00 WCDMA RNP Fundamental

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OWJ100001 WCDMA RNP Fundamental

ISSUE 1.0

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l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

[Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.

[ Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of typical indices.


Chapter 1 Radio Wave IntroductionChapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction

Chapter 2 AntennaChapter 2 Antenna

Chapter 3 RF BasicsChapter 3 RF Basics

Chapter 4 Symbol ExplanationChapter 4 Symbol Explanation



1.1 Basic principles of radio wave1.1 Basic principles of radio wave

1.2 Propagation features of radio wave1.2 Propagation features of radio wave

1.3 Propagation model of radio wave1.3 Propagation model of radio wave

1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave


Radio Wave SpectrumRadio Wave Spectrum

The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.

300-3000GHz

EHFExtremely HighFrequency

30-300GHzSHFSuper High Frequency3-30GHzUHFUltra High Frequency300-3000MHzVHFVery High Frequency30-300MHzHFHigh Frequency3-30MHzMFMedium Frequency300-3000KHzLFLow Frequency30-300KHzVLFVery-low Frequency3-30KHzVFVoice Frequency300-3000Hz

ELFExtremely LowFrequency

30-300Hz3-30Hz

DesignationClassificationFrequency


Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

l When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to the ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave.

[ If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio wave is horizontal polarization wave

electric wave transmission directionElectric FieldElectric Field

Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field

Electric Field

Dipole


Perpendicular incidence wave and ground refraction wave

(most common propagation modes)

Troposphere reflection wave(the propagation is very random)

Mountain diffraction wave (shadow area signal source)

Ionosphere refraction wave(beyond-the-horizon communication path)

Propagation Path


①①Building reflection waveBuilding reflection wave②②Diffraction waveDiffraction wave③③ Direct waveDirect wave

④④Ground reflection waveGround reflection wave

Propagation Path


Radio Propagation Environment

l Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure and man-made environment. The radio propagation environment directly decides the selection of propagation models. Main factors that affect environment are:

[ Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)

[ Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings

[ Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions

[ Weather conditions

[ Vegetation features of the region


Quasi-smooth landform

The landform with a slightly rugged surface and

the surface height difference is less than 20m

Irregular landform

The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform

are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant

landform, and land & water combined landform.

R

T

T

R

Landform Categories


distance (m)

Receiving power (dBm)

10 20 30

-20

-40

-60

slow fading

fast fading

Signal Fading


Measures against fast fading--Diversity

Signal Diversity

l Time diversity

[ Symbol interleaving, error check, error correction code, RAKE receiver technology.

l Space diversity

[ Signals are received by means of main antenna and diversity antenna. The receiving signals of the main/diversity antenna do not have the feature of simultaneous fading. The BTS receiver’s capability of balancing the signals of different delays in a certain time range is also a mode of space diversity.

l Frequency diversity

[ GSM adopts frequency hop technology

[ CDMA adopts frequency-spreading technology


Solution RAKE technologyRAKE technology

Radio Wave Delay Extension

l Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver.

l The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from thereceiving antenna.


T

R

Diffraction Loss

l The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction point.

l The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle.

l The diffusion loss is most severe

l The calculation formula is complicated, and varies with different diffraction constants.


T

R

Penetration Loss

l Penetration loss caused by obstructions:

[Wall obstruction：5－20dB

[ Floor obstruction：＞20dB，

[ Indoor loss value is the function of the floor number，-1.9dB/floor

[ Obstruction of furniture and other obstacles:： 2－15dB

[ Thick glass： 6－10dB

[ Penetration loss of train carriage is ：15－30dB

[ Penetration loss of lift is ： 30dB

[ Dense tree leaves loss ：10dB


l Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss. The formula can be simplified under if the height of UE and base station are given

where: is the distance between UE and base station, and is the frequency

l Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :

[ Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc…;

[ Man-made building (height, distribution and material);

[ Vegetation;

[ Weather;

[ External noise

),( fdfPathLoss =d f

Propagation model


Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHzLo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHzLo=99+20lgd, for f=2100MHz

Free Air Space Model

l Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g., vacuum), and is a theoretic model.

l This environment does not exist in real life


Ploss = L0+10lgd -20lghb - 20lghm

= 4 Path loss gradient

hb：BTS antenna height

hm： mobile station height

L0：parameters related to frequency

Once the BTS antenna height is doubled, the path loss will be compensated for by 6dB.

R

T

Flat Landform Propagation Model


Application ScopeApplication Scope

CharacteristicCharacteristic

l Frequency range f:150~1500MHz

l BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m

l Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

l Distance d:1~20km

l Macro cell model

l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings

l Predication is not applicable in 1km

l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above 1500MHz

Okumura-Hata Model



l Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz

l BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m

l Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

l Distance d:1~20km


l Macro cell model

l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings

l Predication is not applicable in 1km

l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz

COST 231-Hata Model


PL(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm)

+ [44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) + Cm

l Medium city and suburban central areas:

[ Cm = 0 dB

l Big cities:

[ Cm = 3 dB

l Rural areas (quasi open area) :

[ Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

Experimental formulaExperimental formula

Cm ValueCm Value

COST 231-Hata Model



l Frequency range : 800~2000MHz

l BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m

l Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m

l Distance d : 0.02~5km


l Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell

l Not applicable to suburban or rural environment

COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model


K1： Propagation path loss constant value；K2： log(d) correction factor；D： Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m);K3： log(HTxeff) correction factor;HTxeff：Transmitter antenna height (m);K4： Diffraction loss correction factor;K5： log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factor;K6： Correction factor;

：Receiver antenna height (m);Kclutter:：clutter correction factor;

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )clutterfKHKHDK

lossnDiffractioKHKDKKPathLoss

clutterRxeffTxeff

Txeff

++×+

×+++=

65

4321

loglog

loglog

RxeffHRxeffH

Experimental formulaExperimental formula

Explanation Explanation

Standard Propagation


Basic Principles and Procedures

Error compliant with requirements?

Target propagation environment

CW data collection

Measured propagation path loss

Selected propagated environment

parameter setting

Forecast propagation path loss

Comparison

End


5m

l Criteria for selecting a site:

[ The antenna height is greater than 20m.

[ The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle

[ “Obstacle” here means the tallest building on the roof of the antenna. Thebuilding serving as a site should be taller than the average height of the surrounding buildings

Site Selection


lTransmitting subsystems

transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna bracket

Omni-Antenna

Transmitter

Antenna

bracket

Feeder

Test Platform


lReceiving subsystem

Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable

PositioningSystem

Data Acquisition System

GPS-Antenna Antenna

Receiver

Test Platform


l Rules of selecting a test path:

[ Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.

[ Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the landforms of different heights in the region.

[ Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away from the site in the region.

[ Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical with that on the widthways path.

[ Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be greater than 60km.

[ Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better (>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)

Test Path


lRules of selecting a test path:

[Overlaying: The test path of different test sites can be preferably overlapped to increase the reliability of the model

[Obstacles: When the antenna signals are obstructed by one side of the building, do not run to the shadow area behind this side of building

Test Path


l The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50 sampling points

l Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8λ/Tsample

l The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be removed from the sampling data.

[ Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;

[ In a tunnel

[ Under a viaduct

l If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected from the main lobe coverage area.

Drive Test


l The test data needs to be processed before being able to be identified by the planning software. The processing procedure is :

[ Data filtering

[ Data dispersion

[ Geographic averaging

[ Format conversion

Test Data Processing


Questions

l Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile communication system?

l What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio propagationenvironment? What are their characteristics and reasons of generation?


Summary

l This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points include:

[ Propagation path of radio wave

[ Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave, and main compensation solutions

[ Typical radio wave models, main parameters involved

[ Methods of correcting radio propagation models


Positions and Functions of Antenna

Lightning protection device

main feeder (7/8“)

Feeder clip

Cabling rack

Grounding device

3-connector seal component insulation sealing tape, PVC

insulation tape

Antenna adjustment bracket

GSM/CDMAplate-shape

antenna

radio mast (φ50~114mm)

Outdoor feeder

Indoor super flexible feeder

Feeder cabling window

main device of BTS

BTS antenna & feeder system diagramBTS antenna & feeder system diagram


omni antenna

AntennaConnector

Dipole

Feed network

AntennaConnector

Feed network

Dipole

Directional antenna

Feed network

Working Principles of Mobile Antenna


Categorize by emission direction

Directional antenna omni antenna

Categories of Antenna


Plate-shape antenna Cap-shape antenna

Whip-shape Paraboloid antenna

Categorize by appearanceCategorize by appearance



Omni antenna Uni-polarization Directional antenna

Dual polarization Directional antenna

Categorize by polarization modeCategorize by polarization mode



Smart antennaSmart antenna

Smart directional antenna Smart omni-antennaSmart directional antenna



Electric down tilt AntennaElectric down tilt Antenna

Electrical down tilt Antenna



Electric Indices of Antenna


Top view side view

directional antenna direction diagramomni antenna direction diagram

Symmetric halfSymmetric half--wave dipolewave dipole

Antenna Direction Diagram


dBi与dBd

2.15dB

Antenna Gain


Antenna Pattern

Antenna pattern


Antenna Vertical Pattern

Side lobe

Zero point filling

Main lobe

Max value

Zero point filling

Vertical pattern

Back lobe

l Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper side lobe suppression


Antenna Horizontal Pattern

horizontal

half-power angles

Horizontal pattern

Front to back

ratio

l Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper side lobe suppression


Electric down tiltElectric down tilt

Mechanical down tiltMechanical down tilt

Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt


Questions

l How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and by appearance?

l What are electric indices of antenna?

l What are mechanical indices of antenna?

l Into which types does the distributed antenna system break down?

l What are main differences between intelligent antenna and dynamic multi-beam antenna?


Summary

l Working principles of antenna

l Categories of antenna

l Electric indices of antenna

l Mechanical indices of antenna

l New technologies of antenna


l Absolute power(dBm)

The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW. Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal power is x W, its size notated by dBm is:

For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.l Relative power(dB)

It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers

Introduction to Power Unit

=

mwmwPWdBmp

11000*lg10)(

=

mWPmwPdBp

2

1lg10)(

wP 21 = wP 12 =For example：If , so P1 is 3dB greater than P2


l Noise

[ Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during the signal processing (the point frequency interference is not counted as noise) 。

l Noise figure

[ Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the RF component for small signals, and is usually defined as: output SNR divided by unit input SNR.

NF

SiNiSoNo

Noise-related Concepts


l Noise figure formula of cascaded network

G1、NF1 G2、NF2 Gn、NFn

NF总 NF1

NF2 1

G1...

NFn 1

G1 G2. .... Gn 1

.

Noise-related Concepts


l Receiving sensitivity

Expressed with power: Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm

K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K)

T represents absolute temperature, unit: °K

B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz

Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB

(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB

If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz

K = 1.38066 % 10−19J/K

Receiving sensitivity


l Duplexer

[ Sharing antenna for receiving and transmitting

[ Sharing antenna for multi-system

l Spliter

[ Split power with same output value, and used for indoor

RF components


l Tower Mounted Amplifier

[ Enlarge uplink signal, but it’s a loss for downlink

[ For uplink, the gain is around 13dB

[ For downlink, the loss is around 0.3dB

l Coupler

[ Split power with different output value

RF components


Tx/Rx

Trunk

Trunk

Splitter

Trunk

Coupler

Splitter

Splitter

SplitterSplitter

Splitter

Coupler

Coupler

Splitter

Splitter

Distribution system


Summary

l Definition about dBm, dB

l Noise-related Concepts

l Receiving sensitivity

l RF components

SummarySummary


Chapter 1 Radio wave introduction

Chapter 2 Antenna

Chapter 3 RF basic knowledge

Chapter 4Chapter 4 Symbol explanationSymbol explanation


l Ec

[ Average energy per Chip

[ Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io

[ Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, in the form of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)

[ For CPICH Ec:

− Depends on power and path loss.

− Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent on load

[ For DPCH Ec:

− Depends on power and path loss

Symbol Explanation


l Eb

[ Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH, and DPCH, at the UE antenna connector.

[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt

[ Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, and spreading gain (Gp)

[ Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss

[ Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain

− Speech 12.2kbps example

− Ec = -80 dBm

− 12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB

− Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm

Symbol Explanation


l Io

[ The total received power spectral density, including signal and interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.

[ Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator (RSSI), at least for practical consideration (SC scanner)

− RSSI in W or dBm

− Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz

[ Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form of RSSI

[ Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss

[ Depends on same-cell and other cell loading

[ Depends on external interferences

Symbol Explanation


l No common RF definition

[ Thermal noise density

[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No

[ Can be calculated

− No = kT

▪ K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23

▪ T is the temperature, 290 K

− No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions

[ Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are also considered

− kTBNF, where NF is noise figure

[ To avoid confusion, Nth should be used when referring to thermal noise

Symbol Explanation


l No for WCDMA system

[ Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise sources

[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No

[ Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:

− On the uplink the substitution is valid

− One the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is more challenging

Symbol Explanation


l RTWP

[ Received Total Wide Bandwidth power

[ To describe uplink interference level

[When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB

l RSSI

[ Received Signal Strength Indicator

[ To describe downlink interference level at UE side

Symbol Explanation


l RSCP

[ Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)

[ Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality

l ISCP

[ Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:

− ISCP = RSSI – RSCP

Symbol Explanation


Summary

l Ec, Eb, Io and No

l RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP

SummarySummary

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00 WCDMA RNP Fundamental

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