01 Perception and Misperception
-
Upload
daniel-lin -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of 01 Perception and Misperception
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 1/70
Lesson 1Perception and Misperception
English Reading for International Affairs
By Daniel LinAssistant Professor
Department of International Affairs,
Wenzao rs!line ni"ersity of Lang!ages
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 2/70
Basic Concepts
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 3/70
1# Who is Ro$ert A$elson%
&# What is the 'old War%
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 4/70
Vocabulary
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 5/70
1# a$s!rd (a$s!rd!s, )o!t of t!ne, foolish* in Lati
n+
&# am$ig!o!s (am$i o!s+
-# ass!me (ad s!m+
.# $ias ($iais, )side/ays* in 0ld rench+
2# cogniti"e (cogni ti"e+
3# comprehension (com prehendere, )to catch
hold of, seize* in Latin+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 6/70
1# conciliation (conciliare, )to $ring together* in L
atin, e#g#, co!ncil+
&# conse4!ence (con se4!, sec! ence+
-# contradict (contra dict+
.# con"ince (con "incere, )to con4!er* in Lati
n+2# criticism (crit ism+
3# del"e (delfan, )to dig* in 0ld English+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 7/70
1# demonstrate (de monstrare, )to point o!t* in
Latin+
&# determine (de term+
-# distortion (dis tor4!ere, )to t/ist* in Latin++
.# di"erge (dis "erg, "ert, "ers+
2# e"idence (e5 "is, "id ence+
3# e5cl!sion (e5 cl!s, cl!d, cl!a!s ion+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 8/70
1# e5periment (e5 peri ment+
&# ga!ge ()ascertain $y e5act meas!rements* in
Anglo6rench+
-# imp!te (in p!tare, )rec7on, clear !p, trim, pr
!ne, settle* in Latin+
.# incenti"e (in cen, can, chan, )to sing* i"e+2# inference (in fer ence+
3# inhi$it (in ha$it, hi$it+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 9/70
1# intelligent (inter legere, )choose, pic7 o!t, read* in Lati
n+
&# la$oratory (la$or ate ory+
-# literat!re (litera, )letter* in Latin ate !re+
.# manifest (man, mani, man! fest+
2# manip!lation (man, mani, man!, manip!l, ate, ion+
3# mediocre (medi!s, )middle, mean, inferior* in Latin+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 10/70
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 11/70
1# rectify (rect, )correct+ fy+
&# refrain (re frain, fren, )restrain*+
-# re"eal (re "eil+
.# rigoro!s (rig, )stiff* o!s+
2# scope (scope+
3# so"ereign (s!per reign+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 12/70
1# s!spicio!s (s!$ spect o!s+
&# sympathy (syl, sym, syn pathy+
-# "aria$le ("ari a$le+
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 13/70
The Reading
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 14/70
-63
• What are the causes and consequences
of misperception% What kinds of percept!
al errors commonly occ!r in decision6ma7i
ng% 8o/ are beliefs a$o!t politics and images of other actors formed and altered%
8o/ do decision-makers dra/ inferences
from information, especially information that co!ld $e seen as contradicting their o/
n "ie/s%
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 15/70
3611
• 9hese questions ha"e not $een ade4!
ately disc!ssed $y specialists in either psy
chology or international relations# 9he latt
er ha"e ass!med that decision6ma7ers !s!ally percei"e the /orld 4!ite acc!rately a
nd that those misperceptions that do occ!r
can only $e treated as random accidents#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 16/70
1161-
• 9his book see7s to demonstrate that this
"ie/ is incorrect# Perceptions of the /orld
and of other actors di"erge from reality in
patterns that /e can detect and for reasons that /e can !nderstand#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 17/70
1-613
• We can find $oth misperceptions that are
common to di"erse 7inds of people and im
portant differences in perceptions that can
$e e5plained /itho!t del"ing too deeply into indi"id!als: psyches#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 18/70
1361;
• 9his knowledge can $e !sed not only to e
5plain specific decisions $!t also to acco!
nt for patterns of interaction and to impro"
e o!r general !nderstanding of international relations#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 19/70
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 20/70
163
• irst, more attention is paid to emotional t
han to cogniti"e factors# Wishf!l thinking,
defense mechanisms, and other moti"ate
d distortions of reality are foc!sed on to the relati"e e5cl!sion of the pro$lem of ho
/ e"en a perfectly !nemotional and caref!
l person /o!ld go a$o!t dra/ing inferences from highly am$ig!o!s e"idence in a co
nf!sing and conf!sed /orld#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 21/70
36@
• As Ro$ert A$elson has noted, )there are p
lenty of cold: cogniti"e factors /hich prod
!ce inacc!rate /orld6"ie/s#*
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 22/70
;61&
• econd, almost all the data s!pporting the
theories are deri"ed from la$oratory e5peri
ments# Whether these settings and the
manipulations that are employed reealprocesses that are at work in the real w
orld is hard to determine#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 23/70
1&612
• E"en harder to ga!ge is whether the influ
ences discoered in the laboratory are
strong enough to make themseles felt!
and felt in the same way! when they areintermi"ed with the other powerful ari
ables that affect political decision-maki
ng#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 24/70
1261C
• or e5ample, "ery fe/ e"periments gi"e t
he s!$=ects incenti"es to percei"e acc!rat
ely, yet this is the prime concern of decisi
on6ma7ers#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 25/70
1@6&<
• 9hird, a strong policy bias per"ades most
of the analysisthe element of conflict of i
nterest is played do/n in international rela
tions in general and in the 'old War in partic!lar#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 26/70
&16-
• o!rth, and related to the last point, the structure
of the international system and the dangers and opp
ort!nities pec!liar to this setting are often o"erloo7e
d or mis!nderstood# As a res!lt of these fo!r /ea7n
esses, this literature contains a great deal of )o"er6
psychologizing* e5planations, !s!ally highly critical
of the decision6ma7er, in"ol"ing many psychological
"aria$les are gi"en for $eha"ior that can $e e5plaine
d more con"incingly $y political analysis#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 27/70
-6C
• More specifically, there >are? little compre
hension of the conse4!ences of the lac7
of a so"ereign in the international realm an
d little analysis of the reasons /hy e"en highly rational decision6ma7ers often concl!
de that they m!st $e e5tremely s!spicio!s
and mistr!stf!l#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 28/70
C61<
• 9hese biases also lead psychologists to a
nalyze only the "ie/s of those statesmen
/ith /hom they ha"e little sympathy and t
o refrain from !sing their theories to treat the policy preferences of those /ith /hom t
hey agree#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 29/70
1<61.
• 9h!s images and reasoning dra/n from t
he )hard line* approach to foreign policy ar
e e5amined to sho/ the operation of emoti
onal infl!ences and cogniti"e processes that inhi$its intelligent decision6ma7ing, $!t
arguments and $elief systems that s!pp
ort conciliation are ne"er analyzed in these terms#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 30/70
1261;
• As gra"e as these defects are, they are le
ss tro!$ling and less hard to rectify than th
e fifthF most psychological theories, and es
pecially those that ha"e $een applied to international relations, do not acco!nt for th
e /ays that highly intelligent people thin7
a$o!t pro$lems that are cr!cial to them#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 31/70
1;6&<
• And few of the e5periments that pro"ide th
e $!l7 of the empirical e"idence for the the
ories ha"e $een directed to this 4!estion#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 32/70
&<6&.
• Rather, theories a$o!t the formation and
change of $eliefs ha"e $een constr!cted a
ro!nd $eliefs that are relati"ely !nimportan
t to the person, a$o!t /hich he has little information, and for /hich the conse4!ence
s of $eing right or /rong are only minor#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 33/70
&.6&3
• 0ne reason for this is that the desire to co
nstr!ct theories that are rigoro!s and parsi
monio!s has meant that only simple $elief
s can $e analyzed#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 34/70
&36.
• Altho!gh this may $e the $est /ay to prod
!ce theories that e"ent!ally /ill $e a$le to
e5plain comple5 thin7ing, there is little rea
son to e5pect that at their present stage ofde"elopment s!ch theories /ill pro"ide m!
ch assistance in !nderstanding the /ays t
hat competent people go a$o!t ma7ing important decisions#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 35/70
.61<
• 9h!s #belson admits that a significant criticism
of the theory that he co6a!thored and that often
has $een applied to foreign policy decision6ma7
ing is that )it gi"es too little scope to the possi$ilities of h!man tho!ght, e"en as practiced $y m
ediocre thin7ers, and, on the other side of the s
ame coin, that it imp!tes the dra/ing of certain
# # # concl!sions /hich are manifestly a$s!rd $yany standard#*
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 36/70
$rammar Concept
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 37/70
'ontent Words
• Are /ords
– that ha"e meaning#
– /e /o!ld loo7 !p in a dictionary, s!ch as Glam
p,G Gcomp!ter,G Gdro"e#G
– An open class
– He/ content /ords are constantly added to the
English lang!age old content /ords constantly
lea"e the lang!age as they $ecome o$solete#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 38/70
More a$o!t 'ontent Words
• Pro"ide meaning, content
• Add prefi5es or s!ffi5es to change meanin
g or !se• Identifia$le thro!gh signal /ords in senten
ces
• Additions and deletion as lang!age changes
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 39/70
o!r Parts of peech of 'ontent Words
• Le"el 1
– Ho!ns
–
er$s• Le"el &
– Ad=ecti"es
– Ad"er$s
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 40/70
Ho!ns
• A no!n is a )a person, place, thing, or idea
#*
•
o, child is a no!n $eca!se it refers to1# A person
&# A place
-# A thing
.# An idea
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 41/70
Democracy is a no!n $eca!se it refers to
1# A person
&# A place
-# A thing
.# An idea
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 42/70
inding Ho!ns
• $y signal /ords
– DeterminerF the tea some tea our tea this te
a Joe’s tea
– Ad=ecti"eF good tea tasty tea delicious tea savory tea flavorful tea fine tea
• By /ord orderF JJJJJ lo"ed JJJJJ#
•
By s!ffi5 Ks or KesF $oo7s, fo5es• By apostropheF a $oo7:s pages, t/enty st!dents:
essays
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 43/70
Ho!ns 'an Be
• 'ommon no!nsF school, $!siness, person
• Proper no!nsF 9aipei, ncle oe
• 'o!nta$leF one dog, t/o dogs
• Hon6co!nta$leF s!gar, gas, /ater
• 'oncretenessF comp!ter, fingernail
• A$stractnessF peace, friendship
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 44/70
o, Peter 9sai is
1# A common no!n
&# A proper no!n
-# A co!nta$le no!n.# A non6co!nta$le no!n
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 45/70
!nctions of Ho!ns
• As a s!$=ect
• As an o$=ect of prep
osition• As a direct o$=ect
• As a retained o$=ect
• As an indirect o$=ect
• As a s!$=ecti"e com
plement• As an o$=ecti"e com
plement
• As an appositi"e
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 46/70
As a !$=ect
• A no!n or prono!n partnered /ith a predicate "
er$#
• Hancy ate some coo7ies# 9he s!$=ect )Hancy*
1# Is renamed or descri$ed after a "er$ of $eing or a l
in7ing "er$
&# Is acted !pon /ith a passi"e "er$
-# Does an action /ith an action "er$
.# E5ists /ith a "er$ of $eing
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 47/70
As an 0$=ect of Preposition
• A no!n or a prono!n ans/ering )/hom* or )/hat*
after a preposition
• Hancy ate some coo7ies and chic7en /ith her fri
ends# Which no!n is an o$=ect of preposition%1# Hancy
&# 'oo7ies
-# 'hic7en
.# riends
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 48/70
As a Direct 0$=ect
• A no!n or a prono!n )recei"es* or is the )o$=ect*
of the action
• Hancy ga"e her friends and her teachers some c
oo7ies# Which no!n is the direct o$=ect of the action "er$ )ga"e*%
1# 9eachers
&# riends-# Hancy
.# 'oo7ies
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 49/70
As a Retained 0$=ect
• A no!n or a prono!n ans/ering )/hom* or )/hat*
after a passi"e "er$
• !dy and Mary /ere a/arded the first prize on D
ecem$er 12, &<<;# Which no!n is the retained o$=ect %
1# !dy
&# Mary-# Prize
.# Decem$er
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 50/70
As an Indirect 0$=ect• A no!n or a prono!n ans/ering )to /hom/hat
* or )for /hom/hat* after an action "er$#• It al/ays precedes a direct o$=ect and ne"er ha
s the /ord )to* or )for* stated#
• Daniel ga"e Da"id and 9om the hammer # Whi
ch no!n is the indirect o$=ect %
1# Daniel
&# 8ammer
-# Da"id.# 9om
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 51/70
As a !$=ect 'omplement
• A no!n or a prono!n or an ad=ecti"e that renames or descri$es (e4!als+ the s!$=ect after a "er$ of$eing or a lin7ing "er$#
•
!dy and Mary $ecame coo7s after passing the e5amination# Which no!n is the s!$=ect complement%
1# !dy
&# Mary
-# 'oo7s
.# E5amination
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 52/70
As an 0$=ect 'omplement
• A no!n or a prono!n or an ad=ecti"e that ren
ames or descri$es (e4!als+ the direct o$=ect
• We consider !dy the $est coo7 in to/n# W
hich no!n is the o$=ect complement %
1# We
&# !dy
-# 'oo7
.# 9o/n
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 53/70
As an Appositi"e
• A no!n or a prono!n that renames another no!n#
• !dy, the $est coo7 in to/n, is specialized in ren
ch c!isine# Which no!n is the appositi"e%
1# !dy
&# 'oo7
-# 9o/n
.# '!isine
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 54/70
er$s
• Words that sho/ action or state of $eing#
• 'an $e identified
–
$y their position in a sentence# – H0H JJJJJJJ
– 98ERE JJJJJJ H0H
–
By prefi5es and s!ffi5es – ignify, characteri%e, irrigate, s/eeten
– Besto/, dethrone, enco!rage
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 55/70
er$ Phrase
• 9he main "er$ together /ith all its a!5iliaries (h
elping "er$s+
• A!5iliary "er$s al/ays precede the main "er$#
– Inflected a!5iliary "er$sF $e, ha"e, do
– Modal a!5iliaries
– PresentF /ill, shall, can, may
– PastF /o!ld, sho!ld, co!ld, might
– Ho tenseF m!st
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 56/70
9hree 9ypes of er$s
• Action "er$s
– 9ransiti"e "er$s
–
Intransiti"e "er$s• er$s of $eing
• Lin7ing "er$s
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 57/70
Action er$s
• Word sho/s an action, either physical or m
ental#
• Which sentence consists of an action "er$%
1# 9he pasta is tasty#
&# mith /ill al/ays $e my friend#
-# ane is /earing good clothes#.# Pa!l /as a/ay last /ee7#
$ f i
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 58/70
er$s of Being
• Be6"er$s, sho/ing a state of an e5istence
• Which sentence consists of a "er$ of $eing
%
1# !dy catches a cold#
&# mith /ill al/ays $e my friend#
-# ane imagines that she /ill $ecome the chiefengineer#
.# Pa!l stayed !p late last night#
i 7i $
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 59/70
Lin7ing er$s
• Word lin7s a s!$=ect /ith its complement#
• Which sentence consists of a lin7ing "er$
%
1# Pa!l $ecame a physician#
&# mith is strange#
-# Daniel has $een here for a /ee7#
.# he has $een ta7ing the test for ho!rs#
9 iti $ I t iti $
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 60/70
9ransiti"e er$s "s# Intransiti"e er$s
• A transiti"e "er$ is follo/ed $y a direct o$=ect
• An intransiti"e "er$ is H09 follo/ed $y a dire
ct o$=ect
• In late afternoon, Daniel often sleeps lightly f
or an ho!r# What "er$ is )sleeps*%
1# 9ransiti"e "er$#
&# Intransiti"e "er$#
D l f A i $
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 61/70
ome D!el6form Action er$s
• Bill finally left the co!ntry#
• Bill finally left#
•
What "er$ is )left* for the first sentence%1# 9ransiti"e "er$#
&# Intransiti"e "er$#
-# Both
.# Don:t 7no/#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 62/70
9hree Moods of er$s
• Indicati"eF states
a fact, as7s a 4!
estion, or e5clai
ms#
– ane arri"ed this
morning#
• Imperati"eF gi"esa command
– Eat yo!r spinach#
• !$=!ncti"eF
– indicates a sit!ation contrar
y to fact#
– I /o!ldn:t do that if I /ere yo!#
– ho/s a /ish, desire, or de
mand in a nominal clause
$eginning /ith that – he s!ggested that he see a den
tist immediately#
he demanded that o here on time
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 63/70
he demanded that yo! JJJ here on time
#
1# to $e
&# $e
-# are
.# /ere
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 64/70
Ad= ti
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 65/70
Ad=ecti"es
• Words descri$ing no!ns or prono!ns#
• 0ften recogniza$le $y their s!ffi5es
– amous, sensational , hopeful , pr!dent , persona
ble, selfish
• 9ypically ans/er
– What 7indF beautiful /oman, studious st!dents
– Which oneF this girl, my dog
– 8o/ manyF two h!ndred dollars
P iti f Ad= ti
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 66/70
Positions of Ad=ecti"es
• s!ally placed $efore the no!n
– 9he tall man has the easiest assignment#
• ollo/ing the no!n
– Daniel, firm and untouched , /ent on his lect!re#
• ollo/ing a "er$ of $eing or a lin7ing "er$
–
ane is cold and achy # – ane feels cold and achy #
'omparati"e and !perlati"e orms
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 67/70
'omparati"e and !perlati"e orms
• Which sentence is not correct%
1# 8arold is a tall man#
&# 9oday is less cold than yesterday#
-# 9oday is not colder than yesterday#
.# 8arold:s girlfriend is taller than all of her frien
ds#
Ad $
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 68/70
Ad"er$s
• Words
– Descri$e "er$s
–
Ans/ers any o the follo/ing 4!estions a$o!t "er$s
– 8o/% When% Where% Why%
•
0ften identifia$le $y Kly – Hicely, dro/sily, happily
Ad"er$sF the Most Mo"ea$le Part of pe
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 69/70
Ad"er$sF the Most Mo"ea$le Part of pe
ech
• o, /hich of the follo/ing sentence has t
he farthest verb-adverb distance%
1# he hid the 7ey near$y#
&# We /ill !se the ne/ soft/are tomorro/#
-# 8erman easily lifted the $ase$all#
.# lo/ly ane clim$ed the ladder#
8/12/2019 01 Perception and Misperception
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-perception-and-misperception 70/70