Semdeg vebgverdis

stili, Semdgom JavaScript scenarebi da bo-

los grafikuli gamosaxulebebi itvirTeba,

rac imis saSualebas iZleva rom ekranze

vebgverdis teqsti da bmulebi swrafad

aisaxos. aseve, vebgverdis keSirebis dros,

rodesac gverdi ukve keSirebulia da

SedarebiT swrafad itvirTeba brauzerSi,

ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi brauzer Opera-Si

ara mxolod grafikuli gamosaxulebebi,

aramed teqstic ki isev Zveli saxiT Cans,

rac gverdis brauzeridan ganaxlebas (Re-

fresh) saWiroebs.

Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera _ te-

stirebebma aCvena, rom pirveli CatvirTvisas

Google-is brauzeri ufro swrafia vidre

brauzeri Opera, xolo Mozilla am mxriv

orives CamorCeba. ganmeorebiT CatvirTvis

dros, maSin rodesac programebi keSire-

bulia, brauzeri Opera ufro swrafad

itvirTeba, vidre Google-i, xolo Mozilla am mxrivac CamorCeba maT. operatiul mex-

sierebasTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc ukve

avRniSneT, es brauzerebi sxvebTan Sedare-

biT „ufro momTxovnebi“ arian.

brauzerebis Mozilla Firefox, Google

Chrome, Opera _ usafrTxoebis mxriv Semdegi

faqtebia aRsaniSnavi: IE-s gacilebiT ufro

meti SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia internetSi

usafrTxoT „mogzaurobis“ uzrunvelsay-

ofad, vidre aq ganxilul sxva brauzerebs.

amasTanave, „proqsi-serverebis“ gawera

am ukanasknelSi ufro mosaxerxebeli da

srulyofilia. am mxriv Mozilla-c gamoir-

Ceva. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom srul da-

makmayofilebel Sedegebs zogad sakiTxebSi

vercerTi brauzeri ver iZleva. saerTo

jamSi ki ufro damakmayofilebel Sedegebs

Google Chrome, Semdeg Opera, Mozilla, Safari

da bolos IE-i iZleva. brauzer Safari-s rac

Seexeba, es brauzeri Windows-is platform-

aze aqtiurad ar gamoiyeneba.

dResdReobiT HTML5 da CSS3-is mxar-

daWera TiTqmis yvela brau ze ris axal ver-

sias gaaCnia. magram sainteresoa rogori

warmadobiT axdenen Tanamedrove brauzerebi

HTML5, CSS3 kodis da JavaScript scenarebis

Ses rulebas. zogadma testirebebma am mxriv

saintereso Sedegebi aCvena. aRmoCnda, rom

HTML5 da CSS3-is warmadoba Google-is

brauzerSi yvelaze kargad aisaxeba, mas Opera

da Mozilla mosdevs. am mxriv IE 9 maT Camor-

Ceba, xolo IE 10 pirvel adgils ikavebs.

JavaScript-is scenarebis Sesruleba

PHP scenarebisagan gansxvavebiT mTlianad

brauzerzea damokidebuli, maSin rodesac

magaliTad, PHP sce narebs serveri amuSavebs

da Sedegi HTML-is saxiT miewodeba brauzers.

JavaScript-is scenarebis saSualebiT vebgver-

dis dinamiur reJimSi awyobaa SesaZlebeli,

amitomac JavaScript-is scenarebis warmadobiT

da usafrTxod Sesrulebas didi mniSvneloba

aqvs. JavaScript-is usafrTxo Sesrulebis

mxriv IE 8-s saintereso uaryofiTi mxare

aqvs. kerZod, JavaScript-is Setyo bineba alert(),

romelic Setyobinebis mcire fanjaras war-

moadgens, IE 8-Si faqtiurad imdenjer gamodis

ramdenjerac igi scenarSia miTiTebuli,

ise rom ganmeorebiT gamotanis SemTxvevaSi

gaTiSvis saSualeba ara aqvs. magaliTad, Tu

alert() Setyobinebas scenaris saSualebiT 100-

jer gamoitanT, maSin IE 8-is gaTiSva SeuZle-

beli xdeba vidre gamotanili Setyobineba

100-jer ar dadasturdeba. es TavisTavad did

uxerxulobas qmnis, aseT dros, saWiro xdeba

IE-is procesebis marTvis menejeridan gaT-

iSva. JavaScript-is scenarebis warmadobiT Ses-

rulebis mxriv testirebam pirveli adgili

Google-is brauzers miuCina, mas Opera mo-

hyveba, Semdgom IE 10 da bolos Mozilla.

da bolos, WebGL biblioTeka gan-

vixiloT. WebGL JavaScript-is prog ramul

biblioTekas warmoadgens, romelic Moz-

illa Foundation-ma SeimuSava. es biblioTeka

Tanamedrove veb-standartebSi aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba. WebGL saSualebas iZleva

JavaScript-is saSualebiT interaqtuli

samgan zomilebiani grafikuli interfeisebi

avawyoT. gamomdinare iqedan, rom WebGL

aqtiurad gamoiyeneba da didi perspeqtiva

aqvs, masTan mimarTebaSi testirebis Sede-

gebi warmovadginoT. testirebam am mimar-

TulebiT Google-is brauzerisagan saukeTeso

Sedegebi miiRo. aseve kargi Sedegebi aCvenes

brauzerebma Opera-m da Mozilla-m.

169

Browser G qarTulenovani

vebbrauzeri, zogadi mimoxilva

da Sefaseba

Tanamedrove brauzerebis daxvewili

grafikuli dizaini, funqcioni rebis stili da

maTi ufaso licenziis pirobebSi gavrceleba

gvafiqrebi nebs, rom am mimarTulebiT raime

axali produqtis Seqmna da ganviTareba gan-

sakuTrebiT did sirTuleebTan da inovaciur

azrovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

dReisaTvis, informaciuli teqnolo-

giebis ganviTarebasTan erTad daprogramebis

enebic viTardeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

Tanamedrove daprogramebis enebic ki,

mouqnelia da xSirad mcire program-

uli proceduris Casatareblad grZeli

skriptebis daweraa saWiro, sakuTari pro-

gramuli uzrunvelyofis Seqmna gansakuTre-

bul sirTules ar warmoadgens, romelic im

konkretul problematur amocanaze iqneba

orientirebuli, romlis gadawyvetac kompi-

uteris saSualebiT martivad moxerxdeba.

aseTi saxis programebi gansakuTrebiT im

viwro sfecifikaSi funqcionireben kar-

gad, romlisTvisac maTi daproeqteba xdeba,

vidre is programuli uzrunvelyofa, rome-

lic gacilebiT farTo specifikis amocanebis

gadawyvetazea gaTvlili, rac TavisTavad

ufro maRali kvalifikaciis personals da

met sistemur resurss moiTxovs. swored,

amitomac msurs Cvens mier daproeqtebuli

brauzeri warmogidginoT, romelic konkre-

tuli amocanebis gadawyvetazea gaTvlili

da Zalian mcire sistemur resurss moiTx-

ovs. raRa Tqma unda iseve rogorc yvela ax-

ali proeqti, aseve Cveni brauzeric Semdgom

ganviTarebas saWiroebs. dasawyisisaTvis ki

ramodenime teqnikuri detali ganvixiloT:

brauzeri IE-s Zravs iyenebs, romlidanac

is komponentebia amoRebuli, romelic xSirad

Windows operaciul sistemaSi CaSenebuli

brauzeris IE-is swrafqmedebas „uSlis xels“.

Sedegad, Cvens mier warmodgenili brauzeri

gacilebiT swrafad muSaobs da yvela im

saimedo dacvis sistemebiTaa aRWurvili,

romelsac Microsoft IE iyenebs. ratom mainc-

damainc IE-s Zravi da ara WebKit, romelzedac

agebulia Google Chrome, Apple Safari da Mozzila

Firefox? imitom, rom IE-s Zravi korporacia

Microsoft-is mieraa warmoebuli da modifi-

cirebuli, Sesabamisad misi programuli kom-

ponentebi Windows operaciul sistemasTan

(net framework-is Sesabamis platformaze,

iseve rogorc Zvelze, aseve axalzec gamar-

Tulad funqci onirebs) srul TanxvedraSia.

amasTanave, IE dacvis maRali donis instru-

mentebis siuxviT (sxva brauzerebi xSirad

swored IE-s dacvis parametrebs iyeneben in-

ternetSi mogzaurobisas) gamoirCeva. aRsan-

iSnavia isic, rom Microsoft Visual Studio-Si

(romelSic agebulia Cveni brauzeris progra-

muli da grafikuli mxare) yvela IE-s Zravze

momuSave is instrumentebia CaSenebuli, ro-

melebic brauzeris asagebadaa saWiro.

brauzeris grafikuli interfeisi

Microsoft Visual Studio 2008-Sia agebuli.

daprogramebis enebad gamoyenebulia Visual

Basic NET da C#. sabolood, proeqtis rogorc

programuli, aseve momxmareblis grafikuli

interfe isi Microsoft Visual Studio NET 2008-Sia

daproeqtebuli da Windows operaci ul sis-

temaSi arsebuli Net Framework-is rogorc

Zvel aseve, axal versi ebs Seesabameba (minim-

aluri Microsoft Net Framework 3.0). programa

Windows operaciuli sistemis garemoSi fun-

qcionirebs.

Cvens mier warmodgenili brauzeris erT-

erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan dadebiT movlenad

brauzeris swrafqmedebas da daculobas,

aseve sistemuri resursebis mimarT Zalian

mcire moTxovnebs vasaxelebT, rac misi

swrafad CatvirTvisa da sxva programebTan

erTad swrafad muSaobis sawindaria. amas-

Tanave, yvela im detalsac avRniSnavT, ro-

melic Semdgom daxvewas da ganviTarebas

saWiroebs (umeteswilad igulisxmeba grafi-

ku li interfeisi). mTavari Semfasebeli ki

raRa Tqma unda momxmarebelia.

samomavlod vgegmavT brauzerSi is

damatebiTi funqciuri da saWiro instru-

mentebi CavaSenoT, romlebic am etapze sxva

brauzerebs ar gaaCniaT da aseT SemTxvevebSi

momxmareblebs xSirad sxva programebis

gamoyeneba uwevT. magaliTad, torentebis

gadmoweris dros momxmarebeli Cveulebrivi

brauzeriT ver axerxebs am proceduris

ganxorcielebas da saWiroa sxva program-

uli uzrunvelyofis gamoyeneba. aseve kargi

iqneba amave brauzerSi damatebiT, vebd-

aprogramebisaTvis saWiro instrumentebis

CaSenebac.

a. gafrindaSvili, T. sturua


170



Georgian Browser “Browser G”

Andro GaprindashviliGeorgian Technical University MA,Jules Shartava Phd school of State Policy and Management, Web Developer

Teimuraz SturuaDoctor of Technics, European Teaching University Professor,Georgian Technical University Associated Professor

Key words:GEORGIAN BROWSER, WEB STANDARDS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Summary

The browser is one of the most important positive developments in the browser speed switch-ing and security, as well as energy systems are very small more resources are stored anonymously, its fast loading, and other programs to work with the business. At the same time, all the details of the note, which needs to be further developed and developing (mostly meant GUI). The main user of the course evaluation.

In the future, we are planning to build additional functional web browser with the necessary tools with which no other browser have been furnished so far and because of which users have to use other programs.

171









teqnologiuri parkebi da `biznes-saTburebi~ _mecnierebis warmoebasTan Serwymis Tanamedrove formebi

luara gvajaia

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

inovaciuri saqmianoba, teqnologiuri parki, mecniereba, mcire biznesi, “biznes-saTburi”, saxelmwifo, kvleviTi proeqti

Tanamedrove etapze qveynis winaSe

mdgari ekonomikuri amocanebis gadaw-

yveta mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli

sa in Jinro-teqnikuri da samecniero po-

tencialis racionalurad gamoyenebaze,

sainovacio-teqnologiuri saqmianobis

mkveT rad gaumjobesebaze; sabazro ekonomi-

kis pi robebSi swored es warmoadgens qveynis

eko nomikuri ganviTarebis, axali teqnolo-

giebis SemuSavebis, maTi komercializaciis

aqtiur faqtors.

dRes msoflio praqtikaSi ekonomi-

kis ganviTarebis sainovacio reJimze

gadayvanis mdidari gamocdileba arse-

bobs. am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa aSS-

is, iaponiis, CineTis, israelis da sxvaTa

gamocdilebebi, sadac sainovacio saqmian-

obis stimulireba qveynis umniSvnelovanes

prioritets da mimarTulebas warmoadgens.

pirveli samecniero parkebi warmoiSva

jer kidev me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi,

misi swrafi zrda daiwyo 80-iani wlebidan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi umravlesoba maRal-

ganviTarebul qveynebSi funqcionirebs,

vinaidan maTi Seqmna da Semdgomi qmedi-

Tunarianoba seriozul subsidirebasa da

sxva saxis saxelmwifo dafinansebasTan

aris dakavSirebuli. aseve sayuradReboa,

rom “axal industriul qve ynebSi” am tipis

zonebi yalibdeba saeqsporto sawarmoo

zonebis sainovacio centrebad, mravlad

iqmneba samrewvelo-teqnologiuri parkebi

aRmosavleT evropis gardamavali ekonomi-

kis qveynebSi. ase magaliTad, ungreTSi, 21-e

saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ukve moqmedebda

160 samrewvelo parki, sadac ganlagebuli

iyo 1000-mde sawarmo momuSaveTa raoden-

obiT - 110 aTasi kaci. uSvebdnen axali

teqnologiebiT damzadebul saeqsporto

produqcias (80%-mde), rac mTeli qveynis

samrewvelo eqsportis 40%-s Seadgenda.

amJamad msoflioSi farTodaa gavrcele-

buli samecniero-teqnologiuri parkebi,

romlebic samuSaoebs asruleben mcire da

saSualo biznesis moTxovnebis gaTval-

iswinebiT. aseTi parkebi axorcieleben

samecniero-eqsperimentul transferebs,

moqmedeben umetes wilad gamoyene-

biTi-kvleviTi samuSaoebis stadiidan ax-

ali produqtis sacdel-eqsperimentuli


172



partiis warmoebis an axali teqnologiebis

damuSavebis stadiamde. parkis kompaniebi

gamoscemen teqnikur dokumentacias da

amzadeben produqts (teqnologias) war-

moebaSi asaTviseblad. am saqmeSi arsebobs

paritetuli mxardaWera saxelmwifos da

biznesis mxridan.

inovaciuri procesebis msoflio

tendenciis Sesabamisad ganviTarebul

qveynebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli e.w. in-

dustriuli anu teqnologiuri parkebi,

isini warmoadgenen mecnierebis warmoe-

basTan Serwymis axal efeqtur formas da

xels uwyoben qveyanaSi mcire da saSualo

biznesis ganviTarebas. teqnologiuri

parki axorcielebs momgebian eqsperi-

mentul-sawarmoo transfers, moqmedebs

upiratesad sacdel-sakonstruqtoro da

eqsperimentuli samuSaoebis stadiidan

axali produqtis (axali teqnologiis)

aTvisebis sruli warmoebis organiza-

ciamde, romelsac TiTqmis garantirebuli

moTxovna gaaCnia bazarze. teqnologiuri

parkis kompaniebi realizebas ukeTeben

teqnikur dokumentacias (“nouhau”), awar-

moeben mcire partiebiT axal produqts da

monawileoben sawarmoebSi mis seriul war-

moebaSi. teqnoparkebis funqcionirebaSi

gamokveTilia biznesis mxardaWeris mTav-

ari roli.

rogorc cnobilia, mimdinare garda-

maval periodSi saqarTvelos raime wi nsvla,

warmateba qveynis inovaciuri ga nvi Tarebis

kuTxiT ar hqonia, samecniero-teqnikuri

ganviTareba mkveTrad daqveiTebulia. erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani ram, rac am mimarTule-

biT ganxorcielda, is aris, rom saqarTvelos

ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis sa-

ministros ssip inovaciebisa da teqno-

logiebis saagentom m/wels saqarTveloSi

(oqroyanaSi) pirveli teqnologiuri parkis

mSenebloba daasrula da moxda teqnopar-

kis gaxsnis prezentacia. teqnoparki qmnis

erTian ekosistemas inovaciebisa da teqno-

logiebis mimarTulebiT da xels uwyobs

inovaciuri ideebis ganviTarebas. es aris

unikaluri SesaZleblobebis sivrce, pro-

gresuli svlis saSualeba, momavlis pro-

fesiebis formirebis adgili da inovaciuri

bazris gafarToebis platforma. teqno-

logiur parks SeuZlia damwyeb da patara

kompaniebs SesTavazos iseTi resursebi,

romlebic maTTvis aqamde Znelad misawv-

domi iyo. man gansakuTrebuli roli unda

iTamaSos axali biznesisa da axali kompan-

iebis Seqmnis saqmeSi, arsebuli biznesis

Semdgom ganviTarebaSi, inovaciebis komer-

cializaciasa da maRal anazRaurebadi

samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresod da mniS-

vnelovnad migvaCnia israelis saxelm wifos

gamocdileba mcire biznesis inovaciuri

saqmianobis stimulirebisaTvis e. w.

“inkubatorebis” anu “biznes-saTburebis”

dafuZnebis Taobaze. es saqmianobis gan-

sakuTrebuli formebia, romlebic war-

moadgenen mcire kvleviT koleqtivebs da

gaaCniaT aucilebeli infrastruqtura,

sakvlevi saSualebebi da sacdel-daner-

gviTi danadgarebi inovaciuri proeqtis

minimaluri danaxarjebiT ganxorcielebisa-

Tvis. am saqmeSi iyeneben mecnierebisa da

specialistebis codnas da gamocdilebas

qveynis teqnologiuri da industriuli in-

frastruqturis ganmtkicebaSi da axdenen

maT integracias samecniero-teqnikur

sferoSi. biznes-saTburebis muSaoba Sedis

qveynis erovnul programaSi da xorcieldeba

israelis mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis samin-

istros mTavari mecnieris ganyofilebis

xelmZRvanelobiTa da mxardaWeriT.

saTburebis dafuZnebis progra-

mis ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1991 wl-

idan da dReisaTvis am gziT israelma

mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. pro-

gramis mizania damwyebi mewarmeebis mx-

ardaWera axali teqnikuri gadawyvetebis

sawyis etapzeve, daxmarebis gaweva maTi sas-

aqonlo produqtamde misayvanad da aRniS-

nuli produqtis komerciul safuZvelze

dasayeneblad. es biznesis yvelaze sarisko

stadiaa, amitom saxelmwifo, romelsac ar

surs dakargos kargi ideebi, programis

meSveobiT iRebs Tavis Tavze im risks, ro-

melsac komerciuli investorebi ver iReben

da afinansebs damuSavebis am kritikul

etaps.

173

teqnologiuri saTburebis meSve-

obiT programa sTavazobs proeqtis ini-

ciatorebs finansirebas, profesionalur,

samarTlebriv, administraciul xelmZR-

vanelobas, samuSao adgilebs, danadgarebs,

e.i. yvelafers imisaTvis, rom saTburSi

yofnis periodSi maT SeZlon teqnikuri

gadawyvetis gardaqmna sicocxlisunarian

produqtad, romelic gamoirCeva siaxliT,

upiratesobebiT da moTxovnadi iqneba saer-

TaSoriso bazrisaTvis.

teqnologiuri saTburi warmoadgens

damoukidebel iuridiul pirs, romelic,

rogorc wesi, registrirebulia aramo-

mgebian organizaciad. xelmZRvanelo-

bas axorcielebs saTburis direqtori,

xelmZRvaneli komiteti da proeqtebis

komiteti, maTSi gaerTianebulia maRali

donis profesionalebi mrewvelobis,

biznesis da mecnierebis sferodan. eseni

arian msxvili samrewvelo organizaciebis

xelmZRvanelebi, profesorebi, samecni-

ero-kvleviTi institutebis ganyofile-

baTa ufrosebi, sazogadoebrivi muSakebi,

muSaoben nebayoflobiT sawyisebze, en-

Tuziazmze. TavianTi udidesi gamocdile-

biT, kavSirebiT didi wvlili SeaqvT axali,

Tanamedrove tipis sawarmos dabadebasa da

funqcionirebaSi.

teqnologiuri saTburebis struqtura

saSualebas iZleva erTdroulad Ses-

ruldes 10-15 kvleviTi proeqti. igi

aRWurvilia proeqtis Sesasruleblad

saWiro yvela saSualebiT da, rac mTavaria,

saxelmwifo aZlevs maT finansirebisaTvis

Tavisi operatiuli biujetis mniSvnelovan

nawils saTburSi yofnis mTeli drois gan-

mavlobaSi. saTburebis ZiriTadi mizania,

daexmaros mewarmeebs maTi ideebis, pro-

eqtebis warmatebiT damTavrebaSi, raTa

isini gadaiqcnen komerciulad real-

izebad, sicocxlisunarian sawarmoebad.

kerZod, es daxmareba warmoebs iseTi mi-

marTulebebiT, rogoricaa: gamokvlevebis

Catareba ideis teqnologiur aRwarmoe-

baze, saproeqto produqciis gasaRebis

bazrebis moZieba, proqtze samuSaod muSa-

jgufis SerCeva-daqiraveba, swa vleba,

profesiuli da administraciuli xelmZR-

vaneloba, iuridiuli momsaxureoba, buR-

altruli aRricxvianoba, sainvesticio

kapitalis moZieba, produqciis realiza-

cia, marketingi.

saTburSi yofnis dro daaxloebiT

ori welia. am periodSi mewarmem Tavisi

teqnikuri gadawyveta unda miiyvanos sta-

diamde, rodesac proeqti gansazRvrulia

da naCvenebia misi teqnikuri aRwarmoeba

da bazris moTxovnileba, gaformebuli

unda iyos biznes-gegma. erTi sityviT, pro-

eqti mzad unda iyos kapitaldabandebisa-

Tvis, rac uzrunvelyofs mis komerciul

safuZvelze dayenebas da strategiul

partniorTan TanamSromlobas. aRsaniSnavia,

rom ori wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo bi-

ujetidan dotacia Seadgens damtkicebuli

samecniero-teqnikuri damuSavebis Rire-

bulebis 85%-s. aseve saxelmwifo calke

gamoyofs dotacias saTburebis marTvisa-

Tvis: saTburis direqtoris xelfasis,

mimdinare xarjebis, proeqtis SerCeva-Se-

mowmebis da sxva organizaciuli xarjebisa-

Tvis. ori wlis gasvlis Semdeg mewarmeebma

unda SeZlon damoukideblad muSaobis

gagrZeleba, maT SeuZliaT mimarTon gan-

viTarebis programebis mxardaWerisa da

TanamSromlobis nebismier standartul

saxeobas, rasac awarmoebs saxelmwifo da,

ra Tqma unda, sagareo investiciebs.

garda amisa, arsebobs arasamTavrobo

mxardaWerac. ebrauli saagento («soxnuti»)

CarTulia saTburis muSaobaSi misi Seqm-

nis momentidan, debs saxsrebs Senobis,

danadgarebis asanazRaureblad, agreTve

saTburis administraciuli saqmianobis gan-

viTarebisaTvis. aseve am mxriv aRsaniSnavia

sazRvargareTuli ebrauli Temebis monaw-

ileoba, isini pirdapir kavSirebs amyareben

samzrunvelo saTburebTan, exmarebian maT

rogorc rCevebiT, ise sazRvargareTul

organizaciebTan profesiuli da saqmiani

kavSirebis damyarebaSi.

dasasrul, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

israelis saxelmwifos zemoT ganxiluli

gamocdileba uaRresad saintereso da

yuradsaRebi unda iyos Cveni qveynisTvisac,

misi danergva uTuod xels Seuwyobs

gamouyenebeli samecniero-teqnikuri po-

l. gvajaia


174



tencialis amoqmedebas da mis Cayenebas

qveynis ekonomikis gaZlierebis samsaxurSi,

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis

saqmeSi. Cveni azriT, am meTodis gamoyeneba

savsebiT SesaZlebelia farTo moxmarebis

saqonlis (msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis

produqcia) gamoSvebis uzrunvelsayofad.

aseTi “saTburebis” ganTavseba SesaZlebeli

iqneba saqarTveloSi axladgaxsnili teqno-

logiuri parkis teritoriaze.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. abralava, ა., gvajaia, ლ., quTaTelaZe, რ.

(2015). sainovacio menejmenti. saxelmZRva-

nelo. Tbilisi.

2. gvajaia, l. (2014). inovaciuri in-

frastruqturis Tanamedrove organ-

izaciuli formebi. J. “socialuri

ekonomika”.#5.

3. galaxvariZe, n., zarginava, n., baraTaSvili,

ე. (2015). inovaciaTa menejmenti. Tbilisi.

4. Медынский, В. (2008). Инновационный менед-

жмент. Москва.

Technologic Parks and “Business Incubators” – The Mod ern Forms of Merging of Science and

Entrepreneurship

Luara GvajaiaDoctor of Economics,Associate Professor of Georgian Technic Univercity

Key words:INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES, TECHNOLOGIC PARK, SCIENCE, SMALL BUSINESS, “BUSINESS INCUBATOR”, STATE, RESEARCH PROJECT

Summary

The author considers a rich international experience in transformation of economy to the innovative mode. The problem of technologic parks of developed countries are considered, as an example of distribution of new and effi cient form of merging of science and entrepreneurship.

Signifi cant part of the article is related to experience of Jewish state in stimulation of innovative activities of small and middle-scale businesses, as well as state’s role and support for establishment of so-called “business incubators”. The process of establishment of “business incubators” and their particular activities are described.

MMMMPPP

175









saqarTvelos saavtomobilo transportis saqmianobis (gadazidva-gadayvanis) marTvis efeqtianobis maTematikuri modelis damuSaveba da Sefaseba

ia goderZiSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასისტენტ-პროფესორი

darejan biwaZe

მათემატიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

saqarTvelos saavtomobilo transporti, gadaziduli tvirTebi, gadayvanili mgzavrebi

saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropa-aziis

gasayarze da mis teritorias odiTganve

didi mniSvneloba hqonda satransporto

gzebis arsebobisTvis. igi aris umoklesi

gza, romelic akaSirebs aRmosavleT ev-

ropas aziasTan. swored saqarTvelo, ro-

gorc msoflio satransporto sistemis

Semadgeneli nawili, gadaiqca saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebis

metad saWiro qveynad. unda aRiniSnos, rom

savtomoblo transportis maCveneblebi

maRali ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT xasi-

aTdeba. 2003-2012 wlebSi saqarTvelos

saavtomobilo transportiT gadazid-

uli tvirTebis da gadayvanili mgzavrebis

raodenoba mocemulia cxrilSi.

№ wlebi

saavtomobilo transportiT

gadaziduli tvirTebis

raodenoba (aTasi tona)

saavtomobilo transportiT

gadayvanili mgzavrebis

raodenoba

(mln. kaci)

1 2003 24500,0 257,0

2 2004 25700,0 260,0

3 2005 26959,3 263,1

4 2006 27261,3 285,7

5 2007 27561,2 293,5

6 2008 27864,4 301,4

7 2009 28170,9 309,5

8 2010 28480,8 317,9

9 2011 28794,1 326,5

10 2012 29110,8 335,3

cxrili

2003-2012 wlebSi saavtomobilo transportiT gadaziduli tvirTebis

da gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba


176



gadaziduli tvirTebis da gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi

№ faqtorebi 2003 w. 2004 w. 2005 w. 2006 w. 2007 w. 2008 w. 2009 w. 2010 w. 2011 w. 2012 w.

1 saavtomobilo transportis

tivrTbrunva (mln. t.km)562,0 570,0 578,0 586,1 594,3 602,6 611,1 619,7 628,4 673,3

2 saavtomobilo transpor-

tiT gadatanili tona tvir-

Tis saSualo manZili (km)

23 22 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22

3 mgzavrTbrunva (mln. mgz. km) 5150,0 5200,0 5252,0 5269,2 5416,7 5568,4 5724,3 5884,6 6049,4 6218,8

4 erTi mgzavris gadayvanis

saSualo manZili saavto-

mobilo transportis

mixedviT (km)

20,0 20,0 20,0 18,4 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5

5 mTliani Sida produqti

(mln.l)9065,4 9824,3 11620,9 13789,9 16993,8 19074,9 17986,0 20743,4 24344,0 26167,3

6 mTliani Sida produqti

erT sulze (mimd. fas) lari2087,5 2276,7 2689,1 3133,1 3866,9 4352,9 4101,3 4675,7 5447,1 5818,1

7 mTliani erovnuli

Semosavali (milioni lari)9884,5 10004,9 11791,7 14102,4 17060,5 18930,2 17789,5 20102,8 23631,7 29925,6

8 pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi (mln. aSS

dolari)

401,5 438,3 449,8 1190 2014,8 1564,0 658,4 814,5 1117,2 911,6

9 saS. Tviuri nominali xel-

fasi (lari)148,0 156,6 204,2 277,9 368,1 534,9 556,8 597,6 636,0 712,5

10 ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba (aTasi kaci)2050,4 2041,0 2023,9 2021,8 1965,3 1917,8 1991,8 1944,9 1959,3 2029,1

11 mosaxleobis ricxovnoba

1 ianvrisaTvis (aTasi kaci)4342,6 4315,2 4321,5 4401,3 4394,7 4382,1 4385,4 4436,4 4469,2 4497,6

12 samomxmareblo fasebis

indeqsi (inflacia)104,8 105,7 108,2 109,2 109,2 110,0 101,7 107,1 108,5

99,1

13 biznes seqtorSi fiqsireb-

uli aqtivebi (mln. lari)4863,2 4942,8 5415,1 6040,5 7935,9 9257,1 12025,8 13386,1 15538,7 18625,8

14 resursebi transportSi

(mimdinare fasi l.)1271,3 1387,1 1453,1 1672,1 1889,5 1811,2 1922,4 2351,9 2619,6 2792,0

15 dasaqmebulTa saS. wliuri

ricxovnoba transportis da

kavSirgab. mix. (aTasi kaci)

40,1 41,3 42,5 45,4 49,6 50,3 51,4 50,4 51,3 55,1

16 brunvis moculoba trans-

portis da kavSirgabmulo-

bis mixedviT (mln lari)

1993,5 2006,5 2135,0 2442,0 2766,4 3004,7 2558,1 3313,6 4045,8 4519,1

17 gamoSvebuli produqciis

moculoba transportsa da

kaSvirgabmulobaSi (mln. l)

1478,8 1585,4 1724,5 1806,7 1936,2 2043,6 2016,5 2388,0 2770,2 3170,3

18 damatebuli Rirebulebis

moculoba transp. da kavS.

sferoSi (mln. lari)

680,6 783,6 896,1 1129,0 1157,6 1204,3 1215,3 1393,3 1610,8 1880,4

19 ZiriTadi aqtivebi trans-

portsa da kaSvirgabmu-

lobaSi (mln. lari)

1520,3 1632,6 1759,8 2289,4 3036,3 3084,1 4395,3 4580,5 5230,9 5594,8

20 transportsa da kav-

Sirgabmulobis sferoSi

investiciebi ZiriTad

kapitalSi (mln. lari)

724,3 853,8 900,0 965,9 1057,8 1039,7 266,1 450,8 245,9 348,6

21 eqsporti (aTasi aSS

dolari)644902 646903 865454 936172 1232371 1495345 1133622 1677472 2189136 2377455

22 importi (aTasi aSS

dolari)1785441 1845555 2489953 3677745 5214883 6301540 4500244 5257122 7057760 7842109

gadaziduli tvirTebis da gadayvanili

mgzavrebis raodenobis cvlilebaze

moqmedebs avtosatransporto kompaniis ro-

gorc Sida, ise gare faqtorebi. maT Soris

kavSirurTierTobis gansazRvrisTvis Cven

gamoviyenebT korelaciur-regresiuli an-

alizis meTods, mis safuZvelze vaCvenebT

kavSiris formebs da raodenobriv daxasi-

aTebas mravalfaqtoriani regresiis mod-

elis gamoyenebiTa da kavSiris simWidrovis

xarisxis maCvenebelTa daxmarebiT.

analizis Casatareblad moviZieT sta-

tistikuri masalebi 10 welze 22 faqtoris

mixedviT.

korelacia asaxavs kavSiris formas,

regresia ki kavSiris formis gamomsaxveli

gantolebaa.

maTematikuri modeli gamoisaxeba Sem-

degnairad:

y = f (xi)sadac y funqciaa, xi - romelime i argu-

menti.

177

Catarebul kvlevaSi aviReT gadazid-

uli tvirTebis raodenoba maTematikuri

modelis miznis funqciad da aRvniSneT y1-iT da masze moqmedi faqtorebi argumente-

bad, romlebic aRvniSneT x1; x2; x3......x22.aseve aviReT maTematikuri modelis

miznis funqciad gadayvanili mgzavrebis

raodenoba, romelic avRniSneT y2-iT da

masze moqmedi faqtorebi argumentebad,

romlebic aRvniSneT x1; x2; x3......x22.miznis funqciisa da faqtorebs Soris

kavSiris simWidrovis dasadgenad gamoi-

yeneba korelaciis koeficienti. y1 funqciisa

da x1 argumentis korelaciis koeficienti

aRvniSneT R1-თ, Sesabamisad, y1 funqciisa da x2 argumentis korelaciis koeficienti R2-თ da a.S. Catarebuli gamoTvlis Semdeg vi-

angariSeT R1; R2; R3..... R22.statistikur gamoTvlebSi, rac ufro

ukavSirdeba korelaciis mniSvneloba

1-s, miT ufro Zlieria damokidebuleba

cvladebs Soris. agreTve, gamoTvlebSi

korelaciis koeficientis mniSvneloba Tu

aRemateba 0,5-s, maSin miznis funqciasa da

faqtors Soris arsebobs kavSiri, xolo masze

naklebi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi kavSiri

umniSvneloa da Semdgom gamoTvlebSi aseTi

faqtorebi ar gaiTvaliswineba.

gazomvis raodenobrivi donis koe-

ficientebs Soris intensiurad iyeneben

„pirsonis“ koeficientebs, romlis meSve-

obiTac mowmdeba statistikuri hipoTeza

generalur erTobliobaSi or cvlads

Soris wrfivi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

rodesac „pirsonis“ koeficienti iRebs

zRvrul mniSvnelobas, (-1 an 1), iTvleba,

rom or cvlads Soris wrfivi funqciuri

damokidebulebaa. am SemTxvevaSi korela-

ciis koeficienti (R) or x da y-s Soris (Rxy) gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac M maTematikuri lodinia.

n Cveni SemTxvevisTvis statistikur mon-

acemTa ricxvia, xi - periodisTvis monacemebis

sidide, R - cdomilebis albaToba.

koeficientis dadebiTi mniSvneloba

or cvlads Soris pirdapirproporciuli

damokidebulebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs,

xolo uaryofiTi mniSvneloba ukupropor-

ciuli damokidebulebis arsebobaze.

Catarebul kvlevaSi mocemuli gvqonda

gadaziduli tvirTebis moculobis cv-

lileba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

y1 funqciisa da x1 argumentis korela-

ciis koeficienti avRniSneT R1-T, Sesabam-

isad, y1 funqciisa da x2 argumentis

korelaciis koeficienti R2-T da a.S.

Catarebuli gamoTvlis Semdeg viangariSeT

R1; R2; R3..... R22.

gaangariSebuli korelaciis koeficien-

tebidan SevarCieT:

R1=0,870377; R3=0,86686; R5=0,922635;R6=0,926709; R7=0,878134; R9=0,910914;R14=0,88378; R15=0,930814; R18=0,914013;R22=0,88817. am koeficientebis mixedviT, y1 fun-

qciaze _ mocemul cxrilSi gadaziduli

tvirTebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtore-

bidan aTi wlis monacemebis mixedviT, Sevar-

CieT aTi faqtori: 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 14; 15; 18; 22.

mocemuli gvqonda agreTve gadayvanili

mgzavrebis raodenobis cvlileba 10 wlis

ganmavlobaSi. y2 funqciis da x1 argumentis

korelaciis koeficienti aRvniSneT R1-T da

Sesabamisad, y2 da x2-is korelaciis koefi-

cienti R2 da a.S. Catarebuli gamoTvlebiT

viangariSeT R1, R2, R3, ..., R22.

gaangariSebuli korelaciis koeficien-

tebidan Cvens SemTxvevaSi SevarCieT:

R3=0,958986; R5=0,982394; R6=0,982669;R7=0,953283; R9= 0,982292; R13=0,954283;R14= 0,960867; R15=0,955347; R18=0,962066;R22= 0,939835.am koeficientebis mixedviT, y2-funq-

ciaze gadayvanil mgzavrebis raodenobaze

moqmedi faqtorebidan aTi wlis monace-

mebis mixedviT SevarCieT aTi faqtori: 3; 5;

6; 7; 9; 13; 14; 15; 18; 22.

maTematikuri modelirebisTvis saWiroa

dazustdes damokidebulebis wesi funq-

ciasa da maTze moqmed faqtorebs Soris.

praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba hiperbola, para-

i. goderZiSvili, d. biwaZe


178



bola da wrfivi damokidebuleba.

ramdenadac funqciaze moqmedi faq-

torebi Cvens SemTxvevaSi simravliT gam-

oirCeva, mizanSewonilia, avirCioT wrfivi

damokidebuleba, anu funqcias eqneba saxe:

y=a1x1+a2x2+.....a10x10

korelaciuri kavSiris gansazRvris Sem-

deg maTematikuri modelisaTvis CavatareT

gamoTvlebi. gantolebaTa sistema amovx-

seniT „krameris“ meTodiT.

Seswavlili maCveneblebis mixedviT y1

funqciis mixedviT pirvel gantolebaTa

sistemis amonaxsni Semdegia:

mocemuli marTvis sistemis gadaw-

yvetilebas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

x1=118,6056458; x2=-8,432797323; x3=2,958619345; x4=-3,574842381;x5= -0,776950278; x6= -6,337316812; x7= -4,8701984; x8=1,544746151; x9=-0,918593775; x10= -0,001519865.

Sesaswavli maCveneblebis mixedviT, y2

funqciis mixedviT meore gantolebaTa sis-

temis amonaxsni Semdegia:

mocemuli marTvis sistemis gadaw-

yvetilebas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

x1= 0,030727686; x2= 0,061934919; x3= -0,26811071; x4=-0,003729891; x5= 0,073879707; x6= -0,002708699; x7= -0,008817877; x8=3,344335438; x9=0,022242641; x10=-0,0000109.

maTematikuri modeli saavtomobilo

transportis mier gadaziduli tvirTebis

raodenobisTvis iqneba:

y1=118,61x1-8,43x2+2,96x3-3,57x4-0,78x5-6,34x6-4,87x7+1,54x8-0,92x9-0,00x10

xolo maTematikuri modeli saavto-

mobilo transportis mier gadayvanili mg-

zavrebis raodenobisaTvis iqneba:

y2=0,03x1+0,06x2-0,27x3-0,00x4+0,07x5-0,00x6-0,01x7+3,34x8+0,02x9-0,00x10

sadac y1 aris gadaziduli tvirTebis

raodenoba, y2 ki gadayvanili mgzavrebis

raodenoba.

gadaziduli tvirTebis raoden-

obis modeli saSualebas gvaZlevs davas-

kvnaT, rom saavtomobilo transportis

mier gadaziduli tvirTebis moculobaze

dadebiT gavlenas axdens: x1, x3 da x8 faqtori.

yvelaze met gavlenas axdens saavtomobilo

transportis tvirTbrunva, romlis gazrda

gadaziduli tvirTebis raodenobas gazrdis

118 aTasi toniT.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve x3 - faqtori _ mT-

liani Sida produqtis moculobis zrda,

romlis erTi milioni lariT gazrda,

gadaziduli tvirTebis raodenobas mk-

veTrad gazrdis.

zemoT aRniSnuli orive faqtori metad

sainteresoa.

xolo rac Seexeba danarCeni faqtorebis

uaryofiT maCveneblebs, igi miuTiTebs qvey-

anaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb.

gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobis

modeli ki saSualebas gvaZlevs CamovTvaloT

is x1, x2, x5, x8, x9-faqtorebi, romlebic

dadebiT gavlenas axdenen gadayvanili mg-

zavrebis raodenobaze, romelTagan aRsan-

iSnavia x8-faqtori, dasaqmebulTa saSualo

wliuri ricxovnoba transportsa da

kavSirgabmulobaSi, romlis aTasi kaciT

gazrda gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobas

sagrZnoblad gazrdis. gasaTvaliswinebelia

danarCeni uaryofiTi faqtorebi, romelTa

moqmedebis SesustebisaTvis unda daisaxos

konkretuli RonisZiebebi.

amgvarad, am ori miznis funqciis an-

alizma saSualeba mogvca davaskvnaT, rom

saavtomobilo transportiT ganxorciele-

buli tvirTTa gadazidvebis da mgzavrTa

gadayvanis moculobebis dagegmvisas me-

nejmentis mier aucileblad unda iqnas

gaTvaliswinebuli is faqtorebi, romlebic

xels Seuwyoben gadazidva-gadayvanebis mo-

culobebis zrdas. amave dros, gaizomos da

Sefasdes uaryofiTi faqtorebis gavlena

da daisaxos konkretuli RonisZiebebi maTi

moqmedebis SesustebisaTvis.

179

1. Леонтьев, Н. А. (1966). Техника статистических

вычислений. М.:Лесная промышленность.

2. gabiZaSvili, b. (1994). statistikis zogadi

Teoria. Tbilisi..

3. http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_fi les/

yearbook/Statistical%20Yearbook%20Geor-

gia2009.pdf 15.02.2012w.


yearbook/Statistical%20Yearbook_2010.pdf

10.06.2012


yearbook/Yearbook_Geo_2011.pdf 09.09.2012

6. http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_

files/yearbook/Yearbook_Georgia_2012.pdf

12.02.2013


yearbook/Yearbook_Geo_2013.pdf 17.01.2014

Elaboration and Assessment of Mathematical Model of Effi cient Management of Activity (Conveyance)

of Automonile Transport of Georgia

Ia GoderdzishviliDoctor of Economics,European Teaching University Assistant Professor

Darejan BitsadzeDoctor of Mathematics,European Teaching University Professor

Key words:THE MOTOR TRANSPORT, CARGO, PASSENGERS

Summary

Considered analysis of double-purpose function gives us a possibility to make conclusion that during plan-ning of volumes of cargo transportation and passenger carriage carried out by automobile transport the man-agement has necessarily to take into account the factors which will promote the transportation volume growth. At the same time it is necessary to measure and assess the eff ect of negative factors and to set out specifi c measures on mitigation of their action.


i. goderZiSvili, d. biwaZe


180











organizaciul sistemebze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi da modelis damuSaveba regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis magaliTze

mzia kiknaZe

ტექნიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

zurab gasitaSvili

ტექნიკურ მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი,საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

lili petriaSvili

ტექნიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

organizaciuli sistema, faqtoruli analizi, regionis mdgradi ganviTareba

organizaciul sistemebSi marTvis pro-

cesSi iqmneba gadawyvetilebis miRebis au-

cilebloba, aseT sistemebSi situaciis

ganviTarebis kanonebi da kanonzomierebebi

aRiwereba xarisxobrivad. maTSi iqmneba

situaciebi, sadac situaciebis ganviTarebis

dinamika ar eqvemdebareba kanonzomierebebs.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monaw-

ileoben eqspertebi da analitikosebi. isini

gadadawyvetilebis miRebisTvis eyrdnobian

sakuTar gamocdilebas da intuicias.

organizaciuli sistemis Seqmnis, gan-

viTarebis da realizaciisTvis mniSvnelovan

etaps warmoadgens daproeqtebis win misi

analizi da modelireba. Tanamedrove did

masStabiani rTuli sistemebis ganviTarebam

gamoiwvia maTi modelirebis meTodolo-

giisadmi didi interesi. masSi igulisxmeba

sistemis modelis ageba da analizi.

rTuli organizaciuli sistemebis anal-

izisas SeiZleba CamovayaliboT im miznebisa

da faqtorebis simravle, romelic dgas

sistemis winaSe.

sistemis miznebis optimaluri nakrebis

arCeva da sistemis funqcionirebis miRwevis

informaciuli teqnologia Sedgeba ram-

denime etapisagan:

sistemis miznis struqturireba. rac

niSnavs, rom gamoiyofa sistemis funq-

cionirebis mTavari anu globaluri mizani.

mas mieniWeba nulovani done, romlis dekom-

pozireba xdeba qvemiznebad.

181

mTavari mizani (romelic gaxlavT

glo baluri mizani) regionis mdgradi gan-

viTareba, romelic avRniSnoT - C0 da ro-

melsac mivaniWebT nulovan dones. Semdeg

anu pirvel doneze movaxdinoT am miznis

dekompozicia C1, C2, C3 da C4 qvemiznebad,

meore donis qvemiznebi iyofa (C11, C12, ..., C21, ... C31, ...) qvemiznebad. cxrili 1-Si moyvanilia

regionis mdgradi ganviTarebze moqmedi

faqtorebis _ miznebis da misi qvemiznebis

mniSvnelobebis (nawili).

aRniSnuli miznebis da qvemiznebis

miznis xes eqneba saxe (nax.2).

nax.2 miznebis da qvemiznebis miznis xe

sistemis miznisTvis wonis miniWeba.

miznis ranJirebisaTvis TiToeuli maT-

ganis Sefaseba xdeba ricxviTi sididiT

- maTi „wonebiT“, romlebsac eqsperti

an eqspertTa jgufi ganaTavsebs da

niSnavs. aseTi Sefaseba subieqturia.

mizani teqsturi winadadebiT aRiwereba

da SesaZlebelia moicavdes ricxobriv

maCvenebelsac. am meTods ewodeba ierar-

qiis analizis meTodi,

miznebis urTierTqmedebis Sefase-

bisTvis (xeze wveroebis wonebis Semo-

saRebad) imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad

mniSvnelovania mizani eqspertTan

SeTanxmebiT SemoviRoT Sefasebis qulebi. Ci da Cj miznebis urTierTqmedebis Zala

SevafasoT sityvieri (lingvisturi) fo-

r mulirebiT da gamovxatoT raodeno-

brivad [1-10] intervalSi.

miznis xis yoveli fragmentisTvis

dawyebuli nulidan SevadginoT kvad-

ratuli matrica R=||rĳ ||.matricis svetebi Seesabameba xis

wveroebs. marcxena svetSi sul zeda

ujraSi mocemulia Zireuli wveros wona (C0 globaluri miznisTvis wona W0=1). Ci striqonis da Cj svetis gadakveTaze

eTiTeba rĳ -is mniSvneloba, es mniSvneloba

tolia 1-is Tu Ci=Cj. Tu Ci ufro

mniSvnelovania vidre Cj maSin eTiTeba bĳ ,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tu Ci naklebad

mniSvnelovania vidre Cj da eTiTeba 1/ bĳ .

gamoyoT zemodan qvemoT ordoniani

fragmentebi, romlebic Sedgeba Zireuli

აღნიშვნა მნიშვნელობა

C0 რეგიონის მდგრადი განვითარება

C1 სოციალური ინდიკატორი სოციალური ინდიკატორი

C11 სიღარიბესთან ბრძოლა (%)

C12 დემოგრაფიული დინამიკა (%)

C13

განათლების, კადრების მომზადების და საზოგადოების ინფორ მაციუ ლო-ბისთვის ხელშეწყობა (%)

C14 მოსახლეობის ჯამრთელობის დაცვა (%)

C15 მოსახლეობის მდგრადი განვითარების ხელშეწყობა (%)

C2 ეკონომიკური ინდიკატორიეკონომიკური ინდიკატორი

C3 ეკოლოგიური ინდიკატორიეკოლოგიური ინდიკატორი

C4 ორგანიზაციული ინდექსიორგანიზაციული ინდექსი

cxrili 1

m. kiknaZe, z. gasitaSvili, l. petriaSvili


182



wverosgan da am wveros incindenturi

wveroebisgan. im fragments, romelSic

Sedis xis Zireuli wvero mivaniWoT

nulovani rangi. am fragmentis qveda

donis wveroebi warmoadgenen Zireuls

pirveli rangis wveroebisTvis.

nulovani rangi aqvs miznis xidan frag-

ments (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4). pirveli rangi aqvs

miznis xidan fragmentebs: (C1, C12, C13, C14, C15), (C2, C21, C22, C23), (C3, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35), da.a.S.

ganxilul magaliTSi 0-vani fragmentis

Sesabamis gantolebaTa sistemebs aqvs saxe

am gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsni Sede-

gad miiReba C1, C2, C3, C4 miznebisaTvis miznis

wonebi.

aseTi gantolebaTa sistemebi dgeba

sxva fragmentebisTvisac pirveli rangis

fragmentisTvis (C1, C12, C13, C14, C15) da a.S.

gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis Sedegad

miiReba C11, C12, C13, C14, C15 miznebisaTvis

miznis wonebi.

sistemis lokaluri miznebis minim-

izeba. radgan martivi miznebi da faqtorebi

SeiZleba Zalze bevri gaxldeT, saWiroa,

Catardes yvelaze mniSvnelovani miznebisa

da faqtorebis ricxobrivi Sefasebebi da

ranJireba, raTa moxdes yvelaze efeqturis

(miznis da faqtoris) SerCeva. lokaluri

miznebis urTierTdamokidebulebis kog-

nituri rukis Sesadgenad unda iyos

gaTvaliswinebuli, rom cxrilSi svetebi

nax.3 kognituri rukis fragmenti

183

da striqonebi Seesabamebian lokalur

miznebs. analizis Sedegad da eqsper-

tebTan SeTanxmebiT miRebul kognitur

ruka, romelsac mocemuli fragmentisa-

Tvis aqvs saxe (nax.3)

kognitur rukaze miznebis Soris

urTierTgavlenis dasadgenad Semogvaqvs

ricxobrivi maCveneblebi - globaluri (C0) da lokaluri miznebis (Cj) miRwevadobis

xarisxi, romelsac ganxiluli nulovani

rangis miznis xis fragmentisaTvis aqvs saxe:

aRniSnuli gamoTvlebis Sesrulebis

Semdeg J(C0)=3,501

miznis qvesimravleebis miRwevis xar-

isxi, maTi urTierTgavlenis gaTvaliswine-

biT gamoisaxeba formuliT;

J(C*) maqsimaluri dasaSvebi mniSvneloba

avRniSnoT Δ. da is ganxilul SemTxvevaSi

tolia 0.2101minimizaciis amocana CamovayaliboT

Semdegnairad unda vipovoT C* C, ise rom

erTdroulad Sesruldes Semdegi pirobebi

aRniSnuli gaTvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT

miviRebT lokaluri miznebis minimizebis

Sedegs E={b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8}, rac niSnavs

rom 150-ze meti faqtoridan SerCeuli

iqneba ufro mniSvnelovnebi, anu isini, rom-

lebic met gavlenas axdens regionis mdgrad

ganviTarebaze b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8.

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. Владиславлев, П. (2005).Выбор оптимального

сценария поведения организационных сис-

тем // «Управление большими проектами».

Сборник трудов. Под ред. Д.А. Новикова ИПУ

РАН, М.

2. Буч, Г. (1998). Объектно-ориентированный

ана лиз и проектирование с примерами при-

ложений на С++. 2-е изд-е: Пер. с англ. М.:

Издательство Бином. СПб.: Невский диалект.

3. Губко, М., Новиков, Д. (2002). Теория игр в

управлении организационными системами. М.

:СИНТЕТ.

4. Ларичев, О. (2000). Теория и методы принятия

решений, а также хроника событий в

Волшебных Странах. М.: Логос.

m. kiknaZe, z. gasitaSvili, l. petriaSvili


184



Development of Organizational Model of Eff ective Management of Region’s Sustainable Development

Mzia KiknadzeDoctor of Technics, Professor of Georgian Technical University

Zurab GasitashviliDoctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of Georgian Technical University

Lili PetriashviliDoctor of Technics,Professor of Georgian Technical University

Key words:ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM, FACTOR ANALYSIS, THE REGION’S SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Summary

Regional economics considerably determines the regional development. Regional development is charac-terized with factors of such development. Therefore, degree of impact of factors (indicators) of regional develop-ment on the criterions of regional development should be studied to determine the problems of management of regional development. Criterions of regional development are many, so we have inconceivably large range of scenarios in simulated experiment. The work tries to develop the sub-range of factors with high magnitude (high degree of impact) from the range of factors of regional development. This sub-range will be basis for studying economics of regional development and it’s very actual problem. Simulation of social-political situ-ations is eff ectively used for studying these problems. The work considers the tasks of modeling and studying economical sustainability on the basis of control impact and diff erent types of experiments.

185









inovaciebi - erovnuli da msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala

nino maziaSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

inovaciebi, msoflio ekonomika, axali teqnologiebi

mosaxleobis zrdis Sesabamisad, adami-

anTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaSi sul ufro

izrdeba mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis,

teqnologiuri inovaciebis roli, radgan

isini arsebiTad cvlian msoflio meurneobas

da xels uwyoben qveynebis ekonomikur zrdas.

inovaciebi erovnuli da msoflio ekonomikis

ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

inovacia praqtikaSi aRiqmeba rogorc mec-

nierul-teqnikuri progresis (mtp) gardasaxva

realur axal produqtebsa da teqnologiebSi

da gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiTi (inteleqtua-

luri) saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli siaxlis

praqtikul gamoyenebas. inovaciuri procesi,

rogorc erTiani sistema, sawarmoo-teqno-

logiuri, organizaciuli da socialur-eko-

nomikuri erTianobiT xasiaTdeba. sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi inovaciebis gareSe

ar arsebobs xangrZlivi da mZlavri aRmav-

loba. amas adasturebs ekonomikurad gan-

viTarebuli qveynebis magaliTi, romelTac

TavianTi siZliere radikaluri inovaciebis

safuZvelze moipoves. ase magaliTad, ing-

lisisTvis es iyo industriuli manqana da aq-

tiuri qveyanaTaSorisi vaWroba, amerikisTvis

- fordis konveieri da yovlismomcveli in-

formatizacia, iaponiisTvis - magnitofoni

„soni” da xarisxis umkacresi kontroli.

iaponuri korporaciebi warmoad ge-

nen msoflio liderebs inovaciebis Tval-

sazrisiT. iaponiaSi gamoSvebuli manqanebi

yvelaze ekonomiuria msoflioSi sawvavis

moxmarebis mizniT, xolo sayofacxovrebo

teqnika - yvelaze ekonomiuri eleqtroener-

giis TvalsazrisiT. es ki inovaciis Sedegia.

inovaciebi axali teqnologiebisa da

produqtis Seqmnazea orientirebuli da

Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia axal ekonomikaSi

gadarCena mis gareSe. sawarmoebis inova-

ciuri saqmianoba misi produqciis konkuren-

tunarianobis amaRlebiskenaa mimarTuli da

misi mamoZravebeli Zalaa. nebismieri saxis

inovaciuri saqmianoba saxelmwifos mxridan

mxardaWerasa da waxalisebas saWiroebs.

dasavleTis qveynebSi amas axorcieleben. mag.

aSS, israeli, iaponia. aq arseboben mTeli

rigi organizaciebi, centralur da komer-

ciul bankebTan da sadazRvevo fondebTan

erTad, romlebic mxars uWeren inovaciuri

mewarmeobis ganviTarebas.

inovaciuri biznesi mimzidvelia, radgan

igi aumjobesebs mewarmeobis yvela sferos

saqmianobas, orientirebulia momxmarebelTa

konkretul moTxovnilebaze da aqvs Sejibre-

biTi xasiaTi. igi kapitaltevadi procesia.

misi dafinansebis wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos ro-


186



gorc sakuTari, ise moziduli da nasesxebi.

inovaciebis efeqtianoba investiciebis port-

felis optimalurad Sedgenazea damokide-

buli, ris gamoc sawarmoebs am wyaroebis

gonivrulad kombinireba uwevT. msxvil kor-

poraciebs aqvT imis materialuri da fin-

ansuri SesaZleblobebi da hyavT im donis

kvalifikaciuri personali, rom uzrunvel-

yofen inovaciuri procesis uwyvetobas da

liderobas sakuTar da msoflio bazarze.

inovaciuri biznesia „venCuri”. mas

riskian bizness uwodeben. „venCuri,” erTi

mxriv, gamoxatavs sawarmos, xolo meore

mxriv, risks, aseTi ormagi gageba sim-

boluria, ramdenadac saxsrebis garkveuli

raodenoba Caideba arc ise cnobil sawar-

moSi, rac bunebrivia Zalian maRali ris-

kis Semcvelia. Tavis mxriv, axali kompaniis

dasafinanseblad xdeba kapitalis mozidva

ara biujetidan, aramed kerZo mewarmisgan.

ZiriTadi mizani venCuruli dafinansebisa,

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi, mewarmis

kapitali da meore, mewarmis inteleqtu-

aluri kapitalis realur sferoSi gaer-

Tianebis Sedegad miRebuli iqnas mogeba.

“inovacia” - yvela firmis warmatebis

niSania, inovacia SeiZleba vuwodoT, ro-

gorc biznesis warmoebis procesis gaum-

jobesebis calkeul winadadebas, aseve im

axal produqcias, romelic bazris moTx-

ovnebs akmayofilebs. Sesabamisad, inovacia

gazomvadi sasicocxlo ciklis sawyis da

saboloo wertils Soris arsebobs. aqedan

gamomdinare, is firmebi arian warmatebulni,

romlebic Tavisi saqmianobis yvela eta-

pze inovaciis danergvisaken miiswrafvian.

dRes, rodesac msoflios ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis tempi mudmivad mzardia, cxadia,

rom Cveni qveynis Rirseuli momavlisaTvis

inovacia sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens.

inovaciebsa da maT gamomwvev faqtorebs

sul ufro meti yuradReba daeTmo ekonomikur

koncefciebSi, xolo inovaciuri saqmianobis

gaaqtiureba dRes yvela qveynisa da mTlianad

msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebis mastimu-

lirebel faqtorad iqca. Tanamedrove eta-

pze sul ufro izrdeba samecniero kvleviT

samuSaoebze gaweuli xarjebi, viTardeba

msoflio ekonomikis maRalteqnologiuri

seqtori, yalibdeba kompaniebis axali teqno-

logiuri safuZvlebi.

investiciebi inovaciebSi uaRresad

aqtualuri problemaa, radgan inovaciur

proeqtebSi investiciebis mozidva gar-

Tulebulia dabandebaTa grZelvadiani

xasiaTisa da pirvel etapebze ukugebis

ararsebobis gamo, agreTve imis riskiT, rom

es investiciebi SeiZleba saerTod uSedego

aRmoCndes. venCuruli biznesi gulisxmobs

axali ideebis, progresuli samecniero-

teqnikuri damuSavebebis dafinansebasa da

maT dayvanas gayidvisTvis mizanSewonil

donemde, anu komercializacias. venCur-

uli biznesi saWiroebs did codnas, did

fulsa da did garjas, magram warmatebis

SemTxvevaSi igi uzarmazari mogebis momtani

„oqros ZarRvia”. venCurulma biznesma daan-

gria stereotipi, rom msoflioSi yvelaze

momgebiani da riskiani biznesia, navTobis,

iaraRis da narkotikis biznesi.

venCuruli biznesis principebi jer

kidev Sua saukuneebSi iyo cnobili. ra Tqma

unda, im periodSi venCuruli kompaniebi

ar arsebobdnen, magram martoxela mevax-

Seebi, iRbliani negociantebi da mdidari

feodalebi (maTi adgili Semdgom bankebma

daikaves) sazRvao savaWro operaciebs afin-

ansebdnen.

venCuruli biznesis ganviTarebaSi gan-

sakuTrebuli roli centralur kalifor-

niaSi Seqmnilma „silikonis (kaJbadis) velma”

iTamaSa. „silikonis velSi” 1950 wels 300

aTasze naklebi adamiani cxovrobda. es

adgili xilis baRebiT iyo cnobili, ro-

melTac adgilobrivi fermerebisTvis 65

mln Semosavali mohqondaT. intensiuri

mebaReobis Sedegad centraluri kalifor-

nia XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi aSS-is swrafad

mzardi regionebis aTeulSi Sedioda. aq

ikrifeboda Savi qliavis msoflio mosavlis

daaxlebiT 1/3. „silikonis velis” Camoy-

alibebaSi principuli roli am teritoriaze

mdebare stenfordis (aSS) universitetma

iTamaSa. misi „pirveli sapatio mama” gamo-

Cenili eleqtroteqnikosi prof. frederik

Termania (XX saukunis 50iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi frederik Termani stendfordis uni-

versitetis reqtori gaxda da „silikonis

187

velis” CamoyalibebaSi aqtiuri roli iT-

amaSa). es kiTxva Zalian bevr adamians mosdis

TavSi terminis, “silikonis veli”, gagone-

baze. Zalian cotam Tu icis ra imaleba

am saxelis ukan, miuxedavad imisa, rom

msoflios yvelaze revoluciuri gamogone-

bebi, romlebic yoveldRiurad axdenen

zegavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze, am “velze”

xdeba. rTulia, warmovidginoT Tanamedrove

civilizacia silikonis mdelos gareSe. es

aris naxevargamtarebze dafuZnebuli mik-

roeleqtronikis industriis samSoblo. es

regioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi iqca msoflios

udidesi teqnologiuri korporaciebisa da

startapebis samSoblod. Tavad termini am

regionSi silikonisagan damzadebuli Cipebis

gamomgoneblebisa da mwarmoebelTa didma

raodenobam warmoSva. dReisaTvis termini

“silikonis veli” amerikis maRalteqnolo-

giri seqtoris sinonimad iqca. miuxedavad im-

isa, rom aSS-sa da zogadad, mTel msoflioSi,

uamravi maRal teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli

ekonomikuri centri warmoiSva, silikonis

veli mudam rCeba teqnologiuri inovaciebis

mTavar Zalad.

frederik termani sakuTar studentebs

gamudmebiT ubiZgebda saswavlo kursis

dasrulebis Semdeg sakuTari biznesi dae-

arsebinaT. studentebis umetesoba dekanis

rCevas iTvaliswinebda da Sedegad, sten-

fordis universitetis kampusis garSemo

startapebis didma raodenobam daiwyo

gamoCena. swored aqedan warmoiSva iseTi

maRalteqnologiuri kompaniebi, rogore-

bicaa “hiulet-pakardi” (Hewlett-Packard) da

“varian asosieits” (Varian Associates) swored

aqedan iRebs saTaves silikonis veli. fre-

derik termans xSirad “silikonis velis

mamasac” ki uwodeben am teqnologiur-eko-

nomikuri centris ganviTarebaSi Setanili

udidesi wvlilisaTvis.

dReisaTvis, silikonis velze ganTavseba

strategiul miznad iqca maRal teqnolo-

giebze dafuZnebuli kompanebisaTvis. aq Tavs

iyris iseTi kompaniebi, rogorebicaa Face-

book, Google, Cisco, Yahoo!, Oracle, Apple, Adobe

Systems, eBay, Intel, Twitter da a.S garda imisa,

rom aq miiReba msoflioSi umniSvnelovanesi

teqnologiuri gamogonebebi, silikonis

veli cnobilia inkubatorebisa da biznesis

xelmSemwyobi damaCqareblebis didi raoden-

obiT.

inovaciuri biznesisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebelia Semdegi specifikuri Tavise-

burebebi: kapitaldabandebaTa obieqtebis

rolSi sarisko proeqtebis warmodgena;

kapitalis portfeluri marTva; saxsrebis

mniSvnelovani nawilis dabandeba inova-

ciuri firmis sawesdebo kapitalSi; venCur-

uli kapitalistis aqtiuri monawileoba

proeqtis marTvaSi an mis mier saimedo

kontrolis uzrunvelyofa; proeqtis sim-

wifis fazaSi biznesidan venCuruli kapit-

alistis winaswar gansazRvruli gamosvla.

dafinansebis moculobebi ganviTarebul

qveynebSi seriozul moculobebs aRwevs.

magaliTad, aSS-Si ukanasknel wlebSi ven-

Curuli investiciebis wliuri moculoba

saSualod 50 mlrd dolaris donezea, ev-

ropul qveynebSi venCurul fondebs naklebi

SesaZleblobebi aqvT _ maTi moculoba 10

mlrd $-s ar aRemateba. evropaSi lideria

didi britaneTi, romlis wilad evropis ven-

Curuli saxsrebis TiTqmis naxevari modis.

Cvens qveyanaSi biznesis es saxeoba jer-

jerobiT faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, vinaidan,

ar gagvaCnia axal teqnologiebTan da sar-

isko investiciebTan muSaobis gamocdileba,

agreTve, finansuri infrastruqtura. ven-

Curuli biznesis mTavari piroba - gan-

viTarebuli safondo bazari, romelmac

unda uzrunvelyos venCuruli kapital-

istis muSaobis mTavari principi. miuxedavad

amisa, saqarTvelos venCuruli biznesis

ganviTarebis kargi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia.

saamisod, upirvelesad, unda Camoyalibdes

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis srulyofili

bazari, amuSavdes safondo bazari da Seiqm-

nas venCuruli fondebi. gasaTvaliswine-

belia aSS-s gamocdileba. saqarTvelos

wamyvan universitetebTan mizanSewonilia

Seiqmnas biznesinkubatorebi, teqnoparkebi,

romlebic venCuruli firmebis proto-

tipebi iqnebian. biznesinkubatorebi uzrun-

velyofen dasaqmebas.

saqarTvelos, rogorc adamianiseuli

kapitaliT mdidar qveyanas, gaaCnia eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi

n. maziaSvili


188



resursi, romlis gonivruli gamoyenebiT

SesaZlebelia seriozuli aRmavloba. ukve

dRes saWiroa imis gageba, rom qveynis grZelva-

diani ganviTarebis veqtori adamianiseuli

kapitaliT unda ganisazRvros. saqarTvelos

sWirdeba iseTi erovnuli politika, rome-

lic ganapirobebs mZlavri inovaciuri seqt-

oris Camoyalibebas. Cvenma qveyanam msoflio

bazarze Tavisi Rirseuli adgili swored am

seqtoriT unda daimkvidros.

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis for-

mirebisaTvis unda gamoiZebnos saTanado

saxsrebi. saxelmwifosTan erTad am pro-

cesSi aqtiuri monawileoba kerZo seqtorma

unda miiRos. unda vizrunoT, rom dar-

gobrivi institutebi gadaiqces kerZo kom-

paniebis sakuTrebad, maTi biznes sqemebis

nawilad, romelTa saqmianoba bazris moTx-

ovnaze iqneba orientirebuli. qveynis ino-

vaciuri politika unda aviyvanoT erovnuli

ideologiis rangSi.

sainovacio saqmianobis gaaqtiureba,

fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis

ganviTarebis xelSewyoba saxelmwifos sis-

tematuri zrunvis sagnad unda iqces. Cvenma

mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas „tvinebis gad-

ineba”, axalgazrda, perspeqtiuli kadrebis

dakargva. amisaTvis ki saWiroa samecniero

infrastruqturis ganviTareba da maRali

xelfasebi, radgan ganviTarebuli qveynebi

cdiloben saukeTeso mecnierebis, special-

istebis mizidvas da aseTi saxiT intele-

qtualuri kapitalis dagrovebas. ufro

ganviTarebuli samyaros progresi mimd-

inareobs „asaTvisebeli” qveynebis degra-

daciis xarjze. saqarTvelos winaSec dgas

aseTi saSiSroeba da misi Tavidan acileba

progresuli ekonomikuri politikiTaa

SesaZlebeli. amaSi ki Tavisi wvlili ven-

Curulma biznesmac unda Seitanos.

aseve sainteresoa biznes-angelozebi,

rogorc inovaciur proeqtebSi kerZo in-

vestorebi, romlebic kapitals abandeben sar-

isko inovaciur biznesebSi, misi ganviTarebis

adreul, CaTesvis stadiaze. amasTan, erT pro-

eqtSi investiciebis moculoba, rogorc wesi,

milion dolars ar aRemateba. yvelaze xSirad

„angelozebad” fizikuri pirebi gvevlinebian,

Tumca, SeiZleba iuridiuli pirebic iyvnen.

am ukanasknelT, ZiriTadad, mcire zomis sain-

vesticio firmebi warmoadgenen, romlebic

sakuTar kapitals proeqtis CaTesvis sta-

diaze abandeben. „angelozur” formatSi aseve

vxvdebiT msxvili korporaciebis investicieb-

sac - am SemTxvevaSi saubroben „ko rporatiul

biznes-angelozebze”. rogorc wesi, biznes-an-

gelozi unda flobdes investirebul kapit-

alze mniSvnelovnad met danazogs, raTa

proeqtis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi Seinar-

Cunos cxovrebis arsebuli done da SesZlos

Semdgomi komerciuli aqtivoba.

ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom qveynis

ekonomikur progress umeteswilad

uzrunvelyofs inovaciebi, romlebic mec-

nierul-teqnikuri progresisa da eko-

nomikuri moTxovnebis gaerTianebis Sedegia.

inovaciebis danergva aris biznesis marTvis

umaRlesi kategoriis procesi, romelSic

CarTulia maRali inteleqtiT gamorCeuli

mewarmeebi. aseTebi ki cotaa. saWiroa aseTi

kadrebis momzadeba, maTTvis treningebis

Catareba.sxvadasxva qveynis centraluri

da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis erT-erT

mniSvnelovan prioritets warmoadgens

maRalteqnologiuri mcire da saSualo

biznesis mxardaWera. amisaTvis Seqmnilia

sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organoebi (eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis ofisi, inovaciuri

centri, saagentoebi), romelTa saqmianoba

mimarTulia axali kompaniebis daarsebisa da

maTi warmatebuli saqmianobis xelsayreli

pirobebis xelSewyobisaTvis, romlebic, Tavis

mxriv, qmnian samuSao adgilebs da awarmoeben

konkurentul produqcias. farTo gagebiT

silikonis veli (teqnoparki, samecniero

parki, maRali teqnologiebis parki, samec-

niero-teqnologiuri zona, industriuli

parki, inoqalaqi, teqnopolisi daa.S.) aris

maRalteqnologiuri zona, sadac koncent-

rirebulia maRalteqnologiuri industriis

obieqtebi. es aris inovaciuri kompaniebis

aglomeracia, romlebic ganTavsebulni

arian msxvil universitetebTan da kvleviT

laboratoriebTan. es yvelaferi erTad

iZleva inovacuri biznesis ganviTarebis

saSualebas,rac Cveni momavali warmatebuli

cxovrebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

189

1. http://siliconvalley.com

2. javriSvili, i. saqarTvelos erovnuli ban-

kis sainformacio teqnologiebis departa-

menti.

3. mesxia, i. (2011). biznesis safuZvlebi. Tb-

ilisi.

Innovations as the Main Driving Force for the Development of National and World Economy

Nino Maziashvili Doctor of Economics,Associate Professor

Key words:INNOVATIONS, THE WORLD ECONOMY, NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Summary

Due to the growth of the population and their needs is increased role of scientifi c and technical advances and technological innovation. As they are changing and are promoting world of economy and economic growth. Innovation is the main driving force for the development of national and world economy. Innovative process as a unifi ed system, characterized by unity of industrial-technological, organizational and socio-eco-nomic. The conditions of market economy, without innovation there is no growth. This is confi rmed by Example of the developed countries, Who gained their strength based on radical innovations . Innovation is focused on creating new technologies and products. Any kind of activity needs to support and encourage innovation by the state, ‘cause innovative business activity improves Entrepreneurship in all areas, it’s focused on specifi c customer needs and have a competitive character. It includes the process of capital. Innovation depends on the eff ectiveness of optimally designing investment portfolio. Innovation depends on the eff ectiveness of optimally designing investment portfolio, Which is why companies have to combine these sources wisely. Large corpora-tions have the material and fi nancial resources and have qualifi ed staff to ensure the continuity of the process of innovation and leadership in the world and in their own market.

Also is the problem of investment in innovation, As it is diffi cult to attract investment in innovative pro-jects. Investing is a long-term nature and the lack of profi tability in the fi rst stages, as well as the risk that these investments may prove to be futile.

Georgia is a country rich in human capital. It has a very important resource for economic development, and use reasonable of it makes serious development. Georgia needs a national policy, which leads to the formation of a powerful innovative sector. In this sector, our country should establish their place in the world market. We should fi nd the necessary funds for the formation of the national innovation system. In this process should take an active part of the private sector with the government. We should take care that the sectoral institutions be-come private of property companies, have become part of their business schemes, whose work will be focused on market demand. The country’s innovation policy should take the capacity of the national ideology.


n. maziaSvili


190











inovaciuri politikis srulyofis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi globalizaciis pirobebSi

lamara qoqiauri

ეკონომიკის მეცნიერებათა დოქტორი, პროფესორი, საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა აკადემიის აკადემიკოსი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

inovaciebi, inovaciuri politika, fundamenturi kvleva, samecniero-kvleviTi, sakonkurso dafinanseba, venCeruli kapitali

samecniero-teqnikuri, struqturu li

da institucionaluri politika, ro melic

aris samecniero-teqnikuri da soci alur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis

ele menti, inovaciur politikasTan er-

Tad gavlenas axdens inovaciuri sferos

subieqtebis inovaciur saqmianobaze. maTi

warmatebuli realizacia adasturebs, rom

inovaciebi gardauvalia da marTvadia. in-

ovaciebis marTva ekonomikuri zrdis gas-

aRebi da mxardamWeri faqtoria.

samecniero-teqnikuri politikis qveS

igulisxmeba RonisZiebebis sistema, romle-

bic mimarTulia mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis

mxardaWeraze da ganviTarebaze, samecni-

ero-teqnikuri, organi zaciul-eko no mikuri

da socialuri inovaciebis Seqmnis mizniT

sazogadoebis wevrTa zRvardaudebel moTx-

ovnaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT warmoebis

SezRuduli faqtorebis arsebobis pirobebSi.

samecniero-teqnikuri politika gam-

iznulia:

samecniero-kvlevebis orientaciasa da

mxardaWeraze;

samecniero-teqnikuri ganviTarebis mi-

mar Tulebebis regulirebaze;

inovaciuri saqmianobis moraluri da

materialuri stimulebis srulyofaze;

samamulo mrewvelobis konkurentunar-

ianobis amaRlebaze;

efeqtiani sapatento-lizinguri ufle-

bebis (samarTlis) Seqmnaze, romelic

uzrunvelyofs inteleqtualuri sa-

kuTrebis dacvas.

inovaciuri saqmianobis regulirebaze;

inovaciuri saqmianobis Sefasebis

kriteriumebis da stimulirebis kri-

teriumebis SerCevaze, aseve samecni-

ero-teqnikuri ganviTarebis marTvis

meTodebis kriteriumebis SerCevaze;

saxelmwifo da dargobrivi samecni-

ero-teqnikuri programebis, calkeuli

sainovacio proeqtebis formirebasa da

realizaciaze;

inovaciuri saqmianobis ganxorciele-

baze sabiujeto da arasabiujeto fu-

ladi saxsrebis xarjze;

samecniero, samecniero-pedagogiuri da

sainJinro-teqnikuri muSakebis atesta-

ciis moqmedi sistemis SemuSavebaze.

191

struqturuli ekonomikuri politika

mimarTulia ekonomikaSi arsebuli dispro-

porciebis gadalaxvaze: garRvevis Semcire-

baze warmoebis sferosa da momsaxurebis

sferos Soris; TavdacviTi warmoebis wilis

Semcirebaze; mniSvnelovani uT a nasworobis

gadalaxvaze sxvadasxva dargis inovaciuri

sawarmoebis teqnikur aR Wurvasa da eko-

nomikis seqtorebs Soris. ekonomikis op-

timaluri struqturis kri teriumebia:

efeqtianoba, konkurentunarianoba, md-

gradoba cikluri ryevebis mimarT.

struqturuli politikis mizania mre-

wvelobis dargebisa da soflis meurneo-

bis, aramaterialuri warmoebis dargebis

ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa. aRniS-

nuli gulisxmobs ara marto realizebuli

siaxleebis sididis raodenobriv zrdas,

aramed mSp-is struqturul gaumjobesebas.

e.i. xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlis wilis

amaRlebas. maRalxarisxiani produqciis,

Tanamedrove momsaxurebis, maT Soris, fin-

ansuris da sainformacios wilis gadidebas.

struqturuli politikis realizaciis Sede-

gad aucileblad unda iqnas miRweuli qveynis

ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, mrewvelobis

teqnologiuri gardaqmna, axali produqtis

gamoSveba samecniero-teqnikuri progresis

safuZvelze.

gansakuTrebul adgils struqturul

politikaSi iWers Tanmdevi miznebi: struq-

turul-depresiuli warmoebis Ser Ceva da

inovaciuri sawarmoebis gaTavisufleba im

teqnikisagan, romelTa saeqsploatacio

vada amoiwura; moZvelebuli manqanaTmSene-

beli produqciis gamoSvebis Semcireba,

xolo SemdgomSi saerTod Sewyveta; ino-

vaciuri sawarmoebis ZiriTadi kapitalis

gadajgufeba. ukanaskneli mimarTuleba

mizanSewoni lia, ganxorcieldes sawarmoebis

Serwymisa da SeerTebis CarCoebSi. am pro-

cesebis stimulirebisTvis mniSvnelovania

problemuri sawarmoebis gakotrebis pro-

ceduris Tavidan acileba da maTi mesak-

uTris Secvla.

struqturuli politikis umniSvne lo-

vanesi amocanaa inovaciebSi investiciebis

ukugebis amaRleba. mniSvnelovania ara

marto ganaxldes sawarmoo simZlavreebi,

aramed droulad Seicvalos moZvelebuli

mowyobiloba siaxleebiT, razec didadaa

damokidebuli teqnikisa da teqnologiebis

progresi.

institucionaluri ekonomikuri poli-

tika dakavSirebulia formaluri da ara-

formalur institutebis saqmianobasTan.

standartuli ganmartebis mixedviT, in-

stitutebi - esaa erTgvari TamaSis wesebi

sazogadoebaSi anda adamianis mier SemzRu-

davi CarCoebis Seqmna, romlebic qmnian

adamianuri saqmianobis mastimulirebel

struqturas inovaciur sistemaSi. form-

alur institutebs miakuTvneben miRebuli

kanonebisa da TamaSis dadgenil wesebs,

romlebic mimarTulia inovaciuri pro-

cesebis ganxorcielebaze, xolo araform-

alurebs - Cvevebs, qcevis dauwerel normebs

da sazogadoebriv pirobiTobebs, romlebic

ganpirobebulia ekonomikuri wyobis is-

toriuli ganviTarebiT.

institucionaluri ekonomikuri po-

li tikis, rogorc ekonomikuri azris

gan viTarebis erT-erTi mimarTulebis, po-

ziciebidan SeiZleba aixsnas adamianTa

sazogadoebis ganviTareba da funqcionireba

institutebis cvlilebiT (saerTo saxiT

formaluri da araformaluri TamaSis

wesebi), romlebic gavlenas axdenen inova-

ciur saqmianobaze.

institucionaluri ekonomikuri poli-

tika xels uwyobs, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli

negatiuri Sedegebi ama Tu im inovaciuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, romelic

yalibdeba TamaSis formaluri da ara-

formaluri wesebis da inovaciebis marTvis

meqanizmebis ignorirebisas. siaxleebis

SemuSavebis, danergvis, aTvisebisa da real-

izaciis procesebze gavlenas axdens (mas-

timulirebeli) motivebi da sameurneo

subieqtebis interesebi; inovaciuri marTvis

ierarqiuli struqtura, romelic efuZneba

qveyanaSi moqmed kanonebs, brZanebebs,

dadgenilebebs da a.S. adamianis sicocxlis

xangrZlivobasa da inteleqtze damokide-

bulia adamianis, sawarmos, mTeli qveynis in-

ovaciuri aqtivoba, misi cxovrebis doneze,

romelic izomeba realuri mSp-iT erT sul

adamianze.

l. qoqiauri


192



inteleqtualuri SezRudvebis ignori-

rebisas, romelTac unari SeswevT gavlena

moaxdinon inovaciur saqmianobaze, subi-

eqtebi SeiZleba moxvdnen e.w. `instituciona-

lur xafangSi~. `institucionaluri xa fa ngi

_ es aris mdgradi xasiaTis negati uri Sedegi,

romelic zogjer yalibdeba xisti gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebis Sedegad. sxva sityvebiT,

igi warmoadgens ekonomikur Cixs, romlis-

ganac gamosvla gaZnelebulia institucion-

aluri SezRudvebis ignorirebis gamo.

amitom formaluri da araformaluri

institutebi zogjer seriozul win-

aaRmdegobas qmnian stadiis _ `mecniere-

ba-teqnika-warmoeba~ ganxorcielebis da

Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri zrdisaTvisac.

kargad mofiqrebul da gaazrebul saga-

dasaxado-sabiujeto, sakredito-fulad,

sagareo-savaWro politikaze saqonelsa

da momsaxurebaze faswarmoqmnis moqmed

sistemaze, sakanonmdeblo bazaze da a.S.

didadaa damokidebuli sawarmos inova-

ciuri aqtivoba, kapitalis socialuri

mdgomareoba. es ukanaskneli iqmneba memk-

vidreobiTi tradiciebis, urTierTmx-

ardaWeris da urTierTndobiT. cxadia, aq

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sxvadasxva

socialuri jgufebis da klasebis saerTo

miznebi da interesebi.

sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvla ar

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sawarmos inova-

ciuri saqmianobis aqtivizaciis gareSe.

inovaciebi xels uwyoben sawarmoebis eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis axal safexurze

asvlas, uzrunvelyofen teqnologiur

bazaze gadasvlas, maRali samomxmareblo

Tvisebebis mqone produqciis gamoSvebas,

gansazRvraven zRvars ganviTarebul da gan-

viTarebad qveynebs Soris. sxva sityvebiT,

inovaciebi warmoadgenen sawarmos sabazro

strategiis warmatebis safuZvels.

amrigad, saqonlis konkurentunariano-

ba _ es aris misi bazarze win wawevis savizi-

to baraTi. axali saqonlis SemuSaveba da

misi gatana bazarze rig etapebs moicavs: saWiro odenobiT samecniero-kvleviTi da

sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis Ses-

ruleba. siaxlis sacdeli partiis SemuSaveba

da Seqmna, misi aTviseba da seriuli gamoS-

veba, bazris imavdrouli zondirebiT. inova-

ciuri gamoSvebis sididis zrda, simwife da

SeCereba. aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmna si-

axlis axali klasteris aTvisebisTvis, rom-

lebic pasuxoben samomxmareblo moTxovnas. ufro progresuli siaxleebis dafinansebis

unaris mqone dainteresebuli investorebis

moZieba.

SeiZleba gamoiyos sawarmos inovaciuri

politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis-

admi ori ZiriTadi midgoma:

1. pirveli midgoma gulisxmobs arseb-

uli saqonlis Secvlas im saqonliT,

romelTac ufro maRali samomxmare-

blo Tvisebebi gaaCnia. am ukanasknelTa

gamoSveba xorcieldeba principulad

axali teqnologiuri damuSavebebis

safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmo

investorebi, rogorc pirvelmkvle-

varebi, axerxeben, miiRon droebiTi

sargebeli (mogeba) warmoebis xarjebis

Semcirebis xarjze, miwodebis da moTx-

ovnis mkveTri zrdiT da ciklis - `mec-

niereba-teqnika-warmoebis~ stadiis or-

ganizaciisa da marTvis axali formebis

danergviT. es midgoma unda ganvixiloT

rogorc samecniero-teqnikuri progre-

sis naxtomiseburi ganviTareba.

2. meore midgoma dakavSirebulia samecni-

ero-teqnikuri progresis evoluciur

(TandaTanobiT) ganviTarebasTan. es Se-

saZlebels xdis Tavdapirvelad uzrun-

velvyoT bazris romelime mcire seg-

menti da miviRoT minimaluri mogeba.

SemdgomSi samecniero-teqnikuri

politika, marketingul politikasTan

erTad, orientirebulia bazris rac

SeiZleba meti wilis mopovebaze, ra-

mac unda gamoiwvios mogebis gadideba.

sawarmos aseTi inovaciuri politika

gulisxmobs grZelvadiani strate-

giis SemuSavebas samecniero-teqnikuri

progresis sferoSi. igi emyareba ara

marto axali produqciis gamoSvebas,

aramed inovaciebs.

praqtikaSi sawarmos inovaciuri politi-

kis formirebisas inovaciis realizaciis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

miReba rTuli amocanaa. saqonlis Seqmnisas,

193

principulad axali, Tundac, mcire siaxlis

gaTvaliswinebiT, adgili aqvs sirTuleebs

misi damzadebisa da gavrcelebis SedarebiT

misaRebi variantis SerCevisas. kidev ufro

Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba principu-

lad axali produqciis warmoebis Sesaxeb.

Cveni azriT, saWiroa, ganvixiloT in-

ovaciebze dafaruli moTxovnis ramdenime

saxe:

moTxovnis SegrZneba - esaa moTxovnebi,

romelic adre Tu gvian gaCndeba.

am SemTxvevaSi sawarmos inovaciuri

politika warmarTuli unda iqnes mo-

qmed da axlad Sesaqmnel inovacias So-

ris droiTi lagis Semcirebaze;

axlandeli (mimdinare) moTxovnebi yal-

ibdeba teqnikuri gadawyvetilebis,

samrewvelo nimuSebis, sasaqonlo niS-

nebis, nouhaus SemuSavebis, sawarmoSi

ekonomikuri situaciis Sedegebis, qvey-

anaSi politikuri movlenebis Semdeg.

magaliTad, orTqlis manqanis Seqmnam

gansazRvra sarkinigzo transportis

ganviTareba, rentgenis sxivebis aRmo-

Cenam ganapiroba samedicino rentgenis

aparatebis SemuSaveba da danergva;

samomavlo moTxovnebi. maTi warmoqmna

aRar xdeba xangrZlivi droiT, aRmo-

Cenis anda gamogonebis Seqmnis Semdeg.

ase mag.: 1873 venis msoflio teqnol-

ogiur gamofenaze eqsponirebuli iqna

sabeWdi manqanis sacdeli nimuSi. igi

Seiqmna 1808 wels italieli gamomgone-

blis p. turis mier;

negatiuri moTxovnebi aRmocendeba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianebis erTi

jgufi (inovaciebis mosargebleebi)

aferxeben (uaryofen) alternatiuli in-

ovaciebis ganviTarebas. ase magaliTad:

ssrk-Si atomuri energiis aRmoceneba

Semaferxebeli faqtori gaxda qaris en-

ergiis ganviTarebis gzaze. Cernobilis

atomur sadgurSi avariis Semdeg Sveciam

mTlianad uari Tqva atomuri eleqtro-

sadguris mSeneblobis gegmaze. igi ime-

dovnebs, Tavisi moTxovna eleqtroen-

ergiaze dafaros sxva alternatiuli

wyaroebidan miRebuli eleqtroen-

ergiiT (vTqvaT, qaris energia).

inovaciaze moTxovnis gamovlenis

pro blema mniSvnelovanwilad martivdeba

sawarmos mier teqnologiuri orienta-

ciis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. es imas

niSnavs, rom yvela samecniero-kvleviTi da

sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSao sawar-

moSi koordinirdeba klient-sawarmoSi

Cata rebuli Sesabamisi damuSavebebiT.

amrigad, samecniero-teqnikuri da so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saxel-

mwifo politikis zemoT CamoTvlili

instrumentebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

inovaciur saqmianobaze, xels Seuwyoben

ara marto inovaciuri sferos subieqtebis,

aramed mTlianad qveynis dinamikur gan-

viTarebas.

amrigad Cvens qveyanaSi inovaciis pro-

cesi sami ZiriTadi arxiT mimdinareobs:

axali samecniero-teqnikuri codnis

mopoveba erovnuli kvleviTi sistemis

CarCoebSi da misi gamoyeneba;

investiciebi inteleqtualur sakuTre-

baSi patentebisa da licenziebis SeZe-

nis gziT;

ganaxleba da codnis SeZena importire-

bul maRalteqnologiur manqana-danad-

garebSi Caqsovili teqnologiebis meS-

veobiT.

konkretuli sainovacio RonisZieba

SeiZleba erTze met an samive arxs iyenebdes.

procesi Zalian rTulia, igi moicavs rogorc

kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo seqtorebis saqmi-

anobasa da urTierTqmedebas. procesebis

sirTulisa da mniSvnelobis gamo, Tanamed-

rove qveynebSi Camoyalibda mravaldoniani

erovnuli sainovacio sistemebi, romlebic

moicaven uzenaesi xelisuflebis yvela Stos,

adgilobriv mmarTvelobas, saministroebsa

da uwyebebs, kvleviT organizaciebsa da

universitetebs, samecniero momsaxurebis

centrebs, mrewvelobaSi moqmed samecniero

da sacdel laboratoriebs.

xelisuflebis, rogorc sistemis mene-

jeris, amocanaa, inovaciis samive arxze moaxdi-

nos iseTi zemoqmedeba, rom miiRos maqsimaluri

efeqti rogorc samTavrobo, aseve kerZo

investiciebidan. xelisufleba moqmedebs

rogorc investori, abandebs ra saxsrebs ro-

gorc konkretul gamoyenebiT kvlevaSi, rom-

l. qoqiauri


194



lis komercializaciac mosalodnelia, aseve

(da umTavresad) ganaTlebaSi, fundamentur

da gamoyenebiT kvlevaSi, infrastruqturis

ganviTarebaSi (samecniero momsaxurebaSi).

xelisufleba moqmedebs, rogorc katal-

izatori da regulatori, risTvisac qmnis

pirobebs inovaciuri procesis monawileebis

mxardasaWerad, maTi TanamSromlobis (maT

Soris, saerTaSoriso) gasaZliereblad; qmnis

wamaxalisebel sakanonmdeblo garemos (saga-

dasaxados CaTvliT); SeimuSavebs grZelvadian

gegmebs, adgens prioritetebs da erovnuli

programebis mimarTulebebsa da moculobebs;

uzrunvelyofs sainovacio sistemis funq-

cionirebas.

mecniereba, anu kvlevaTa sistema, is

erTaderTi inovaciis arxia, romelzec

saqarTvelos xelisufleba aqtiurad ze-

moqmedebs reformis procesSi. samwuxarod,

es reforma ar ganixilavs kvlevaTa sistemis

ganviTarebas qveyanaSi mimdinare inovaciis

procesis konteqstSi. sainovacio politikis

uqonlobis pirobebSi sxvanairad verc moxde-

boda. meore mxriv, amis gareSe ver Camoyalib-

deba mizanSewonili Tanafardoba kvleviTi

sistemis sxvadasxva funqciebs/komponentebs

Soris. am SemTxvevaSi `Tanafardoba~ niSnavs

Tanafardobas mecnierTa, organizaciaTa da

saxsrebis raodenobebs Soris, romlebic kon-

centrirebulia calkeuli funqciebis Ses-

asruleblad, xolo `mizanSewonili~ niSnavs

iseTs, romelic pasuxobs qveynis amocanebis

dRevandel xedvas. reformis procesSi ino-

vaciasTan dakavSirebuli funqciebi Tu gamo-

gvrCa an arasakmarisad SevafaseT, reforma

amis institucionalizacias axdens, rac

Secdomis Semdgom gamosworebas aZnelebs.

asec moxda. saxelmwifo dafinansebis gareSe

darCa samedicino mecniereba, rac momavalSi

jandacvis sistemis xarisxis zrdas SezRu-

davs. sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinaSi

ramdenime Zlierma samecniero koleqtivma

arseboba Sewyvita. mraval kvleviT organ-

izacias mieniWa Sps-s iuridiuli statusi,

rac, praqtikulad, kvleviTi samuSaoebis

Sewyvetas niSnavs.

am pirobebSi, rodesac saqarTvelos

ekonomika aseT rTul situaciaSia, gada-

udeblad saWirod migvaCnia inovaciuri

sferos win wamoweva da ganviTareba. miT

umetes, rom amis potenciali saqarTveloSi

namdvilad arsebobs.


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195

The Main Issues of Innovative Policy in Globalization Conditions

Lamara QoqiauriDoctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Academian of Georgian Economics Academy

Key words:INNOVATIONS, INNOVATIVE POLITICS, FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, FUNDING FOR CONTEST, VENTURAL CAPITAL

Summary

The work highlights key points of state innovative politics; state structure of social – economical and sci-entifi c - technical development, the main principles of the formation and completion, the resources and mech-anisms of funding of inovations. In the article you are able to fi nd out the instrumentarium of innovative politics, its priority directions.

Nowadays we consider elaboration of optimal strategy in science and innovative development important that is; To create conditions for rivalry sector of scientifi c research and process and for its broadening repro-duction; To create eff ective national innovative system; To hasten modernization of economics on the basis of technological innovation. To double the number of those enterprises that carry out technological innovations.

Thus, for innovative development of our country a sector of ‘’Knowledge generation’’ is necessary to exist. It includes fundamental and practical research eff ective functionality of national innovative system that trans-forms new Knowledge into product of technologies and services. Besides, it includes involves unity of economic subjects, innovative institutional business, infrastructure and resources; wide usage of informative – communic-ative technologies that enables to grow up Labor productivity and optimization of industrial processes.

l. qoqiauri


196











kulturis sferos organizaciebis Semosavlianobis procesebi da marTvis midgomebi

dodo WumburiZe

მენეჯმენტის (ხელოვნების მენეჯმენტის) დოქტორი,საქართველოს შოთა რუსთაველის თეატრისა და კინოს სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ, სოციალურ მეცნიერებათა, ბიზნესისა და მართვის ფაკულტეტის მიწვეული პედაგოგი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

kulturis sferos organizaciebi, Semosavlebi, marTvis midgomebi

kulturis sferos Semosavlianobis

procesebi da marTvis midgomebi spe-

cifiurobiT xasiaTdeba. garda amisa, sxva

sferoSi moRvawe organizaciebis msgavsad

warmatebis misaRwevad maTac sWirdebaT

konkretuli, realisturi da droSi gawer-

ili miznebi.

organizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

etapze miznebi gansxvavebulia. Tavdapirve-

lad es SeiZleba iyos bazarze sasurveli

poziciebis damkvidrebisTvis organizaciis

cnobadobis gazrdaze zrunva, xolo gan-

viTarebis mniSvnelovani safexuris miR-

wevis Semdgom organizaciis menejerma unda

izrunos miRweulis SenarCunebaze da Tan-

mimdevrulad mihyves axal gamowvevebs.

„miznebis dasaxva da maTi miRwevis

kontroli xels uwyobs progress. or-

ganizaciis saqmianobaSi warmatebulma me-

nejerebma ician, rom miznebi saWiroeben

daZabul muSaobasa da yvela TanamSromlis

seriozul Zalisxmevas. rTuli miznebis

misaRwevad organizaciam unda gamoavlinos

mizanmimarTuloba, novatoroba, simtkice

da erT muStad Sekvra. amrigad, miznebi

aris organizaciisaTvis sasurveli Sede-

gebi, misi saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis

kriteriumebi.“ [SublaZe, natitaSvili, do-

likaSvili 2010: 20].

kulturis sferoSi moqmed organiza-

ciebs Semosavlebis zrdaze da ideis gansax-

orcielblad Tanxebis moZiebaze zrunva

standartuli wesiT uwevT. gansxvaveba

mdgomareobs organizaciis arsSi da im mis-

wrafebaSi, romelsac kulturis ganvrcoba

saWiroebs. rogor SevqmnaT da gavaZlieroT

interesi kulturis sferos proeduqtebis

mimarT? aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis versia

yvela im oraganizacias unda hqondes, rome-

lic kulturis sferoSi moRvaweobs.

momxarebels rom gauCdes interesi da

loialuri damokidebuleba, saWiroa infor-

murebulobisa da xelmisawvdomobis gazrda,

organizaciis mTavari gamowvevaa kulturis

sferos produqtebi gaxados xelmisawv-

domi kulturis farTo masebisTvis, aseve,

mniSvnelovania produqtis xarisxze zrunva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kulturis sfer-

197

oSi moRvawe organizaciebis warmatebis

erT -erTi winapiroba gamocdilebis mqone

mene jeria, romelic kargadaa garkveuli ku-

lturis sferos specifikaSi da aseve flobs

Tanamedrove marTvis midgomebs. orga-

nizaciis warmateba menejeris mmarTvelob-

iTi gadawyvetilebis Sedegia.

„menejmenti - esaa organizaciuli

resursebis dagegmvis, organizaciis,

xel mZ R vanelobisa da kontrolis gziT or-

gani za ciis miznis efeqtianad da racion-

alurad miRweva“ [Richard 2008:30].

„menejmenti es aris saqmianobis gansak-

uTrebuli saxe, romelic araorganizebul

brbos gadaaqcevs efeqtian, mizanmimarTul

da mwarmoebel jgufad“ [Mescon, Albert, Khe-

douri 2007].

warmatebuli marTvis winapiroba Sede-

gze orientirebulobaa. sasurveli Sede-

gis miRweva damokidebulia efeqturi

sistemis Seqmnaze da organizaciis misiis

erTgulebaze, aseve, droulad unda moxdes

organizaciis ganviTarebisa da winsvlis

xeliSemSleli faqtorebTan mimarTebaSi

previnciuli zomebis gatareba.

`misia gansxvavdeba xedvisgan, xedva

organizaciis momaval mdgomareobaze

xelovanis an menejeris piradi Sexedulebaa.

am mxriv, piradi xedva da organizaciuli

misia strategiuli azrovnebis ZiriTad

instruments warmoadgens. Tumca, cvale-

badi xedva da misia, rogorc fundamenturi

nageboba erTi da igive ar aris“ [hagorti

2013:29].

marTvis midgomebis codna organiza-

ciis TiToeul wevrs exmareba organizaciis

arsis ukeT garkvevaSi. praqtikaSi menejrma

Tavadve unda gansazRvros marTvis romel

midgomas aniWebs upiratesobas.

Sedegze orinetirebuli qmedebebi or-

ganizacias exmareba winsvlaSi mxolod

maSin, roca xdeba araswori gadawyvetile-

bebis gaTvaliswineba da Sefaseba. organiza-

ciis, rogorc erTi mTliani sistemis aRqma

TavisTavSi moicavs erT gundad Sekvras da

erTi suliskveTebis arsebobas.

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organ-

izaciebi mxolod sistemuri midgomiT ver

ixelmZRvanelen, produqtis Seqmnis ideidan

gadawyvetilebis miRebamde maT mouwevT

situaciidan nakarnaxevi gadawyvetilebebis

miReba.

„bihevioristuli midgoma gulisx-

mobs mecnierebis meTodebis da kvlevebis

gamoyenebas adamianTa qcevebis Ses-

wavlis mizniT. am mimarTulebis mTav-

ari mizania TanamSromelTa qcevebis

mamoZravebeli motivebis da maTi sxva ad-

amianebTan damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebis analizi da Seswavla.

adamianur urTierTobaTa skolis

dadebiTi mxarea:

1. pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis

gamoyeneba adamianTa moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebis donisa da Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis asamaRleblad.

2. marTvis procesSi muSakTa dasaqmeba

maTi potencialisa da kvalifikaciis

Sesabamisad [SublaZe, mRebriSvili,

wowkolauri 2008:31].

SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis erT-erTi

gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom isini

ar ifarglebian mxolod moTxovnilebaTa

dakmayofilebiT, maT surT TviTreal-

izacia. isini garkveulwilad arian emo-

ciurebi. maTTan urTierTobaSi menejerma

saWiroa, gaiTvaliswinos Semoqmedi adami-

anis fsiqologia. isini arian gaxsnilebi,

rodesac maT SemoqmedebiTi ideis real-

izaciisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi aqvT

Seqmnili. TviTreali zaciisaken mizanmi-

marTulad miiswrafvis yvela Semoqmedi,

romlis gaTvaliswineba marTvis procesSi

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe yvela menejers

uwevs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,

Tavi iCinos interesTa konfliqtma.

„menejerebma unda Seqmnan ufleba-

mosilebis organizaciuli ierarqia, sadac

mkafiod iqneba gamokveTili, vin vis eqvem-

debareba da vis mimarTon TanamSromlebma

konfliqtis an problemis gaCenis dros.

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom ier-

arqiis zeda safexurze myof menejers

SeeZlos xelqveiTebisgan pasuxis moTxovna

maT qmedebebze“ [gareT r. jonsi, jenifer m.

jorji 2006:28].

nebismieri menejeris upirvelesi mova-

leobaa marTebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba.

d. WumburiZe


198



menejeri valdebulia, miiRos gadawyve-

tileba sxvadasxva sakiTxze, kerZod:

sameurneo, komerciul, sakadro da sxva.

miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan erTad

saWiroa gacemuli davalebebis Sesrulebis

kontroli da miRweuli Sedegebis Se-

faseba. efeqturi sakomunikacio strategia,

rogorc gare, ise Sida auditoriasTan

warmatebuli TanamSromlobiT miiRweva.

„cudi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis erT

-erTi mizani gaxlavT is, rom menejerebi

xSirad ver axerxeben kriteriumTa dadgenas,

romelic esoden mniSvnelovania gadaw-

yvetilebis misaRebad. saerTod warmate-

buli menejerebi iyeneben oTx kriteriums

alternatiuli qmedebis Rirsebebisa da na-

klovanebebis Sesafaseblad:

1. kanoniereba: menejerebma unda uzrunve-

lyon savaraudo qmedebis kanoniereba.

is ar unda arRvevdes rogorc qveynis

kanonmdeblobas, aseve saerTaSoriso

samarTlis normebsa Tu qveynis mTav-

robis dadgenilebebs.

2. eTikuri mxare: menejerebma unda

uzrunvelyon savaraudo qmedebis

eTikuroba. is zians ar unda ayenebdes

romelime dainteresebul jgufs.

3. ekonomikuri ganxorcielebadoba:

menejerebma unda gadawyviton,

ekonomikurad ramdenad ganxorciel-

ebadia warmodgenili alternativebi.

Cveulebriv, menejerebi axdenen sxva-

dasxva alternativebis xarjebisa da

sargeblis analizs imis dasadgenad,

romeli maTgani moutans sawarmos yve-

laze met sufTa finansur mogebas.

4. praqtikuloba: menejerebma unda ga-

dawyviton, floben Tu ara saWiro re-

sursebsa da simZlavreebs, romlebic

saWiroa warmodgenili alternativis

gansaxorcieleblad. aseve, darw-

munebuli unda iyvnen, rom mocemuli

alternativa safrTxes ar Seuqmnis

organizaciis sxva amocanebis Ses-

rulebas“ [gareT r. jonsi, jenifer

m. jorji 2006:119].

menejeris gadawyvetilebebi ori-

entirebuli unda iyos konkretul, droSi

gaweril, realistur miznebze. SeuZle-

belia romelime saorganizacio sakiTxis

calke ganxilva, yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa

dakavSirebuli erTi sistemis farglebSi.

yvelaze martivi da Sesatyvisi magaliTia

organizaciis daniSnulebis gansazRvra. Tu

amgvari gansazRvra arsebobs, es gaadvilebs

komunikaciis strategiis Camoyalibebas

miznobrivi jgufebisaTvis.

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe menejers

sxva sferoSi moRvawe menejerebis msgavsad

situaciis gasakontroleblad ZiriTadi

gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebis mogvarebisa

da krizisuli situaciebSi lavirebis unari

moeTxoveba.

rac ufro izrdeba organizacia,

miT ufro Zneli xdeba misi muSaobis

koordinacia. warmatebaze orientirebuli

menejeri arasdros ar jerdeba miRweuls.

imisaTvis, rom organizaciam warmatebas mi-

aRwios, aamaRlos mwarmoebluroba, saWiroa

marTvisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokide-

bulebis uzrunvelyofa.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi organ-

izacia warmatebas aRwevs, rodesac misi

momxmarebeli kmayofilia. momxmarebelTa

loialur damokidebulebas mniSvnelovan-

wilad TanamSromlebi ganapirobeben. or-

ganizacia warmatebulia, Tu mis yvela

Ta namSromels SeuZlia ifiqros warmate-

baze da aqvT miswrafeba sakuTari wvlili

Seitanon ideis ganxorcielebaSi.

dReisaTvis marTva ganixileba rogorc

procesi, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTan

dakavSirebuli dagegmvis, organizebis, mo-

tivaciisa da kontrolis funqciebisgan.

organizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania Sem-

deg kiTxvebi: sad imyofeba amJamad organ-

izacia? risi miRweva surs? da ramdenad

aqvs sakmarisi resursebi miznis misaRwevad?

dasaxuli miznidan gamomdinare muSavdeba

samoqmedo gegma, Tumca gare da Sida

faqtorebis zemoqmedebam SesaZloa saWiro

gaxados masSi cvlilebebis Setana. aRniS-

nuli xazs usvams situaciuri midgomis

mniSvnelobas.

„organizaciis mwarmoebluroba -

aris sazomi, ramdenad yairaTianad da

efe qturad iyeneben menejerebi resur-

sebs momxmareblis moTxovnebis dasak-

199

mayofileblad da organizaciis miznebis

misaRwevad. organizaciis mwarmoebluroba

izrdeba yairaTianobisa da efeqturobis

zrdasTan erTad.

yairaTianoba _ aris sazomi, ramdenad

kargad da nayofierad iqna gamoyenebuli

resursebi dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.

organizacia aris yairaTiani, roca mene-

jeri amcirebs gamoyenebuli resursebis

raodenobas.

efeqturoba _ aris menejeris mier

kompaniisTvis dasaxuli miznebis marTe-

bulobisa da miRweuli miznebis xarisxis

Semowmeba. organizacia aris efeqturi,

roca menejeri irCevs Sesabamis mizans

da Semdeg aRwevs mas“ [gareT r. jonsi,

jenifer m. jorji 2006:7].

organizaciis menejeris mier miRe-

buli gadawyvetilebebi gansazRvraven

Tu ramdenad Sedegiani, efeqtiani da

mwarmoebluri iqneba kulturis sferoSi

moqmedi organizacia.

organizaciis resursebis optimaluri

gamoyeneba warmatebis winapirobaa. teqno-

logiebis ganviTarebam marTvis sistemis

gamativebis garkveuli iluzia Seqmna,

Tumca imavdroulad gaizarda menejerTa

pasuximgebloba, radgan swored maT uwevT

organizacis specifikis Sesaferisi Tanam-

SromelTa SerCeva da marTva. naTelia,

rom miznis miRwevis mTavar ganmsazRvrel

faqtors adamianur resursi warmoadgens.

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganxor-

cieldes marTvis midgomebis SerCeva. kul-

turis sferoSi moRvawe menejeri marTvis

sistemuri, situaciuri da bihevoristuli

midgomidan yvelaze metad bihevioristuli

midgomas unda eyrdnobodes, romelic

aqcents akeTebs TiToeuli TanamSrom-

lis individualizmze da xazs usvams maT

mniSvnelobas organizaciis winsvlaSi.


1. SublaZe, g., natitaSvili, m., dolikaSvili

l.,(2010). strategiuli menejmenti. Tbil-

isi.

2. Richard, l. (2008). Daft. Management. Vander-

bilt University. South-Western. Tomson Lerning.

2008.

3. Mescon, H., Albert M., Khedouri, F., (2007). Man-

agament, Harper and row, publishers, New York.

4. hagorti, x. (2013). saxelovnebo menejmenti,

Tbilisi.

5. SublaZe, g., mRebriSvili, b., wowkolauri,

f. (2008). menejmentis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi.

6. gareT r. jonsi, jenifer m. jorji (2006).

Tanamedrove menejmentis safuZvlebi

(wigni momzadda da gamoica saqarTvelos

sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis (GIPA)

mier, Tbilisi.

d. WumburiZe


200



The Profi tability Process and Management Approaches of Cultural Organizations

Dodo TchumburidzeDoctor of Management (Art Management),Shota Rustaveli theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityThe external teacher of humanitarian, Social Science, business and management Faculty

Key words:CULTURAL SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS, REVENUES, MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

Summary

In this article is emphasized the profi tability process and management approaches of cultural organiza-tions. Should be noted, that these organizations need specifi c, realistic and time-bound goals similar as another organizations.

The goals are diff erent at the various stages of the development. At fi rst this may be the care of the increase of organization’s awareness, second, the care about desired positioning on the market, fi nally, after reaching the important stage, the top management of organizations must keep the achievement.

The organizations of cultural sphere are acting in standard way to increase the profi tability and for fulfi l-ment the ideas look for the sums. The diff erence is in the content and aspiration of organization. How educate the customers of cultural products? All organizations in cultural sphere must have the answer to this question.

Should be noted, that the prerequisite of success of cultural organizations is the experienced Manager, who knows well the specifi cation of culture and modern management approaches. The success of organizations is result of managerial decision of the Manager.

The prerequisite of successful management is the development of eff ective system, the devotion the or-ganization’s mission and the work out about the strategy for prevention obstacles factors.

The knowledge of management approaches helps to every member to understand best the organization content. In practice the manager must determine fi rstly what method of approach he prefers.

ბიზნესი, ორგანიზაციული სისტემები

და მიკროეკონომიკური პრობლემები

BUSINESS, OFGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND MICROECONOMIC PROBLEMS

202










ბიზნესი, ორგანიზაციული სის-ტე მები და მიკროეკონომიკური პრობლემები

finansuri da mmarTvelo-biTi aRricxvis srulyofis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesesebulebebSi

givi baqraZe

ბიზნესის ადმინისტრირების დოქტორი, ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi: finansuri da mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva, saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis

mar Tvis srulyofisaTvis mniSvnelovania

buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis sruly-

ofa, gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba gamoiyos

Semosavlebis da xarjebis aRricxvis meTo-

dologiuri sakiTxebi.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi mma-

rT velobiTi aRricxvis ZiriTadi amocanaa

menejmentis uzrunvelyofa informaciiT xar-

jebisa da Semosavlebis Sesaxeb, saqmianobis

saxeebis da dafinansebis wyaroebis mixedviT.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Semosavlebi

da xarjebi SeiZleba detalizebul iqnas mom-

saxurebis saxeebis, struqturuli qvedanay-

ofebis, saganmanaTleblo programebis,

swavlebis kursis, specialobebis da bakalav-

riatis mimarTulebebis mixedviT.

mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis sistemam

unda uzrunvelyos informacia kontigentis

moZraobis Sesaxeb swavlebis formis, saxis,

kursis mixedviT specialobebis WrilSi.

aseTi informacia aucilebelia umaRlesi

saswavleblis saqmianobis efeqtianobis

Sesafaseblad. aranakleb mniSvnelovania

’’moziduli kontigentis“ maCvenebeli, ro-

melic axasiaTebs saswavleblis saqmianobas

da warmoadgens sabaziso maCvenebels Se-

mosavlebis, pirdapiri xarjebis, zednadebi

da saerTo administraciuli xarjebis gas-

aangariSeblad.

mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis amocanas

warmoadgens informaciis miwodeba Se-

mosavlebisa da xarjebis mosalodneli

maCveneblebis prognozirebisaTvis saqmi-

anobis saxeebis mixedviT da operatiuli,

taqtikuri gegmebisa da biujetirebisaTvis.

am amocanis farglebSi SeiZleba gamoviy-

enoT gegmuri Semosavlebis da xarjebis

cneba. gadaxra faqtobriv da prognozul

maCveneblebs Soris saSualebas iZleva

saswavleblis finansuri mdgomareobis da

ganviTarebis tendenciebis operatiuli Se-

fasebisaTvis.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis stru-

q turuli qvedanayofebis uzrunvelyofa

informaciiT misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, arara-

cionaluri xarjebis droulad gamovlenisa

da Tavidan acilebis, agreTve xarjebis zR-

vruli moculobis, Sedegebisa da uzaralobis

(waugeblobis) wertilis gansazRvris mizniT.

203

uzaralobis wertilis gansazRvra saSuale-

bas mogvcems ganisazRvros studentebis

minimalurad aucilebeli kontigenti konkre-

tuli specialobebis mixedviT, romelic da-

faravs cvlad da mudmiv xarjebs. xarjebis

analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime mimar-

TulebiT: vertikaluri analiziT SeiZleba

ganisazRvros xarjebis struqtura, raTa

dadgindes xarjebis ZiriTadi elementi, kon-

troli ganxorcieldes maT cvlilebaze. xar-

jebis horizontaluri analizi gviCvenebs

maTi zrdis temps.

dafinansebis sxvadasxva wyaroebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebis Tanafardobis ana-

lizi saSualebas mogvcems, SevafasoT

saga nmanaTleblo dawesebulebis damou-

kideblobis xarisxi.

mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis mniSvne lo-

vani amocanaa struqturuli qvedanayofebis

menejerebis pasuximgeblobis sfe roebis

gamijvna Semosavlebisa da xarjebis for-

mirebaze da srtuqturuli qvedanayofebis

saqmianobis efeqturobis Sefasebis meT-

odebis SemuSaveba. am mizniT mizanSewonilia

„pasuxismgeblobis centrebis“ gamoyofa.

pasuxismgeblobis centrebis gamoyofisas

mizanSewonilia maTi maqsimalurad miaxloeba

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis arsebul

funqciur-organizaciul struqturasTan.

amasTan, sasurvelia TiToeuli pasuxis-

mgeblobis centrisaTvis gamoiyos saqmianobis

konkretuli maCveneblebi. pasuxismgeblobis

sfero, uflebebi da valdebulebebi, agreTve

maTi ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi TiToeuli

centrisaTvis unda iyos gamyarebuli Sida

normatiuli aqtiT.

mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis amocanas

warmoadgens qvedanayofebs Soris zednadebi

xarjebis ganawilebis bazis SerCeva. zed-

nadebi xarjebis ganawilebis bazis SerCeva

damokidebulia saqmianobis specifikasTan.

ganawilebis baza gavlenas axdens momsax-

urebis TviTRirebulebaze. aqedan gamo-

mdinare, uzustoba xarjebis ganawilebis

procentis gaangariSebaSi SeiZleba gaxdes

araswori gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizezi.

amrigad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

danaxarjebis swori aRricxvis, ganawilebisa

da gadanawilebis meTodikis SemuSavebas.

danaxarjebze msjelobisas unda gamovyoT

zRvruli an zrdadi danaxarjebi. zRvruli

danaxarjebi warmoadgens im resursebis mox-

marebas, romelic aucilebelia wina peri-

odTan SedarebiT momsaxurebis warmoebis

moculobis asamaRleblad. magaliTad, ro-

gori iqneba resursebis moxmarebis zrda,

Tu gaixsneba axali specialoba an Seiqm-

neba axali fakulteti. zRvrul danaxar-

jad SeiZleba CaiTvalos danaxarjebi axali

fakultetis, rogorc axali struqturuli

erTeulis, Sesanaxad an danaxarjebi am fak-

ultetze Caricxuli erTi damatebiTi stu-

dentis ganaTlebis misaRebad.

saganmaaTleblo dawesebulebebSi danax-

arjebis aRricxvis moqmedi sabuRaltro

sistema iTvaliswinebs faqtobriv danaxar-

jebze finansuri informaciis Tavmoyras

ara fakultetebis mixedviT, aramed mTli-

anad, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs sabuRal-

tro aRricxvis maCveneblebis mniSvnelobas

mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

zednadebi danaxarjebis ganawilebis

yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia safex-

urebrivi ganawilebis meTodi. es meTodi

iTvaliswinebs erTi struqturuli danay-

ofis mier gaweuli danaxarjebis ganawile-

bas yvela sxva danayofze.

SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania prob-

lema, romelic sxvadasxva danayofis Soris

momsaxurebis saxeebis Sida gacvlasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. amrigad, gadasawyvetia ori

struqturuli danayofis danaxarjebidan

romeli unda daeqvemdebaros pirvel rigSi

danaxarjebis ganawilebis rigiTobas. amazea

damokidebuli, kerZod, romel danayofs

SeiZleba gadaunawildes saerTo danaxar-

jebis ZiriTadi nawili. aq mniSvnelovania imis

gaTvaliswinebac, rom zog pasuxismgeblobis

centrs aqvs Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi

(Semosavlebis centri), xolo zogs mxolod

danaxarjebi (danaxarjTa centri).

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis menej-

mentis saqmianobaSi danaxarjebis maq sima luri

kompensaciis uzrunvelyofa sa si cocxlod

mniSvnelovani faqtoria. amitom, momsax-

urebis centrebze danaxarjebis mi ku Tvnebis

Semdeg unda SeirCes sakalkulacio erTeuli

da TviTRirebulebis gaangariSebis meTodi.

g. baqraZe


204



saganmanaTleblo da wesebulebebis menej-

mentma unda SearCios danaxarjebis ganaw-

ilebis maTTvis ufro mi saRebi meTodi. Cveni

azriT, misaRebia, SefardebiT erTeulebSi

danaxarjis ganawilebis meTodi.

rogorc wesi, fasebi danaxarjebze

meti unda iyos. amasTan, danaxarjebi in-

flaciisa da teqnikuri aRWurvis sruly-

ofis gamo ganuxrelad izrdeba. menejmentma

unda ixelmZRvanelos aqsiomuri sakiTxiT:

strategiuli dagegmvisas arasodes Seqmnas

iseTi produqti, romelic „ar gaiyideba“

bazarze.

amrigad, mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis Sin-

aarsis ganxilva saganmanaTleblo dawese-

bulebebSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,

rom sxva dargebis analogiurad, igi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc buRaltruli aR-

ricxvis nawili Tavisi specifikuri mizniT da

amocanebiT. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom misi

amocanebi individualuria da damokidebulia

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis saqmianobis

Taviseburebebze. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

aRniSnuli sakiTxebis regulireba SesaZle-

belia finansuri aRricxvis mowesrigebis

bazaze finansuri aRricxvis saerTaSoriso

standartebis Sesabamisad.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saq-

mia nobis srulyofis mizniT mizanSewonilad

migvaCnia:

1. Sida finansuri kontrolis sistemis

srulyofa;

2. aqtivebis aRricxvis mowesrigeba, aRu-

ricxavi da dauregistrirebeli aq-

tivebis ararsebobis uzrunvelyofa.

aqtivebis sruli inventarizaciis Ca-

tareba regularulad SemuSavebuli

saaRricxvo politikis Sesabamisad;

3. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi dan-

axarjTa centris gamoyofa. magaliTad,

fakultetebis, arsebuli samecniero-

kvleviTi dawesebulebis da samecniero

biblioTekis gamoyofa calke danaxar-

jTa centrad;

4. biujetis dagegmva, biujetis fargleb-

Si xarjTaRricxvaSi ganxorcielebuli

cvlilebebis moculobis minimizacia;

5. debitor-kreditorebis reestris re-

gularuli Semowmeba Sedarebis aqtebis

warmoebiT. calmxrivad aRricxuli de-

bitoruli an kreditoruli davaliane-

bis drouli gamovlena da Tavidan aci-

leba rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo

dawesebulebebSi.

6. ZiriTadi aqtivebis swori klasifika-

cia da SemuSavebuli saaRricxvo poli-

tikis Sesabamisad aRricxvis warmoeba;

7. saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis ganxorciele-

bis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobisa da kont-

rolis procesebis dacva, Tavisufali

konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa, Sesaba-

misobis dacva dadebul xelSekrule-

bebs, miReba-Cabarebis aqtebsa da gada-

xdil anazRaurebas Soris.

8. Sida auditis samsaxuris Camoyalibeba

da Sida auditis procedurebis Semu-

Saveba saerTaSoriso standartebis

mixedviT.

Cveni azriT, mizanSewonilia, saaRricxvo

sistemis bazaze Camoyalibdes mmarTvelob-

iTi da finansuri aRricxvis amocanebis

Sesabamisi sistema, romelic iqneba aRWur-

vili biujetirebis, kalkulaciis, efeqturi

mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis,

finansuri mdgomareobisa da saqmianobis

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis SesafasebisaTvis

saWiro informaciiT.


1. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, (2016). Tbilisi.

2. saqarTvelos kanoni „umaRlesi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb“, (2013). Tbilisi.3. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso

standartebi, (2010). Tbilisi.4. Керимов, В. (2013). Управленческий учет-

информационная база для формирования и

реализации ключевых показателей деятель-

ности/В. Э. Керимов // Вестник Российского

экономического университета им. Г.В.Плеха-

нова. №01. C. 61-68.

5. Булгакова, С. (2010). Внутренняя управленче-

ская отчетность: структура видов и форм/С.В.

Булгакова, Н.В. Подо бедова//Современная эко-

номика: про бле мы и решения. №6. С.138-151.

205

Methodological Improvement Issues of Financial and Managerial Accounting in Higher

Educational Institutions

Givi BakradzeDoctor of Business Administration,Head of Finance at European Teaching University

Key words:FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND GOVERNANCE, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Summary

The peculiarities of the higher educational institutions’ accounting are considered. At the same time, spe-cifi c goals and objectives of managerial accounting is also analyzed. It should be noted that the managerial accounting objectives and goals are individual and depends on the characteristics of the institution’s activities. It is noted, that regulation of the issues of fi nancial managerial accounting is possible on the basis of fi nancial accounting settlement in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards.

g. baqraZe


206











organizaciuli kulturis Taviseburebebi da kroskulturuli aspeqtebi saerTaSoriso biznesSi

manana beruaSvili

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

organizaciuli kultura, globaluri garemo, saerTaSoriso biznesi

saerTaSoriso biznesSi adamianebs sa-

q miani urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan, qi-

raoben adamianebs, iqmneba produqcia

ada mianebisaTvis da a.S. amitom biznesis so-

ciokulturuli garemos kvlevis amosavali

elementi aris adamianuri faseulobebi,

Sexedulebebi, rwmena, ganwyobebi da a. S.

es qmnis kulturas da gaziarebulia gark-

veuli socialuri jgufis farglebSi da

axdens zegavlenas biznesze, rac vlindeba

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT _ es iqneba mene-

jeruli gadawyvetilebis miReba, lideroba,

saqmiani urTierTobebis warmoeba, mar-

ketinguli samuSaoebi Tu sxva. es determ-

inantebi qmnian kompaniis Siga kulturas,

gavlenas axdenen da TviTonac ganicdian

gavlenas sxva institutebis sociokul-

turis mxridan.

biznesisa da kulturis kavSirurTier-

Tobis kvlevis sayrdens warmoadgens ad-

amianTa faseulobebi. rogorc g. hofstede

miiCnevs, es faseulobebi sazogadoebis

yvela aspeqtis ganuyofeli nawilia da is-

eTive zegavlenas axdens biznesze, rogorc

magaliTad ojaxur cxovrebaze, bedniere-

baze, janmrTelobasa da swavlaze [hofs-

tede, hofstede 2011].saerTaSoriso biznesi qveyanaTa sazR-

vrebs kveTs da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli

mravalferovneba izrdeba, amitom biznesis

warmoebac rTuldeba da warmatebisaTvis

aucilebelia kroskulturuli midgomebis

gamoyeneba.

dRevandel globalur garemoSi or-

ganizaciuli kultura ganixileba, rogorc

adamianuri resursebis marTvis mZlavri in-

strumenti da misi mizania momuSaveTa mo-

marTva maT winaSe mdgom amocanebze, maTi

iniciativis mobilizeba, organizaciisadmi

erTgulebisa da adamianebs Soris nor-

maluri urTierTobebis damyarebis uzrun-

velyofa.

saerTaSoriso biznesSi organizaciuli

kultura garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasi-

aTdeba, rac ganpirobebulia istoriuli,

eTnikuri, geografiuli da sxva faqtorebiT

gamowveuli erovnuli kulturebis Tavise-

burebebiT. erovnuli organizaciuli kul-

turebi gansxvavebulia imdenad, ramdenadac

gansxvavebulia maTi fuZemdebluri faseu-

lobebi (ojaxi, kanonisadmi pativiscema,

Sromis anazRaurebis done, pirovnebis, misi

codnisa da profesionalizmis pativiscema

da sxv.).

g. hofstedem, romelic saerTaSor-

iso firmebis organizaciul kulturaze

sxvadasxva qveynis kulturaTa gansxvave-

bulobis gavlenis sakiTxebze muSaobda,

207

organizaciebisa da qveynebis kulturuli

aspeqtebis klasifikacia Semdeg maxasiaTe-

belTa safuZvelze Camoayaliba:

1. ierarqiuli kibis sigrZe, romelic gan-

sazRvravs kulturis mxridan xelm-

ZRvanelis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis

gamoyenebis waxalisebis xarixs. aqedan

gamomdinare, im qveynebSi, sadac waxa-

lisebis xarixsi maRalia, adamianebs

Soris uTanabroba aRiqmeba rogorc

Cveulebrivi movlena da xelmZRvane-

lobisgan elian kidec Zalauflebis

gamovlenas.

2. gaurkvevlobisagan Tavis arideba. igi

gviCvenebs marTvis miuRebeli situaci-

isaTvis Tavis aridebisaken miswrafebis

xarisxs.

3. individualizmi-koleqtivizmi. aq asax-

vas poulobs SromiT motivaciaSi indi-

vidualuri da koleqtiuri interese-

bis Tanafardoba;

4. maskulinizmi-feminizmi. gansazRvravs

„mamakacuri“ da „qaluri“ kulturebis

dominirebis xarisxs.

gansxvavebuli organizaciuli kul-

turebis gavlena saerTaSoriso biznesis

marTvaze ZiriTadad gamowveulia Semdegi

garemoebebiT:

1. kulturuli sakomunikacio bari-

erebi TanamSromrlobaSi. sxvadasxva

kulturebis Semcveli komunikaciis

winaSe SeiZleba warmoiSvas sxvadasxva

siZnele, maT Soris sakomunikacio dar-

Rvevebic ki, romlebic ganpirobebulia

kulturis iseTi faqtorebiT, rogori-

caa: kulturul gansxvavebaTa ugulve-

belyofiT gamowveuli dabrkolebebi,

realurobis SegrZnebis damaxinjeba,

Sablonuri azrovneba da sxv.

2. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli gansxva-

vebani marTvis stilSi;

3. gansxvavebani problemis dasmasa da ga-

dawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi;

4. Sromis motivaciis gansxvavebulo-

biT ganpirobebuli potenciuri kon-

fliqtebi, romelTa motivebi, rogorc

wesi, ganisazRvreba socialuri da

ojaxuri mdgomareobiT;

5. gansxvavebani socialur-kulturul

kompetenciasa da personalis ganvi-

TarebaSi. aq igulisxmeba kulturis

gansazRvruli mdgradobis arseboba,

rac gamoixateba sxva kulturebis

miRebaSi, sakuTar kulturul urT-

ierTdamokidebulebaTa codnaSi, gaxs-

nilobasa da moTminebaSi kulturuli

komunikaciis procesSi, personalis

marTvaSi erTi kulturuli sferodan

meoreSi nouhaus gadmotanis SesaZle-

blobis Sefasebis unarSi.

saerTaSoriso biznesSi organizaciuli

kulturis Taviseburebaze sxvadasxvagvarad

moqmedeben sxvadasxva tipis kulturebi,

rac TiToeuli maTganis unikalurobiT aris

gamowveuli. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaS-

oriso biznesis warmatebuli saqmianobisa-

Tvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens iseTi

organizaciuli kulturis Camoyalibeba,

romelSic optimalurad iqneba asaxuli

erovnuli kulturebis Taviseburebani.

biznesis sul ufro mzard transnacion-

alizaciasa da globalizaciasTan da-

ka vSirebiT wina planze iwevs sruliad

sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobis mqone indi-

vidTa dajgufebis moqmedebis koordinaciis

problema da erTiani wesebis Sesaqmnelad

udides mniSvnelobas iZens kroskultur-

uli aspeqtebis Seswavla.

brZanebebis Seqmnis problema ukve didi

xania Seiswavleba menejmentis saswavlo

saxelmZRvaneloebsa da kursebSi, maSinac

ki, rodesac biznesis monawileni ZiriTadad

erT qveyanas, anu kulturas ganekuTvne-

bian, saerTaSoriso brZanebebi axla ukve

mtkiced damkvidrdnen Cvens cxovrebaSi da

mravalerovnulma kompaniebma gverdi ar

unda auaron maTi Seswalis sakiTxebs.

saerTaSoriso mewarmeebi, mas Semdeg,

rac gaecnoebian TavianTi partniorebis

erovnul Taviseburebebs, unda miiRon

rekomendaciebi, rogor iurTierTon erT-

maneTTan da ras SeiZleba moelodnen maTgan,

ras xedaven isini TavianTi Tvalsawieris

farglebSi, riT gansxvavdebian es Sexed-

ulebebi principulad da raSi emTxvevian

erTmaneTs.

arsebobs iseTi sferoebic, sadac

ori eri SeiZleba mivides SeTanxmebamdec

m. beruaSvili


208



da swored, aqedan gamomdinare aris mni-

Svnelovani kroskulturuli aspeqtebis Se-

s wavla.

saerTaSoriso mewarmeobis warmatebebi

damokidebulia Semdeg faqtorebze:

partniorebTan urTierTobis xasiaTze;

saqmiani kavSirebis damyarebis cod-

naze;

partniorebze saWiro STabeWdilebebis

moxdenis unarze;

partnioris motivaciis gagebis unaze.

Tanamedrove mewarmisaTvis aseve Zalze

mniSvnelovania, icodes saqmiani eTikis Tav-

iseburebebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,

partniorTa qcevis specifikuri Tvisebebi,

rogorc sxva qveynebis saqmiani kulturis

matareblisa. aqedan gamomdinare, aucile-

belia gaviTvaliswinoT erovnuli fsiqo-

logia, tradiciebi, konkretuli qveynebis

wes-Cveulebebi, agreTve piradi Cvevebi,

Jestebi, mimika.

saerTaSoriso mewarmeobis kroskul-

turuli aspeqtebi moicavs sxvadasxva

biznes-kulturis gamokvlevas, saqmiani eTi-

kis da etiketis Taviseburebebis Seswavlas

da, agreTve komunikaciur gansxvavebebs ad-

amianebs Soris, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,

kargad gavigoT ama Tu im kulturis

gansxvavebaTa mizezebi, romlebic damaxasi-

aTebelia sxvadasxva qveynis biznesis warmo-

madgenelTaTvis.

kroskulturul rekomendaciaTa ume-

te sobas ar gaaCnia Teoriuli safuZveli,

isini ubralod warmoadgenen mewarmeTa

saerTaSoriso urTierTobis xangZlivi

gamocdilebiT miRebul praqtikuli dak-

virvebebis Sedegebs.

sxvadasxva qveynis saqmiani urTierTo-

bebis kulturis Taviseburebebi saSualebas

iZleva, CamovayaliboT saqmiani ur Ti er-

Tobis gansazRvruli kanonzomierebe bi

sxva dasxva qveynis mewarmeTa Soris, risi

ganxorcielebac SesaZlebelia Semdegi mi-

marTulebebiT:

verbaluri da araverbaluri komuni-

kaciebiT;

gacnobiT, misalmebiT, wardgeniT,

pirveli kontaqtebiTa da SexvedrebiT;

saqmiani oqmebis gaformebis wesiT;

molaparakebebze qcevis wesebiT;

garegnuli ier-saxis, manerebis da sa-

qmiani Cacmulobis moTxovnebiT;

saqmiani mimoweriT;

miRebis organizaciiT.

komunikaciaTa Taviseburebebis Ses-

wavliT naTlad Cans, rom zogierTi cnebebis

gadaTargmna sxvadasxva enaze SeuZlebelia.

magaliTad, espanur enaSi ar arsebobs sityva

„mewarme“. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania

Jestebis enac, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva qveynebSi.

araverbaluri enis kidev erT

mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens

adamianebs Soris manZili saubris dros.

situaciis Sesabamisi manZilis gancda yovel

kulturas Taviseburi aqvs. komunikaciis

Taviseburebebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba aqvs pirveli Sexvedrisas, radganac

amazea damokidebulia partnioris keTil-

ganwyobis mopoveba da urTierTsimpaTiisa

da ndobis damyareba.

organizaciebSi yovelTvis eTmoboda

didi yuradReba momuSaveTa SromiT kmay-

ofilebis sasurveli donis miRwevas,

vinaidan mravali mecnieruli kvlevis Sede-

gebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis aRiniSne-

boda Zlieri kavSiri momuSaveTa SromiT

kmayofilebasa da organizaciis efeqtiano-

bas Soris.

rogorc kvlevis Sedegebidan Cans, Sro-

miTi kmayofilebisa da aqedan gamomdinare,

organizaciis efeqtianobis ma Cveneblebis

mixedviT lideroben kerZo organiza-

ciebi, romlebSic sajaro organizaciebTan

SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro mkafiod aris

gamovlenili da damkvidrebuli gunduri

organizaciuli kultura. marTvis aseTi

modeli damaxasiaTbelia Soreuli aR-

mosavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis,

romelTa uswrafesi ganviTareba Sefase-

buli iqna rogorc saswauli. es garemoeba

sagulisxmo da samagaliTo unda gaxdes

Cveni qveynis organizaciebisTvis, romlebic

bevrwilad gansazRvraven sazogadoebisa da

mTlianad qveynis ganviTarebis tempebs.

209

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. hofstede, g., hofstede, g. i. (2011). kul-

turebi da organizaciebi. Tbilisi.

2. saerTaSoriso biznesis sociokultur-

uli garemo (2011). saerTaSoriso samec-

niero konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli,

i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, gr. robaqiZis

saxelobis universiteti, kavkasiis Svei-

cariuli akademiuri qseli, Tbilisi.

3. veSapiZe, S. (2011). „saerTaSoriso samewarmeo

garemos kroskulturuli aspeqtebi“, „sa-

er TaSoriso biznesis sociokulturuli

garemo“ _ saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-

ferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli, Tbilisi.

Organizational Culture and Croscultural Aspects of International Business

Manana BeruashviliPHD Student of Georgian Technical University

Key words:ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Summary

In today’s global interdependence of national economies and the growth of the state border associated as an economic category, to some extent, loses its value as a historical-legal category is not disappearing, but it is becoming more liberal in terms of the movement of the various factors of production.

As a result of the process of globalization, the interdependence of national economic growth is the basis for the production of Internationalization, a signifi cant factor in the Intercultural relations.

Given the fact that cross the borders of countries in the international business and, therefore, increasing the diversity of cultural, business and production complicating the success of cross-cul-tural approach.

International Business’s successful business in the modern world at the necessary condition for the organizational culture, which will be refl ected in national cultures optimally features.

m. beruaSvili


210











sinergetikuli midgomebi marketingis marTvis procesSi

nana nadiraSvili

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის დოქტორანტი, გორის სახელმწიფო სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ლექტორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

marketingi, sinergetikuli midgomebi, marketingis sistema

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi mimdinare

xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi gviCvenebs, rom

araerTi faqtorisa da wyaros mniSvnelovani

nawili gadajgufebulia. isini did gavlenas

axdenen da gansazRvraven kidec ekonomikur

ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri zrdis tradi-

ciuli resursebis klebadi SesaZleblobebi

ukavSirdeba rogorc maTi gamoyenebis

fizikur SesaZleblobebs da zRvarTan mi-

axloebas, ise daqveiTebul efeqtiano-

bas da imavdroulad, bunebaTdacvis

RonisZiebebze danaxarjebis gazrdas. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri zrdis mod-

elSi wamyvani unda gaxdes teqnologiebis,

kerZod, produqtebisa da momsaxurebis in-

ovaciuri procesebis sistema, romlebic,

sinergetikuli midgomiT gamoirCeva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom inovaciuri sistemebis

mTavar komponentebad gvevlineba teqnolo-

giuri, samecniero da samecniero-teqnikuri,

socialur-organizaciuli, mmarTvelob-

iTi, aseve kognituri siaxleebi, romlebic

saTanado dozirebiT asaxulia samecniero

naSromebsa da gamogonebebSi, nouhausa da

nairgvar materialur wyaroSi. isini aR-

mocendeba kvlavwarmoebiTi ciklis yovel

stadiaze, inovaciebi urTierTisagan

gansxvavdeba teqnologiebiT, war-

moSoba-warmoSobilobiT, daniSnulebiT,

siaxlis xarisxiT, sagnobriv Sinaarsobrivi

struqturiT, ekonomikur procesebze

gavrcelebisa da zemoqmedebis doniT. ino-

vaciuri Sinaarsis Semcveli midgomebi aris

ara raRac siaxlis danergvis erTjerad i

aqti, aramed damuSavebis, danegvis, Sejere-

ba-aTvisebis, warmoebis, difuziisa da si-

axleTa komercializaciis RonisZiebaTa

mizanmimarTuli sistema. inovaciuri

midgoma unda ganvixiloT rogorc siaxleTa

Seqmnis, Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli pro-

cesi, rogorc inovaciuri alternativis

maqsimalurad realizebis, inovaciur

moTxovnaTa da samewarmeo Zalisxmevisa da

RonisZiebebis permanentuli procesi. in-

ovaciuri efeqtis struqturis sirTule,

Tavis mxriv, gamovlindeba ori ZiriTadi

formiT. cxadia, aseTi efeqtis Semcveli

komponentebi yovelTvis ar SeiZleba

gaizomos erTnair universalur erTeulebSi

(magaliTad, Tundac RirebulebiTSi), rac

saSualebas mogvecms movaxdinoT miRebuli

calkeuli Sefasebebis urTierTintegri-

reba. meore mxriv, analogiuri integraciis

ganxorcielebis procedurebi moiTxovos

efeqtis calkeuli komponentebis Sedare-

biTi mniSvnelobis radenobrivi Sefasebebis

211

arsebobas, romlebic SeiZleba Cven mier mx-

olod subieqturad ganisazRvros. marketingis sistemis marTvisas mec-

nieruli midgomebiT, miT ufro sinergizmisa

da sinergetikuli ideebis momarjvebiT

veziarebiT axal inovaciur meTodebs, ro-

melTa meSveobiT Sedegad viRebT arse-

biTad sruliad axal jgufs. sinergetikuli

ideebis gamoyeneba gvexmareba marTvis

efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi, kerZod, gansak-

uTrebuli danaxarjebis gareSe SevicnoT

da gaviziaroT mniSvnelovani xarvezebi

da maTi aRmofxvris gzebi. swored aseTi

midgomiT SeiZleba movaxdinoT saxsrebis

danaxarjebis dazogva-minimizireba. siner-

gia xels uwyobs da uzrunvelyofs mTliani

sistemis gamarTul muSaobas, ufro didi

efeqtis miRebasa da miRwevas, vidre er-

Tad aRebuli calkeuli qvesistremebisa da

Semadgenlebis efeqtiani jamuroba. siner-

gia ekonomikaSi niSnavs strategiul upir-

atesobebs, romlebic warmoiSoba erTiani,

erToblivi xelmZRvanelobiT, ori an meti

sawarmos SeerTeba-TavmoyriT. am dros

matulobs da maRldeba efeqtianoba, rome-

lic gamovlindeba nayofierebis gziT. war-

moebis danaxarjebis SemcirebiT. ase rom,

problemebis gasamklaveblad erToblivi

moqmedebiT miiRweva ufro didi da maRali

efeqti, vidre individualuri ZalisxmeviT.

sinergetikuli efeqti sawamos doneze

SeiZleba Sefasdes sawarmos muSaobis Sede-

gebis mixedviT; dargSi gaerTianebisa da

konkurenciis gaZlierebiT; organizaciis

personalisa da novator-inovatorebis

arawinaaRmdegobrivi urTierTmoqmedebiT;

marTvis wesebiTa da marketingis

variaciuli saxesxvaobiT; pirovnuli da

profesiul-profesionaluri ganviTarebis

srulyofiT. sayuradReboa, rom siner-

getikis kategoriuli aparati moicavs iseT

gagebas, rogoricaa atra qtori, aseve bi-

furkacia, fluqtuacia, fraqtaluroba,

disipaTiuri struqturebi da TviTorgan-

izeba. kritikul situaciaSi kritikuli

wertilovani movlenebis Sedegad sistemis

moqniloba ferxdeba - aramyari da ara-

mdgradi xdeba, warmoiSoba saSiSi simp-

tomebi - sistemis sxva xarisxSi gadasvlis

SesaZleblobebi, rac specialur liter-

aturaSi bifurkaciis wertilebis saxel-

wodebiT aris cnobili. TviTorgani zebadi

sistemis winaSe zemoxsenebuli bifurkaciis

wertilebSi Tavs iCens ganviTarebis gzebis

variaciuli simravle. am dros, im fargalSi,

romelic iqneba arCeuli viTardeba yvelaze

ufro optimaluria, radgan bifurkaciis

Semdeg sistema Semdgom wertilamde wins-

vliT ganagZobs ganviTarebas. cxadia,

arasimyarisa da aramdgradobis TavCena

Tavis mxriv warmoSobs sistemis qcevis axal

tips. aq Zalze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

fluqtuaciebi, romlebis gardauvlad

warmoiqmneba im sistemaSi, romelic gam-

oirCeva Tavisuflebis mravali xarisxiT,

magram imavdroulad isini warmoadgenen

SemTxveviT movlenebs. maT SeswevT Zala ax-

ali wesrigis warmoSoba-aRmocenebisa, aR-

moceneba axali makrostruqturisa. swored

maT moculobasa da mimarTulebazea

damokidebuli arasimyaris viTarebidan sis-

tema romlis gamoyenebiT gamova SesaZlo

traeqtoriebidan. fluqtuaciebi SesaZle-

belia gaZlierdes sruliad SemTxveviTi

gare zemoqmedebiT, romlebic, raRacnairad,

TiTqos sistemas Semdgomi ganviTarebis

traeqtoriis arCevisaken mimarTavs. Ria

araxazobriv garemoSi mcireodenma ze-

moqmedebam, fluqtuaciam, SemTxveviTobam

SesaZloa arsebiT Sedegebamde migviyvanos.

mciredi fluqtuacia mosalodnelia ga-

daizardos makrostruqturaSi. fluqtua-

cia sistemas aiZulebs, airCios is gezi da

gantoteba, romlis mixedviTac moxdeba

sistemis Semdgomi ganviTareba. fluqtua-

ciisa da bifurkaciis movlenebi mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli disipaTiuri struqturebis

gagebasTan. rogorc cnobilia, yvela sis-

tema Seicavs qvesistemebs, romlebic

ganuwyvetliv fluqtuaciur mdgomareo-

baSi imyofeba.zogjer calkeuli fluqtua-

cia an fluqtuaciebis kombinacia dadebiTi

ukukavSiris Sedegad SesaZloa imdenad

gaZlierdes, rom manamade arsebulma or-

ganizebam verc ki gaZlos da daiSalos. am

gardamtex momentSi SeuZlebelia winaswar

ganvWvritoT da gamovicnoT, rogori mi-

marTulebiT warimarTeba Semdgomi gan-

n. nadiraSvili


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viTareba: sistemis mdgomareoba maSin

gaxdeba qaoturi, Tu is gadava mowesri-

gebulobasa an organizaciis axal, ufro

diferencirebul da ufro maRal doneze,

romelsac i. prigoJini, cnobili bel-

gieli mecnieri, samecniero mimoqcevaSi

termin sinergetikis Semomtan-damnergavi,

“disipaTiur struqturas” uwodebs. amri-

gad, disipaTiuri struqturebi gaxlavT

ufro maRali sirTulis warmonaqmni, vidre

daSlil-dangreuli misi winamorbedni. sin-

ergetikaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba atraqtoris gagebas, romelic sinon-

imia sityva “mizanisa”, rogorc saboloo

gamomxatveli mdgomareobisa. cneba at-

raqtSi gulisxmoben “sistemis SedarebiT

myar viTarebas”, romelic Tavisken izidavs

sistemis traeqtoriebis mTel simravles,

romlebsac sxvadasxva sawyisi piroba aqvT.

Tu aramyari, aramdgradi sistema moxvdeba

garkveuli atraqtoris mizidulobis areSi,

sistema gardauvlad gadaixreba mdgradi

mdgomareobis ganviTarebisaken da SeuZlia

am mdgomareobaSi dahyos manam, sanam sis-

tema raime mizeziT kvlav ar daubrundeba

aramyar mdgomareobas.

sinergetikis sagnis specifika isaa, rom

igi xazobrivi azrovnebis TvalTaxedviT

Ria sistemebSi Seiswavlis TviTorganiza-

ciis procesebs. am SemTxvevaSi gamokv-

levebis obieqts warmoadgens rTulad

organizebuli araTanabari sistemebi, rom-

lebic iswrafian qaosidan wesrigianobisaken

da piriqiT - gadadian sxvadasxva stadiaSi.

TviTorganizeba aris mowesrigebulobis,

urTierTobebis, urTierTkavSirebisa da

SezRudulobaTa TviTneburad warmoSobili

procesi, rac metad mniSvnelovania Ta-

namedrove marTvaSi.

sinergetikuli midgoma gulisx-

mobs imanenturi (sagnis Sinagani bunebis)

da transcendenturi (kvlevis sazR-

vrebis miRma arsebulis) movlenebis an

misi gamovlinebebis Seswavlas, romle-

bic sistemaSi fluqtuacias iwveven, rom-

lebic, Tavis mxriv, ganixileba rogorc finansur-sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebi -

rogorc cvlilebebis mizezebi an wanamZR-

vrebi. fluqtuaciebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos

ekonomikuri sistemis raRac faqtori. ro-

melmac SeiZleba Tavi iCinos aracxadliv.

igi, aseve ara saaSkaraod an moulodne-

lad TavCenili, perspeqtiulad moaxdens

dadebiT da uaryofiT gavlenas mTlian

sistemaze an kidev mis finansur-sameurneo

saqmianobis calkeul maCvenebelze.

fluqtuaciebis mizezi aseve SeiZleba iyos

dauZleveli Zalebis moqmedebebis dawyeba.

marketingis mier marTvis sistemis Se-

fasebisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

sinergetikuli midgomis inovaciuri gamoyeneba. pirvel yovlisa, gasaTval-

iswinebelia, marketingis ganxris menejeri maRali kvalifikaciis specialisti iyos

da igi, rogorc araerTi ekonomikuri dis-

ciplinis mcodne, aRiWurvos yvela mow-

inave ideiTa da marTvis formiT, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, unda Seiswavlos,

gamoiyenos da danergos progresuli codna

da inovaciuri teqnologiebi. meore mxriv, sistemis funqcionirebis Seswavla-dak-

virvebisas man unda gaanalizos da Seafasos sistema. imavdroulad unda gaiTvaliswinos

da prognozireba moaxdinos im mdgomareo-

bebisa, romlebsac SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena

sawarmoos mTliani saqmianobis Sedegebze.

marketingis sistemaSi sinergetikuli

efeqti sxva araferia, Tu ara misi elemen-

tebis kooperatiuli moqmedebis Sedegi,

romelsac cvlilebisaken mihyavs sistemis

xarisxi, misi ganviTarebis traeqtoria

da imavdroulad gvaqvs ara mxolod eko-

nomikuri sistemis elementebis koleqtiuri

moqmedebis Sedegis metoba maTi individua-

luri moqmedebis jamze, rac axasiaTebs sin-

ergetikuli efeqtis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli

Sexedulebis SezRudulobas. msoflio

mniSvnelobis saukeTeso kompaniebis xangrZ-

livvadiani warmatebebis mizezebis gamokvl-

evam aCvena, rom yovel Seswavlil cnobil

korporacias garegnulad, warmatebisaken

sruliad gansxvavebuli savali gzebi

hqondaT, magram kompaniebis saqmianobis

siRrmiseuli meqanizmebi erTdroulad

aratradiciuli da msgavsia, maT Soris:

daviwyoT ara kargi sastarto ideiT,

aramed kompania aigos survilisamebr;

viyoT mzad, uaryvoT an ganvaviTaroT

213

nebismieri idea, magram ar davtovoT

kompania;

ZiriTadi yuradReba unda davuTmoT

gaazrebebs organizaciuli dizainis

Sesaxeb. mudam gvaxsovdes, rom saqo-

neli da momsaxureba - Sedegia;

vimoZraoT arc ise didi nabijebiT,

raTa moulodnelad movixelToT da

gamoviyenoT Cven mier gacnobierebuli

SesaZleblobebi;

moZraobis mTavari orientiri ideo-

logiaa, romelic asaxavs, risTvis da

ratom arsebobs organizacia;

mTavaria ara is, risi miRweva surs or-

ganizacias, aramed rogori unda gax-

des.

zemoT moyvanili miTiTebebisagan is

daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom erTi da ig-

ive meqanizmi rTuli sistemebis nawilia,

romelic swori aRqmiT da gamoyenebiT

viTardeba; evoluciuri procesi SeiZleba

gaxdes progresis stimulirebis xelSem-

wyobi da mZlavri iaraRi. sinegetikam anu

TviTorganizaciis Teoriam ukve gamoik-

vlia rTuli sistemebis evoluciis

saidumlos buneba, romelsac SeuZlia Sea-

srulos marTvis mZlavri fundamento-

bis funqcia, romelic orientirebulia

Secnobadobaze, TviTorganizebadi tenden-

ciebis amoqmedebasa da mxardaWeraze sin-

ergetikuli midgomis gamoyenebis sfero

saSualebas iZleva, vamtkicoT, rom sworad

SerCeuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba,

Sevsebul-damatebuli atraqtoruli stim-

ulirebiT, ayalibebs kavSirebs, rom-

lebic uzrunvelyofen sistemis myar

funqcionirebasa da ganviTarebas. mar-

ketingis marTvis aparatis mier dadgenili

da dawesebuli stimulebi awesrigeben sis-

temas, uzrunvelyofen mis funqcionirebisa

da ganviTarebis simyares ZiriTad diversi-

fikaciis organizaciisa da marTuli dadeb-

iTi sinergiis meSveobiT. sinergetikis

sagnis specifika isaa, rom Ria sistemebSi

TviTorganizaciis procesebi fasdeba ara

xazobrivi azrovnebis kuTxiT. kvlevis

obieqts ki warmoadgens rTulad organize-

buli araTanabawonadi sistemebi, romlebic

imyofeba qaosidan wesrigisaken da piriqiT

_ gadasvlis gansxvavebul, sruliad sxva-

dasxva stadiebSi.

amgvarad, gamovyaviT sinergetikuli

midgomis Semdegi upiratesobebi:

a) organizaciis SigniT evoluciuri pro-

cesebis Segnebuli gamoyeneba, rom-

lebic mimdinareobs, marezultirebadi

ori Zalis zemoqmedebiT: kerZod, gare-

gani fluqtuaciebi da sistemis Sina-

gani reaqciebiT;

b) TviTcvlilebadi struqturebis Se-

qmna, romlebic muSaobs TviTcvale-

badi wesebis mixedviT da amasTanave

adastureben SeTanxmebul qcevas;

g) Ria sistemebSi TviTorganizaciis

procesebis Seswavla araxazobrivi

azrovnebis zegavlenis kuTxiT;

d) permanentulobisa da diskretua-

lobis imitaciuri modelireba - im

savalde bulo pirobebis, romlebic

gansazRvraven sistemis sasicocxlo

cikls;

e) gareSe SemaSfoTebeli impulsebis fi-

qsacia, romlebic aRmocendeba makro-

sistemaSi da paralelur sistemebSi,

informaciis SekumSva Sekveca da da-

muSaveba am SeSfoTebebis Sesaxeb, Si-

nagani impulsebis SerCeva, romlebic

sistemas saSualebas miscems moaxdinos

gareSe zemoqmedebebisadmi adaptireba;

v) axali xarisxis aRmocenebis gamo gansx-

vavebuli masStabis struqturuli

doneebis kavSirisgan xorcieleba sis-

temis nawilakebis kooperirebis saxiT,

rac uzrunvelyofs sinergetikuli

efeqtis warmoCenas.

n. nadiraSvili


214



Synergistic Approach to Marketing Management Process

Nana NadirashviliGeorgian Technical University Phd student,Gori Teaching University lector

Key words:MARKETING, SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO MARKETING SYSTEM

Summary

System of new technologies, particularly innovative processes of products and services, having distin-guished synergetic approach in our opinion, should become key model of economical growth. Innovative ap-proach shall be discussed as depth process of making novelties and creative work, as well as maximal realization of innovative alternative, permanent process of innovative demands and entrepreneurial facilities and eff orts.

During managing the marketing system with scientifi c methods, especially with synergism and synergetic ideas, we are introduced to new innovative methods as a result of which we get completely original group. Usage of synergetic ideas helps us to increase management eff ectiveness, particularly to realize and become aware of important defects and their remedies without special expenditures. Such method makes it possible to conserve-minimize resources and costs.

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saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi

eTer narimaniSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,სამცხე-ჯავახეთის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

globalizacia,fiWuri, globaluri, tarifebi, kvotebi, privatizeba

meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi

da ocdameerTe saukuneSi saerTaSoriso

biznesis zrdam iseTi masStabi miiRo, rom

mravali mecnier-ekonomistis (espertis)

azriT, eWvs aRar iwvevs globalizaciis

eris dadgoma. erT-erTi midgomiT glob-

alizacia - esaa ganuwyvetliv mimdinare,

bazrebis, suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa da

teqnologiebis investiciebis myari pro-

cesi, romelic saSualebas aZlevs calkeul

pirebs, korporaciul da suverenul saxelm-

wifoebs ufro swrafad, vidre odesme

yofila, minimaluri danaxarjebiT daam-

yaron Rrma kontaqtebi mTeli msoflios

masStabiT ganTavsebul partniorebTan.

ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoyofen

mTel rig faqtorebs, romlebmac gavlena

iqonia msoflio ekonomikisa da msoflios

qveynebis integraciis gaZlierebaze. am

faqtorebidan umTavresia socialisturi

sistemis daSla 80—iani wlebis bolos, ris

Sedegadac aRmoifxvra msoflios komun-

istur da kapitalistur banakad day-

ofis praqtika. amis Semdgom periodSi

mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda saerTaSoriso

biznesi da daCqarda privatizaciis procesi.

Semdeg faqtors warmoadgens teqnologiis

srulyofis sfe roSi miRweuli progresi,

romelmac xeli Seuwyo integraciis gaRmave-

bas. msoflio ekonomikaze mowinave teqno-

logiis gavlenis karg magaliTs internetis

msoflio qselis Seqmna warmoadgens. garda

amisa, ekonomikis globalizaciaSi didi

roli iTamaSa iseTma teqnologiurma si-

axleebma, rogoricaa fiWuri telefoni,

personaluri kompiuterebi, Tanamgzavruli

kavSirebi da a.S. yvelaferma aman daaCqara

kapitalis msoflio bazris formirebis pro-

cesi, eleqtronuli komerciis ganviTareba,

momaragebis jaWvis Seqmna, agreTve saerTaS-

oriso vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso invest-

iciebis moculobis uprecedento zrda.

eqspertTa erTi jgufis azriT, globaliza-

cia migviyvans sazRvrebis gareSe msoflios

Seqmnamde, romelSic suverenuli saxelmwi-

foebi sul ufro da ufro dakargaven Tavi-

anT gavlenas. specialistTa meore jgufi

gamoTqvams eWvs am Sexedulebis mimarT. maTi

azriT, iseTi movlena, rogoricaa global-

izaciis procesi da suverenuli saxelm-

wifoebis arseboba, darCeba Tanamedrove

cxovrebis ZiriTad, amasTan bevr SemTxvevaSi,

antagonistur faqtorebad. momaval aT-

wleulebSi erT-erTi ur Tulesi amocana,

romelic idgeba politi kuri liderebisa da

msxvili biznesmenebis winaSe, mdgomareobs


216



imaSi, rom gagebuli da SesaZleblobis

farglebSi SeTanxmebul iqnes globaluri

ekonomikis urTierTsawinaa Rmdego, bevr

SemTxvevaSi, SeuTavsebeli moTxovnebi da

msoflio qveynebis is interesebi, romlebic

am ekonomikis safuZvels Seadgens. msoflio

masStabiT, mravali eqspertis azriT, glob-

alizacias gaaCnia dadebiTi mxareebi, magram

amave dros igi araa dazRveuli naklovane-

bebisagan. saxeldobr, sayovelTaodaa cno-

bili is faqti, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis

kompaniebs TavianTi warmoeba pirvel rigSi

gadaaqvT ganviTarebadi qveynebis terit-

oriaze. sadac SromiTi kanonmdebloba da

garemos dacvis Sesaxeb arsebuli normebi,

danaxarjebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT, im-

denad msubuqia (aramkacria), rom TiTqmis ar

arsebobs dacvis (Sesrulebis) aucilebloba.

amitom es kompaniebi Tavis valdebulebad

ar miiCneven maT Sesrulebas. ukanasknel

periodSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrda

yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino da STambeWdavi

gaxda. magram aucileblad ismis kiTxva,

Tu ram ganapiroba aseTi ganviTarebis

SesaZlebloba da ratom aris momavalSi

saerTaSoriso biznesis kidev ufro metad

ganviTarebis maRali albaToba? eqspertTa

azriT, arsebobs am movlenis ori ZiriTadi

mizezi: 1) kompaniis strategiuli miznebi

(moTxovnebi), romlebic warmoadgenen

globalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebis mo-

tivatorebs da 2) saerTaSoriso biznesis

garemoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, romlebic

xels uwyoben globalizaciis procesis gaZ-

lierebas. aRniSnuli ZiriTadi mizezebidan

gamomdinare, arsebobs mTeli rigi sabazro

mizezebi, romlebic aiZuleben kompaniebs

gaxdnen ufro globalurebi, rogorc gan-

viTarebis saerTo kursis, ise yoveldRi-

uri praqtikuli sqmianobis kuTxiT. aseT

strategiul mizezebs (upiratesobebs, im-

perativebs) miekuTvneba: kompniis sakvanZo

upiratesobebis (kompetenciebis) gamoyeneba,

resursebis SeZena ufro dabali fasiT, kom-

paniis axal bazrebze SeRweva, Tavis dargSi

ufro efeqtiani konkurenciis gaweva.

kompaniis sakvanZo upiratesobebis

(kom pentenciebis) gamoyeneba. globaliza-

ciis erTderT umniSvnelovanes safuZvels

sak vanZo kompetenciebis (upiratesobaTa)

uf ro farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba

warmoadgens, romelTa ganviTarebac SeZlo

kompaniam Sida bazarze.

sakvanZo kompetencia gansazRvravs im

gansxvavebulad gamorCeul Zlier mxares an

upiratesobas, romelsac pirvelxarisxovani

mniSvneloba gaaCnia kompaniis warmatebuli

saqmianobisTvis. axal bazarze sakvanZo kom-

pentenciebis gamoyenebiT kompanias SeuZlia

gazardos Tavisi Semosavali da mogeba. amis

magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sazRvar-

gareTuli kompaniebi, radgan saqarTveloSi

aseTi kompaniebis moZebna metad gaZnele-

bulia. saxeldobr, kompaniaSi `nokia~

SeimuSaves fiWuri telefonebis warmoebis

uaxlesi teqnologia, romelic xalisiT

miiRes momxmareblebma fineTis Siga baz-

arze. kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba male

mixvda, rom Semosavlebis da mogebis kidev

ufro gadidebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda Tu

telefonebis warmoebasa da gayidvas gaa-

farToebda sxva qveynebSic, rac warmatebiT

iqna ganxorcielebuli. aseTi magaliTebi

SeiZleba mravlad davasaxeloT.

resursebis SeZena ufro dabali fasiT.

saerTaSoriso masStabiT biznesis ganxor-

cielebis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi

safuZvelia dabal fasebad sawarmoo

resursebis (masalebis, samuSao Zlis,

kapitalis, teqnologiis) SeZenis aucileb-

loba. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi kompaniebi

ganicdian sazRvargareTis qveynebSi resur-

sebis SeZenis mwvave moTxovnas, radganac

adgilobriv bazarze Sesabamisi resursebi

an saerTod ar aris, an arasakmarisia moTx-

ovnis srulyofilad dasakmayofileblad

an kidev Zviria sxva qveynis bazrebTan

SedarebiT. amis magaliTebi Zalian bev-

ria. magaliTad, iaponiis kompaniebi xis ma-

salebsa da xis nawarms yiduloben kanadaSi;

msoflios yvela qveynis kompaniebi navTobs

yiduloben axalo aRmosavleTisa da afri-

kis qveynebSi da a.S.

gasaRebis axali bazrebis Zieba. biznesis

gafarToebis mizniT gasaRebis axali

bazrebis Ziebis aucilebloba warmoadgens

erTaderT mniSvnelovan mizezs kompaniis

saerTaSoriso bazarze gasasvlelad. rode-

217

sac Siga bazari, sadac kompania yidis Tavis

produqcias, mTlianad gajerebulia, am

bazarze sul ufro Zneli xdeba maRali Se-

mosavlis miReba da mogebis zrda. amitom

saWiroa Sesabamisi gzebis Zieba mocemuli

produqciis gayidvebis gasafarToveblad

sazRvargareTis axal, formirebad bazarze

gasvlisaTvis.

dargSi konkurenciis ufro efeqturad

warmarTva. kompaniis sazRvargareTis gas-

aRebis bazarze gasvlis erT-erT mizezs

warmoadgens survili imisa, rom aamaRlos

konkurentunarianoba da konkurentuli

brZolis efeqtianoba im dargSi, romelSic

igi moRvaweobs. garda zemoT aRniSnulisa,

Tanamedrove kompaniebma TavianTi biznesis

warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia

gaiTvaliswinon biznesgaremoSi momxdari

is cvlilebebi, romlebic aRmocenda meore

msoflio omis, gansakuTrebiT ki socialis-

turi sistemis daSlis, Semdgom periodSi.

aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is mudmivad mim-

dinare cvllebebi, romlebic xdeba biznesis

gare garemos ZiriTadi faqtorebis mixed-

viT. saerTaSoriso biznesSi am mxriv gansak-

uTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi,

rogoricaa politikuri garemos cvlileba,

teqnologiuri garemos cvlileba da a.S.

anu am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba iseTi

faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynebis

sazRvrebs miRma arsebul makrogaremoSi da

saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. faqto-

brivad, isini saerTaSoriso biznes garemos

faqtorebs warmoadgenen.

politikuri garemos cvlileba. meoce

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi vaWrobis ga-

farToebis mizniT kompaniebis sazRvrvar-

gareTis axal bazrebze gasvlas xels uSlida

sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebis mier

SemoRebuli barierebi. pirveli msoflio

omis Semdeg bevrma qveyanam (aSS, safrangeTi,

did britaneTi, germania da a.S.) SemoiRo

tarifebi da kvotebi importul saqonelze.

imavdroulad xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnes

erovnul kompaniebs saqonlis warmoebaze

samTavrobo kontraqtebis SeTavazebiT.

amis Sedegad 30-ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso

vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso investiciebis

moculoba arsebiTad Semcirda. magram

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi es

praqtika mTlianad gadaisinja da vaWrobiT

dakavebul ZiriTad qveynebs Soris moxda

molaparakeba sabaJo tarifebisa da

kvotebis Semcirebis, agreTve am qveynebis

teritoriaze pirdapir ucxour investi-

ciebze dawesebuli SezRudvebis gauqmebis

Taobaze. mravali am SeTanxmebidan miR-

weul iqna tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb

generaluri SeTanxmebis dadebis procesSi,

agreTve vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis

Zalisxmevis Sedegad. teqnologiuri gare-

mos cvlileba. msoflios qveynebis mTav-

robebis mier teqnikuri da teqnologiuri

politikis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma

pozitiurma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo

saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebas. gana-

kuTrebiT kavSirgabmulobis (komunikaciis)

sistemebis, satransporto saSualebebis

da informaciis damuSavebis saSualebebis

sferoSi danergilma siaxleebma saerTaSor-

iso biznesi ufro advilad gansaxorciele-

beli da momgebiani gaxada.


1. Sengelia, T. (2010). globaluri biznesi. Tb-

ilisi: axali saqarTvelo.

2. Sengelia, T. (2008). dasaqmebis sferoSi

diskriminacia da biznesi., J. „ekonomika“,

№11-12.

3. Чинченов, М.В. (2009). Основы международного

бизнеса: Организационные основы, инфрас-

труктура, тактика и стратегия. КноРус.

e. narimaniSvili


218



Internation Business in Globalization

Eteri NarimanishviliDoctor of Economics,Professor of Samtkhe-javakheti State University

Key words:GLOBALIZATION, CELLULAR, GLOBAL, TARIFFS, QUOTAS, PRIVATIZATION

Summary

Thus, in economy globalization process technological innovations such as cellular phone, per-sonal computer, satellite links, etc. played an important role. All this accelerated Capital formation of the world market, the development of e-commerce, supply chain creation, as well as international trade and international investment unprecedented growth.

219









TamaSebi unagira wertiliT da TamaSis amonaxsni Sereuli strategiis areSi

ioseb qarTveliSvili

ტექნიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

Tea Todua


sakvanZo sityvebi:

TamaSebi unagira wertiliT, TamaSis amonaxsni, Sereuli strategia

praqtikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi situa-

ciebi, rodesac urTierT sa winaaRmdego

miznebis mqone mxareTa interesebis Sejaxeba

xdeba. mo ce muli situaciebis umTavres

maxasiaTebel Tvisebad iTvleba is, rom arc -

erTi mxarisaTvis ar aris cnobili, rogor

imoqmedebs mowi naaR mdege mxare mocemul

momentSi. es warmoqmnis ganu sazRvrelobis

faqtors, romlis arsebobac mocemuli

situaciis ZiriTadi maxasia Te beli Tvisebaa.

garda amisa, TiToeuli mxare gulisxmobs,

rom saqme aqvs gonier mowinaaRmdegesTan da

maTi yoveli moqmedeba mimarTulia iqiT ken,

rom mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis Sedegi iyos

saziano, xolo Ta visTvis ki - sasargeblo.

zemoT moyvanili konfliqturi saxis

situaciebis analizisaTvis iye neben spe-

cialur maTematikur mimarTulebas -

TamaSTa Teorias. mis Zi riTad amocanas

warmoadgens, gamoimuSaos rekomendaciebi

kon fliq tur situaciaSi moTamaSeTa

gonivruli moqmedebisaTvis.

TamaSTa Teoriis princips, romelic

TiToeul mxares uwevs re komendacias uaR-

resad frTxili strategiis amorCevaSi, im

pirobis gaTva liswinebiT, rom mowinaaRm-

dege mxaris yoveli moqmedeba yo velTvis

TavisTvis sasargebloa da mopirdapire

mxarisTvis saziano, mi ni maqsis principi

ewodeba. es principi saSualebas iZleva,

gani sa zRvros minimaqsuri strategiebi.

moviyvanoT 4X4-ze TamaSis magaliTi:

cxrili 1

mocemuli TamaSisaTvis gamoviyeniT

minimaqsis principi, romelic gvaZlevs:

4maxmin;4minmax ijij aa v = = = 4

A B B1 B2 B3 B4

minstr.

A1 2 3 7 1 1

A2 6 2 1 5 1

A3 5 4 6 7 4*

A4 5 2 3 4 2

maxsvet.

6 4 7 7


220



sadac, v _ TamaSis fasia. minimaqsuri

strategiebi iqneba A3 da B2. xazgasmuli

ricxvi warmoadgens minimalur sidides Tavis

striqonSi da maqsimalurs Tavis svetSi (e.i.

mdebareobs minimaqsuri strategiebis gadak-

veTaze). mocemul ricxvs ewodeba unagira

wertili, xolo TamaSebs, romlebic Seicavs

unagira wertils, ewodeba TamaSebi una gira

wertiliT. aseTi tipis TamaSebSi minimaqsis

principis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva, gan-

isazRvros minimaqsuri strategiebi, romle-

bic TamaSis saboloo amonaxsns warmoadgens.

miRebuli amonaxsni iqneba saboloo im

mizeziT, rom napovni minimaqsuri strategie-

bidan gadaxveva mxolod TamaSis Sedegis

gauaresebamde migviyvans. radganac, mocemul

SemTxvevaSi, TamaSis amonaxsni sabolooa,

amitom is agreTve iqneba optimaluri, xolo

napovni minimaqsuri strategiebi iqneba moT-

amaSeebis optimaluri strategiebi.

TamaSis optimalur amonaxsns gaaCnia

Semdegi mniSvnelovani Tviseba: Tu A mxare

emyareba Tavis optimalur strategias, maSin

is uzrunvelyofs TavisTvis mogebas, rome-

lic TamaSis v fasis tolia, rogorc ar unda

imoqmedos B mxarem. Tu B mxare gadauxvevs

Tavis optimalur strategias, maSin A mxaris

mogeba, B mxarisTvis ukeTes SemTxvevaSi gan-

meordeba, xolo yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi

A mxaris mogeba gaizrdeba.

praqtikaSi gvxvdeba uamravi TamaSi,

sadac = . aseT TamaSebSi, minimaqsis prin-

cipis gamoyeneba saSualebas ar gvaZlevs,

vipovoT TamaSis saboloo amonaxsni. amave

dros, TamaSebSi unagira wertiliT minim-

aqsis principis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs

TamaSis saboloo amonaxsns, anu mis op-

timalur amonaxsns. TamaSebSi, sadac =, TamaSis amonaxsni ar arsebobs mocemul

wminda strategiaTa areSi, magram igi arse-

bobs Sereul strategiaTa areSi. Sereuli

strategia iseTi strategiaa, romlis

drosac TiToeuli moTamaSe iyenebs Tavis

strategiebs winaswar mocemuli albaTobe-

biT. wminda strategia warmoadgens Sereuli

strategiis kerZo saxes, romelSiac yvela

wminda strategia gamoiyeneba 0-is toli

albaTobiT.

ganvixiloT TamaSis erTi magaliTi.

vTqvaT agrofirmas, romelic dakavebulia

marcvleuli kulturebis moyvaniT, gamoy-

ofili aqvs 100ha miwis nakveTi, romelzedac

SesaZlebelia xorblis, Wvavis, qeris da Sv-

riis mosavalis miReba. davuSvaT, rom gark-

veuli mizezebis gamo saWiro gaxda ori

marcvleuli kultura SeecvalaT danar-

Ceni ori marcvleuli kulturiT ise, rom

mosavlis aRebis Semdeg firmas mieRo gark-

veuli mogeba. am miznis ganxorcielebisa-

Tvis arsebobs Secvlis oTxi SesaZlebeli

varianti: qeri _ xorbali, qeri _ Wvavi, Sv-

ria _ xorbali, Svria _ Wvavi.

me-2 da me-3 cxrilebSi moyvanilia

1ha-ze miRebuli mosavlis Rirebuleba

larebSi, marcvleuli kulturebis saxeo-

bebis mixedviT da erTi saxeobis meoresTan

upiratesobis albaTobebi mosavlianobis

gamarTlebis TvalsazrisiT (monacemebi aRe-

bulia pirobiTad). zemoT moyvanili situa-

cia warmovidginoT rogorc TamaSi ori _ A

da B mxaris monawileobiT. amave dros A-s

qveS vigulisxmoT wyvili: qeri _ Svria, xolo

B-s qveS _ wyvili: xorbali _ Wvavi.

cxrili 2

cxrili 3

mocemuli cxrilebis saSualebiT Segv-

iZlia gamovTvaloT yvela SesaZlebeli vari-

antis gamoyenebis dros miRebuli Semosavali.

I varianti _ qeris magier xorblis daTesavis

SemTxveva. radganac upiratesobis albaToba

Seadgens 0.7-s, amitom 100 ha-dan mosavali

gaamarTlebs 0.7 . 100 = 70 ha-ze da Rire-

marcvleulis

dasaxeleba

1 ha-ze Semosavlis

Rir. larebSi

qeri 20 . 102

Svria 15 . 102

xorbali 30 . 102

Wvavi 10 . 102

A Bqeri Svria xorbali Wvavi

upiratesobis koeficienti

qeri _ _ 0.7 0.6

Svria _ _ 0.7 0.6

xorbali 0.8 0.9 _ _

Wvavi 0.8 0.9 _ _

221

bulebis cxrilis Tanaxmad, Semosavali iqneba

70 . 30 . 102 = 2.1 . 105 lari, magram qeri al-

baTobaTa cxrilis Tanaxmad gaamarTlebs 0.8 . 100 = 80 ha-ze da Sesabamisad Semosavali iqneba

80 . 20 . 102 = 1.6 . 105 lari. Tu pirvel Sedegs

gamovaklebT meore Sedegs, miviRebT I vari-

antis gamoyenebis dros miRebul Semosavals.

2.1 . 105 - 1.6 . 105 = 0.5 . 105 lari

aseve SegviZlia gamovTvaloT danarCeni

sami variantis gamoyenebis dros miRebuli

Semosavlebi. miRebuli Sedegebi SevitanoT

me-4 cxrilSi.

cxrili 4

mocemul TamaSSi gamoviyenoT minim-

aqsis principi.

rogorc Cans = , es imas niSnavs, rom

TamaSs wminda strategiaTa areSi amonaxsni

ar gaaCnia. TamaSis amonaxsni unda veZeboT

Sereul strategiaTa areSi.

davuSvaT, rom A mxare iyenebs Tavis

pirvel strategias x albaTobiT, maSin

Tavis meore strategias gamoiyenebs (1- x) albaTobiT. davuSvaT B mxare gamoiyenebs

Tavis pirvel strategias y albaTobiT,

maSin Tavis meore strategias gamoiyenebs

(1- y) albaTobiT.

vipovoT A mxaris mogebis saSualo mni-

Svneloba, anu mogebis maTematikuri mo-

lodini.

movaxdinoT miRebuli gamosaxulebis

analizi. davuSvaT rom A mxare iyenebs Tavis

pirvel strategias x<3/4 albaTobiT, maSin

x_3/4<0. am SemTxvevaSi B mxare gamoiyenebs

Tavis pirvel strategias y<7/8 albaTo-

biT, imitom rom y_7/8<0. amas is gaakeTebs

im mizniT, rom A mxaris mogeba iyos rac

SeiZleba naklebi.

davuSvaT, rom A mxare iyenebs Tavis

pirvel strategias x>3/4 albaTobiT, amas-

Tan x-3/4>0. maSin B mxare gamoiyenebs Tavis

pirvel strategias y>7/8 albaTobiT, amas-Tan y-7/8>0, imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSic

A mxaris mogeba Semcirdes. A mxarisa-

Tvis ar aris momgebiani, gamoiyenos Tavisi

pirveli strategia albaTobebiT x<3/4 da

x>3/4. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom A-m unda

gamoiyenos Tavisi pirveli strategia x1=3/4 albaTobiT, xolo meore strategia x2=1-3/4=1/4 albaTobiT.

Tu analogiurad vimsjelebT B mx-

aris moqmedebis mimarT, SeiZleba vaCvenoT,

rom man unda gamoiyenos Tavisi pirveli

strategia y1=7/8 albaTobiT da meore

strategia y2=1_ 7/8 =1/8 albaTobiT.

amgvarad, strategiebis gamoyenebis op-

timaluri albaTobebi iqneba:

A mxarisaTvis: 3/4 _ qerisaTvis, 1/4 _

SvriisaTvis;

B mxarisaTvis: 7/8 _ xorblisaTvis, 1/8

_ WvavisaTvis.

amasTan TamaSis fasi toli iqneba:

v = 9/16 . 105 = 0.56 . 105 = 56000 lari

rogorc vxedavT, Sereuli strategie-

bis gamoyenebis Sedegad TamaSis fasi, anu A

mxaris mogeba gaizarda.

nebismier TamaSs gaaCnia amonaxsni cal-

keul an Sereul stra tegiaTa areSi. Tu

A mxare miyveba Tavis optimalur Sereul

strategias, maSin is uzrunvelyofs garan-

tirebul mogebas, romelic TamaSis v fa-

sis tolia, rogorc ar unda imoqmedos B

mxarem.

Tu v = 0, maSin TamaSi Tanabrad xel-

sayrelia orive mxarisaTvis. Tu v > 0, maSin TamaSi xelsayrelia mxolod A mxarisaTvis.

Tu v < 0, maSin TamaSi xelsayrelia mxolod

B mxarisaTvis.

��

minmax ijjia 0.5 . 105

maxmin ijjia 0.75 . 105

= 0.5.105xy + 1.105x(1 _ y) + 0.75.105y.

i. qarTveliSvili, T. Todua


A B xorbali Wvavimin

striqonSi

qeri 0.5 . 105 1 . 105 0.6

Svria 0.75 . 105 -0.75 . 105 -0.75 . 105

maxsvetSi.

0.75 . 105 1 . 105

.(1 _ x) _ 0.75.105y(1_ x)(1_ y) = _2.105(x _4�

).

.(y _�� ) + 9

16.105

222



1. gogiCaiSvili, g., Sonia, o., qarTveliSvili,

i. (1972). operaciaTa kvleva. saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universiteti, Tbilisi.

2. Вентцель, Е. (1972). Исследование операций.

М.: Сов.радио.


Games with the Saddle Point and Solutions of Games in the Field of the Mixed Strategy

Ioseb KartvelishviliDoctor of Technics,European Teaching University Associate Professor

Tea ToduaDoctor of Technics,European Teaching University Professor

Key words:GAMES WITH A SADDLE POINT, GAME SOLUTION, MIXED STRATEGY

Summary

In this article there are considered questions of use of game theory for the analysis of confl ict situations, those factors of uncertainty which existence are the main characteristic feature for this situation. Methods of de-termination of minimax strategy are discussed also. The specifi c confl ict situation on the example of agricultural fi rm is given. Searching of optimal solution for this situation happens in the fi eld of the mixed strategy.

223









wrfivi programirebis amocanis optimaluri amonaxsnebis moZebna mcire sawarmos muSaobis magaliTze

ioseb qarTveliSvili


Tea Todua

ტექნიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ევროპის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

wrfivi programireba, optimaluri amonaxsnebis moZebna

Tanamedrove cxovreba Sevida gan-

viTarebis iseT stadiaSi, rom nebismieri

sfero, praqtikuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad

saWiroebs efeq turi meTodebis SemuSavebasa

da Tanamedrove teqnikuri sistemebis dapro-

eqtebas, romlebic dasaSvebi sizustiT mar-

tivad, swrafad da kompi uteruli drois

umniSvnelo danaxarjebiT uzrunvelyofs

das mu li amocanebis gadawyvetas. rTuli,

maT Soris ekonomikuri obieqtebis (siste-

mebis) efeqturad marTvis aucileblobam

gamoiwvia specialuri modelebisa da meT-

odebis Seqmna, romlebic aadvileben swori

gada wyveti lebebis miRebas. isini optim-

izaciis modelebis saxelwodebiTaa cno-

bili. ukanaskneli 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi es

modelebi intensiurad viTar deba da gamoi-

yeneba adamianis moRvaweobis iseT sfer-

oebSi, rogo ricaa mrewveloba, soflis

meurneoba, ekonomika, transporti, janmrTe-

lobis dacva, sayo facxovrebo momsaxureba,

fsiqologia da sxva.

optimizaciis amocanis gadawyveta um-

niSvnelovanesia adamianis moRvaweobis TiT -

qmis yvela sferoSi. moviyvanoT ramdenime

magaliTi: 1) sam rewvelo sawarmos ainter-

esebs sawarmoo resursebis ekonomiis sa-

kiTxi; 2) axal avtostradaze unda ganlagdes

avtogasamarTi sadgu rebis qseli, saWiroa

racionalurad ganisazRvros am qselis

para metrebi; 3) saqalaqo transportis

samsaxurs ainteresebs satransporto sa-

Sualebebis optimaluri marSrutebi. yvela

magaliTSi operaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi

amocanaa garkveuli miznis misaRwevad

saukeTeso gzis amorCeva da misi Sefaseba.

am SemTxvevaSi mTavari roli eniWeba maTem-

atikur modelirebas. sanam maTematikur

models avagebdeT, saWiroa obieqtis (sis-

temis) winaswari Seswavlis safuZvelze

gamo vav linoT am obieqtis iseTi maxasi-

aTeblebi, romelTa mniSvnelobebis va ri-

rebac SeiZleba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

unda davadginoT marTvadi cvladebis


224



simravle. maTematikuri modelis asage-

bad saWiroa swo ri warmodgena gvqondes

obieqtis (sistemis) funqcionirebis mizanze

da informacia gvqondes SezRudvebze, rom-

lebic gansazRvravs marTvadi cvla debis

dasaSveb mniSvnelobebs. rogorc mizani,

aseve SezRudvebi unda Cai weros funqciebis

saxiT, romelTa argumentebs warmoadgenen

mar Tvadi cvladebi.

maTematikuri modelebi SeiZleba

davyoT determinirebul da sto qas tur

modelebad. determinirebul modelebSi

yvela faqtori, rome lic axasiaTebs gansax-

ilvel obieqts, mkvlevarisaTvis cno-

bilia. stoqas turi modelebi ki Seicaven

SemTxveviT faqtorebs, romelTa Se saxebac

cnobilia maTi ganawilebis kanonebi. optim-

izaciis mode lebis praqtikuli amocanebis

amoxsnis dagrovili gamocdileba saSuale-

bas iZleva, am amocanebis Sinaarsis mixedviT

gamoiyos maTi tipobrivi kla sebi. ganvix-

iloT TiToeuli maTgani:

1. resursebis ganawilebis da daniSvnis

amocanebi warmoiSoba, ro ca gvaqvs

Sesasrulebel samuSaoTa erToblioba

da maT Sesas ru leb lad saWiro re-

sursebi SezRudulia. amocana mdgo-

mareobs samu Saoebis mi xedviT re-

sursebis iseTi ganawilebis moZebnaSi,

romlis drosac an mi nimaluri iqneba

operaciis Catarebis danaxarjebi an

_ maq si maluri sa erTo efeqti. orive

kriteriumis erTdroulad gaT va lis-

winebac Se sa Z lebelia. aseT SemTx-

vevaSi miiReba e.w. mraval kri te riu-

miani operaciis amo canebi. resursebis

ganawilebis tipis amo canebs eku Tvnis

sat ran s porto amocana, romelSic ga-

nixileba war moebis pun q tebze moxmare-

bis pun qtebis optimaluri mimagrebis

prob lema. am tipis amo canebis amo-

saxsnelad farTod gamoiyeneba wrfivi

progra mirebis, gra fTa Teoriis, gan-

rigebaTa Teoriis meTodebi.

2. maragTa marTvis amocanebi xasiaTdeba

Semdegi TaviseburebiT: ma ragis zr-

dasTan erTad izrdeba misi Senaxvis

xarjebi, magram mcir de ba danakargebi

SesaZlo deficitis gamo. saWiroa

dadgindes maragis is mi nimaluri

raodenoba, romlis drosac saWiro

danaxarjebisa da Sesa Zlo deficitis

gamo Seqmnili danaxarjebis jami mini-

maluria.

3. marSrutebis amorCevis amocanebi, anu

qseluri amocanebi gvxvdeba satrans-

porto da kavSirgabmulobis sxva-

dasxva procesis ganxilvisas. am tipis

amocanebs miekuTvneba komivoiaJeris,

maqsimaluri na kadis da grafTa Te-

oriis zogierTi sxva amocana.

4. qseluri dagegmvis amocanebi aqtu-

aluria rTuli da Zvirad Rirebuli

proeqtebis damuSavebisas. am dros

arsebiTia proeqtis sxva dasxva etapis

dawyebisa da damTavrebis optimaluri

drois dadgena.

5. kalendaruli dagegmvis amocanebisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebelia sxva da sxva tipis

samuSaoTa Sesrulebis optimaluri

Tan mimdevrobis dad gena sxvadasxva

kri teriumis Sesabamisad.

6. kombinirebuli amocanebi erTdrou-

lad moicavs ramdenime tipis amo canas.

magaliTad, warmoebis marTvis procesSi

vawydebiT Semdeg prob lemebs: TiToeuli

tipis ra raodenobis nakeToba gamo-

vuSvaT (war moebis dagegmvis amocana),

rogor gavanawiloT SekveTebi mowyobi-

lo bebze (ganawilebis amocana), ra Tan-

mimdevrobiT SevasruloT SekveTebi (ka-

len da ruli dagegmvis amocana).

praqtikuli amocanebis umravlesoba

gulisxmobs garkveuli azriT saukeTeso

(optimaluri) gadawyvetilebis amorCevas

(magaliTad, mo gebis maqsimumi, danaxarjebis

minimumi, garkveuli operaciis Catare bisaTvis

saWiro drois minimumi da a.S.). Sesabamisi

maTematikuri modelebic Zalian xSirad op-

timizaciis amocanebia. iseT operaciebSi,

sadac mravali cvladis funqciis eqstrem-

ums veZebT da cvladebi garkveul pirobebs

(SezRudvebs) akmayofileben, amocanebis

modeli re bisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba

maTematikuri programirebis me To debi.

miznobrivi funqciisa da SezRudvebis

struqturis mixedviT SeiZ le ba miviRoT

wrfivi, arawrfivi, dinamikuri, diskretuli

225

(mTel ri cxva), stoqasturi programirebis

amocanebi. optimaluri (Tu es SesaZ le -

belia) an miaxloebiTi amonaxsnis misaRe-

bad gamoiyeneba cno bili algo riTmebi (Tu

aseTi ar arsebobs, unda damuSavdes ax-

ali). rogorc we si, praqtikul amocanebSi

cvladebisa da SezRudvebis rao de noba sak-

maod didia, amitomac kompiuteris roli

praqtikuli amo ca nebis ga da WraSi Zalian

mniSvnelovania.

maTematikuri programirebis meTodebs

Soris yvelaze kargad da muSavebuls war-

moadgens wrfivi programirebis amocanebis

amoxsnis me Todebi.

wrfivi programirebis amocanebi

SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxiT daisvas, magram

yvela amocana, romelzec daiyvaneba nebis-

mieri eko nomikuri an teqnikuri amocana,

SeiZleba gavaerTianoT wrfivi progra-

mirebis erT zogad amocanaSi.

avagoT ekonomikur-maTematikuri mod-

eli mcire sawarmosTvis (kon kre tuli

magaliTi da monacemebi moyvanilia qvemoT)

da miRebuli mo delis safuZvelze vipovoT

wrfivi programirebis amocanis optima-

luri amonaxsnebi.

davuSvaT, mocemuli gvaqvs mcire

sawarmo, romelsac resursebis saxiT gaaC-

nia 120 grZivi metri ficari, 100 grZivi

metri latani da 64 kv.m diqti. am masalebis-

gan sawarmos SeuZlia daamzados magidebi

da ka radebi. TiToeuli magidis damzade-

bas esaWiroeba: ficari _ 12 grZivi met ri,

latani _ 5 grZivi metri da diqti _ 5 kv.m.

TiToeuli karadis dam zadebas esaWiroeba:

ficari _ 4 grZivi metri, latani _ 10 grZ-

ivi metri da diqti _ 6 kv.m. erTi magida

Rirs _ 80, xolo erTi karada _ 50 lari.

warmoebis optimaluri marTvis amocana

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ram deni davamzadoT

TiToeuli saxis produqcia ise, rom ar ga-

davaWarboT arsebul resursebs da sawarmom

miiRos maqsimaluri Semosavali. dasmuli

amocana daviyvanoT wrfivi programirebis

amo ca namde. jer amocana warmovadginoT

zogadi saxiT, amisaTvis SemoviRoT aRniS-

vnebi.

ganvixiloT nebismieri saxis warmoeba.

davuSvaT, rom mocemuli warmoeba uSvebs

n raodenobis produqcias, romlisTvisac

saWiroa m raodenobis resursi. amasTan

cnobilia TiToeuli saxis produqciis

erTeulis dasamzadeblad saWiro resur-

sebis raodenoba, e.i. norma, romelic aR-

vniSnoT aij-iT, sadac i=(1,..,m), j=(1,..,n). a

12 _

es aris norma I saxis resursisa, romelic

saWiroa II saxis produqciis erTeulis da-

sam zadeblad. zogadad aij _ es aris norma

i-uri saxis resursisa, ro melic saWiroa

j-uri saxis produqciis erTeulis dasamz-

adeblad. cj-iT aRvniSnoT j-uri saxis

produqciis erTeulis realizaciis Sede-

gad mi Rebuli mogeba, bi _ i-uri resursis

raodenoba, romelic warmoebas aqvs, xj _

produqciis raodenoba, romelic warmoe-

bam unda daamzados. maSin X (x1, x

2,..., x

n) iqneba

warmoebis mTliani gegma. cxadia, rom war-

moebas surs Seadginos iseTi gegma, rome-

lic mocemuli resursebis gamo yenebiT

mas miscems maqsimalur mogebas, e.i. unda

ganvsazRvroT efeq turobis kriteriumi an

mocemuli amocanis miznobrivi funqcia.

Cveni aRniSvnis Tanaxmad cnobilia

cj, maSin c

1x

1 iqneba x

1 raodenobis I saxis

produqciis realizaciis Sedegad miRe-

buli mogeba. aseve cnx

n aris x

n raodenobis

n-uri saxis produqciis realizaciis Sede-

gad miRebuli mogeba. Tu SevkrebT cjx

j-s,

miviRebT miznobriv funqcias, anu efeq-

turobis kriteriums

F= c1x

1+ c

2x

2+...+ c

jx

j+...+ c

nx

n anu

)1(1

n

jjj xcF

warmoebas ainteresebs iseTi X (x1, x

2,..., x

n)

gegmis Sedgena, rom erTi mxriv, miznobrivma

funqciam (1) miiRos maqsimaluri mniSvne-

loba, xolo meore mxriv, ar gadaaWarbos

arsebul resursebs. e.i. xj cvladebma unda

daakmayofilon Semdegi utolobebi:

radganac xj aRniSnavs damzadebuli

produqciis raodenobas, amitom xj ricxvebis

mniSvnelobebi ar SeiZleba iyos uaryofiTi,

es aris ekonomikuri xasiaTis SezRudva.

,...2211 bxaxaxa ininii ,...,2,1 mi )2(



226



miviRebT m+1 utolobisagan Semdgar sis-

temas, romelic warmoadgens wrfivi pro-

gramirebis amocanis SezRudvebis sistemas:

Tu xj=0, es imas niSnavs, rom mocemuli

saxis produqciis gamoSveba warmoebisa-

Tvis ar aris mizanSewonili. sabolood, Tu

Sez Rudvebis sistemas mivuwerT miznobriv

funqcias, maSin warmoebis mar Tvis amocana

mokled ase SegviZlia CamovayaliboT: vipo-

voT x1, x

2,..., x

n cvladebis iseTi arauaryofiTi

mniSvnelobebi, romlebic daakma yo fileben

(3) utolobebs da romlebisTvisac (1)

miznobrivi funqcia mi iRebs maqsimalur

mniSvnelobas. Tu SezRudvebis sistemaSi da

miz nobriv funqciaSi SevitanT konkretul

ricxviT magaliTebs, maSin miviRebT:

(5)

(4) da (5) gamosaxulebaSi yvela damokide-

buleba aris wrfivi, amitom mocemuli

amocana warmoadgens wrfivi programirebis

amocanas. (4) SezRudvebis sistema da (5)

miznobrivi funqcia warmoadgens amo canis

..................................................................

......

......

2211

222222121

111212111

mnmnjmjmm

nnjj

nnjj

bxaxaxaxa

bxaxaxaxabxaxaxaxa

)3(

)4(6465100105120412

21

21

21

xxxxxx,,

,,,,

sur.1. sawyisi monacemebis Sesatani forma

sur.2. optimaluri amonaxsnebis gamomavali forma

max5080 21 xxF 5,,, max (5)

227

maTematikur models.

wrfivi programirebis amocanebSi maTe-

matikuri modelis agebis Semdeg moiZebneba

optimaluri amonaxsnebi, romlisTvisac

gamoiyeneba simpleqsmeTodi. amisaTvis ga-

mo viyenoT “Pom For Windows” programuli

paketi, romelSic Cadebulia simpleqs-

meTodis algoriTmi. gamoviZaxoT saw yisi

monacemebis Sesatani forma da amocanis

maTematikuri mode lidan masSi SeviyvanoT

sawyisi mniSvnelobebi (sur. 1).

Semdeg movaxdinoT formis realiza-

cia, amisaTvis davaWiroT Rilaks “Solve”,

ris Semdegac gamoCndeba gamomavali forma,

sadac mocemulia optimaluri amonaxsnebi

(sur. 2).

sur.2-dan Cans Semdegi: imisaTvis, rom

warmoebam miiRos maqsima luri Semosavali,

unda daamzados I saxis produqti _ 9 cali,

II saxis produqti _ 3 cali, xolo mogeba

iqneba _ 875.38 lari.

sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

warmoebis marTvis procesSi obieqtis eko-

nomikur-maTematikuri modelis gamoyeneba

Zalian mniSvne lovania efeqturi da gegmvisa

da optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis mi-

saRebad. ekonomikuri amocana warmodgenili

unda iyos maTematikuri ganto lebebis, uto-

lobebisa da zRvruli funqciis eqstremu-

mis (maq simumi an minimumi) saxiT, sadac yvela

piroba iqneba daculi Tavisi Sez RudvebiT.

amgvarad, optimaluri gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad, nebismieri eko no mikuri amocan-

isaTvis, Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia ai-

gos ekono mikur-mTematikuri modeli iseTi

struqturiT, romelic moicavs SezRu d-

vebis sitemebs, miznobriv funqcias da op-

timalurobis kriteriumebs, xolo Semdeg

unda ganxorcieldes misi praqtikuli real-

izacia prog ramuli paketis daxmarebiT.


1. gogiCaiSvili, g. (1998). Sonia o., qarTvel-

iSvili i. operaciaTa kvleva. stu, Tbilisi.

2. gogiCaiSvili, g. (2004). Sonia o., qarTvel-

iSvili i. avtomatizebuli marTvis mo-

delebi. stu, Tbilisi.

3. qarTveliSvili, i., Sonia, o., nadiraS-

vili, v. (2015). wrfivi programirebis amo-

canebis optimaluri amonaxsnebis moZebna

ekonomikur-maTematikuri mo delebis

gamoyenebiT. saerTaSoriso recenzire-

badi da referirebadi samecniero Jurnali

`ekonomika~ #1-2, Tbilisi.



228



Finding Optimal Solutions for the Task of Linear Programming on the Basis of Working

of Small Enterprise

Ioseb KartvelishviliDoctor of Technics,European Teaching University Associate Professor

Tea ToduaDoctor of Technics,European Teaching University Professor

Key words:LINEAR PROGRAMMING, OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS

Summary

Solution of the task of optimization is the major for all fi elds of activity of the person. In this article there are considered questions of use of economic-mathematical model of object in an enterprise management process for its eff ective planning and adoption of opti mal solutions. For small enterprise the economic-mathematical model is constructed and by means of a software package of “Pom For Windows” optimal solutions for a task of li near programming are found.

229









mewarmeobis ekologiuri orientaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

SoTa SaburiSvili

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

biznesi, ekologia, garemos dacva

msoflio sazogadoebis progresulad

moazrovne adamianTa nawili Tanxmdeba, rom

ekologia XXI saukunis centraluri pro-

blemaa. am fonze, biosferuli wonasworo-

bis darRvevaSi mTavar eWvmitanils biznesi

warmoadgens, rac, bunebrivia, kardinalu-

rad cvlis arsebul Sexedulebebs ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis ekologiuri Semadgenlis

mimarT da sawarmoebs ubiZgebs garemoze

zrunva Tavisi strategiis umniSvnelovanes

elementad aqcion. 2015 wels parizSi gae-

ros wevrma saxelmwifoebma xeli moaweres

istoriul sayovelTao SeTanxmebas klima-

tis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT. qveynebi

iReben valdebulebas, miaRwion 17 realur

Sedegs momavali 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac

warmoudgenelia mewarmeobis ekologiuri

orientaciis amaRlebis gareSe [5].

Tanamedrove mewarmeobis ekologiza-

ciis procesze bevri faqtori axdens gav-

lenas. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania

ekologiuri msoflmxedvelobis sazoga-

doebis sxvadasxva fenaSi SeWra da axali

faseulobebis formireba, romelic ekolo-

giurad sufTa produqtebze globaluri

moTxovnis zrdaSi vlindeba. `binZur~ te-

qnologiebze momuSave da garemosaTvis sa-

xifaTo sagnebis mwarmoebeli firmebi sul

ufro xSirad imsaxureben sajaro gakicx-

vas da ganicdian boikots momxmareblebis

mxridan, riTac kargaven rogorc sagareo,

aseve saSinao bazrebs. Tanamedrove momx-

mareblebi, rogorc wesi, uars amboben SeiZ-

inon iseTi saqoneli, romelic:

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens uSualod

momxmarebelis da mis garSemo myofi

adamianebis janmrTelobaze;

zians ayenebs garemos warmoebis, gam-

oyenebis, an utilizaciis (ganadgure-

bis) procesSi;

moixmars didi raodenobiT energias

da bunebriv resursebs warmoebis, gam-

oyenebis, an utilizaciis procesSi;

warmoSobs arasasurvel narCenebs ga-

dametebuli SefuTvis an vargisianobis

mcire vadis gamo;

damzadebulia gadaSenebis piras myofi

cxovelebis tyavis an xorcisagan.

Tanamedrove sawarmoebis ekologiur

orientaciaze aseve mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens erovnuli da saerTaSoriso maregu-

lirebeli organizaciebis mxridan garemos

dacvaze moTxovnebis gamkacreba. biznesis

ekologiuri regulirebis instruments


230



ganekuTvneba administraciuli (specialu-

ri standartebisa da normebis daweseba,

bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis li-

cenzirebis sistema, ekologiuri eqspert-

izisa da serTifikaciis sistemebis

ga mo yeneba da a.S.) da ekonomikuri (bunebrivi

re sursebiT sargeblobaze gadasaxadebis

da weseba, jarimebi ekologiuri kanonm-

deblobis darRvevaze, dazRvevis sistemis

danergva da sxva) meTodebi. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs

aTeulobiT ekologiuri kanoni, rac areg-

ulirebs garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis

dabinZurebis normebs qveyanaSi. am mxriv,

efeqtianad funqcionirebs ekosistemaze

zedamxedvelobis policiuri meqanizmic,

romelmac bolo wlebSi Zireuli cvlileba

ganicada.

amasTan, Tanamedrove biznesis samyaro

ekologiuri zedamxedvelobis pirdapiri

meTodebidan sabazro marTvis meqanizme-

bze gadadis. am mxriv sainteresoa aSS-is

gamocdileba, sadac calkeul sawarmoebs

gadaecaT garemos dabinZurebis ufleba.

meTodi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ekologi-

uri zedamxedvelobis organoebi firmebs

umtkiceben dasaSvebi dabinZurebis kvotebs,

rac damokidebulia warmoebis tipsa da

masStabebze. Tu sawarmo, nebayoflobiT,

limitze dabla Seamcirebs ekologiuri

dabinZurebis dones, mas eZleva SesaZleb-

loba kvotis darCenili nawili sxvas mi-

hyidos. dRes ukve seriozulad ganixileba

dabinZurebis uflebebis erovnuli da

msoflio bazrebis Seqmnis sakiTxi, radgan

ukanaskneli firmebs astimulirebs ufro

swrafad gaataron ekologiuri reformebi.

mewarmeobis ekologiuri orienta-

ciis kidev erTi faqtoria sabazro in-

frastruqturis institutebis (bankebi,

sadazRvevo organizaciebi, sapensio

fondebi da a.S.) mier klientebis SerCevisas

gamoyenebuli diferencirebuli midgomebi.

aseTi diferencirebis kriteriums, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens konkretuli pro-

eqtis ekologiuri riskis done. magaliTad,

bankebi, rogorc wesi, Tavs arideben maRali

ekologiuri riskis mqone proeqtebis dafin-

ansebas.

swored aRniSnul interesTa jgufebis

zemoqmedeba ganapirobebs ekologiuri

faqtorebidan momdinare SesaZleblobebisa

da safrTxeebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileb-

lobas Tanamedrove sawarmoebSi. amasTan,

SesaZleblobebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes:

axali bazrebis aTvisebas; konkurentuli

poziciebis gaumjobesebas; sazogadoebriv

aRiarebas; warmoebis axali teqnologiebis

danergvas da bunebrivi resursebis efeq-

tian gamoyenebas; bunebriv resursebze

upirates xelmisawvdomobas; finansuri re-

sursebis xelmisawvdomobis zrdas; garemos

dabinZurebaze arsebuli gadasaxdelebis

Semcirebas.

rac Seexeba safrTxeebs, isini

SesaZleblobebis sapirispiroa da SeiZleba

ukavSirdebodes: gayidvebis moculobis Sem-

cirebas; bazarze konkurentuli poziciis

dakargvas; uaryofiT imijs sazogadoe-

baSi; moZvelebul warmoebis teqnologiebs

da resursebis araefeqtian gamoyenebas;

bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze li-

cenziis SeCerebas; sakredito insti-

tutebTan urTierTobebis garTulebas;

samarTlebrivi, materialuri an adminis-

traciuli pasuxismgeblobis dadgomas.

samwuxarod, sabWoTa kavSiridan moyole-

buli, saqarTvelos saqmian wreebSi saTanado

yuradReba ar eTmoba sawarmoebis ekolo-

giur orientacias, maSin rodesac ucxouri

gamocdileba da am mimarTulebiT arsebuli

gamokvlevebi metyvelebs, rom saqmiani wreebis

mxridan garemoze zrunvis aqtivizacia zrdis

ara mxolod qveynis, aramed calkeuli dar-

gisa da konkretuli sawarmos saerTaSoriso

konkurentunarianobas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynis masStabiT

garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis dadebiTi

efeqti aSkaraa, Tumca, yovelTvis ar gaaC-

nia zusti fuladi Sefaseba. iseTi bunebrivi

resursebis maragi, rogoricaa tye, navTobi

da sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, saTanado as-

axvas ver hpovebs calkeuli saxelmwi-

foebis sabazo saaRricxvo sistemebSi. rac

Seexeba ekologiuri dabinZurebis xarisxs,

misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba gacilebiT did

sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom,

garemoze zrunvis Sedegebi cxovrebis

231

xarisxis, adamianebis dRegrZelobis,

rekreaciuli SesaZleblobebis gaumjobese-

basa da soflismeurneobis harmoniul gan-

viTarebaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT.

mrewvelobis calkeuli dargebis doneze

garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis aqtiviza-

ciis dadebiTi Sedegi gacilebiT maRalia

progresuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, foladCamomsxmel

dargs, miuxedavad SedarebiT maRali danax-

arjebisa, romelic saWiroa ekologiuri

standartebis dacvisaTvis, SeuZlia miiRos

arsebiTi sargebeli resursdamzogavi

teqnologiebis danergviT, manqanaTmSeneb-

lobas _ ekonomiuri modelebis SemuSave-

biT. Tumca, mTeli rig `binZur~ dargSi

(samTo-mompovebeli, qimiuri, navTobgadam-

amuSavebeli) konkurentuli upiratesobis

mopoveba ekologiuri normebis dacviT ga-

cilebiT problematuria. amis dasturad

gamodgeba is faqti, rom Tanamedrove

metalurgiuli sawarmos Seqmnisas gamw-

mendi mowyobilobebi daaxloebiT imdenive

investiciebs saWiroebs, rasac ZiriTadi

sawarmoo simZlavreebi. msgavs dargebSi

ekologiuri moTxovnebis srulyofili

dacva produqciis erTeulze danaxarjebs

saSualod 30-40%-iT zrdis.

garemos dacvze orientirebul saqmi-

anobas mniSvnelovani sargebeli moaqvs

calkeuli sawarmoebisTvisac. maT Soris

SeiZleba aRiniSnos:

ekonomia, dakavSirebuli bunebrivi

resursebis da energiis moxmare-

bis masStabebis SemcirebasTan, aseve

jarimebis da garemos dabinZurebaze

gadasaxdelebis SemcirebasTan;

amonagebis zrda, erTi mxriv, ekologi-

urad sufTa produqciis ufro maRal

fasad gayidviT da meore mxriv, ufro

meti produqciis gayidviT;

sagareo bazarze saimedo gasvla;

SeRavaTian pirobebSi finansuri re-

sursebis miReba.

eqspertebi ekologiurad sufTa

produqciis msoflio bazars afaseben,

rogorc erT-erT yvelaze tevadsa da

swrafad mzards. aseve did imedebs iZleva

samecniero gamokvlevebi `mwvane~ teqno-

logiebis dargSi. Sesabamisad, sawarmoebi,

romlebic sxvebze adre gaacnobiereben

Tavis ekonomikuri saqmianobis strategi-

aSi ekologiuri faqtoris gaTvaliswine-

basTan dakavSirebul axal SesaZleblobebs,

mniSvnelovnad gaimartiveben konkuren-

tuli upiratesobis mopovebas rogorc

adgilobriv, aseve sagareo bazarze.

sawarmos garemos dacvaze orientire-

buli saqmianobis yvela mimarTuleba

SeiZleba 3 jgufSi gavaerTianoT:

organizaciuli saqmianoba, romelic

mTlianobaSi moicavs ekologiuri me-

nejmentis sistemis formirebas (kadre-

bis ekologiuri momzadeba, personalis

informireba da motivireba garemos

dacviT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT,

ekologiuri monitoringis sistemis

ganviTareba da a.S.);

garemoze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis

aRkveTisaken mimarTuli saqmianoba

(ZiriTadi teqnologiuri procesebis

da mowyobilobebis srulyofa, ekol-

ogiurad sufTa nedleulis da ma-

salebis gamoyeneba, wunis Semcireba da

produqciis xarisxis amaRleba, daxu-

ruli sawarmoo ciklis organizacia,

produqciis SefuTvisas zomierebis

dacva da a.S.);

garemoze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis

gamosworeba (dabinZurebuli haeris da

wylis gawmenda, narCenebis gadamuSaveba

da gamoyeneba, narCenebis ganadgureba,

mavne nivTierebebis gamoyofaze moni-

toringi da sxva.).

strategiuli alternativebi, romelic

SeiZleba garemos dacvaze orientirebul

ekonomikur saqmianobaSi aqtiurad CarTul

firmas gaaCndes, sakmaod mravalferovania.

Tumca, SesaZlebelia maTi erTgvarovani

jgufebis gamoyofac. sawarmos strategiis

ekologiuri Semadgenlis safuZvelze

ganasxvaveben sam midgomas. pirvelSi gadam-

wyvetia ekonomikuri interesebi da gulisx-

mobs garemoze zrunvas mxolod im doziT,

rasac adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso

maregulirebeli organoebi iTxoven. aseT

midgomas SeiZleba vuwodoT TavdacviTi

ekologiuri strategia. meore SeiZleba

S. SaburiSvili


232



davaxasiaToT, rogorc SeteviTi ekologi-

uri strategia. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikur

interesebze dominirebs ekologiuri

miznebi, rac sakmaod rTulad gansaxor-

cielebelia mkacri konkurentuli gare-

mos pirobebSi. mesame midgomis safuZveli

komplementaruli strategiaa, romelic

SeteviTi da TavdacviTi strategiebis sin-

Tezs warmoadgens. aq garemos dacvaze ori-

entirebuli saqmianoba ganixileba, rogorc

ekologiuri Semadgenlis gaumjobesebis da

imavdroulad konkurentuli upiratesobis

mopovebis ZiriTadi wyaro.

amgvarad, qarTul biznessa da saerTod,

gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis

saqmian wreebSi gabatonebuli mosazreba

sawarmos ekologiuri orientaciis simZ-

imis da xarjianobis Sesaxeb, gamousade-

garia biznesis Tanamedrove koncefciis

pirobebSi, romelic firmis saqmianobaSi

ekologiuri komponentis zrdas ganixilavs

ara rogorc ganviTarebis Semaferxebels,

aramed rogorc konkurentunarianobis am-

aRlebis axal saSualebas.


1. garemos obieqtebis xarisxobrivi mdgo-

mareoba saqarTveloSi da masTan dakavSire-

buli zogierTi socialuri problema.

saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da

ganviTarebis centris biuleteni (2006)

#100, dekemberi.

2. Singh, P.B., Kamal, K. & Pandey, K.(2012) Green

Marketing: Policies and Practices for Sustain-

able Development, Integral Review - A Journal

of Management, 5(1).

3. Внешнеэкономическая деятельность предпри-

ятия (2007). Под редакцией Л.Е. Стровского. М.

4. Лучшие инструменты управления компанией,

www.v-ratio.ru.

5. Экономический рост и устойчивое развитие,

http://www.un.org/ru/sections/priorities/eco-

nomic-growth-and-sustainable-development/

index.html

The Main Directions of the Ecological Orientation of the Enterprise

Shota ShaburishviliDoctor of Economics,Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Associated Professor

Key words:BUSINESS, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Summary

For enterprises nature protection activity is capable to bring set of various economic and strategic benefi ts. Among them the following are allocated: economy owing to decrease in volumes of the used natural resources and energy, and also reduction of ecological payments and penalties; growth of proceeds due to realization un-der higher prices of non-polluting production and sale of additional production; reliable output on the foreign markets; simplifi cation of procedures of reception of credits in banks, etc. Those enterprises which before others reveal and take into account new opportunities of use of the ecological factor in the economic strategy, receive conclusive competitive advantages.

233









mcire sawarmoTa marTvis problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSi

fiqria wowkolauri

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი, საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს წმიდა ანდრია პირველწოდებულის სახელობის ქართული უნივერსიტეტის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

globalizacia, mcire biznesi, marTvis problemebi

mcire bizness qveynis erovnuli eko-

nomikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani

adgili ukavia. is qveynis ekonomikuri sis-

temis mdgradobas ganapirobebs, mcire da

saSualo sawarmoebi samuSao adgilebs qm-

nian, umuSevrobis dones amcireben, xels

uwyoben saSualo fenis Seqmnas. garda

amisa, mcire sawarmoebi swrafad reagireben

garemos cvlilebebze. Tavis mxriv sain-

vesticio graemos cvlilebac moment-

alurad aisaxeba aRniSnuli sawarmoebis

ganviTarebaze. amdenad mcire sawarmoTa

saqmianoba ufro mobiluria da efeqtian-

obis TvalsazrisiT mokle periodSi karg

Sedegs iZleva.

magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

is rac mcire biznesisTvis xelSemwyobi

pirobebia, SeiZleba aseve am sferos gan-

viTarebis barierebad gadaiqces. Semdeg ki

yovelive es qveynis ekonomikisTvis didi

dabrkoleba gaxdes.

mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobas

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc bevr sxva qvey-

anaSi, saxelmwifo kanonebi aregulirebs.

kanonebi gansazRvravs sawarmoTa statuss,

marTvis formas, saqmianobis regulirebis

pirobebs, safinanso da sagadasaxado

pirobebs da a.S. mcire sawarmoTa saqmian-

obis maregulirebeli kanonis `mcire da

saSualo sawarmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~

gauqmebis Semdeg mcire sawarmoTa saqmi-

anobas aregulirebs kanoni “saqarTvelos

erovnuli sainesticio saagentos Sesaxeb”.

am kanonSic da kanonSic ̀ saqarTvelos saga-

dasaxado kodeqsis Sesaxeb~ mcire biznesis

Sesaxeb mocemulia ganmartebebi, rac Za-

lian xSirad diskusiis sagani xdeba.

xSiri instituciuri cvlilebebi

biznesis xelSemSlelia, mcire biznesisTvis

ki is barieri xdeba. mcire sawarmoTa kanonm-

deblobis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad icvleba

sawarmoTa strategiuli mimarTulebebic,

rac xSir SemTxvevaSi strategiis radikalur

cvlilebebas moiTxovs. aRniSnulis mi-

uxedavad, jer kidev ar aris srulyofili

sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic daexmareba

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs gamarTul

funqcionirebaSi. srulyofas saWiroebs

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobac. saqarTvelos

sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemuli mcire

sawarmoTa ganmartebac mxolod im sawar-

moebs exeba, romelsac TviTdasaqmebadi me-

warmeebi amuSaveben.

globalizaciis procesma sruliad

Secvala biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTu-

lebebi. mosazreba, rom globalizacia


234



erovnul ekonomikaze uaryofiT gavlenas

axdens swored mcire biznesisadmi

damokidebulebis Secvlas gulisxmobs.

aseT pirobebSi mcire da saSualo sawar-

moTa menejments erTaderTi gamosavali

aqvs - Seicnos is SesaZleblobebi da

gansazRvros maTi gamoyenebis mimarTule-

bebi. es ki mniSvnelovnad cvlis sawarmoTa

menejmentisadmi moTxovnebs.

2014 wlis ivnisSi xeli moewera ev-

rokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrule-

bas, ramac kidev ufro gaafarTova mcire

da saSualo sawarmoTa SesaZleblobebi

biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT.

gaCnda sawarmoTa struqturuli cvlilebis

saWiroeba, kadrebis momzadebis - rogorc

menejeruli kadrebis, aseve mTlianad per-

sonalis - momzadebisa da gadamzadebis

sistemis axali standartebis Sesabamisad

formireba, axali teqnologiebis daner-

gvisa da amoqmedebis saWiroeba. am yove-

livem, ra Tqma unda, didad Secvala biznes

garemo qveyanaSi, rogorc mTlianad biznes-

isaTvis, aseve mcire sawarmoebisaTvis.

asocirebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze

amoqmedda evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovl-

ismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis

Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (DCFTA). es SeTanxmeba

asocirebis xelSekrulebis nawilia da

moicavs evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integ-

raciis meqanizms, qarTul sawarmoebs uxsnis

evrokavSiris bazars. xelSekruleba mcire

bizness kidev ufro farTo SesaZleblobebs

sTavazobs da amasTan, gamowvevebis winaSec

ayenebs. gamowvevebi, Tavis mxriv, gulisx-

mobs qveynis standartebis evrokavSiris

standartebTan daaxloebas. aRniSnuli

kidev ufro amwvavebs zemoaRniSnul

sakiTxebs da aZlierebs barierebs.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikis masStabebis

zrdis miuxedavad mcire biznesis gan-

viTarebis tempi Zalian dabalia. marTalia,

bolo wlebSi biznesis dawyebis pirobebi

gamartivda, magram sawarmoTa raodenoba

didad ar gazrdila. SemuSavda mcire

biznesis mxardaWeris pilitikac, magram

qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi mcire da

saSualo sawarmoebis wili kvlav 20%-ze

naklebia.

gamokvleebiT dadgenilia, rom mcire

sawarmoTa didi raodenobaa biznes seqto-

rSi da yvelaze naklebi mrewvelobaSi.

Sesabamisad, biznesis sferos mTliani bru-

nvis moculobaSi mcire sawarmoTa wili

2010-2015 wlebSi 7-9%-ia, xolo mrewve-

lobaSi 5-6%. amave periodSi biz nes seqt-

orSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba mTlianad

dasaqmebulTa raodenobaSi 20-23%-ia,

xolo mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTa _ 17-19%.

sakmaod dabalia eqsportis maCvenebeli

da inovaciuri saqmianobis koeficienti.

yovelive es mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobis

strategiis uqonlobaze mianiSnebs.

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo evrokavSir-

Tan asocirebis xelSekrulebac da DCFTA-s

xelSekrulebac gulisxmobs biznes saqmi-

anobaSi evropuli standartebis danergvas.

standartebis danergvis mimarTulebiT

saWiroa mcire sawarmoTa xelSewyobis

RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba: sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebis gatareba, saWiroa mcire

da saSualo sawarmoebis Sesaxeb kan-

onis SemoReba; unda Seiqmnas administra-

ciuli organo, romelic SeimuSavebs mcire

biznesis ganviTarebis politikas; unda

gaizardos finansebze xelmisawvdomoba;

gamartivdes momsaxurebis eqsporti; meti

yuradReba daeTmos kadrebis swavlebis da

gadamzadebis sistemis formirebas.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi naklebad

arian orientirebulni eqsportze. ar gaaC-

niaT saqmianobaSi inovaciuri politika.

rac saxelmwifos mxridan daxmarebas da

xelSewyobas saWiroebs. mcire sawarmoTa

eqsportis zrdis kargi pirobebia SemoTa-

vazebuli DCFTA-s xelSekrulebiT, rome-

lic sawarmoebs saqonlis, momsaxurebisa

da kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis

saSualebas aZlevs. eqsportis ganviTare-

baze zrunva mcire sawarmoebisTvis gansak-

uTrebiT mniSvnelovania. am mimarTulebiT

maT dasaxmareblad, saeqsporto warmoebis

zrdisa da koordinaciis xelSewyobis

mizniT qveyanaSi Seqmnilia sainvesticio

saagento. Tumca Sedegebi jer kidev arada-

makmayofilebelia.

mcire sawarmoTa erT-erTi mTavari

problema dReisaTvis safinanso resur-

235

sebis deficiti, finansur resursebze

SezRuduli xelmisawvdomobaa. finansebze

xe lmisawvdomoba mniSvnelovania biznesis

ganviTarebis, mwarmoeblurobis zrdis,

eqsportis gafarToebisa da Sesabamisad,

ekonomikaSi investirebis zrdis mizniT. am

mimarTulebiT ori mniSvnelovani Semafer-

xebeli faqtori moqmedebs: pirveli -

erovnuli danazogebis done dabalia, rac

ver uzrunvelyofs investirebisTvis re-

sursebis sakmaris raodenobas, da meore

- araefeqtiania finansuri Suamavlobac,

radgan verc es uzrunvelyofs ekonomi-

kis investirebisTvis saWiro resursebis

akumulirebas. finansur problemebs amZ-

afrebs sxva faqtorebic - inflaciis zr-

dasTan erTad sabanko dakreditebisadmi

arcTu profesiuli damokidebuleba.

arc raime organo arsebobs, romelic

daexmareba mewarmeebs sainvesticio da

salizingo kapitalis mozidvaSi. arada-

maimedebeli mdgomareobaa Catarebuli

kvlevebis Sedegebisa da angariSebis mixed-

viT. globaluri konkurentunarianobis

2013-2014 wlebis angariSis mixedviT,

saqarTvelos mTliani erovnuli danazo-

gebis maCvenebliT 98-e adgili ukavia,

xolo adgilobrivi kapitalis bazrebze

finansebis xelmisawvdomobis maCvenebliT

126-e adgili. dasaxvewia mcire sawarmoTa

sagadasaxado-finansuri aRricxvis da kon-

trolis procedurac. am saxis saqmianobis

administrirebis procedurebi moiTxovs

did danaxarjebs da rac mTavaria maRalk-

valificiur personals.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTval-

iswinebiT, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa

saqmianobisTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

problemas mTel rig sakiTxebTan erTad

kadrebiT uzrunvelyofis problema war-

moadgens. didi moTxovnaa menejerul kad-

rebze, romelTac eqnebaT Tanamedrove

teqnologiebiT muSaobisaTvis saWiro

codna. moTxovnaa profesiul person-

alzec. rogorc calkeuli uwyebebis mier

Catarebuli kvlevebi adasturebs, dasaqme-

bulTa raodenoba biznesis seqtorSi bolo

wlebis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba, rac ar

SeiniSneba warmoebis seqtorSi. miuxedvad

amisa, kvlav didi moTxovnaa kvalificiur

kadrebze. amitom saxelmwifos mxridan

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeT-

mos profesiuli kadrebis momzadebisa da

gadamzadebis sistemas. am mizniT qveyanaSi

2013 wels daiwyo profesiuli swavlebis

sistemis reformirebis procesi. reforma

miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi `profesi-

uli ganaTlebis 2013-2020 ww strategiiT~

gaTvaliswinebuli profesiuli sagan-

manaTleblo programebis reformirebis

ganxorcielebas. misi mizania ekonomikuri

ganviTarebisa da karieruli zrdis

xelsSewyoba Sromis bazris moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad. programa moicavs mTlian

cikls dawyebuls Sromis bazris kvlevidan

da dasaqmebis xelSewyobis RonisZiebebiT

damTavrebuls. ratom gaxda saWiro pro-

fesiuli ganaTlebisadmi aseTi midgoma?

pasuxi martivia, - qveyanaSi ukve gaCnda

da kvlevebic adastureben, rom arsebobs

Zalin bevri deficituri profesiebi, ro-

melic sawarmoebs da gansakuTrebiT mcire

sawarmoebs did problemebs uqmnis sakadro

politikis mimarTulebiT.

amrigad, mcire biznesis ganviTarebis

xelSewyoba metad drouli da saswrafod

gadasawyveti problemaa. Cveni mosazrebiT

aucilebelia konkretuli RonisZiebebis

gatareba sakanonmdblo da institu-

ciuri srulyofis mimarTulerebiT, au-

cilebeli da mniSnelovania saeqsporto

SesaZleblobebis xelSewyoba, da rac

mTavaria, kvalificiuri kadrebis momza-

debis sistemis formireba. aseTi sistema

Tavis mxriv aamaRlebs samewarmeo kul-

turas mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi.

saWiroa sainformacio sistemis formireba

da masTan erTad mcire da saSualo

biznesis mflobelebisa da menejerebis

konsultirebisa da meToduri daxmarebis

mizniT sakonsultacio centris Seqmna.

f. wowkolauri


236



1. advaZe, d. (2015). mcire biznesis mxardaWera

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi.

2. vaSakiZe, T. (2009). inovaciuri mcire sawar-

moebis mxardaWera evrokavSirSi. Tbilisi.

3. meqvabiSvili, e. (2010). mcire da saSualo

mewarmeobis ganviTareba, rogorc saSu-

alo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi

piroba (2.07)

4. saqarTvelos ekonomikis da mdgradi gan-

viTarebis saministros masalebi. (www.eco-

nomy.ge)

5. saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos saga-

dasaxado kodeqsis Sesaxeb (2014). (www.

rs.ge, 9.07)

6. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli sam-

saxuris masalebi. (www.GeoStat.ge)


Small Enterprise Management Problems in the Process of Globalization

Pikria TsotskolauriDoctor of Economics,Associate Professor St.Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Key words:GLOBALIZATION, SMALL BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS

Summary

The paper discusses the role and importance of small business in the development of national economy. Issues related to small enterprises functioning generated by the global changes, such as technological innov-ations, international agreements, and small business regulatory changes in the country etc. as well as require-ments under the agreement with European Union on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTA), which off er new opportunities for small enterprises, also described in the paper. Organizational structure of enterprises, innovative activities and retraining of workers are also included.

237









gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Teoriis da praqtikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi Tanamedrove biznesSi

Tina jolbordi

ეკონომიკის აკადემიური დოქტორი,თბილისის საერთაშორისო აკადემიის ასოცირებული პროფესორი

sakvanZo sityvebi:

gadawyvetilebis miReba, biznesi, sauniversiteto swavleba

gadawyvetilebis miReba mniSvnelovani

procesia biznesmenebisa da finansuri mene-

jerebisaTvis. Tanamedrove biznesSi gamoik-

veTa is mniSvnelovani aspeqti, rom biznesis

warmateba ZiriTadad damokidebulia

gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebis kval-

ifikaciasa da unarebze. amdenad, biznesSi

TandaTan ufro aqtualuri xdeba gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebis Teoriis gamoyeneba

praqtikaSi. Sesabamisad, unda Seiqmnas

saTanado Teoriuli baza am sakiTxebis

dasamuSaveblad. am TvalsazrisiT gaCnda

saxelmZRvaneloebi da samecniero naS-

romebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis discip-

linaSi, SemuSavda gadawyvetilebis miRebis

teqnologia da meTodika.

biznesis ZiriTadi sirTulea re-

sursebis SezRuduloba, rac iTxovs al-

ternatiuli variantebis SemuSavebas da

maTgan yvelaze optimaluris SerCevas.

amitom optimaluri gadwyvetilebis miReba

damokidebulia menejerebis ara mxolod

kvalifikaciasa dა profesionalizmze,

aramed gadawyvetilebis miRebis teqnolo-

giis codnasa da gamoyenebis unarze.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria ganix-

ileba oTx sxvadasxva doneze, rogoricaa:

1) filosofia,

2) gadawyvetilebis baza,

3) gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi,

4) gadawyvetilebis miRebis meTodolo-

gia.

TiToeul doneze problemis fok-

usireba da maTi gansazRvra xdeba sxva-

dasxva aspeqtebiT.

Sesabamisad, qarTul enaze gamoCnda

saTanado literatura “gadawyvetilebis

miRebis teqnologia praqtikaSi” (avtori

ruizan meqvabiZe - qarTul-polonuri

gacvliTi programis proeqti), romelSic

warmodgenilia Sesavali gadawyvetilebis

miRebis disciplinaSi, aseve ganxilulia

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meTodebi.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis biznesis

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi didi xania gamoi-

yeneba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meTodebi.

am mxriv sainteresoa cnobili eqspert-

isa da konsultantis, harvardis biznes

- skolis doqtoris, korporaciis “Grown

Zellebach Gorporation“ prezidentis Sromebi

finansur menejmetsa da finansur analizSi,

sadac asaxulia kavSiri finansur koncef-

ciebsa da yoveldRiur gadawyvetilebebs

Soris, warmodgenilia mWidro kavSiri sam-


238



marTvelo gadawyvetilebebsa da finansur

Sedegebs Soris. mis wignSi “finansuri an-

alizis teqnika” mniSvnelovania biznesis

sistemurad aRqma. biznesi warmodgenilia,

rogorc sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebiT

gamowveuli finansuri resursebis moZraobis

urTierTdakavSirebuli dinamiuri sistema,

romlis warmatebuli saqmianoba damokide-

bulia menejerTa gundis uwyvet, Tanmim-

devrul da gonivrul gadawyvetilebebze.

menejerebis gadawyvetilebebis xarisxzea

damokidebuli biznesis warmateba. Sesabam-

isad, migvaCnia, rom sawarmos marTvis pro-

cesi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebis seriaa,

romelic iwvevs resursebis moZraobas da

uzrunvelyofs bizness gonivruli gadaw-

yvetilebebiT.

menejerTa mier finansuri sakiTxe-

bis ganxilvis siRrme, mimarTuleba da

gadawyvetilebis miReba damokidebulia in-formaciis momxmarebelTa Tvalsazrisze.

biznesSi saqmiani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba

sam urTierTdakavSirebul sferoSi: 1) in-

vesticiebi, 2) sawarmoo saqmianoba da 3) da-

finanseba. TiToeuli segmentis efeqtianoba

ganisazRvreba cal-calke.

ingliseli mecnierebi ruT a. Smidti

da helen raiti aseve mniSvnelovnad miiC-

neven gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Teoriasa

da praqtikas. maT saxelmZRvaneloSi ”marke-

tingis finansuri aspeqtebi” sainteresodaa

warmodgenili biznesis logikuri Tanmimdev-

roba da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis alter-

nativebis ganxilva. maTi gamokvleva iwyeba

biznesis sainformacio baziT _ finansuri

angariSgebiT, finansuri koeficientebis

analiziT da prognozirebiT, danaxarjebis

aRricxviT da xarjTnusxis SedgeniT, das-

ruldeba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis teqni-

kiT. migvaCnia, rom biznesis mimarT aseTi

damokidebuleba savsebiT gamarTlebulia,

radgan biznesis da sxva ekonomikuri dis-

ciplnebis Seswavlis meTodologia da teq-

nika unda emsaxurebodes swori finansuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, biznesis warma-

tebas.

amrigad, biznesSi gadawyvetilebebis mi-

Rebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi axal amocanebs

usaxavs ara mxolod praqtikul bizness, ara-

med sauniversiteto ganaTlebasac. migvaC-

nia, rom biznesis saswavlo disciplinebis

kompleqsuri Seswavla unda emsaxurebodes

im Tvalsazriss, rom studentma miiRos

sistemuri codna finansur disciplinebSi,

SeeZloT marTvis optimaluri gadawyveti-

lebebis miReba. amasTაn, universitetebSi

unda dainergos saswavlo disciplina

”gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Teoria da

praqtika” Tundac samagistro doneze, gaRr-

mavdes kavSiri ucxour universitetebTan,

dainergos mowinave modelebi. amgvarad,

migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebis

sistemaSi jer kidev SesamuSavebelia dis-

ciplinebis kompleqsi, romelic adeqvatur

ganaTlebas micems students, raTa iyos

warmatebuli pirovneba Tanamedrove biz-

nesSi. TiToeul saswavlo disciplinas sa-

fuZvlad unda daedos martivi logika: unda

ganisazRvros maTi praqtikuli Rirebule-

ba. am mxrivac sainteresoa e. xelfertis

wigni “finansuri analizis teqnika”, rom-

lis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesobaa

misi praqtikuloba. mniSnelovania avtoris

praqtikuli rCevebi analizuri problemis

SerCevis, analizis teqnikis da gadawyveti-

lebebis miRebis sferoSi.

am TvalsazrisiT e. xelferti bizness

ganixilavs sistemurad, rogorc finan-

suri resursebis moZraobis urTierTda-

kavSirebul dinamiur sistemas, romelSic

warmoiSoba uamravi problema. sainteresoa

mecnieris damokidebuleba problemis Ser-

Cevis da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis aspeq-

tiT: misi azriT, biznesis procesSi, roca

analitikosi da menejeri xvdeba finansur

problemas, mas SeuZlia, gamoiyenos anali-

zuri problemebis farTo arCevani, raTa

miiRos raodenobrivi pasuxi yvela sakiTx-

ze. am aspeqtiT analizis instrumentis Ser-

Ceva warmoadgens analizis mniSvnelovan

nawils. amasTan, analitikosisTvis sakmari-

si araaa flobdes mxolod analizis teqni-

kas, mis mier gonivruli gadawyvetilebebis

miReba moiTxovs problemis gamokvlevas da

ganxilvas. kerZod, saukeTesoa is procesi,

roca analitikosi imdenive dros xarjavs

problemis damuSavebasa da ganxilvaze, ram-

densac monacemebTan muSaobaze. mniSvnelo-

239

vania e. xelfertis rCeva, rom raodenobriv

cifrebs da gamoTvlebs mxolod maSin aqvs

azri, Tu maT praqtikuli daniSnuleba

gaaCniaT da moaqvs mniSvnelovani ukugeba.

amitom is faqti, Tu raodenobrivi gamoTv-

lebi ramdenad sargebliania, gamoikveTe-

ba Tvisobrivi msjelobis dros, anu unda

ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad exmareba ana-

lizis Sedegebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

process. gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da sa-

kiTxebis ganxilvis siRrme da mimarTuleba

damokidebulia informaciis momxmareblis

Tvalsazrisze, sakiTxis SefardebiT mniSv-

nelobasa da bunebaze, aseve informaciis

saimedoobaze.

finansuri analizi iwyeba miznis gan-

sazRvriT. am procesSi finansur-ekonomiku-

ri sakiTxebis ganxilva iseve mniSvnelovania,

rogorc raodenobrivi Sedegebi, radgan

situaciis gaumjobeseba xSirad damokide-

bulia konkretuli situaciis sworad Sefa-

sebaze.

imis gamo, rom mravali maCveneblis

cocxali dinamiuri procesia da nebismieri

buneba ganusazRvrelia, xSirad umjobesia

upiratesoba mivaniWoT potenciuri situ-

aciebis Sefasebis variants da situaciur

analizs, vidre “zust” pasuxebs da ricxob-

riv gaangariSebebs, radgan biznesi cocxali

dinamiuri procesia da nebismieri situacia

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, ami-

tom aprobirebuli praqtika xSirad gamou-

sadegaria axali realobisadmi da meorec,

problemis gadaWris alternatuli gadawy-

vetilebebis simravle SesaZleblobas iZle-

va SeirCes ufro ukeTesi varianti, vidre es

iyo arsebul praqtikaSi.

amgvarad, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

TvalsazrisiT, finansuri analizis teqni-

kis gamoyenebis meTodika ukve arsebobs (e.

xelferti),

Tumca am aspeqtiT bevri sakiTxi kv-

lav saWiroebs Seswavlas da damuSavebas.

amdenad, migvaCnia, rom es meTodika sain-

teresoa ara mxolod gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed gamokvlevis

TanmimdevrobiT da praqtikuli midgome-

biT.

migvaCnia, rom gadawyvetilebebis mi-

Rebis Teoriis da praqtikis sakiTxebis

amgvarad ganxilva metad aqtualuria da

dadebiTad waadgeba ara mxolod biznesis

Teorias da praqtikas, aramed Sromis ba-

zars _ adekvaturi kadrebis momzadebis da

dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve universi-

tetebs _ xels Seuwyobs saswavlo garemos

gaumjobesebაs da samecniero kvlevebs biz-

nesisa da finansebis sferoSi.


1. meqvabiZe, r. (2014). gadawyvetilebis miRebis

teqnologia praqtikaSi. (Sesavali). Tbil-

isi.

2. Jolbordi, T. jolbordi, T. soselia, m.

(2012). buRaltruli aRricxvis safuZvlebi.

Tbilisi.3. Ришар, Ж. (1997). Аудит и анализ хозяйтвенной

деятелности предприятияю М.: Аудит. ЮНИТИ.

4. Рут, А., Шмидт. Хелен Райт. (2000). Финансовые

аспекти маркетинга. М. ЮНИТИ.

5. Хелферт, Е. (1996). Техника финансового ана-

лиза. М.: АУДИТ. ЮНИТИ.

T. jolbordi


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Actual Tasks of Decision Theory and Practice in Modern Business

Tina JolbordiDoctor of Economics,International Academy Associate Professor

Key words:DECISION-MAKING, BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY TEACHING

Summary

The work deals with actual tasks of Decision Theory and Practice in the process of modern business glob-alization. Decision making methodology and methods have been used in the theory and practice of the de-veloped countries for a long time.

There is a science direction which studies fi nancial concepts and relationships between governing de-cisions and fi nancial results. According to the daily decision-making aspect business is discussed as a dynamic system dealing with movement of fi nancial resources and its success is connected to decisions made by man-agers uninterruptedly, sequentially and successfully. It means that enterprise management process is connec-ted to economic decision series which causes movement of resources and makes business successful.

We consider that a new studying course _”Decision Theory and Practice” should be entered to university curriculum and a complex of studying disciplines should be defi ned which will give students adequate educa-tion to achieve success in modern business. The methodology and techniques of business and other economic disciplines should serve to making optimal fi nancial decisions and successful business. Technological method-ology as well as practical aspects should be defi ned for each studying discipline.

The discussion of Decision Theory and Practice tasks is actual and it will serve business theory and practice positively. It will help labor market to prepare adequate staff and employ them, and it will serve to improve uni-versity learning environment and scientifi c studies.

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