07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke retrofit or new fishways EIANZ ...Prototype #4 Discovery Drive corner baffle...

07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May 2009

07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 1

Ross Kapitzke Environmental Engineer

EIANZ Symposium 2009, Brisbane, 06-08/05/09

Breaking the Barriers: Engineering Solutions to Ecological Problems

Retrofit or new: It’s amazing what a fishway can do


Aims of my talk

» Connectivity impacts and fish movement behaviour

» Migration barriers and multipurpose design requirements

» Barrier mitigation options and their characteristics

» Case study fishway projects in Queensland

» The way forward for fish passage planning and design

Presentation outline

» Demonstrate significance of aquatic connectivity impacts

» Outline an ecohydraulics approach to fish passage design

» Illustrate successful barrier mitigation projects

» Bust some myths on aquatic connectivity / fish passage

#5 - Mitigation design is a compromise “engineering solution”

#6 - Terrestrial connectivity is the principal field for barrier mitigation

#3 - Enlarging the culvert or “roughening” the bed will solve the problem

#1 - Fish passage design for road crossings is well established in Australia

#2 - Barrier mitigation merely involves overcoming high velocities

#4 - Mandating a bridge is essential for high value habitat crossings

Busting some conceptual myths on aquatic connectivity

Breaking the Barriers: Engineering Solutions to Ecological Problems

07/05/09 3Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 4

Mullet

Commercial fisheries

Jungle perch

Recreational fishing

Gudgeon

Conservation & biodiversity

Barramundi

Traditional/cultural values

Freshwater fish values

» Life cycle stages - Spawning and growth dispersal

» Recolonising habitats in response to flood or drought

» Compensation for downstream drift

» Gene flow through evolutionary-scale movement

Migration requirements for freshwater fish



Stream zones, fish life cycles, habitat zones & migration

Spawning habitat

Growth habitat

Potamodromous

Wholly freshwater

Catadromous

Marine spawning

Anadromous

Freshwater spawning

Juvenile dispersal migration

Adult spawning migration

Adult dispersal migration

Intermediate / transfer

Upland / headwater

Lowland / floodplain / freshwater wetland

Estuary / coastal / saline wetland

Stream Zones


Fish migration barriers in a catchment

Dams, weirs, barrages

Culverts, causeways

Flood gates, tide gates

Drop structures


Fish migration barriers – small waterway structures

Dams, weirs, barrages

Flood gates, tide gates

Culverts, causeways

Control structures, drop boards


Waterway connectivity barriers - linear infrastructure



Establishing fish passage design for road crossings in Australia

Busting Myth #1 - Fish passage design is not simply transferred from N Hemisphere

Aquatic connectivity contrasts: Northern Hemisphere & Australia

» Inter-annual flow variation

» Seasonal flow variation

» Perennial / intermittent flow

Waterway type and hydrology

» Pipe culverts / box culverts

» Single cell / multi-cell

Waterway crossing structure type

» Anadromous / Catadromous

» Swim capability

» Ability to jump

Fish species movement behaviour


velocity

turbulence

water surface drop

water depth

lack of shelter

channel simplification

Fish passage barrier problems – culvert inlet, outlet, barrel


Principal hydraulic barriers at waterway crossing zones

Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A

High velocity √ √ √ √Flow depth √ √ √

Turbulence √ √ √ √Water drop √ √ √

No shelter √ √ √

Busting Myth #2 - Migration barriers usually include more than high barrel velocities07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 12

Cubberla Ck Moggill Road crossing - Fish passage remediation


Cubberla Creek

Brisbane River

Cubberla Creek – Brisbane City catchments


N


Cubberla Creek: Moggill Road culvert and aquatic habitat pools

Legend

N

Kenmore Tavern

QAS

Cubberla Creek

Eastern Arm

Pool

Riffle

Sutling Street NCD – pools and riffles

Concrete drain invert

Moggill Road

Sutling Street

Boblynne Street

Flow

City

Kenmore

Moggill Road culvert fishway

2‐cell box culvert

V‐base box culvert


Movie 1 – Cubberla Creek culvert fish passage barriers


A – Downstream channel

B – Culvert outlet

C – V-Base culvert barrel

D – Transition

E – Box culvert barrel

Fish migration barriers at Moggill Road crossing

F – Culvert inlet / weir

G – Upstream channel



Moggill Road crossing: Barriers to upstream migration

Zone D Zone C Zone A

Flow 2 – cell box culvert – land bridge

Zone G Zone F Zone E

V base box culvert – Moggill Road

Zone B

Medium flow

Low flow


» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

B – Culvert outlet» High velocities

» Excess turbulence

» Shallow flow

C – V-Base culvert barrel

» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow

F – Culvert inlet / weir» High velocities


» Water surface drop

D – Transition» High velocities


» Shallow water

E – Box culvert barrel» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow

G – Upstream channel» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow


Overall waterway

Culvert barrel

Culvert outlet

Culvert inlet

Flow

Barrier mitigation components - Culvert fishway


Fish passage design for waterway structures – key requirements

Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR

» Minimise obstruction to flow to not adversely affect flood capacity

» Minimise debris accumulation and sediment deposition

» Provide for ready cleaning and maintenance of culvert

» Provide for transport, drainage and other utility functions

» Maintain integrity of structure and adjoining waterway

Drainage, utility & stream integrity

» Provide suitable hydraulic conditions for fish – velocity, flow depth…

» Provide flow continuity, fish pathway and attraction flows

» Provide suitable conditions at fishway exit for fish to pass upstream

Fish passage


Fish passage mitigation approaches for road-waterway crossings

Overall waterway

Arch culvert

Bridge

Culvert barrel

Stream simulation

Plain culvert

Baffles

Culvert inlet, outlet & downstream

Apron baffle

Rock ramp

» Flexible solutions for range of structures / conditions

» Provides controlled / quantifiable hydraulic conditions

» Used in dedicated barrels for multi-barrel culverts

» Used for new structures or retrofit – without removal

Hydraulic design approach using baffles



Fishway component types for culverts and open channelsSource: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR

» Offset baffle fishway

» Corner “EL” baffle fishway

Baffle fishways for box culverts

» Offset baffle fishway

» Corner “Quad” baffle fishway

Baffle fishways for pipe culverts

» Rock ramp fishway

» Rock ramp cascade fishway

Ramp fishways for open channels


Application of fishway components in hydraulic zones


Busting Myth #3 – Enlarging the culvert or roughening the bed are not enough

Offset baffle - box √ √ √

Corner “EL” baffle √ √ √Offset baffle - pipe √

Corner “Quad” baffle √Rock ramp √ √

Rock ramp / cascade √


Prototype #1 Discovery Drive offset baffle fishway

Prototype #2 Douglas Arterial Project rock ramp fishway

Prototype #3 Solander Road pipe culvert fishway

Prototype #4 Discovery Drive corner baffle fishway

University Creek, Townsville, north Queensland, Australia

Prototype fishway design, development and testing


University Creek Discovery Drive prototype culvert fishways

Prototype #4 – Corner “EL” baffle Prototype #1 – Offset baffle



Long-finned eel

Black catfish

Barred Grunter

Empire gudgeon Eastern rainbowfish

Hyrtl’s tandan

Agassiz's glassfish

Spangled perch

Purple spotted gudgeon

University Ck fish community – 13 native species observed in 2003


» Water surface drop at culvert outlet

» Shallow water depth within culvert

» High velocities within culvert barrel

» Streamlined flow and lack of resting places


» High velocities and lack of shelter at culvert inlet

Barriers to upstream migration at Discovery Drive crossing


Discovery Drive culvert fishways - Prototypes #1 and #4

Fishway Zone

Fishway Zone

Flow

Barrel 3

Barrel 2

Barrel 1

Barrel 2 Barrel 3Barrel 1

Fishway zone -corner baffle

Fishway zone -offset baffle

P #4 – Corner “EL” baffleP #1 – Offset baffle


Movie 2 – Hydraulic laboratory model testing of fishways



Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert

Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage

Less suited to low gradient culverts and deep slow water conditions

Suited to shallow high velocity flow in culverts

Applied to steep culverts or culverts with low tailwater conditions

Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish

Offset baffle fishway for box culverts: Major featuresPrototype #1 – Discovery Drive Offset baffle fishway

Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge 07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 30

Corner “EL” baffle fishway for box culverts: Major features

Prototype #4 – Discovery Drive Corner “EL” baffle fishway

Busting Myth #4 – Barrier mitigation can be achieved without mandating a bridge



Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions

Suited to relatively deep low velocity flow in culverts

Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions



Corner “Quad” baffle fishway for pipe culverts: Major features

Prototype #3 – Solander Road Corner ”Quad” baffle fishway




Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions

Suited to range of flow depths, including relatively deep low velocity flow

Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions



Rock ramp fishway for open channels: Major featuresPrototype #2 – Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway


Little obstruction to flow and little effect on flow conveyance


Provides low velocity zones and multiple connected pathways for fish

Nature like fishways used to overcome water surface drops in streams

Suited as free standing grade control or attached to culvert inlet or outlet

Provides passage for variety of fish species at range of stream flows



Main photo source: John Smith, DMR

Tully Murray floodplain – Bruce Highway Corduroy Creek

Fish passage planning and design

» Road corridor scale

» Site scale


Tully Murray floodplain wetland habitats and fish community

Great Barrier Reef WHAWet Tropics WHAestuarine wetlandsfreshwater lagoonsperennial waterways

Local / regional environment

56 native species, including:14 catadromous species31 potamodromous species11 amphidromous species

Native freshwater fish species

Bruce Highway – Corduroy Creek to Tully


Fish movement corridors and road-waterway crossings

Fish movement corridor crossings

» 12 Class A corridors

» 7 Class B corridors

» 5 Class C corridors

Road-waterway crossing structures

» 5 multi-span bridges

» 6 multi-cell box culverts with fish passage

(1 integrated fish / fauna culvert crossing)

» 1 farm access pipe culvert with fish passage


Box culvert crossings: Barriers to upstream migration


Multi–cell box culvert

Flow Low flow

Medium flow

B - Culvert outlet & apron slab

» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow

Low flow Medium flow


» Lack of attraction flow


» Lack of attraction flow

C - Culvert barrel

» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow


D – Culvert inlet & upstream channel

» High velocities

» Lack of shelter

» Shallow flow




Velocity barriers – Fish swim modes and swim speeds

Culvert inlet Culvert barrel Culvert outlet

Mode 1 Full culvert length

Fishway bafflesFlow

Medium flow

Low flow

Mode 2 Part culvert length

Culvert flow

Fish passage

Prolonged speed – maintained for 20 sec to 200 min

Culvert velocity Mode 1 – full length (15 m) Mode 2 – baffles (@ 2 m)Prolonged speed Burst speed Prolonged / burst speed

Required swim speed for fish to negotiate culvert – full or partial length

Burst speed – maintained for 5 to 20 sec

0.3 m/s ~ 0.3 m/s 1.05 m/s ~ 0.3 m/s

0.9 m/s ~ 0.9 m/s 1.65 m/s ~ 0.9 m/s

0.6 m/s ~ 0.6 m/s 1.35 m/s ~ 0.6 m/s


Box culvert crossings – Corner “EL” baffle fishway designs

Barrel 2 Barrel nBarrel 1

Corner “EL” baffle fishway


Multi–cell box culvert

Flow Low flow

Medium flow

Corner “EL” baffle fishway

Low flow nib wall at inlet to barrels without fishway

“EL” baffle / floor baffle fishway

“EL” baffle / floor baffle fishway


Stream processes & environment

» Retain natural stream processes

» Protect aquatic ecosystems

» Maintain stream water quality

» Control exotic plants & animals

Fish passage

» Provide for critical flow periods

» Provide continuous fish pathway

» Ensure suitable water velocities

» Ensure suitable water depths

» Prevent adverse flow turbulence

» Provide attraction flows for fish

» Shelter fish at fishway exit

» Maintain culvert flow capacity

» Minimise debris and sediment block

» Minimise erosion effects at outlet

» Protect land, infrastructure & utility

Drainage, utility & stream integrity

» Minimise ongoing maintenance

» Ensure public safety

» Prevent public health problems

» Maintain visual amenity of site

» Minimise impact on recreation

» Protect cultural heritage of site

Operation, safety, & amenity

Fish barrier mitigation design: Multipurpose objectives

Busting Myth #5 – Mitigation design integrates ecological and engineering solutions07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke_retrofit or new fishways_EIANZ Symposium, Brisbane May [email protected] 40

Statutory CommunityTechnical

Management Management

Design

Mitigation design: Statutory, community and technical frameworkAfter: Kapitzke 2003, Proceedings of the National Environment Conference, Brisbane, 18-20 June 2003

» Property owners

» Other stakeholders

» Policy & legislation

» Permits & licences

» Agency consultation

Site Assessment

» Catchment hydrology

» Habitat assessment

» Fish species assessment

» Topographic mapping

Planning & Design

» Barrier evaluation

» Environmental impacts

» Option evaluation

» Layout & configuration

Science

Busting Myth #5 – Mitigation design integrates ecological and engineering solutions



Aquatic connectivity – the hidden star of barrier mitigation

Busting Myth #6 – Terrestrial connectivity need not dominate barrier mitigation

Comparative benefits of aquatic and terrestrial connectivity

»99 % of waterways are retained in the landscape

»many waterways are significant fish movement corridors

»high connectivity effectiveness is possible for fish at crossings

»effective mitigation design is a relatively low cost solution

»mitigation design can be achieved for retrofit or new structures


Management – Increase stakeholder recognition of aquatic connectivity

Adopt multipurpose planning and design for barrier mitigation structures

Science – Use an ecohydraulics approach to evaluate fishway designs

Integrate aquatic connectivity into linear infrastructure planning

The way forward for aquatic connectivity and fish passage design

Retrofit or new: It’s amazing what a fishway can do

Apply innovative design concepts – not speculative unfounded notions

Design – Incorporate through all phases from concept to implementation

07/05/09 Ross Kapitzke retrofit or new fishways EIANZ ...Prototype #4 Discovery Drive corner baffle...

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