01 Owj100001 Wcdma Rnp Fundamental

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WCDMA RNP Fundamental

Objectives
z Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and
theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.
Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of
typical indices.

Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation

Contents
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model

Radio Wave SpectrumRadio Wave Spectrum
300-3000GHThe frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
z
EHFExtremely HighFrequency
30-300GHzSHFSuper High Frequency3-30GHzUHFUltra High Frequency300-3000MHzVHFVery High Frequency30-300MHzHFHigh Frequency3-30MHzMFMedium Frequency300-3000KHzLFLow Frequency30-300KHzVLFVery-low Frequency3-30KHzVFVoice Frequency300-3000Hz
ELFExtremely LowFrequency
30-300Hz3-30Hz
DesignationClassificationFrequency

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
electric wave transmission directionElectric FieldElectric Field
Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field
Electric Field
Dipole
z When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to the
ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave
If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio
wave is horizontal polarization wave

Perpendicular incidence wave and ground refraction wave
(most common propagation modes)
Troposphere reflection wave(the propagation is very random)
Mountain diffraction wave (shadow area signal source)
Ionosphere refraction wave(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
Propagation Path

Building reflection waveBuilding reflection wave Diffraction waveDiffraction wave
Direct waveDirect wave Ground reflection waveGround reflection wave
Propagation Path

Contents

Radio Propagation Environment
z Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure
and man-made environment. The radio propagation
environment directly decides the selection of propagation
models. Main factors that affect environment are:
Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)
Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings
Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions
Weather conditions
Vegetation features of the region

Quasi-smooth landform
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and
the surface height difference is less than 20m
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant
landform, and land & water combined landform
R
T
T
R
Landform Categories

distance (m)
Receiving power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
slow fading
fast fading
Signal Fading

Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
z Time diversity
z Space diversity
z Frequency diversity

Solution RAKE technologyRAKE technology
Radio Wave Delay Extension
z Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver
z The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from thereceiving antenna

T
R
Diffraction Loss
z The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction point
z The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle
z The diffusion loss is most severe

Penetration Loss
XdBmWdBm
Penetration loss =X-W=B dBPenetration loss =X-W=B dB
z Penetration loss caused by obstructions:

Contents

),( fdfPathLoss =d f
z Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss. The
formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base station are
given
where: is the distance between UE and base station, and is the
frequency
z Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :
Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc;
Man-made building (height, distribution and material);
Vegetation;
Weather;
External noise
Propagation model

Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHzLo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz
Free Air Space Model
z Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless
environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g., vacuum),
and is a theoretic model
z This environment does not exist in real life

Ploss = L0+10lgd -20lghb - 20lghm
Path loss gradient , usually is 4hb BTS antenna heighthmmobile station heightL0parameters related to frequency
R
T
Flat Landform Propagation Model

Application ScopeApplication Scope
CharacteristicCharacteristic
z Frequency range f:150~1500MHz
z BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
z Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
z Distance d:1~20km
z Macro cell modelz The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildingsz Predication is not applicable in 1kmz Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above
1500MHz
Okumura-Hata Model

z Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz
z BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
z Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
z Distance d:1~20km
z Macro cell model
z The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
z Predication is not applicable in 1km
z Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz
COST 231-Hata Model

z Frequency range : 800~2000MHz
z BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m
z Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m
z Distance d : 0.02~5km
z Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell
z Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model

K1: Propagation path loss constant valueK2: log(d) correction factorD: Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m)K3: log(HTxeff) correction factorHTxeff: Transmitter antenna height (m)K4: Diffraction loss correction factorK5: log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factorK6: Correction factor
: Receiver antenna height (m)Kclutter: clutter correction factor
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )clutterfKHKHDK
lossnDiffractioKHKDKKPathLoss
clutterRxeffTxeff
Txeff
++++++=
65

01 Owj100001 Wcdma Rnp Fundamental

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