05 Envi Health Assmt 1
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S
APPLICATION OF AIR DISPERSIONAPPLICATION OF AIR DISPERSION
MODEL IN THE ENVIRONMENTALMODEL IN THE ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH ASSESSMENT OF ANHEALTH ASSESSMENT OF AN
INDUSTRIAL PLANT WORKERS & ITSINDUSTRIAL PLANT WORKERS & ITSENVIRONSENVIRONS
As presented to the
NNATIONALATIONAL OOCCUPATIONALCCUPATIONAL SSAFETYAFETY & H& HEALTHEALTHCCONGRESSONGRESS
OSHC October 2012
DR. MARIO B. SUMALINOGDTE, CE, REE,CSP, CFSP
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I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION
Air is the most basic need of every human being.Unfortunately, with every breath we take, we alsoinhale a host of invisible substances that attackour health and well-being.Toxic air pollutants are poisonous substances inthe air that comes from nature (volcano eruption,
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e c or man-ma e sources .e. c em cacompounds given off by factory smokestacks,vehicle emission, etc) and can harm your healthand the environment.
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Invisible particulates and toxic fumes in polluted airare inhaled into the respiratory system. This canbring on any number of symptoms from irritationof the eyes and throat, dizziness, coughing,wheezing and shortness of breath to chronicphlegm, chest pains, allergies and respiratorydistress.
Lon term ex osure can eventuall lead to more
serious disorders such as sinusitis, bronchitis,chronic pulmonary disease, emphysema, high bloodpressure, lung cancer and heart ailments.
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Pictures of human LungsPictures of human Lungs
Pictures of normal lungs
Picture of lungsdamaged by pollution
(cross section)
Fig. 2
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pollution (right)
Fig. 1
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Air Dispersion Modeling is a method of predicting
the ambient impact of one or more stationarysources of air pollutants using mathematicalsimulation of the physics and chemistry
overnin the trans ort dis ersion and
transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere .
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Contaminants discharged and dispersed into the
air and are transported over long distances byairflows or turbulence, which mix contaminantswith clean air. This dispersion by the wind is aver com lex rocess due to the resence of
different-sized eddies in atmospheric flow.
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II. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYII. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Foremost, this study will be a significant endeavor for
industrial plant owners and air pollutionmanagers/designers in assessing environmentalhealth in the workplace and its working environs. Thisresearch will also be beneficial to the Department of
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managing existing emissions, and in determiningcompliance of emissions with air quality guidelines,criteria and standards for existing and in planningfuture plant facilities.
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By forecasting pollution episodes, OccupationalSafety and Health Center (OSHC) can evaluatepolicies and mitigation strategies (e.g. the effectof emission standards) in order to eliminate ifnot minimize pollution problems in theworkplace.
EIA Scientific Tools and Techniques 8
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3.1 Basics of Air Dispersion Modeling
A model is a mathematical description of themeteorological transport and dispersion processthat is quantified in terms of source (i.e. stackheight, stack diameter, exit gas temp & velocity, and
III. METHODOLOGYIII. METHODOLOGY
parameters (i.e. wind direction, wind speed, mixingheight, and atmospheric stability).
The resultant numerical calculations will yield
estimates of concentrations of the particularpollutant for specific locations. The results are thencompared to DENR-EMB Standards.
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FIG.1 GENERIC OVERVIEW OF ANAIR DISPERSION MODEL
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The following model equation (Sutton 1932) gives
the ground level concentration (X) of pollutant at apoint (coordinates x and y) downwind from astack with an effective height (H). The standarddeviations (Sy and Sz) are functions of the
downward distance from the source and thestability of the atmosphere.
The equation is as follows:
2 2
X (x,y,O,H) =
[E/ SySzU
] [exp
[-
(y/Sy
)]] [exp
[-
(Hs/z
)]]
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where:X (x,y,0,H) = downwind concentration at ground level, g/m3
E = emission rate of pollutant, g/s
Sy,Sz =plume standard deviations, mu = wind speed, m/s
x,y,z and H = distances, m
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exp = exponen a e suc a erms n rac e s,[ ]immediately following are powers of ewhere e = 2.7182
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FIG. 2 A PLUME DISPERSING IN A NORMAL (GAUSSIAN)DISTRIBUTION
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Fig. 3 Industrial Plant Base Map
Poblacion(approx. 2 km from
Smokestack)
PlantsSmokestacks
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Objective: To determine if an industrialplants emission affects the workershealth and the environs. Assuming wind =6 km/h SW direction
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3.2 Input Data (Source, Meteorological & Terrain)
Table No. 1 Summary of Boilers & Generators Emissions
PollutantsPollutants Boilers,Boilers,
g/sg/s
Generators,Generators,
g/sg/s
Total,Total,
g/sg/s
NONO22 10.0010.00 100.00100.00 110.00110.00
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SOSO22 80.0080.00 10.0010.00 90.0090.00
TSPTSP 5.005.00 8.008.00 13.0013.00
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ParameterParameter ValueValue UnitUnit
Emission RateEmission Rate 110.00110.00 gram/secondgram/second
Stack HeightStack Height 4040 metermeter
Stack Inside DiameterStack Inside Diameter 2.52.5 metermeter
Stack Gas Exit VelocityStack Gas Exit Velocity 2525 meter/secondmeter/second
Stack Gas Exit TempStack Gas Exit Temp 500500 KK
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Ambient Air TempAmbient Air Temp 300300 KK
Atmosp Stability CondAtmosp Stability Cond Full MeteorologyFull Meteorology
FumigationFumigation ShorelineShoreline
TerrainTerrain FlatFlat
Table No.2 Data Input for Nitrogen DioxideTable No.2 Data Input for Nitrogen DioxideMJ Consulting Services
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ParameterParameter ValueValue UnitUnit
Emission RateEmission Rate 90.0090.00 gram/secondgram/second
Stack HeightStack Height 4040 metermeter
Stack Inside DiameterStack Inside Diameter 2.52.5 metermeter
Stack Gas Exit VelocityStack Gas Exit Velocity 2525 meter/secondmeter/second
Stack Gas Exit TempStack Gas Exit Temp 500500 KK
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Ambient Air TempAmbient Air Temp 300300 KK
Atmosp Stability CondAtmosp Stability Cond Full MeteorologyFull Meteorology
FumigationFumigation ShorelineShoreline
TerrainTerrain FlatFlat
Table No.3 Data Input for Sulfur DioxideTable No.3 Data Input for Sulfur DioxideMJ Consulting Services
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ParameterParameter ValueValue UnitUnit
Emission RateEmission Rate 13.0013.00 gram/secondgram/second
Stack HeightStack Height 4040 metermeter
Stack Inside DiameterStack Inside Diameter 2.52.5 metermeter
Stack Gas Exit VelocityStack Gas Exit Velocity 2525 meter/secondmeter/second
Stack Gas Exit TempStack Gas Exit Temp 500500 KK
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Ambient Air TempAmbient Air Temp 300300 KK
Atmosp Stability CondAtmosp Stability Cond Full MeteorologyFull Meteorology
FumigationFumigation ShorelineShoreline
TerrainTerrain FlatFlat
Table No.4 Data Input for TSPTable No.4 Data Input for TSPMJ Consulting Services
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Fig. 4 Stages in Running the Model
Pollutants
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DispersionModel
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ChemicalChemical MaximumMaximumConcentrationConcentration
(ug/Nm3)
EMBEMB
Short TermShort Term
ExposureExposure
EMBEMB
Long TermLong Term
ExposureExposure
IV. RESULTS/ FINDINGSIV. RESULTS/ FINDINGS
4.1 Numerical Results
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SOSO22 160160 180180 8080
NONO22 220220 150150 --
TSPTSP 2525 230230 9090
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Graphical Plot of NO2 Concentration
vs. Distance
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Graphical Plot of SO2 Concentration
vs. Distance
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Graphical Plot of TSP Concentration
vs. Distance
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Fig. 5 Pollution Concentration & Location (SW wind)
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Fig. 6 Numerical Values
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Fig. 7 Isolines/Isopleths
Smokestack
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Fi 8 N i l V l (S i d M )
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Fig. 8 Numerical Values (Super-imposed Map)
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In terms of the DENR short-term exposure regulatorystandards, only SO2 and TSP met the requirements.
NO2 exceeded the allowable DENR-EMB standards. The air model obtained values for SO2, NO2 and TSP
are indicative of maximum air pollution concentration
V. HIGHLIGHTS OF DISCUSSIONV. HIGHLIGHTS OF DISCUSSION
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,smokestack (outside of the plant/workplace).
Also, predicted pollution from emissions did not reach2,000 meters which is highly populated area
(Poblacion).
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Fig. 9 Plant Elevation Layout
500 meters to fence
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Engineering Controls Reduce the amount of processed materials or fuel
being burned in favor of cleaner methods ofproducing product or energy sources.
Install bag filters, electrostatic precipitators,scrubbers, cyclones, and other technologies in the
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS/VI. RECOMMENDATIONS/ CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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from the stack. Use of low sulfur fuel will definitely lower the level of
emission though it is cost prohibitive.
Personal Protective Equipment Control Use of PPEs such as dust mask or filtration
respirator; eye protector; gloves, hats; etc.
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VII. REFERENCESVII. REFERENCES
Carrillo, J.Y et al. 2001. Use of Air Dispersion Modelto Determine SOx and NOx Emissions from aPetroleum Refinery Plant, Philippines.
Cartwright, T.J. 1993. Modeling the World in aSpreadsheet: Environmental Simulation on aMicrocomputer, USA.
Liu, D et al. 1997. Environmental EngineersHandbook. Second Ed.1997. USA
Sumalinog, M. B. 2006. Application of Screen ViewAir Dispersion Model in Estimating Air Pollutants. Adoctoral dissertation presented to MUST. Philippines.
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