01 History of Perception

8/9/2019 01 History of Perception

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January 4 and 8, 200 PSYC202-005, Term 2, Copyright 1

Approaches to Perceptionand Cognition

Philosophical, Early, Classic andModern

BC 600 to Today


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Januar 4 and PSYC202-005, Term 2, Co ri ht Jason H 2

Major epochs

• Philosophy (BC 600 - early 100s!

• Early Psychology (early 100s - early 1"00s!

• #Classic$ Psychology (early 1"00s - 1"%0s!& Beha'ioris) (*atson, +inner!

& estalt Psychology (*erthei)er, .o/a!

•Modern Psychology (1"%0s - !& Ecological ptics (ison!

& Cogniti'e Psychology (2el)holt3, Marr!


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Philosophy (BC 600 - early

100s!• stdy o4 the #sol$5 ho it re)e)ers,percei'es

& eg, Plato, Aristotle, 7escartes

• approach8 conceptal analysis

& analysis o4 ord )eanings

& inconsistencies in acconts o4 perception,cognition

& necessary conditions on or e9perience o4 theorld


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100s!Major :sses• :s the )ind separate 4ro) the ody

(rain!;

&no8 Monis)• )ind is jst one aspect o4 the ody• )ind cannot e9ist ithot the ody

& yes8 7alis)• )ind and ody are di/erent sstances

• )ind can e9ist ithot ody


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100s!Major :sses• :s noledge ac


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Early Psychology

(early 100s - early 1"00s!• e9peri)ental stdy o4 ho e percei'e& ?echner, *ndt, Titchener

• approach8 psychophysics& perception and cognition roen don into

si)ple #ato)ic nits$

& relating these #ato)s$ o4 perceptions tophysical 'ariales, and to each other

• eg, ho right )st a light e e4ore it is seen


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Early Psychology

Major Ass)ption8Perception and cognition ased on )ental#ato)s$ hich are accessile to consciosness,and hich can e ilt p to 4or) co)ple9

)e)ories and perceptions>

+trctralis)



Early to Classic Psychology

@e research traditions2oe'er, there ere prole)s& are ato)s really accessile to consciosness;

• no8 Beha'ioris)

& can ato)s e ilt p in a si)ple 4ashion;

• no8 estalt Psychology



#Classic$ Psychology

(early 1"00s - 1"%0s!• Beha'ioris) (*atson, +inner!& conscios access cannot pro'ide asis 4or

scientic stdy

• ie, yo cannot rely on sel4-reporting o4 perceptaland cogniti'e processes

& restrict stdy to those aspects o4 P C that

can e gi'en ojecti'e, physical)easre)ent

•eg, aility to learn associations eteen pairs o4nrelated ords




Major Ass)ptions• P C ased on lins eteen sti)ls (+!and response (=!

& #)ental ato)s$ replace y #eha'ioral ato)s$,

+-= lins

• Prole)s

& sti)li can e 'ery co)ple9 (not #ato)s$!

& responses can e 'ery co)ple9 (not #ato)s$!& linsDthining can e 'ery co)ple9 (not #ato)s$!

& no stdy o4 consciosness




Beha'ioris) (*atson,+inner!• +tdy o4 P C 'ia observables

& sti)ls (+! - sally si)ple8 le light

& response (=! - sally si)ple (eg, eye lin!

& linsDree9es eteen + and =

• Prole)s

& sti)li can e 'ery co)ple9 in real li4e

& responses can e 'ery co)ple9 in real li4e

& linsDthiningDree9es can e 'ery co)ple9

& no stdy o4 conscios e9perience


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Approaches to Perception

and Cognition

1"00ish to Today

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estalt Psychology (*erthei)er,.o/a!• +ti)li contain )ore strctre than hatis in the si)ple parts

• #The hole is )ore than the s) o4 theparts$

• central aspect o4 perception is the

4or)ation o4 #estalts$ (confguration!& ie, congrations that e)erge 4ro)arrange)ents o4 ite)s


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estalt Psychology

Major Ass)ptions• P C ased on wholes that are 4or)ed yato)atic processes

& independent #)ental ato)s$ replaced y

integrated holes

• Prole)s

& estalts are diHclt to descrie ojecti'ely

& estalts 4or)ation diHclt to predict(althogh so)e las e9ist!

& no idea ho estalt 4or)ation occrs

•eg, ilt in, learned, incre)ental, parallel, se



Modern Psychology (1"%0s - !

• origins in de'elop)ents dring ** ::

• inenced y de'elop)ent o4

& in4or)ation theory

& co)pters (articial intelligence!

• e)phasis is on in4or)ation

& in4or)ation a'ailale to organis)

• eg, 'ia inco)ing light& in4or)ation processing needed to prodce percept,

carry ot tas• eg, sense light, detect edges, grop edges,



Modern Psychology

Major Ass)ptions• h)an and ani)al P C e'ol'ed in a particlaren'iron)ent 4or specic prposes

& eg, sr'i'al, reprodction, co))nication

• tili3e co)pter )odels and si)lations to gaininsight into ho iological rains or

• 4ocs on in4or)ation sensing and processing

& ecological optics& cogniti'e psychology



Modern Psychology

Ecological ptics (ison!• perception is not #4or 4n$, t is sed 4orparticlar tass

& eg, aling, grasping, catching prey

• in4or)ation piced p is inormation that isimportant or tasks

& perceptions o4 grond plane

& si)ple patterns are no good

• pic p o4 in4or)ation is direct

& ie, no processing needed

& ie, oser'er #resonates$ to the in4or)ation a'ailale


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-perception of ground plane via texture pattern

- texture denser with increasing distance



Ecological ptics

Prole)s• great idea, hard to apply• how is in4or)ation piced p;

& hat is #resonance$;

& canIt progra) a co)pter this ay

• which in4or)ation is i)portant;

& o'ios 4or so)e tass

•eg, landing an airplane

& t not 4or others

•eg, na'igating the orld ide e


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Cogniti'e Psychology

(2el)holt3, )arr!• perception is lie scientic in4erence8& inormation helps us decide between

dierent possible hypotheses

• internal )odel created y reea'ingpercei'ed in4or)ation

& hypotheses chosen sing est gess ased

on e9perience and in4or)ation a'ailale tooser'er


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-Consider an observer that sees an oval…

ser'er


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-The oval could be due to a circle straight ahead…


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-Or an ellipse at an angle.

(Or many other possibilities…)


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Are A and B the possily the sa)esr4ace;

AB


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Ass)ptions• in4or)ation gi'en is sally not enogh toreco'er #tre natre$ o4 ojects

& need to se noledge and gesses

& nal reslt is hypothesis (ith certainty!

• hypothesis 4or)ation in'ol'es

& processes that operate on sy)olic

representations o4 the inco)ing in4or)ation& processing is done unconsciously

& si)ilar to a co)pter


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Prole)s• not clear that rain is lie a co)pter& e no co)pters are not lie rains

& rains )ay not se sy)olic representationsto create an internal #copy$ o4 the orld

• inapplicale to conscios e9perience

& co)pters are ne'er conscios;


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J 4 d PSYC202 005 T 2 C i h J H 33

?inally

• *hat as the prpose o4 thispresentation;

• *hich

01 History of Perception

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